SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 698 17/3/20, 12:29 AM

G.R. No. 191752. June 10, 2013.*

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, appellee, vs. JOSE

ARMANDO CERVANTES CACHUELA and BENJAMIN
JULIAN CRUZ IBAÑEZ, accused.
BENJAMIN JULIAN CRUZ IBAÑEZ, accused-appellant.

Criminal Law; Special Complex Crimes; Robbery with

Homicide; Elements of; A special complex crime of robbery with
homicide takes place when a homicide is committed either by reason,
or on the

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* SECOND DIVISION.

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occasion, of the robbery. To sustain a conviction for robbery with

homicide, the prosecution must prove the following elements: (1) the
taking of personal property belonging to another; (2) with intent to
gain; (3) with the use of violence or intimidation against a person;
and (4) on the occasion or by reason of the robbery, the crime of
homicide, as used in its generic sense, was committed.―„A special
complex crime of robbery with homicide takes place when a
homicide is committed either by reason, or on the occasion, of the
robbery. To sustain a conviction for robbery with homicide, the
prosecution must prove the following elements: (1) the taking of
personal property belonging to another; (2) with intent to gain; (3)
with the use of violence or intimidation against a person; and (4) on
the occasion or by reason of the robbery, the crime of homicide, as
used in its generic sense, was committed. A conviction requires

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certitude that the robbery is the main purpose, and objective of the
malefactor and the killing is merely incidental to the robbery. The
intent to rob must precede the taking of human life but the killing
may occur before, during or after the robbery.‰
Remedial Law; Evidence; Extrajudicial Confessions; An
extrajudicial confession, to be admissible, must satisfy the following
requirements: (1) the confession must be voluntary; (2) it must be
made with the assistance of a competent and independent counsel[,]
preferably of the confessantÊs choice; (3) it must be express; and (4) it
must be in writing.―After a careful examination of the evidence on
hand, we hold that NabilgasÊ extrajudicial confession is
inadmissible in evidence. The Court has consistently held that an
extrajudicial confession, to be admissible, must satisfy the following
requirements: „(1) the confession must be voluntary; (2) it must be
made with the assistance of a competent and independent counsel[,]
preferably of the confessantÊs choice; (3) it must be express; and (4)
it must be in writing.‰
Constitutional Law; Custodial Investigation; Words and
Phrases; A custodial investigation is understood as any questioning
initiated by law enforcement authorities after a person is taken into
custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant manner.―We point out that Nabilgas was already under
custodial investigation by the authorities when he executed the
alleged written confession. „A custodial investigation is understood
x x x as x x x any questioning initiated by law enforcement
authorities after

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a person is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom

of action in any significant manner. x x x It begins when there is no
longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime and the
investigation has started to focus on a particular person as a
suspect, i.e., when the police investigator starts interrogating or
exacting a confession from the suspect in connection with an alleged
offense.
Same; Same; Right to Counsel; An Âeffective and vigilant
counselÊ necessarily and logically requires that the lawyer be present

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and [be] able to advise and assist his client from the time the
confessant answers the first question asked by the investigating
officer until the signing of the extrajudicial confession.―„An
Âeffective and vigilant counselÊ necessarily and logically requires
that the lawyer be present and [be] able to advise and assist his
client from the time the confessant answers the first question asked
by the investigating officer until the signing of the extrajudicial
confession.‰ In addition, the extrajudicial confession of Nabilgas
was not corroborated by a witness who was present at the time the
written confession was made. We note in this regard that the
prosecution did not present Atty. Go at the witness stand despite
hints made during the early stages of the trial that she would be
presented.
Remedial Law; Evidence; Res Inter Alios Acta Rule; Words and
Phrases; The res inter alios acta rule provides that the rights of a
party cannot be prejudiced by an act, declaration, or omission of
another; An exception to the res inter alios acta rule is an admission
made by a conspirator under Section 30, Rule 130 of the Rules of
Court.―At any rate, NabilgasÊ extrajudicial confession is
inadmissible in evidence against the appellants in view of the res
inter alios acta rule. This rule provides that the rights of a party
cannot be prejudiced by an act, declaration, or omission of another.
Consequently, an extrajudicial confession is binding only on the
confessant and is not admissible against his or her co-accused
because it is considered as hearsay against them. An exception to
the res inter alios acta rule is an admission made by a conspirator
under Section 30, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court. This provision
states that the act or declaration of a conspirator relating to the
conspiracy, and during its existence, may be given in evidence
against the co-conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence
other than such act or declaration. Thus, in order that the
admission of a conspirator may be received against his or her co-
conspirators, it is necessary that: (a)

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the conspiracy be first proved by evidence other than the admission

itself; (b) the admission relates to the common object; and (c) it has
been made while the declarant was engaged in carrying out the

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conspiracy. This exception, however, does not apply in the present

case since there was no other piece of evidence presented, aside
from the extrajudicial confession, to prove that Nabilgas conspired
with the appellants in committing the crime charged. Conspiracy
cannot be presumed and must be shown as distinctly and
conclusively as the crime itself. Nabilgas, in fact, was acquitted by
the trial court due to insufficiency of evidence to prove his
participation in the crime.
Same; Same; Circumstantial Evidence; Circumstantial evidence
consists of proof of collateral facts and circumstances from which the
main fact in issue may be inferred based on reason and common
experience.―„Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral
facts and circumstances from which the main fact in issue may be
inferred based on reason and common experience. Under Section 4,
Rule 133 of the Revised Rules of Court, circumstantial evidence is
sufficient for conviction if the following requisites concur: (a) there
is more than one circumstance; (b) the facts from which the
inferences are derived have been established; and (c) the
combination of all the circumstances unavoidably leads to a finding
of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. These circumstances must be
consistent with one another, and the only rational hypothesis that
can be drawn therefrom must be the guilt of the accused.‰
Criminal Law; Robbery With Homicide; Conspiracy; When
homicide is committed by reason or on the occasion of a robbery, all
those who took part as principals in the robbery would also be held
liable as principals of the single and indivisible felony of robbery
with homicide, although they did not actually take part in the
killing, unless it clearly appears that they endeavored to prevent the
same.―To our mind, the fact that the cartridge bullet shells found
at the firing range (where the lifeless body of Rex had been
discovered) matched with one of the guns recovered from Ibañez
during the entrapment operation clinches the case against the
appellants insofar as establishing the nexus between the robbery
and the victimÊs killing. Notably, the gunshot wounds suffered by
Rex also came from the same caliber of gun recovered from Ibañez.
In the final analysis, the prosecution sufficiently established the
direct and intimate

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connection between the robbery and the killing, and that the death
of Rex had been committed by reason or on the occasion of the
robbery. When homicide is committed by reason or on the occasion
of a robbery, all those who took part as principals in the robbery
would also be held liable as principals of the single and indivisible
felony of robbery with homicide, although they did not actually take
part in the killing, unless it clearly appears that they endeavored to
prevent the same.
Same; Same; Penalties; Robbery with homicide is a single
indivisible crime punishable with reclusion perpetua to death under
paragraph 1, Article 294 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended.―Robbery with homicide is a single indivisible crime
punishable with reclusion perpetua to death under paragraph 1,
Article 294 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended. We find that the
trial and appellate courts correctly sentenced the appellants to
suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua only in the absence of any
aggravating circumstance that attended the commission of the
crime.

APPEAL from a decision of the Court of Appeals.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Office of the Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.
Jesse B. Matibag for accused-appellant.

BRION,**  J.:
We decide the appeal filed by appellants Jose Armando
Cervantes Cachuela and Benjamin Julian Cruz Ibañez
assailing the August 7, 2009 decision1 of the Court of
Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR.-HC No. 03474. The CA
decision affirmed with

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** Acting Chairperson. In lieu of Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio
per Special Order No. 1460 dated May 29, 2013.
1 Penned by Associate Justice Celia C. Librea-Leagogo, and concurred
in by Associate Justices Juan Q. Enriquez, Jr. and Antonio L. Villamor;
Rollo, pp. 2-44.

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modification the July 14, 2008 decision2 of the Regional

Trial Court (RTC), Branch 196, Parañaque City, finding the
appellants guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the special
complex crime of robbery with homicide, and sentencing
them to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
The prosecutionÊs evidence revealed that on July 23,
2004, Ibañez went to Weapons System Corporation (WSC)
on board an old car, and told Henessy Auron, WSCÊs
Secretary and Sales Representative, that he was the one
who bought a gun barrel at the companyÊs gun show in SM
Megamall. Ibañez inquired from Henessy about the
schedule and the rates of WSCÊs firing range and the
amount of the membership fee of its gun club. He also
asked the days when there are many people in the firing
range, and whether Henessy was WSCÊs only female
employee.3
At around 9:00 a.m. of July 26, 2004, Henessy arrived at
WSC and rang the doorbell, but no one opened the door.
She went to the back of the office where the firing range
was located, and called Zaldy Gabao, another employee of
WSC. Zaldy answered from inside the store but Henessy
did not understand what he said. Henessy returned to the
front door and called again. Zaldy replied that he could not
open the door because his hands were tied. Henessy called
Raymundo Sian, the companyÊs operations manager, and
informed him that ZaldyÊs hands had been tied. After one
hour, the police arrived; they opened the gate at the back
using acetylene. When Henessy and the police entered the
premises, they saw that Zaldy had been handcuffed to the
vault. Zaldy informed the police that the companyÊs
gunsmith, Rex Dorimon, was inside the firing range. The
police entered the firing range, and saw the lifeless body of
Rex.4 Dr. Voltaire Nulud conducted an autopsy on the body
of Rex, and found that the

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2 CA Rollo, pp. 14-35.
3 TSN, June 9, 2005, pp. 19-23.
4 Id., at pp. 7-12.

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victim suffered several gunshot wounds on the head, thorax

and abdomen, caused by a .45 pistol.5
The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) received an
information from an asset that the group of Cachuela was
involved in the robbery of WSC and in the killing of one of
its employees; and that Cachuela had been looking for
prospective buyers of firearms. The NBI formed an
entrapment team and proceeded to Bacoor, Cavite to
execute the operation. Upon their arrival, Melvin Nabilgas
approached them and told them that he had been sent by
Cachuela and Ibañez to look for buyers of firearms. The
police introduced themselves and told Nabilgas that they
were conducting an entrapment operation against the
suspects of the robbery at WSC. Nabilgas surrendered to
the police, and gave the names of the other persons
involved in the crime.6
Thereafter, the asset contacted Cachuela and informed
him that Nabilgas had already talked to the buyers, and
that they would like to see the firearms being sold.
Cachuela set up a meeting with the buyers at a gasoline
station in Naic, Cavite. NBI Special Investigator Allan
Lino, Supervising Agent Jerry Abiera and the asset went to
the agreed place. Cachuela came and talked to them, and
brought them inside his house where Cachuela showed
them several firearms. When the agents inquired from
Cachuela whether the firearms had legal documentation,
the latter sensed that the meeting was a set-up. The NBI
agents arrested Cachuela before he could make any move.
The agents recovered four (4) firearms7 from CachuelaÊs
house, including a .9 mm Bernardelli with serial number
T1102-03E000151.8

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5 Records, p. 546.
6 TSN, July 7, 2005, pp. 8-15.
7 The other firearms recovered from Cachuela were a .22 Cooley
Model 600 with serial number 9196; a .45 Federal Caliber Pistol Receiver
with serial number 502173; and a .45 Llama Pistol with serial number
07-04-15949-96.
8 TSN, July 7, 2005, pp. 15-18.

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The NBI conducted a follow-up operation on Ibañez

whom the asset also contacted. Ibañez directed the asset to
bring the prospective buyers to his residence in Imus,
Cavite. The NBI agents went to Imus and there met Ibañez
whom they saw inside a Nissan California car bearing
plate no. PMN 645. Lino, Abiera and the asset entered the
car, and asked Ibañez where the firearms were. Ibañez
brought out two (2) firearms, and showed them to the
agents. The agents asked whether the guns had legal
documentation; they then arrested Ibañez when they
sensed that he was already becoming suspicious. The
agents recovered two guns from Ibañez, viz.: a .45 Glock 30
with serial number FML 245 and a .45 Llama with serial
number 04490Z.9
At the NBI Main Office, Zaldy pointed to the appellants,
during a police line-up, as the persons responsible for the
robbery at WSC and for the killing of Rex.10 Nabilgas also
executed a handwritten confession implicating the
appellants and Zaldy in the crime.11
The prosecution filed an Information12 for robbery with
homicide before the RTC against the appellants, Nabilgas
and Zaldy, docketed as Criminal Case No. 04-0943. The
accused all pleaded not guilty on arraignment.13 Trial on
the merits ensued thereafter. During trial, Zaldy died.14
In its decision dated July 14, 2008, the RTC found the
appellants guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the special
complex crime of robbery with homicide, and sentenced
them to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua. It also
ordered them to pay, jointly and severally, the heirs of Rex
P50,000.00 as civil indemnity and P50,000.00 as moral
damages. The trial

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9 Id., at pp. 24-27.
10 Id., at pp. 29-30.
11 Id., at p. 31.
12 Records, p. 2.
13 Id., at pp. 166-169.
14 Id., at pp. 620-621.

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court likewise ordered the appellants to pay Hector C.

Rodriguez, Jr.15 P1,563,300.00, representing the value of
the firearms and ammunitions stolen from WSC. Excepted
from the conviction was Nabilgas whom the RTC acquitted
on ground of reasonable doubt.
The appellants filed an appeal with the CA, docketed as
CA-G.R. CR.-HC No. 03474. In its decision of August 7,
2009, the CA affirmed the RTC decision with the following
modifications: (a) the appellants were ordered to pay Arms
Depot Philippines, Inc. the amount of P1,093,947.50,
representing the value of the stolen firearms and
ammunitions from WSC, with interest at the rate of 6% per
annum from the date of the decision until fully paid; and
(b) they are likewise ordered to pay, jointly and severally,
the heirs of Rex P45,000.00 as actual damages with
interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of the
decision until fully paid.
The CA held that the following pieces of circumstantial
evidence showed that the appellants robbed WSC and
killed Rex during the course of this robbery: (1) Ibañez
visited WSC two days before the robbery and asked several
questions from Henessy; (2) a robbery occurred at WSC
where 53 firearms and several ammunitions worth
P1,563,300.00 had been stolen; (3) among the firearms
stolen were a .9 mm Bernardelli with serial number T1102-
03E000151 and a .45 Glock 30 with serial number FML
245; (4) Rex, a gunsmith working in WSC, was found dead
at the firing range; (5) Rex sustained gunshot wounds on
different parts of his body; (6) Cachuela and Ibañez were
caught trying to sell the .9 mm Bernardelli, with serial
number T1102-03E000151, and the .45 Glock 30, with
serial number FML 245, respectively, in separate
entrapment operations; and (7) Cachuela and Ibañez were
unable to explain how they came into possession of the
stolen firearms.
The CA ruled that the totality of these circumstances
point to the appellants as the perpetrators of the special
complex

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15 The Branch Manager of Arms Depot Philippines, Inc.

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crime of robbery with homicide. It disregarded the

appellantsÊ defenses of alibi, denial and frame-up for being
self-serving. The CA likewise found unmeritorious the
appellantsÊ argument that the firearms confiscated from
them were inadmissible in evidence, pointing out that the
seizures were the result of lawful entrapment operations. It
further held that the appellants failed to impute any ill or
improper motive against the police officers who conducted
the entrapment operations.
Our Ruling
In this final review, we deny the appeal, and resolve to
increase the amount for restitution by the appellants to
Arms Depot Philippines, Inc. from P1,093,947.50 to
P1,481,000.00.
„A special complex crime of robbery with homicide takes
place when a homicide is committed either by reason, or on
the occasion, of the robbery. To sustain a conviction for
robbery with homicide, the prosecution must prove the
following elements: (1) the taking of personal property
belonging to another; (2) with intent to gain; (3) with the
use of violence or intimidation against a person; and (4) on
the occasion or by reason of the robbery, the crime of
homicide, as used in its generic sense, was committed. A
conviction requires certitude that the robbery is the main
purpose, and objective of the malefactor and the killing is
merely incidental to the robbery. The intent to rob must
precede the taking of human life but the killing may occur
before, during or after the robbery.‰16
Admissibility of the out-of-
court identification and the
extrajudicial confession

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16 People v. Algarme, G.R. No. 175978, February 12, 2009, 578 SCRA
601, 621; citations omitted.

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Lino testified that Zaldy identified the appellants as the

persons involved in the robbery of WSC and in the killing
of Rex in a police line-up held at the NBI Main Office on
Taft Avenue, Manila. We note that Zaldy did not testify in
court since he was brought to the National Center for
Mental Health, and subsequently died there during the
trial. For this reason, we examine with greater scrutiny
LinoÊs testimony regarding ZaldyÊs alleged out-of-court
identification.
People v. Algarme17 explains the procedure for out-of-
court identification and the test to determine its
admissibility, as follows:

Out-of-court identification is conducted by the police in various

ways. It is done thru show-ups where the suspect alone is brought
face-to-face with the witness for identification. It is done thru mug
shots where photographs are shown to the witness to identify the
suspect. It is also done thru line-ups where a witness identifies the
suspect from a group of persons lined up for the purpose x x x In
resolving the admissibility of and relying on out-of-court
identification of suspects, courts have adopted the totality of
circumstances test where they consider the following factors, viz.:
(1) the witnessÊ opportunity to view the criminal at the time of the
crime; (2) the witnessÊ degree of attention at that time; (3) the
accuracy of any prior description, given by the witness; (4) the level
of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the identification; (5)
the length of time between the crime and the identification; and, (6)
the suggestiveness of the identification procedure. [italics and
emphasis supplied]

In the present case, Lino merely stated that Zaldy,

during a police line-up, identified the appellants as the
persons involved in the robbery of WSC and in the killing
of Rex. Lino did not state when the line-up took place; how
this line-up had been conducted; who were the persons in
the line-up with the appellants (if there were indeed other
persons included in

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17 Id., at pp. 617-618, citing People v. Teehankee, Jr., G.R. Nos.
111206-08, October 6, 1995, 249 SCRA 54.

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the line-up); and whether the line-up was confined to

persons of the same height and built as the appellants.
Lino likewise did not indicate who accompanied Zaldy
before and during the line-up, and whether there had been
the possibility of prior or contemporaneous improper
insinuations on Zaldy regarding the appearance of the
appellants.
To our mind, LinoÊs failure to state relevant details
surrounding the police line-up is a glaring omission that
renders unreliable ZaldyÊs out-of-court identification. No
way exists for the courts to evaluate the factors used in
determining the admissibility and reliability of out-of-court
identifications, such as the level of certainty demonstrated
by the witness at the identification; the length of time
between the crime and the identification; and the
suggestiveness of the identification procedure. The absence
of an independent in-court identification by Zaldy
additionally justifies our strict treatment and assessment
of LinoÊs testimony.
The records also bear out that Nabilgas executed an
extrajudicial confession18 at the NBI Main Office, where he
implicated the appellants and Zaldy in the crime charged.
During trial, he repudiated this confession, and claimed
that he had been tortured by the NBI agents, and that he
was forced to copy a previously prepared statement.
After a careful examination of the evidence on hand, we
hold that NabilgasÊ extrajudicial confession is inadmissible
in evidence. The Court has consistently held that an
extrajudicial confession, to be admissible, must satisfy the
following requirements: „(1) the confession must be
voluntary; (2) it must be made with the assistance of a
competent and independent counsel[,] preferably of the
confessantÊs choice; (3) it must be express; and (4) it must
be in writing.‰19

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18 Records, p. 21.
19 See People v. Bacor, 366 Phil. 197, 212; 306 SCRA 522, 537 (1999).

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We point out that Nabilgas was already under custodial

investigation by the authorities when he executed the
alleged written confession. „A custodial investigation is
understood x x x as x x x any questioning initiated by law
enforcement authorities after a person is taken into
custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in
any significant manner. x x x It begins when there is no
longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime and the
investigation has started to focus on a particular person as
a suspect, i.e., when the police investigator starts
interrogating or exacting a confession from the suspect in
connection with an alleged offense.20
In People v. Rapeza,21 we explained that the lawyer
called to be present during custodial investigations should,
as far as reasonably possible, be the choice of the individual
undergoing questioning. If the lawyer is furnished by the
police for the accused, it is important that the lawyer
should be competent, independent and prepared to fully
safeguard the constitutional rights of the accused, as
distinguished from one who would merely be giving a
routine, peremptory and meaningless recital of the
individualÊs constitutional rights.
After a close reading of the records, we rule that
NabilgasÊ confession was not made with the assistance of a
competent and independent counsel. The services of Atty.
Melita Go, the lawyer who acted in NabilgasÊ behalf, were
provided by the very same agency investigating Nabilgas·
the NBI itself; she was assigned the task despite NabilgasÊ
open declaration to the agencyÊs investigators that he
already had a lawyer in the person of Atty. Donardo
Paglinawan. Atty. Paglinawan confirmed this fact when he
stated that he was already representing Nabilgas at the
time his client made the alleged confession. Nabilgas also
testified that Atty. Go did not disclose

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20 See People v. Morial, 415 Phil. 310, 329; 363 SCRA 96, 110 (2001);
citation omitted, italics supplied.

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21 G.R. No. 169431, April 4, 2007, 520 SCRA 596, 623-624, citing
People v. Deniega, 321 Phil. 1028, 1041-1042; 251 SCRA 626, 637 (1995);
italics supplied.

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that she was a lawyer when she was called to assist him;
she merely represented herself to be a mere witness to the
confession. There was also nothing in the records to show
that Atty. Go ascertained whether NabilgasÊ confession was
made voluntarily, and whether he fully understood the
nature and the consequence of his extrajudicial confession
and its impact on his constitutional rights.
To be sure, this is not the kind of assistance required of
lawyers in a custodial investigation. „An Âeffective and
vigilant counselÊ necessarily and logically requires that the
lawyer be present and [be] able to advise and assist his
client from the time the confessant answers the first
question asked by the investigating officer until the signing
of the extrajudicial confession.‰22 In addition, the
extrajudicial confession of Nabilgas was not corroborated
by a witness who was present at the time the written
confession was made. We note in this regard that the
prosecution did not present Atty. Go at the witness stand
despite hints made during the early stages of the trial that
she would be presented.
At any rate, NabilgasÊ extrajudicial confession is
inadmissible in evidence against the appellants in view of
the res inter alios acta rule. This rule provides that the
rights of a party cannot be prejudiced by an act,
declaration, or omission of another. Consequently, an
extrajudicial confession is binding only on the confessant
and is not admissible against his or her co-accused because
it is considered as hearsay against them.
An exception to the res inter alios acta rule is an
admission made by a conspirator under Section 30, Rule
130 of the Rules of Court. This provision states that the act
or declaration of a conspirator relating to the conspiracy,
and during its existence, may be given in evidence against
the co-conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by
evidence other than such act or declaration. Thus, in order

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that the admission of a con-

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22 See People v. Tomaquin, 478 Phil. 885, 901; 435 SCRA 23, 37-38
(2004).

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People vs. Cachuela

spirator may be received against his or her co-conspirators,

it is necessary that: (a) the conspiracy be first proved by
evidence other than the admission itself; (b) the admission
relates to the common object; and (c) it has been made
while the declarant was engaged in carrying out the
conspiracy.23
This exception, however, does not apply in the present
case since there was no other piece of evidence presented,
aside from the extrajudicial confession, to prove that
Nabilgas conspired with the appellants in committing the
crime charged. Conspiracy cannot be presumed and must
be shown as distinctly and conclusively as the crime itself.
Nabilgas, in fact, was acquitted by the trial court due to
insufficiency of evidence to prove his participation in the
crime.
Sufficiency of the proven
circumstantial evidence
In view of the inadmissibility of ZaldyÊs out-of-court
identification and NabilgasÊ extrajudicial confession, the
prosecutionÊs case rests purely on circumstantial evidence.
Conviction can be secured „on the basis of circumstantial
evidence if the established circumstances constitute an
unbroken chain leading to [a] fair and reasonable
conclusion proving that the accused is the author of the
crime to the exclusion of all others.‰24 There can be
conviction if the prosecution can establish the appellantsÊ
participation in the crime through credible and sufficient
circumstantial evidence that leads to the inescapable
conclusion that the accused, and none other, committed the
imputed crime.25

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23 See People v. Bokingo, G.R. No. 187536, August 10, 2011, 655 SCRA
313, 332-333.
24 People v. Umayam, 431 Phil. 23, 32; 381 SCRA 323, 330 (2002).
25 See People v. Biglete, G.R. No. 182920, June 18, 2012, 673 SCRA
546, 554.

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People vs. Cachuela

„Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral

facts and circumstances from which the main fact in issue
may be inferred based on reason and common experience.
Under Section 4, Rule 133 of the Revised Rules of Court,
circumstantial evidence is sufficient for conviction if the
following requisites concur: (a) there is more than one
circumstance; (b) the facts from which the inferences are
derived have been established; and (c) the combination of
all the circumstances unavoidably leads to a finding of guilt
beyond reasonable doubt. These circumstances must be
consistent with one another, and the only rational
hypothesis that can be drawn therefrom must be the guilt
of the accused.‰26
In our view, no doubt exists, based on the appellantsÊ
actions, that their primary objective was to rob WSC, and
that the killing of Rex was done on occasion, or by reason,
of the robbery: first, Ibañez went to WSC on July 23, 2004,
and inquired from Henessy about the schedule and the
rates of the firing range, the amount of the membership fee
of the companyÊs gun club, the days when there are many
people in the firing range, and whether she was the only
female employee of the company; second, when Henessy
arrived at WSC at 9:00 a.m. on July 26, 2004, Zaldy
informed her that he cannot open the front door because
his hands were tied; third, Henessy called the companyÊs
operations manager and informed him that Zaldy had been
tied; fourth, the police saw Zaldy handcuffed to the vault
when they opened the back gate; fifth, the police saw the
lifeless body of Rex lying on the floor with several gunshot
wounds when they entered the firing range; sixth, the
operations manager discovered that 53 guns and several
ammunitions had been missing from the gun store,
including a .9 mm Bernardelli with serial number T1102-

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03E000151 and a .45 Glock 30 with serial number FML

245; seventh, the NBI agents caught Cachuela trying to

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26 See People v. Romero, G.R. No. 181041, February 23, 2011, 644
SCRA 210, 214; citation omitted.

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People vs. Cachuela

sell the .9 mm Bernardelli with serial number T1102-

03E000151 in an entrapment operation in Cavite; eighth,
the NBI agents caught Ibañez trying to sell the .45 Glock
30 with serial number FML 245 and a .45 Llama with
serial number 04490Z in a follow-up entrapment operation
in Cavite; ninth, Cachuela and Ibañez were unable to
explain how they came into possession of the stolen
firearms; tenth, Police Inspector Armin Austria, the PNP
Forensic Firearm Examiner, found that the 98 pieces of .45
fired cartridge cases found at the crime scene were fired
from the .45 Llama with serial number 04490Z recovered
from Ibañez;27 and finally, Dr. Nulud conducted an
autopsy on the body of Rex, and found that the victim
suffered several gunshot wounds on the head, thorax, and
abdomen caused by a .45 pistol.
From these established circumstances, the overriding
intention of the appellants cannot but be to rob WSC; the
killing of Rex was merely incidental to the robbery. „Intent
to rob is an internal act, but may be inferred from proof of
violent unlawful taking of personal property.‰28 Rex was
killed to facilitate the robbery; he was also the person who
would have been a witness to the crime. In People v. De
Leon,29 we held that „[h]omicide is said to have been
committed by reason or on the occasion of robbery if, for
instance, it was committed (a) to facilitate the robbery or
the escape of the culprit; (b) to preserve the possession by
the culprit of the loot; (c) to prevent discovery of the
commission of the robbery; or, (d) to eliminate witnesses in
the commission of the crime.‰

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27 Per Firearms Identification Report No. FAIS-080-A-2004, no

conclusion could be rendered as to whether the seven other .45 fired
bullets submitted for examination had been fired from the Llama .45
pistol with serial number 04490Z.
28 See People v. De Leon, G.R. No. 179943, June 26, 2009, 591 SCRA
178, 193, citing People v. De Jesus, 473 Phil. 405, 407; 429 SCRA 384, 402
(2004).
29 Id., at p. 194.

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People vs. Cachuela

In this regard, we cannot overlook the fact that another

WSC employee · Zaldy · was not killed, but merely tied
to the vault. The Court cannot second-guess on what could
have been behind the malefactorsÊ decision to spare ZaldyÊs
life, but we note that Zaldy became one of the accused in
this case after the Office of the City Prosecutor found
probable cause to indict him in the crime, as the robbery
could have been the result of an „inside job.‰ Unfortunately,
Zaldy was unable to testify during trial since the RTC
ordered that he be brought to the National Center for
Mental Health for treatment. Accordingly, NabilgasÊ
extrajudicial confession (which we ruled to be inadmissible)
was the only evidence linking Zaldy to the crime. For lack
of evidence, we cannot make any definite conclusion and
can only speculate on ZaldyÊs involvement in the crime
charged.
We find it worthy to stress that the appellants failed to
overcome the disputable presumption that „a person found
in possession of a thing taken in the doing of a recent
wrongful act is the taker and the doer of the whole act[.]‰30
To recall, Ibañez was at WSC two days before the robbery,
asking questions to the companyÊs secretary. Several days
after the robbery, the appellants were caught trying to sell
firearms that were reported stolen from WSC in separate
entrapment operations; they could not satisfactorily
explain how and why these guns came to their respective
possession. The appellants likewise did not impute ill
motive on the part of the arresting officers that would
impel the latter to fabricate evidence against them. These

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factors lead to no other conclusion than that the appellants,

to the exclusion of others, had robbed WSC.
To our mind, the fact that the cartridge bullet shells
found at the firing range (where the lifeless body of Rex
had been discovered) matched with one of the guns
recovered from Ibañez during the entrapment operation
clinches the case

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30 Rules of Court, Rule 131, Section 3(j).

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People vs. Cachuela

against the appellants insofar as establishing the nexus

between the robbery and the victimÊs killing. Notably, the
gunshot wounds suffered by Rex also came from the same
caliber of gun31 recovered from Ibañez. In the final
analysis, the prosecution sufficiently established the direct
and intimate connection between the robbery and the
killing, and that the death of Rex had been committed by
reason or on the occasion of the robbery. When homicide is
committed by reason or on the occasion of a robbery, all
those who took part as principals in the robbery would also
be held liable as principals of the single and indivisible
felony of robbery with homicide, although they did not
actually take part in the killing, unless it clearly appears
that they endeavored to prevent the same.32
The penalty and the awarded
civil indemnities
Robbery with homicide is a single indivisible crime
punishable with reclusion perpetua to death under
paragraph 1, Article 294 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended. We find that the trial and appellate courts
correctly sentenced the appellants to suffer the penalty of
reclusion perpetua only in the absence of any aggravating
circumstance that attended the commission of the crime.
We affirm the award of P50,000.00 civil indemnity and
P50,000.00 moral damages to the heirs of Rex, as these
awards conform to prevailing jurisprudence on robbery
with homicide when the penalty imposed is only reclusion

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perpetua.33 We also affirm the award of P45,000.00 as

actual damages, as the prosecution successfully proved this
amount through a receipt.

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31 The records do not indicate the gunÊs serial number.
32 See People v. Ebet, G.R. No. 181635, November 15, 2010, 634 SCRA
689, 705-706.
33 See People v. Uy, G.R. No. 174660, May 30, 2011, 649 SCRA 236,
260.

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People vs. Cachuela

The CA ordered the appellants to restitute the amount

of P1,093,947.50, representing of the value of the stolen
firearms and ammunitions. We, however, increase this
amount to the total amount of P1,481,000.00 as this is the
value of the stolen items as proven by the evidence on
record.34
WHEREFORE, in light of all the foregoing, the decision
of the Court of Appeals dated August 7, 2009 in CA-G.R.
CR.-HC No. 03474 is AFFIRMED with the
MODIFICATION that the amount to be restituted by the
appellants to Arms Depot Philippines, Inc. be increased
from P1,093,947.50 to P1,481,000.00.
SO ORDERED.
***
Del Castillo, Perez, Perlas-Bernabe and Leonen, JJ.,
concur.

Judgment affirmed with modification.

Notes.―Where the prosecution has sufficiently

established that the respective extrajudicial confessions of
the accused were obtained in accordance with the
constitutional guarantees, these confessions are
admissible, and are evidence of a high order. (People vs.
Reyes, 581 SCRA 691 [2009])
Essential for conviction of robbery with homicide is proof
of a direct relation, an intimate connection between the
robbery and the killing, whether the latter be prior or

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subsequent to the former or whether both crimes were

committed at the same time. (People vs. Buyagan, 665
SCRA 571 [2012])
――o0o――

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34 Records, pp. 71-73.
*** Designated as Acting Member in lieu of Associate Justice Antonio
T. Carpio per Special Order No. 1461 dated May 29, 2013.

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