University of Santo Tomas

College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences

EXERCISE 9:
Chance, Probability and Ratio

Year & Section: 2MBIO7 Group No. : 10

Name: Villamanca, John Jerald B.
Villanueva, Carl Jonnen C.
Yamamoto, Alicia Monique C.

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A. Monohybrid Cross
Ho: No significant difference was found between the phenotypic ratio determined
from our frequency data and the Mendelian ratio for monohybrid cross (3:1).
H1: A significant difference was found between the phenotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian ratio for monohybrid cross (3:1).

Phenotypic Data
Marble Color Combination Phenotype Tally/Frequency
Green – Green
Tall (A) 310
Green – Blue
Blue – Blue Dwarf (a) 90
Chi-square Test for Phenotype
Phenotypic Observed Expected Difference
D2 D2/E
Class (O) (E) (D=O-E)

Tall (A) 310 300 10 100 0.33

Dwarf (a) 90 100 -10 100 1.0
X2 value = 1.333
df = 1
Probability Value (p) = >0.05

Conclusion: The phenotypic ratio was found to be not different from the prevailing
Mendelian Phenotypic Ratio, 3:1, for the monohybrid cross (p>0.05).

Ho: No significant difference was found between the genotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian genotypic ratio for monohybrid cross
(1:2:1).
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences

H1: A significant difference was found between the genotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian genotypic ratio for monohybrid cross
(1:2:1).

Genotypic Data
Marble Color Combination Phenotype Tally/Frequency

Green – Green AA 94

Green – Blue Aa 216

Blue – Blue aa 90
Chi-square Test for Genotype
Genotypic Observed Expected Difference
D2 D2/E
Class (O) (E) (D=O-E)

AA 94 100 -6 36 0.36
Aa 216 200 16 256 1.28
aa 90 100 -10 100 1.0
X2 value = 2.640
df = 2
Probability Value (p) = >0.05

Conclusion: The genotypic ratio determined from our frequency data was found to be
insignificantly different from the mendelian genotypic ratio, 1:2:1, for the monohybrid
crosses (p>0.05).

B. Dihybrid Cross

Ho: No significant difference was found between the phenotypic ratio determined
from our frequency data and the Mendelian ratio for dihybrid cross (9:3:3:1).
H1: A significant difference was found between the phenotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian ratio for dihybrid cross (9:3:3:1).
Phenotypic Data
Marble Color Combination Phenotype Tally/Frequency
Green – Green
Green – Blue
AB 185
Green – Red
Green - Pink
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences

Blue – Blue
Ab 54
Blue - Pink
Pink – Red
aB 58
Red -Red
Pink - Pink ab 23
Chi-square Test for Phenotype
Phenotypic Observed Expected Difference
D2 D2/E
Class (O) (E) (D=O-E)

AB 185 180 5 25 0.139

Ab 54 60 -6 36 0.60
aB 58 60 -2 4 0.067
ab 23 20 3 9 0.45
X2 value = 1.256
df = 3
Probability Value (p) = >0.05

Conclusion: The phenotypic ratio determined from our frequency data of dihybrid cross
is insignificantly different from the Mendelian phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross, 9:3:3:1
(p>0.05).

Ho: No significant difference was found between the genotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian genotypic ratio for dihybrid cross
(1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1).
H1: A significant difference was found between the genotypic ratio determined from
our frequency data and the Mendelian genotypic ratio for dihybrid cross
(1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1).

Genotypic Data

Marble Color Combination Phenotype Tally/Frequency

Green – Green AABB 19
Green – Blue AABb 41
Green – Red AaBB 53
Green - Pink AbBb 72
Blue – Blue AAbb 14
Blue - Pink Aabb 40
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences

Pink – Red aaBB 16

Red -Red aaBb 42
Pink - Pink aabb 23
Chi-square Test for Genotype
Genotypic Observed Expected Difference
D2 D2/E
Class (O) (E) (D=O-E)
AABB 19 20 -1 1 0.05
AABb 41 40 1 1 0.025
AaBB 53 20 -6 36 1.80
AbBb 72 40 13 169 4.225
AAbb 14 80 -8 64 0.80
Aabb 40 40 0 0 0
aaBB 16 20 4 16 0.80
aaBb 42 40 2 4 0.10
aabb 23 20 3 9 0.45
X value =
2 8.25
df = 8
Probability Value (p) = >0.05

Conclusions: The genotypic ratio determined from our frequency data for monohybrid
cross is insignificantly different from the mendelian dihybrid genotypic ratio,
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 (p>0.05).

C. Binomial Distribution

Ho: No significant difference was found between the observed and expected
numbers of families.
H1: A significant difference was found between the observed and expected numbers
of families.

Chi-square Test for Genotype

Legend:
F – Females
M – Males

Boys and Girl Observed Expected

Difference
Combination Number of Number of D2 D2/E
(D=O-E)
Classes Families (O) Families (E)
3F : 0M 12 13.75 -1.75 3.0625 0.22273
2F : 1M 41 41.25 -0.25 0.0625 0.00152
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences

1F : 2M 42 41.25 0.75 0.5625 0.01364

0F : 3M 15 13.75 1.25 1.5625 0.11364

X2 value = 0.3515
df = 3
Probability Value (p) = >0.05

Conclusion: The observed number of families is insignificantly different from the

expected number having a ratio of 3:1:3:1 (p>0.05).