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Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. The fluid enters the impeller along the rotating axis and is accelerated outward into a diffuser or volute chamber before exiting. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used for large fluid discharge through smaller pressure increases. They have low costs, require little maintenance, and can operate under a wide range of conditions providing smooth, pulsation-free flow. The impeller, mounted on a shaft within a casing, spins to impart kinetic energy to the fluid through centrifugal force, increasing its pressure potential energy. Multi-stage centrifugal pumps use multiple impellers in series to gradually increase pressure in stages.

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159 views6 pages

Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. The fluid enters the impeller along the rotating axis and is accelerated outward into a diffuser or volute chamber before exiting. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used for large fluid discharge through smaller pressure increases. They have low costs, require little maintenance, and can operate under a wide range of conditions providing smooth, pulsation-free flow. The impeller, mounted on a shaft within a casing, spins to impart kinetic energy to the fluid through centrifugal force, increasing its pressure potential energy. Multi-stage centrifugal pumps use multiple impellers in series to gradually increase pressure in stages.

Uploaded by

jerome fajardo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a
fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters
the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially
outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping
system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Modern process plants use powerful centrifugal pumps, primarily because of the following factors :
1. The low initial cost.
2. Low maintenance costs.
3. Simple in operation.
4. Ability to operate under a wide variety of conditions.
5. Give a smooth, continuous flow, free from pulsation.

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

The word, ' centrifugal ' is derived from the latin language and is formed from two words
'centri' meaning 'centre' and 'fugal' meaning 'to fly away from'.
Centrifugal - 'to fly away from the centre'.
This is the force developed due to the rotation of a body - solid, liquid or gas. The force of rotation
causes a body, or a fluid, to move away from the centre of rotation.
Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump is built up of two main parts:

1. THE ROTOR (or Rotating Element).


2. THE CASING (or Housing or Body).

The Rotor

One of the greatest advantages of a centrifugal pump is that it has very few moving parts which
minimises mechanical problems and energy losses due to friction.
Other than the bearings, (and of course the driver), the only moving part in a centrifugal pump is the
Rotor.
The Rotor (Rotating Element), is made up of the following main components :
1. THE IMPELLER(S) -Often called the 'Wheel(s)'. (In the centre of an impeller, is the 'EYE'
which receives the inlet flow of liquid into the 'Vanes' of the impeller).
2. THE SHAFT -The impeller(s) is/are mounted on the shaft and enclosed by a casing.
The Impellers
These consist of wheel shaped elements containing 'Curved Vanes' at the centre of which is the liquid
inlet called the 'EYE' of the impeller.

The wheel(s) is/are mounted on the shaft, (together called 'the Rotating Element' which is rotated at high
speed. The liquid is thrown off the outer edge of the vanes, and more liquid flows into the eye to take its
place. The speed of rotation of the wheel imparts kinetic energy to the liquid in the form of velocity
which will be converted to pressure (potential) energy.

There are various types of impeller depending on the duty to be performed by the pump.
1. The Open Impeller : This type consists of vanes attached to a central hub with no side wall or
'shroud'. It is used for pumping highly contaminated slurry type liquids.
2. Semi-Open Impeller : This type has the vanes attached to a wall or shroud on one side. It is used
mainly for lightly contaminated and abrasive liquids and slurries.
3. Closed Impeller : This impeller has the vanes enclosed on both sides by a shroud and is the most
efficient impeller, used for clean or very slightly contaminated liquids. Impellers can also be
classified according to the vane curvature - i.e. 'Backward' curve used for high flow rate.
'Forward' curve for high liquid head and 'Straight' for either service.

Types of Impeller
High power, high volume pumps are fitted with more than one impeller. This type is called a 'Multi-
stage' pump and is actually a series of pumps mounted on the shaft within a single casing. The liquid
leaving each impeller rim, is fed into the eye of the next wheel. In this way, the pressure is built up in
stages through the pump. The more stages, the higher the discharge pressure. As liquids cannot be
compressed and therefore no change in volume takes place, the impellers of a multi-stage pump are all
the same size – (unlike those of a compressor).
How the liquid is passed from stage to stage is discussed later in the notes on the casing.
How the liquid is passed from stage to stage is discussed later in the notes on the casing.
The Shaft
The Impeller(s) are mounted on this part of the pump which is then referred to as the 'Rotor' or rotating
element which is coupled (connected) to the pump driver. The driver imparts the rotation to the rotor that is
housed in the casing, supported by the bearings.
The shaft, due to the high speed of rotation, will tend to move :-
Radially -movement across the shaft (Vibration) and,
Axially -movement along the shaft (Thrust).
In order to minimise and control these movements, bearings are fitted (as discussed earlier).

Source : http://nprcet.org/e%20content/mech/FMM.pdf

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