What is Mathematics?

o Johannes Widmann – “+ and –“ symbol

o Charles Babbage – designed the first automatic
- The word mathematics comes from Ancient
computing engine
Greek “mathema” means “that which is learnt”
o John Wallis – Infinity Symbol
“study” or “science”.
o Alan Turing – Father of computer science
Types of pattern o Blaise Pascal – probability theory and binomial
coefficient
1. Fractals – snowflakes, trees branching,
o Georg Cantor – Set theory, cantor’s theory
lightning, ferns
o George Boole – Boolean Algebra, modern
2. Symmetry – butterfly, starfish, honey comb,
human face, sea shell, sea anemone mathematical logic
3. Spiral – red cabbage, galaxy, seed head of o Aristotle – Deductive reasoning
sunflower, millipede, o Diocles – parabola
4. Spot and Stripes – tiger, zebra, leopard, o Leonhard Euler – fx, function, summation
ladybird, cattle fish, royal angel fish o Muhammad Al-khwarizmi – father of modern
5. Tessellations – snakes, alligator, honey comb algebra
6. Dunes and waves – wind waves, ocean waves, o Ptolemy – developed the more detailed
sand dunes, ripples trigonometry table
7. Cracks – bark, droughtness of soil, cooled basalt o Luca Pacioli – father of accounting
8. Voronoi – honey combs, head of the garlic, skin o Ada Lovelase – 1st computer progarammer
of giraffe, cells in a leaf o Aryabhata – accurate approximation of Pi
9. Foams and bubbles – gas bubbles, beer
Set – well defined collection of objects. The object are
bubbles, crockosomes
called elements of members of cells.
10. Chaos, flows, and meanders – bends in rivers,
salt pans of desert, kelp leaves Set Theory – branch of mathematics that studies set or
mathematical science of infinite.
Mathematicians and their contribution
Two ways to represent sets
o Albert Einstein – E = mc2
o Thales – 5 theorems of geometry 1. Roster method/ tabulation method – set are
o Leonardo Pisano Bigollo – Fibonacci Sequence enumerated and separated by a comma.
o Rene Descartes – Cartesian Coordinate System 2. Rule method/ set builder notation – describes
o Archimedes – approximate value of Pi the element or members of the set.
o John Napier – Logarithm, use of decimal points
Types of sets:
o Pythagoras – Pythagorean Theorem
o Plato – Theory of Forms 1. Finite set – set whose elements are limited or
o Euclid – Father of Geometry countable and the last element can be
o Xenocrates – Book on numbers identified.
o Hero of Alexandria – Square root of a number 2. Infinite set – set whose elements are unlimited
o Erathosthenes – Circumference of earth, or uncountable and the last element cannot be
symbol and logarithm specified.
o Diophantus – father of Algebra 3. Unit set / singleton – set with only one
element.
o Newton – Infinitesimal Calculus
4. Empty set – no element
o Lodovico Ferrari – devised formula for solution
5. Universal set – all set are assumed to be
of quartic equation
contained in some large fixed set.
o Carl Friedrich Gauss – arithmetical
6. Cardinal numbers – a set is a number of
investigations, Gaussian curve
elements or members in the set.
o John Venn – Venn Diagram
7. Subset – every element of A is also on element
o Hipparchus – Father of Trigonometry
B.
o Adrien-Marie Legendre – Elliptic integrals
 8. Proper subset – every element of A is in b but
there is at least one element of B that is not
written in A.
9. The symbol - not a proper subset.
10. Equal set – every element of A is in B and every
element of B is in A.

Relation – set of ordered pairs.

Function – is a relation in which for each value of the

first component of the ordered pairs, there is exactly
one value of the second component. (One to one, Many
to one)

Not a function – one to many

Difference table – shows the differences between

successive terms of the sequence.

Logic – science that deals with the principle and criteria

of validity of inference and demonstration.

- deals with formal principle of reason.

Purpose of logic – get the finest concussion of the any

stated premise.

Aristotle – Father of Logic

Types of Logic:

1. Deductive reasoning – general to specific (top-

down logic)
2. Inductive reason – Specific to general
- Used in prediction, forecasting, or behavior

Proposition – a statement that has truth value.

Notation – we shall represent proposition by lower-case

letter.

Compound proposition – modified propositions by

means of one or more logical operators.