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MSN 514 Homework 3: 1 Part A

This document discusses fractal dimension and non-integer dimensions using examples like curved lines. It introduces the Hausdorff dimension approach for calculating fractal dimensions of strange attractors. Examples of strange attractors for the Rossler system and Lorentz system are shown. The document also discusses 1D maps generated from the Rossler system parameters and estimating the Feigenbaum constant from bifurcation diagrams.

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Yetkin Pulcu
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70 views4 pages

MSN 514 Homework 3: 1 Part A

This document discusses fractal dimension and non-integer dimensions using examples like curved lines. It introduces the Hausdorff dimension approach for calculating fractal dimensions of strange attractors. Examples of strange attractors for the Rossler system and Lorentz system are shown. The document also discusses 1D maps generated from the Rossler system parameters and estimating the Feigenbaum constant from bifurcation diagrams.

Uploaded by

Yetkin Pulcu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MSN 514 Homework 3

Yetkin Pulcu
April 8, 2019

1 Part a
Fractal dimension is really a good topic to discuss non-linear dynamics.Because
our brains are addicted to think in terms of linearity,we also tend to think the
nature only in Euclidean case.For Euclidean or classical geometry the shapes we
know have integer dimensions.We live in a 3-D world so for example a cube’s
dimension is 3 according to our brains.However, there are also some good tricks
such as in painting that,a painter makes your brain to think in 3-D although
the paint is in 2-D.
Two mathematician, Felix Hausdorff and Abram Besicovitch introduced the
idea of non-integer dimensions.For example a curved line has a dimension be-
tween 1 and 2.For our question, we know we have an strange attractor which
actually lives in non-Euclidian space.

1.1 The Hausdorff Dimension


As we discussed in the introduction part,we need to start from Euclidean space
and move to non-Euclidean space to find the dimensions of curly shapes.

Figure 1: Definition of dimension

1
So as it can be seen the general formula for the above picture is

N = rD (1)
For example,in 2-D if we take a line and divide this into 2 equal parts,meaning
that reducing the size of the line, and make a square from this divided line,one
can easily see that there are 4 squares. If we were to do this with cutting the
line 3 equal parts,we would have 9 equal squares in 2-D.
So taking the logarithm of the both sides in Eq.(1),
log(N ) = Dlog(r) (2)
or

log(N )
D=
log(r)
For the Rössler system we have given,the strange attractor for given specific
points looks like,

Figure 2: Strange Attractor - Rössler System

To compare and see the difference,below picture is the strange attractor for
Lorentz-System.

Figure 3: Strange Attractor - Lorentz System

Here we can calculate the fractal dimensions using Hausdorff approach and
we can see that the dimension is about 1.68.

2 Part b
For this part,we are asked to find the 1-D map. 1-D maps are again very impor-
tant concepty for non-linear dynamics.We can think the 1-D maps a follows.You

2
Figure 4: Polynomial fit with p1 = 1.68

have the calculator and you start with the point x = 1 and keep pushing the
cosine function with equal intervals.This is a very basic example and as it can
be seen,it forms a sequence of data with each f (xn ) is dependent on the result
of f (xn−1 ).In our question,the parameters are same with the part a and the 1-D
map can be seen below picture.

Figure 5: 1-D Map

For the Lyapunov exponent, only analytic function that I can think of to
2
fit this graph is Gaussian function in the form of e−x +c .However,I couldn’t
find the exponent for example when bifurcation occurs.(It must be zero at that
point)

3 Part c
For this part, we are asked to find bifurcation points or the points where period
doubling occurs.Finding this,we can estimate Feigenbaum’s constant where it is
the ratio of the distance between bifurcation points.
Since the rate of period doubling increases,only the first three bifurcation
points are considered while estimating Feigenbaum’s constant.The constant is
found to be around 3.7 whereas the original value is 4.9. The error is most
probably due to the increasing rate of c value which is 0.01 in my code. Making
it 0.001 would almost impossible for my computer that the processing speed is

3
Figure 6: Bifurcation Diagram

decreasing very much.However,if the c constant is started from 0, the constant


is estimated as 4.2 which is more accurate compared to other one.The latter
case is not included to the code.

References
[1] Weisstein, Eric W. ”Fractal Dimensions.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web
Resource.

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