UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF LAW Criminal Law 2

Lopez, Franco Luis G. (B2023) Prof. Pepe Arreza

People v. Baluya
G.R. No. 181822 (2011)
PERALTA, J.
FACTS OF THE CASE:

 Around 10:30 a.m. of August 31, 2003, the victim, Glodil Castillon (Glodil), who at that time was
nine (9) years old, was playing in front of their house located along Laon Laan St., Sampaloc,
Manila. While in the midst of play, he saw herein appellant.

 Appellant then called Glodil's attention and summoned him to come forth.

 Immediately thereafter, appellant seized him by twisting his right arm, pointed a knife at him and
told him that if appellant's wife, Marissa, would not show up Glodil's mother would not see him
anymore.

o Appellant and Glodil then boarded a jeepney and went to Blumentritt.

 When they were in Blumentritt, appellant called up Glodil's mother, Gloria, telling her to show him
his wife so that she will also be able to see Glodil.

 Gloria then asked appellant to allow her to talk to her son as proof that Glodil was indeed with him.

o Appellant then passed the telephone to Glodil, but the latter was only able to momentarily
talk with his mother because appellant immediately grabbed the telephone from him.

o Thereafter, Glodil's mother reported the incident to the police.

 Meanwhile, appellant and Glodil again boarded a jeepney and went to Novaliches, it being Glodil's
first time to reach Novaliches.

 Upon reaching Novaliches "Bayan," they headed straight to a barbershop where they fetched
appellant's three minor children.

 They then proceeded to a church where appellant left his children and Glodil in the playground
within the church premises.

 Glodil played, ate and slept with appellant's children until the afternoon of the same day.

o During that period, appellant returned from time to time to check on them and bring them
food.

 At 3:30 p.m. of the same day, appellant again called up Gloria and, while shouting, asked if his wife
was already there.

 He then threatened Gloria by saying that "kapag hindi mo ipakita sa akin si Marissa, hindi mo na
makikita ang anak mo."

o Subsequently, Gloria was able to talk to Marissa and convince her to meet with appellant at
the Novaliches public market.
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF LAW Criminal Law 2
Lopez, Franco Luis G. (B2023) Prof. Pepe Arreza

 Unknown to appellant, the police already had a plan to arrest him, which they did when he showed
up to meet with his wife.

o In the meantime, around 4:00 p.m. of August 31, 2003, Glodil was able to seize an
opportunity to escape while appellant was away.

o He walked from the place where appellant left him in Novaliches until he reached their house
and it took him around four hours to do so.

o He was able to trace back their house by reading the signboard of the jeepneys and following
the route of those that pass by his place of residence.

ISSUE
Whether or not all the elements for kidnapping and serious detention were present in the case

HELD
Yes, all the elements concur.

The elements of kidnapping and serious illegal detention under Article 267 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) are:
(1)the offender is a private individual;
(2)he kidnaps or detains another or in any other manner deprives the latter of his liberty;
(3)the act of detention or kidnapping is illegal; and
(4) in the commission of the offense, any of the following circumstances are present: (a) the kidnapping or detention
lasts for more than 3 days; or (b) it is committed by simulating public authority; or (c) any serious physical injuries are
inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained or threats to kill him are made; or (d) the person kidnapped or
detained is a minor, female, or a public officer.

 In the instant case, the Court is convinced that the prosecution has adequately and satisfactorily proved all
the aforesaid elements of kidnapping and serious illegal detention.

 The presence of the first element is not in issue as there is no dispute that appellant is a private individual.

 As to the second element of the crime, the deprivation required by Article 267 of the RPC means not only the
imprisonment of a person, but also the deprivation of his liberty in whatever form and for whatever
length of time.

o It involves a situation where the victim cannot go out of the place of confinement or detention or is
restricted or impeded in his liberty to move.

o If the victim is a child, it also includes the intention of the accused to deprive the parents of the
custody of the child.

 In other words, the essence of kidnapping is the actual deprivation of the victim's liberty,
coupled with indubitable proof of the intent of the accused to effect such deprivation.
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF LAW Criminal Law 2
Lopez, Franco Luis G. (B2023) Prof. Pepe Arreza

o In the present case, Glodil was in the control of appellant as he was kept in a place strange and
unfamiliar to him.

o Because of his tender age and the fact that he did not know the way back home, he was then and there
deprived of his liberty.

o The intention to deprive Glodil's parents of his custody is also indicated by appellant's actual taking of
the child without the permission or knowledge of his parents, of subsequently calling up the victim's
mother to inform her that the child is in his custody and of threatening her that she will no longer see
her son if she failed to show his wife to him.

 Appellant's arguments that the victim is free to go home if he wanted to because he was not confined,
detained or deprived of his liberty and that there is no evidence to show that Glodil sustained any injury,
cannot hold water.

o The CA is correct in holding that for kidnapping to exist, it is not necessary that the offender kept the
victim in an enclosure or treated him harshly.

 Where the victim in a kidnapping case is a minor, it becomes even more irrelevant whether
the offender forcibly restrained the victim.

 As discussed above, leaving a child in a place from which he did not know the way home,
even if he had the freedom to roam around the place of detention, would still amount to
deprivation of liberty.

 Under such a situation, the child's freedom remains at the mercy and control of the abductor

 Appellant alleges that Glodil was not forcibly taken, but instead voluntarily went with appellant to
Novaliches.

o The general rule is that the prosecution is burdened to prove lack of consent on the part of the victim.

o However, where the victim is a minor, lack of consent is presumed.

 With respect to the third element of the offense charged, the prosecution proved that appellant's act of
detaining the victim was without lawful cause.

 As to the last element of the crime, appellant contends that the victim's minority was not sufficiently proven.

o However, the Court agrees with the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) that the victim's minority
was alleged by the prosecution in the information and was not disputed.

o During his direct examination, the victim testified as to his minority claiming that, at the time that
he was presented at the witness stand, he was only 10 years old.

o This fact was affirmed by his mother who also testified as to his minority at the time that he was
abducted.

 As correctly contended by the OSG, appellant did not raise any issue as to the victim's
minority when the victim's and his mother's testimonies were offered.
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF LAW Criminal Law 2
Lopez, Franco Luis G. (B2023) Prof. Pepe Arreza

DISPOSITIVE PORTION
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR No. 02370, dated September 25, 2007, finding
appellant Joel Baluya y Notarte guilty beyond reasonable doubt of kidnapping and serious illegal detention, is
AFFIRMED.