CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Solid Waste Management is the collection, transport or disposal and treatment of waste
material. It relates to materials produced to human activities, and the process generally
undertaken to endure. Its effect on health, the environment and aesthetics waste sorting
can occur manually at the collection of schemes for automatically separated in materials
recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment system. Poor waste management
in developing countries indicate that waste generation is mostly associated with the
economic status of society. Their weak economy and administrative capacities (Marina
Illic, Magdalena Nikolic 2016).

Solid waste management is the global issue and can cause real problem for many
industries from factories to forms and hospitals to hold improper disposal of municipal
solid waste can cause unsanitary conditions, and this condition in term can lead to
pollution of the environment it is important to have a solid waste management.

Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities, authorities in developing countries
mainly due to increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal
budget as a result of the high cost associated to its management (Lilliana Abarca
Guerrero, Ger Maas, William Hogland, 2013)

Solid waste Management (SWM) is the major problem of the Lambayong National High
School. The researchers of the Lambayong National High School gathered information
on how to reduce solid waste management.

Student’s improper disposal causes different issues in Lambayong National High

School.

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The global community recognized that Solid Waste Management (SWM) is an issue that
requires serious attention. The aggressive pursuit for economic growth, by developing
countries like the Philippines, has resulted in the manufacture, distribution and use of
products and generation of wastes that contributes to environmental degradation and
global climate change. Available data showed that the Philippines is the 9th most
among the countries at risk from climate change due to rise of sea levels, intense storm
surges and droughts. This is heavily manifested in the frequent and intense floods the
country is experiencing from devastating typhoons which, many claim, are due to
climate change.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) was
approved in January 26, 2001 and came into effect on February 16, 2001. Ecological
Solid waste management under the law refers to the "systemicadministration of
activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste
management activities which do not harm the environment´. In the country, the local
government units (LGUs) hold the primary responsibility for the effective and efficient
solid waste management.

Despite this law, however, poor solid waste management in the Philippines is still
prevalent since open and controlled dumps are being used in the country. This poses
great threats on the country’s environment and public health that include: a) alteration of
physical and chemical properties of soil due to percolation of landfill gases (CO2 and
CH4) and leachates from unsanitary landfills and open dumps; b) objectionable odor;
and c)soil and groundwater pollution.

But the gravest problem now in the country is the scarcity of new landfill sites for the
growing number of garbage generated by the Filipinos. Based on the "Garbage Book of
Asian Development Bank "published in 2004, Metro Manila alone is projected to
generate over seventy million tons of solid waste in the next thirty years. However,
many landfills in the Philippines are already filled up to its capacity and forced to close.
This was intensely felt due to the premature closure of the San Mateo Waste Disposal
Facility (SMWDF) sometime in 2000,since this dumpsite was then used as garbage
disposal for most of solid waste generated in Metro Manila.

This paper reviews the management and challenges of municipal SWM in the
Philippines in the midst of the growing number of garbage generated by the substantial
population in the urban centers of the country and the possible and innovative waysto
manage solid waste.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main problem of this study is to determine what are the plans. It attempt to answer
the following research question:
• Proper waste disposal
• Garbage collection
• Cleaning maintenance consistency
• People's participation in terms of waste disposal
• Garbage Recycling
• People's satisfaction about the solid waste management

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study would be of great help to the government, students,
community, readers and future research in the following ways:

• The Government. This study would help the government to know what policies
and regulations they will implement when it comes to proper waste
management.
• The Students. This study would help them to know the ways of the public market
vendors in managing their wastes. In addition, it will give them an idea managing
their own wastes.
• The Community. This study would encourage every members of the community
to take the responsibility of their own wastes.
• The Readers. This study would help the readers to know how the Lambayong
National High School student manage their wastes. And also, it helps them to
identify the materials used.
• The Future Readers. This study would help the future researchers as their basis
of their study and additional literature for their future investigations.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study is conducted by the concerned researchers. Because nowadays, garbage is

a big problem mostly in all residences. And through this study, the researchers will be
able to come up with engaging ways of solid waste management.
New ways that will surely help and maintain the cleanliness of not just the school where
in the study will be done, but also to the whole community. This study will not be
possible if the researchers does not have enough knowledge about the students and
the school itself. As a first step, the researchers will produce two sets of questionnaire
that will be answered by ten(10) students of the Lambayong National High School and
five (5) school officials regarding if their school has a program about waste
management. After these are all done, the researchers will gather all data and evaluate
after.
After all the evaluations and gatherings, the researchers will now come up with new
ways of waste management. If done, the researchers will propose their ideas to the
barangay official. If approved, the researchers promise to help in applying and
maintaining the said program.

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 CHAPTER II

LEGAL BASES, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains some related studies and related literature having bearing on the
study. This gave important concepts and ideas for the development of the study.

LEGAL BASES
Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous
institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural
waste, and other non-hazardous/ non-toxic solid waste.
Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economic,
engineering, conservation, aesthetic, and other environmental considerations, and that
is also responsive to public attitude. Ecological solid waste Management shall record to
the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportations, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of
solid waste and all other management activities which do not harm the environment.

Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of Republic Act 9003 Inventory of Existing

Markets of recyclable materials. The DTI shall six months from the effectively of this act
and in cooperation with the department, the DILG, and other concern agencies and
sectors, publish a study of existing markets from processing and purchasing recyclable
materials and the potential steps necessary to expand this market. Such studies
include, but not be limited to, an inventory of existing market for recyclable materials,
product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in
conjunction with the appropriate agency to stimulate the demand of the production of
products containing post-consumer and recovered materials.
Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of
any solid waste into or a land.

Section 25 of Republic Act 9003 guidelines for transfer station. Transfer station shall be
designed and operated for efficient waste handling and in compliance with
environmental standards and guidelines set pursuant to this act and other regulations;
provided, that no waste shall be stored in such station beyond twenty four hour. The

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siting of the transfer station shall consider the lands use plan, proximity to collection
area, and accessibility of routes to disposal facility. The design shall give primary
consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the waste for
storage and vehicles for loading and unloading of waste.
Solis Waste Segregation and recycling in Metro Manila :Household attitudes and
behavior .This study examines household waste management systems and the
attitudes and behavior of selected middle-income communities in two barangays 1 in
Metro Manila( ME Bennagen, Georgina Nepomuceno, Ramil Covar, REECS 2002).

Poor Medical Waste Management (MWM) practices and its risks to human health and
the environment: a literature review. Medical care is vital for our life, health and well-
being. But the waste generated from medical activities can be hazardous, toxic and
even lethal because of their high potential for diseases transmission (YY Babanyara,
DB Ibrahim, T Garba , AG Bogoro , MY Abubakar,2013)

RELATED LITERATURE
Modelling municipal solid waste generation : A review (Peter Beigl, Sandra Lebersorger,
Stefan Salhofer, waste management 2008)
The objective of this paper is to review previously published models of municipal solid
waste generations and to propose an implementation guideline which will provide
compromise between information gain and cost-efficient model development. The 45
modelling approaches identify in an systematic literature review aim an explaining or
estimating the present of future waste generation using economic method, socio-
demographic or management/ orientated data. A classification was developed in order
to categorize these highly heterogeneous models according to the following criteria the
regional scale, the modelled waste streams, the hypothesized independent variable in
the modeling method. A procedural practice guideline was derived from the discussion
of the underlying models in order to propose beneficial design options concerning
regional sampling(i.e., number and size of observed areas ), waste stream definition
and investigation selection of independent variables and model validation procedures.
The practical application of the finding was demonstrated with to case studies
performed on different regional scales, i.e, on a household and on the city level. The
findings of this review are finally summarized in the form of a relevance tree for
methodology selection.

RELATED STUDY
Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review (Samir K
Srivastava, International Journal of Management Review 2007).

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There is a growing need for integrating environmentally sound choices into supply-chain
management research and practice. Perusal of literature shows that a broad frame of
reference for green supply-chain management (GrSCM) is not adequately developed.
Regulatory bodies that formulate regulation to meet societal and ecological concerns to
facilitate growth of business and economy also suffer from its absence. A succinct
classification to help academicians, researchers and practitioner in understanding
integrated GrSCM a wider perspective in needed. Further, sufficient literature is
available to warrant such classification. This paper takes an integrated and fresh look
into the area of GrSCM is recovered exhaustively from its conceptualization, primarily
taking a ‘reverse logistics angle’. Using the rich body of the available literature, including
earlier reviews that had relatively limited perspective, the literature of GrSCM is classify
on the basis of the problem context in supply chain’s major influential areas. It is also
classify on the basis of methodology and approach adopted. Various mathematical tools
/techniques used in literature vis-à-vis the context of GrSCM are mapped. A timeline
indicating relevant papers is also provided as a ready reference. Finally, the finding and
interpretations are summarized, and the main research issues and opportunities are
highlighted.
Integrated solid waste management: a life cycle inventory (Forbes R McDougall, Peter
R White, Marina Frank, Peter Hindle, John Wiley and Sons 2008).
The first edition described the concept of integrated waste management (IWM), and the
use of life cycle inventory (LCI) to provide a way to assess the environmental and
economic performances of solid waste system. Actual example of IWM system and
published accounts of LCI models for literature. To draw out the lessons learned from
this experiences is significant part of this second edition focuses on case studies- both
of IWM system, and of where LCI has been use to assess such system, the second
edition also includes updated chapter on waste generation, waste collection, central
sorting, biological treatment, thermal treatment, landfill and materials recycling. This
second model (IWM-2) for a waste managers. To make it more widely accessible, this
edition provide the new tool in windows format, will greatly improved input and output
features, and the ability to compare different scenarios. A detailed users guide is
provided, to make the reader through the use of the IWM-2 model, step by step. IWM-2
is designed to be an “Entry level” LCI MODEL for solid ways – user – friendly and
appropriate to users starting to apply lifecycle thinking to waste system – while more
expert users will also find many of the advanced features of WM – 2 model helpful .
WN-2 is delivered on CD inside the book.

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THEROTICAL MODEL
Product durability and extended procedure responsibility in solid waste management
(Marco Runkel, Environmental and Resource Economics 2003).
Using vintage durable good model, this paper investigate how extended producer
responsibility (EPR) in waste management influences product durability welfare. For
EPR instruments are discussed and compared with the benchmark in which producers
do not receive price signals for waste disposal. In each case, EPR induces durability to
increase. Under perfect competition the welfare change caused by EPR is
unambiguously positive and one EPR instrument is even capable of implementing the
first best welfare optimum. And contrast, under imperfect competition EPR may lead to
a welfare reduction. The analysis also compares EPR to non- EPR measures.
Conceptual framework for municipal solid waste management in low-income countries
(Peter Schubeler, Jurg Christine, Karl Wehrle, SKAT (Swiss center for development
Cooperation) 1996).
1. Municipal Solid Waste Management ( MSWM) is major responsibility of local
government. It is a complex task which requires appropriate organizational
capacity and cooperation between numerous stakeholder in the private and
public sector. Although it is essential to public health and environmental
protection, solid waste management in most cities of developing countries is
highly unsatisfactory.
2. The conceptual framework provides brief definition of the main concepts of
MSWM and identifies the goals and principles that normally guide MSWM system
development. It discusses key objectives and issues which should be addressed
by MSWM strategies with regard to political, institutional, social, financial,
economic and technical aspects.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
GLOSSARY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT TERMS
Aerobic Composting
- Bacteria that requires oxygen is used to compose biological wastes. This organic
waste should be exposed to air.
Agricultural waste
- Organic residual materials from different sources including fruit, vegetables,
lifestock and poultry. It can be found in both solid and liquid form.
Air pollution
- Air pollutants found in the atmosphere that are harmful to humans, animals and /
or plants. It can also cause damage properties.
Anaerobic digestion
- Unlike aerobic composting this anaerobic composting method requires no
oxygen. Methane is produced during the process of fermentation.
Biodegradable material
- When microorganism break down organic materials into simpler compounds,
biodegradable materials are created. Some of the most common household
examples are: food waste, paper, clothing and towels.

Bulky Waste
- Household appliances such as ovens and fridge, as well as unwanted furniture
and other large refuse that can’t be handled by the municipal solid waste (MSW).
Chemical Waste
- Waste containing or made from harmful chemicals. Most rubbish removal
companies in the UK don’t collect chemical waste due to safety reasons.
Clinical waste
- Medical waste is usually produced by healthcare facilities such as laboratories
and hospitals. Clinical waste doesn’t fall under the category of “general waste”.
Collection
- Residential and / or commercial rubbish is loaded on to a specialized van that
then transports it to a local disposal site.

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Commercial waste
- Materials from factories, markets, restaurants, pubs, offices, warehouses, hotels
and other wholesales o retail establishments.
Compost
- Material produced as a result of the composting process. Its sometimes called
humus and often used as a fertilizer.
Composting
- The natural breakdown of organic materials like food waste and gas into a soil
amendment known as compost or humus.
Curbside Collection
- Also known as curbside collection, this refers to a domestic rubbish colletion
service. Special vehicles are used to pick up garbage containers containing
household waste.
Debris
- Scattered pieces of waste intended for disposal. It consist of solid materials
usually larger than 62 minutes mm.
Disposal
- The collection and transportation of waste by the rubbish removal team to the
local landfill or dump.
Dumpster
- A special trash and receptacle designed to be hoisted and emptied into th waste
collection truck.
Duty of care
- Anyone who produce, stores, transport or disposes of domestic and / or
commercial rubbish is required to treat the public with consideration and respect
for health and safety reason.
Electronic waste
- E-waste is discarded electronic devices such as computers, TV’s, microwaves
and other electrical appliances. This type of waste is also known as Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).
Extremely Hazardous Waste
- A dangerous type of waste that may seriously harm or even kill both human and
pets. Its potentially harmful to the environment too.

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Fly-tipping
- The illegal disposal of waste on land not certified to store and/or receive it.
Food waste
- This is food discarded from domestic and commercial kitchens. The most
common type of food waste are fruit and vegetable peelings, meat scraps and
spoiled meals.
Fungus (Fungi)
- Groups of syncytial, unicellular or multicellular microorganism that feed on
organic matter like yeast, mushrooms, toadstools and mould. This organisms
produces spores, some of which are pathogens, the rest are stabilized sewage
digesting composted waste.
Garbage
- Garbage is synonyms of waste, trash, junk and rubbish. They’re unwanted
objects that need to be disposed of.
Hazardous waste
- A potentially harmful and dangerous type of rubbish that is not safe for humans
nor for the environment. Special precautions should be taken when its disposed
of.
House Clearance
- A type of domestic (typically) service that may involve a part or the entire house.
People resort to house clearance service when they need many items (often
bulky) removed from the house, basement, shed or garage.
Household Hazardous waste
- A harmful type of waste found in household. It includes paint and aggressive
cleaning compound.
Humus
- Also known as compost, this is the end result of the composting process. Leaves
and other organic materials are broken down by soil and microorganisms nto
humus.
Incineration
- A method that industries used to break down waste and distribute it into the
environment through ash, water and air.

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Industrial Water Waste Treatment
- The processes that are used to treat contaminated water. Upon completion the
water can be re-used and release into the environment.
Inorganic Waste
- Waste compost of materials other than plant or animal matter, such as sand,
dust, glass or many synthetics.
Integrated Waste Management
The term refers to the complementary use of multiple practices to handle
municipal waste effectively and safely.
Landfill
- A typical place to dispose of rubbish and refuse. Waste is buried in excavated
pits which are usually covered with soil or special fabric cover. This method is
considered safe for the environment.
Litter
- Many kind of misplaced waste left lying inappropriate open or public place.
Materials recovery facility ( MRF)
- A special facility for separating recyclable materials mechanically or manually.
The waste is placed in different categories like glass, plastic, paper and metal.
Mixed Waste
- A combination of waste materials that have been thrown into the rubbish stream.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
- Known as refuse or rubbish in the UK. Consist of unwanted items thrown away
by the public or daily basis.
Municipal Solid Waste Management
- MSWM is the planning, development and implementation of system that can
handle municipal solid waste.
Organic Waste
- Refers to types of waste that contain carbon. This could be paper, food waste or
yard trimmings. The terms is often used to describe materials that can be
decompose by microorganisms.

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Recyclables
- Product or items that can be reprocessed for the purpose of manufacturing new
products. The most common recyclable materials are papers, aluminum, glass
and plastic containers.
Recycle Portion
- The portion of a product that is made from recycled components.
Recycling
- The reprocessing of already used materials into new products in order to reduce
the usage of raw materials. It’s purpose is to prevent the waste of resources,
reduce air and water pollution and decrease greenhouse emissions.
Refuse
- Rubbish accumulated from household, retail centers or offices. It includes
discarded food items, paper and green waste.
Reuse
- Unlike recycling where the waste is broke down into raw materials, reusing is a
process in which products that are not categorized as waste are used again for
their initial purpose.
Rubbish
- Waste materials, refuse or litter.
Solid Waste
- Garbage accumulated from households, restaurants and shopping centers.
Sustainability
- Meeting the needs of current generation in a way that doesn’t harm the ability of
future generations to meet theirs.
Virgin Materials
- Materials which are gathered from the environment in their initial, raw form such
as timber and metal.
Waste Collector
- A person employed by a private company or a local council to dispose of waste
from households, businesses and bins.
Waste Stream

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 - The complete flow of waste from domestic or industrial areas through to final
disposal.
Yard Trimmings
- Discarded cut grass and leaves which can be composted.
Yard Waste
- Also called garden waste. It encompasses leaves, grass clippings, branches and
more.
Zero Waste
- A philosophy that encourage the redesign of resource life cycles so that all
products are reused.

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 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

The mounting garbage is an eyesore. But there is an even more harmful effect of the
garbage. Mother Earth is grieving. People had been taught on the proper disposal of
trash yet they continue to do their own convenient way. The polluted environment has
caused many diseases and some resulted to death. Waste Management is now a giant
problem facing our nation. So what are we going to do?

Reducing waste is one of the most important parts of waste minimization. Avoiding the
unnecessary use of resources means there is less wastes to manage. The aim of waste
reduction is to eliminate waste before it is produced. The next most cost effective
means of minimizing waste is to reuse waste material in its same form. Reusing an item
means it doesn’t go in the rubbish and end up in the landfill. It also means that you don’t
have to buy a new product and so you are saving the energy and resources that would
have been use to make a new product. (http://ecan.govt.nz/advice/sustainable-
living/waste /pages/managing-waste-sustainably.aspx).
Compositing is a natural process in which plant and other organic wastes are broken
down biologically to produce a nutrient-rich material. At home, put yard and kitchen
waste such as leaves, grass clippings, and fruit and vegetable scraps in a bin.

This will eventually decompose and produce a mixture that can be used for soil
improvement in individual gardens. Municipalities can treat waste in the same way.
Recycling is one of the best ways of waste management. It helps in reducing pollution,
saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling newspapers, plastics, glass
and aluminum also help in saving money. Recycling other materials such as tires,
batteries, asphalt, motor oil, etc. reduces pollution (otherwise these will end up in
landfill). In order to reduce trash, it is necessary to encourage and implement recycling
at all levels of society (Debashree Sen).
In this study, we focused on segregating waste materials. Waste segregation means
sorting from biodegradable to non-biodegradable. Why is it necessary? Waste
segregation is necessary because if the waste is not separated properly, it will mixed up
in landfills, this will lead to ground water and contaminate it. It also release methane gas
which is highly flammable; this gas is also a green-house gas that ultimatetly leads to
climate change and drought.The impact of climate change on the world is already there
for everyone to see. A lot of materials in every day waste are recyclable. When waste is
not segregated, it is difficult to pick up waste materials for recycling. This leads to a lot
wastage of valuable resources. Toxic waste can sip into the ground and contaminate

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our water suppliers, and sometimes cause widespread disease. Even non-toxic waste
causes pollution that’s contributes to global warming and a general negative impact on
the public health. EPA studies suggest that global warming could make earth almost
inhospitable by the end of the century. In that manner, we are in need of proper
segregation of waste materials to prevent the drastic effect that can result in improper
disposal of trash. Segregation of wastes is very important. This is the gauge to proper
waste disposal which when done by men can make the environment free from toxins
and pollution..(www.pals.in)
City of general Santos agreed to pass the City Ordinance No.12, series of 2008, also
known as the “General Santos City Ecological Solid Waste Management Ordinance of
2008”. The Goals, Provisions and objectives are very much alike with the Republic Act
9003. This was an effort to create awareness among the public on the importance of
environmental protection and preservation. The barangay shall be responsible for the
collection, segregation, recycling, of biodegradable, recyclable, compostable and
reusable waste (http://spegsantos.ph/2011/10/ordinance-12-series-of-2008/#).

There are ways in segregating wastes. First, classify garbage as wet and dry. If
possible, make a mini recycling center in your backyard. Place similar items in one
container. Then, share your recycling interest and experience with your friends,
neighbors. A) wet garbage includes animals feeds and organic matter. Animal feeds are
leftover foods, vegetables, fruit peelings and other that can be used as feeds to animals
like pigs, chickens, and dogs. Place animals feeds in plastic or metal container. Organic
matter actually includes unused animal feeds, rotting fruits and vegetables, leaves and
grasses, twigs and others that rot or decay. B) dry garbage may either be organic or
inorganic such as glass, metal, plastic, rags, wood pieces, paper and other which can
be use or sold for recycling. Compost organic materials right away. Build a backyard
compost pit or install a home composter. If possible, talk with the professionals about
putting up a composter. If the community produces more than 25 kg. of wet garbage,
initiate the installation of a biogas digester with professionals. Reuse the materials that
you can still use. Donate or sell to junkshops those extra recyclable materials.
Junkshops are recyclers. They buy recyclable materials and sell them in bulk buyers.

Garbage segregation can make our streets cleaner, it an help us recycle things, reduce
the use of certain raw materials and hence in making our country and planet a better
place to live in.

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RESEARCH DESIGN
This study identifies and analyses the occupational risks associated with solid waste
management practices in the informal enterprises. Many concerns have been raised
about the potential harm from waste into the environment and the general public, but
the risk and consequent costs of occupational hazard in waste management have
received little attention in the rush to adopt or adapt technologies such as composting. A
multi methods research design that triangulate qualitative and quantitative research
paradigms is employed in this study. The quantitative design involves physical
characterization of solid through material components separation and measurement as
well as a questionnaire survey that investigate the risk associated with solid waste
management.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This study is gathered at Lambayong National High School.

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RESPONDENTS
This paper highlights the result of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid
waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their
compliance with the Republic act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Lambayong National High
School.
This paper investigates the effects of the local socio-economic factors on the adaption
of various waste management in Lambayong National High School. The first set of
factors includes the availability of fees for waste management services, the nature of
leadership, and the application of the 3Rs( Reuse, Reduce and Recycle).

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
This paper presents the results from a survey of waste management authorities aimed
at identifying the opportunities and constraints associated with implementing economic
instruments (Els) for solid waste management (SWM) in Lambayong National High
School (LamNaHS). Almost all respondents felt that EIs could lead to reduce of waste
generation and increase diversion of waste from landfill to recycling, and that they
should eventually be implemented in the field of SWM in LamNaHS. Although opinions
varied as to the appropriate timeframe for implementation. The general consensus was
that a number of fundamental had to be in place first, including promulgation of the
waste management bill (which has since been promulgated as the waste act), political
will, education and awareness, capacity and infrastructure, cost recovery in waste
management practice, and enforcement of existing instruments, such as the minimum
requirements for landfill design and operation. Base on this and other raised by
respondents, a number of recommendations are made for further research.

DATA GATHERING
This chapter Data analysis and interpretation focuses on actual scenario of topic under
research study. I this chapter data from mentioned sources were collected for further
processing in order to depict the real meaning and to know the present scenario solid
waste. In this chapter an attempt made to present the preliminary data analysis, data
collection and analysis, testing of hypothesis, solid waste legislation, theoretical
discussion on different enactment on solid waste management in force.

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STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Cost estimation is a basic requirement for planning municipal solid waste management
systems. The variety of organizational, financial and management schemes and the
continuously developing technological advancements render the economic analysis a
complex task, made more complex by the scarcity of real cost data. The objectives of
this paper were: (1) to explore the problems arising in getting cost estimate from
scattered and limited published data; (2) to suggest a procedure for generating cost
functions relating initial set-up cost and with facility size; and (3) to resent such cost
functions, relevant to LamNaHS students for selected types of solid waste treatment
and disposal facilities.