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Fluid Practicals 5,6,7 PDF

The document describes an experiment to determine minor head losses due to a 45-degree elbow by measuring the pressure difference across the elbow and calculating the loss coefficient. It provides the theoretical relationship between loss coefficient, velocity head, and discharge and outlines the experimental procedure and observations to be made. The goal is to compare the calculated average loss coefficient to literature values.

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Sheeraz Ahmed
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115 views9 pages

Fluid Practicals 5,6,7 PDF

The document describes an experiment to determine minor head losses due to a 45-degree elbow by measuring the pressure difference across the elbow and calculating the loss coefficient. It provides the theoretical relationship between loss coefficient, velocity head, and discharge and outlines the experimental procedure and observations to be made. The goal is to compare the calculated average loss coefficient to literature values.

Uploaded by

Sheeraz Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment # 05

MINOR LOSSES IN THE PIPE SYSTEM

Object: To determine minor losses due to a 45o elbow.

Apparatus: Fluid friction apparatus; Hydraulics bench and Stop watch.

Fig. Fluid friction apparatus

Theory: The minor loss due to a 45o elbow is a function of velocity head and is written as

V2
hl  K e 45 (1)
2g
where
hl = loss of head due to Elbow
V = velocity of flow = Q/A

 3.14
where, Area of flow = A d2  (1.7) 2  2.27 cm 2
4 4
(since d = 17 mm = 1.7 cm)

2g 2  981 h
Putting values in Eq.(1), K e 45  2
.hl  2
.hl  10108.2 l2 (2)
V (Q / 2.27) Q

Procedure:
1. Fill tank of hydraulics bench with clean water.
2. Connect the fluid friction apparatus with hydraulics bench.
3. Open the valve(s) that allows flow to the section under consideration and close all the
irrelevant valves of the pipe friction apparatus.
4. Connect the two ends of the tubes to the pressure tapping nipples at the either side of
the pair of the elbows and the manometer.
5. Slightly open the Flow control valve at the hydraulics bench.
6. Remove air bubbles from the tubes by opening the Vent valve and Drain valves of
differential manometer.
7. Read the heads in the monometers corresponding to the pressure along entry and exit
of the elbows.
8. Collect water in the volumetric measuring section of the hydraulics bench. Read the
volume collected as well as time taken to collect that volume of water.
9. Open the Flow control valve at the hydraulics bench slightly more for taking new
reading.
10. Repeat steps 7 and 8 to observe new readings.
11. Carry out computations as per table below and compare the average value of Ke45 for
a 45o elbow with that given in literature i.e. Ke45 = 0.2.
Observations and Calculations:
Head (cm) Discharge (cm3/sec) K e 45  10108.2
hl
S. Q2
No. hl Q
h1 h2 V V T
= h1 – h2 = V/t
(cm) (cm) (cm) (lit) (cm3) (sec) (cm3/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Average Ke45 =

Comments:

Sig. of Lab. Lecturer: ________________________ Date: _________


Experiment No. 6
CORRELATION BETWEEN TYPES OF FLOW AND REYNOLD’S NUMBER

Object:

To establish correlation between types of flow and R

Apparatus:

1. Reynold’s Number Experimental Apparatus (Model RNM-15-900), consisting of:

 Perspex water tank


 Baffle for flow stilling
 Perspex flow tube
 Dye pot
 Dye injector nozzle
 Rotameter

2. Thermometer

Fig. 28.1 Reynold’s Number Experimental Apparatus (Model RNM-15-900)


(a) Laminar Flow (b) Turbulent Flow

Fig. 8.2. Flow visualization:

Theory:

In pipe flow:
 Vd 
R  
 v  Type of flow
 2300 Laminar or Streamline

> 2300 Turbulent

Procedure:

(1) Open city water supply cock and let the water flow calmly into the water tank without
cresting the surface of water, and attain a steady level.

(2) Let the water flow out of the tank through the transparent flow view tube.

(3) Open dye injector nozzle and let the dye flow through flow view tube and observe the
type of flow. Also read discharge Q from the rotameter.

(4) Increase Q in increments; observe type of flow each time as well as note the rotameter
reading.

(5) Measure temperature of water.


Observations & Calculations:

Table 8.1

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF WATER

T Kinematic Viscosity (v)


o -3
( C) (cm2/s x 10 )
0 17.94
5 15.35
10 12.97
15 11.37
20 9.96
25 8.84
30 7.96
35 7.24
40 6.63
45 6.11
50 5.62
55 5.18
60 4.80
Table 8.2
d (tube dia) = 1.5 cm
R Are the
Q Magnitude
Q Visual magnitude
S. Q x 1000  of R is <,
Qr T V observation and visual
No.  r π = or > 2300
3600 dv of flow type observation in
4 ?
conformity?
0
lit./h cc/s C cm2/s

Comments:

Sign. of Lab. Lecturer: _____________________ Date: ___________________


Experiment No. 7
PIPE BEND CONNCETION

Object: Comparison of pipe bend section of fluid friction and losses in pipes and bends
apparatus.
Apparatus: Losses in bends and fittings apparatus, Fluid friction apparatus, hydraulics bench and
stopwatch.
Theory: The minor loss due to a pipe bend is a function of velocity head and is written as

V2
hl  K b (1)
2g
where
hl = loss of head due to pipe bend
V = velocity of flow = Q/A
 3.14
where, Area of flow = A d2  (1.7) 2  2.27 cm 2
4 4
(since d = 17 mm = 1.7 cm)
2g 2  981 h
Putting values in Eq.(1), Kb  2
.hl  2
.hl  10108.2 l2 (2)
V (Q / 2.27) Q
But the loss coefficient in case of pipe bend is a function of bend radius (r) and inside diameter
of the bend (d) as shown below
In the Fluid friction apparatus, r = 3.0 cm and d = 1.7 cm, i.e. r/d = 1.76, hence Kb = 0.2.

Observations and Calculations: (Using Fluid friction apparatus)


Table
S. Head (cm) Discharge (cm3/sec) K b  10108.2
hl
No. Q2
h1 h2 hl = h1 – h2 V T Q = V/t
3
(cm) (cm) (cm) (lit) (cm ) (sec) (cm3/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Average Kb =

Observations and Calculations: (Using Losses in pipe & bend apparatus)


Table
S. Head (cm) Discharge (cm3/sec) K b  10108.2
hl
No. Q2
h1 h2 hl = h1 – h2 V T Q = V/t
(cm) (cm) (cm) (lit) (cm3) (sec) (cm3/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Average Kb =
Comments:

Sig. of Lab. Lecturer: ________________________ Date: __________

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