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Introduction To Design of Experiments: Reference: Book by D. C. Montgomery

This document discusses the principles and techniques of design of experiments. It covers blocking to address nuisance factors, factorial experiments involving two or more factors, and analysis of variance for factorial designs. Key points include how to estimate main effects and interactions in 2k factorial designs, and how to perform ANOVA to test the significance of effects and interactions in the overall model. Blocking and factorial designs are widely used techniques in industrial experimentation to efficiently gather information about multiple factors and their interactions.

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ArijitMalakar
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43 views

Introduction To Design of Experiments: Reference: Book by D. C. Montgomery

This document discusses the principles and techniques of design of experiments. It covers blocking to address nuisance factors, factorial experiments involving two or more factors, and analysis of variance for factorial designs. Key points include how to estimate main effects and interactions in 2k factorial designs, and how to perform ANOVA to test the significance of effects and interactions in the overall model. Blocking and factorial designs are widely used techniques in industrial experimentation to efficiently gather information about multiple factors and their interactions.

Uploaded by

ArijitMalakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Introduction to Design of

Experiments

Reference: book by D. C. Montgomery

1
The Blocking Principle
• Blocking is a technique for dealing with nuisance factors
• A nuisance factor is a factor that probably has some effect
on the response, but it’s of no interest to the
experimenter…however, the variability it transmits to the
response needs to be minimized
• Typical nuisance factors include batches of raw material,
operators, pieces of test equipment, time (shifts, days, etc.),
different experimental units
• Many industrial experiments involve blocking (or should)
• Failure to block is a common flaw in designing an
experiment (consequences?)

2
3
Vascular Graft Example
• To conduct this experiment as a RCBD, assign all 4
pressures to each of the 6 batches of resin
• Each batch of resin is called a “block”; that is, it’s a
more homogenous experimental unit on which to test
the extrusion pressures

4
5
Vascular Graft Example
Design-Expert Output

6
Factorial Experiments

• General principles of factorial experiments


• The two-factor factorial with fixed effects
• The ANOVA for factorials
• Extensions to more than two factors
• Quantitative and qualitative factors –
response curves and surfaces

7
Some Basic Definitions

Definition of a factor effect: The change in the mean response


when the factor is changed from low to high
40  52 20  30
A  y A  y A    21
2 2
30  52 20  40
B  yB   yB     11
2 2
52  20 30  40
AB    1
2 2
8
The Case of Interaction:

50  12 20  40
A  y A  y A   1
2 2
40  12 20  50
B  yB   yB     9
2 2
12  20 40  50
AB    29
2 2
9
Example 5.1 The Battery Life Experiment

A = Material type; B = Temperature (A quantitative variable)


1. What effects do material type & temperature have on life?
2. Is there a choice of material that would give long life regardless of
temperature (a robust product)?
10
The General Two-Factor
Factorial Experiment

a levels of factor A; b levels of factor B; n replicates

11
ANOVA Table – Fixed Effects Case

12
Output

13
Factorials with More Than
Two Factors
• Basic procedure is similar to the two-factor case; all
abc…kn treatment combinations are run in random
order
• ANOVA identity is also similar:
SST  SS A  SS B   SS AB  SS AC 
 SS ABC   SS AB K  SS E

14
Design of Engineering Experiments
Two-Level Factorial Designs
• Special case of the general factorial design; k factors,
all at two levels
• The two levels are usually called low and high (they
could be either quantitative or qualitative)
• Very widely used in industrial experimentation
• Form a basic “building block” for other very useful
experimental designs (DNA)
• Special (short-cut) methods for analysis

15
The Simplest Case: The 22

“-” and “+” denote the low and high levels of a factor, respectively
• Low and high are arbitrary terms
• Geometrically, the four runs form the corners of a square
• Factors can be quantitative or qualitative, although their treatment in the final
model will be different

16
Chemical Process Example

A = reactant concentration, B = catalyst amount,


y = recovery

17
Estimation of Factor Effects
A  y A  y A
ab  a b  (1)
 
2n 2n
 21n [ab  a  b  (1)]
B  yB   yB 
ab  b a  (1)
 
2n 2n
 21n [ab  b  a  (1)]
ab  (1) a  b
AB  
2n 2n
 21n [ab  (1)  a  b]
18
Statistical Testing - ANOVA

The F-test for the “model” source is testing the significance of the
overall model; that is, is either A, B, or AB or some combination of
these effects important?

19
The 23 Factorial Design

20
An Example of a 23 Factorial Design

A = gap, B = Flow, C = Power, y = Etch Rate

21
Table of – and + Signs for the 23 Factorial Design (pg. 218)

22
Properties of the Table
• Except for column I, every column has an equal number of + and –
signs
• The sum of the product of signs in any two columns is zero
• Multiplying any column by I leaves that column unchanged (identity
element)
• The product of any two columns yields a column in the table:

A  B  AB
AB  BC  AB 2C  AC
• Orthogonal design
• Orthogonality is an important property shared by all factorial designs

23
Estimation of Factor Effects

24
ANOVA Summary – Full Model

25
The General 2k Factorial Design

• There will be k main effects, and


k 
 2  two-factor interactions
 
k 
 3  three-factor interactions
 

1 k  factor interaction
26
Design Projection: ANOVA Summary for
the Model as a 23 in Factors A, C, and D

27

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