BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-203

PART 5: APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

A.1 General 4.1 General

- -
A.1.1 Scope Empirical design procedures of Appendix A are
This appendix provides requirements for empirical permitted for buildings of limited height and low seismic
design of masonry. ,.risk
i,:

A.1.1.1 Subject to the limitations of Section the empirical desigp provisions for masonry
A.1.2, masoffy shall be permitted to be designed in ly standardized in the early 206 century, only a
accordance with the ernpirical provisions of thig f:r41pff.* masonry unit configurations
Appendix, except that mas,onry partition walls shall be near.limitless array of
designed in accordance with Chapter 14.
W.*.i:.u
ieo{fimercially available today. The

A.l.l.2 Specified materials for empirically

qffiWffi: g::ffi'*,fiion
establish a minimum web area
Tiffi,p|;,s@t@ @! the configuration of concrete
designed masonry shall be mortar that complies with TMS .
*masonry units prevalent when the empirical design
602 Article 2.lA and units that comply with one or more
provisions first began to take shape, thereby maintaining
of the following:
assumptions inherent in the empirical design provisions.
(a) TMS 602 Article2.3A and Section A.l.l.3; or Alternatively, the assembly can be solidly grouted, in which
case the configuration of the web is structurally irrelevant.
(b) TMS 602 Article 2.3B, except that units that conform
to ASTM C1088 or ANSI A137.1 shall not be Empirical rules and formulas for the design of masonry
permitted; or structures were developed by experience. These are part of
the legacy of masonry's long use, predating engineering
(c) TMS 602 Aticle 2.3C.
analysis. Design is based on the condition that gravity loads
A.1.1.3 Concrete masonry units shall comply are reasonably centered on the load-bearing walls and
with one of the following: foundation piers. Figure CC-A.1-l illustrates the location of
the resultant of gravity loads on foundation piers. The effect
(a) The minimum normalized web area of concrete
if
of any steel reinforcement, used, is neglected. The
masonry units, determined in accordance with ASTM
masonry should be laid inrunning bond. Specific
Cl4O, shall not be less than 25 in.2lft2 limitations on building height, seismic, wind, and horizontal
(173,600 mm'lm'\, or
loads exist. Buildings are of limited height. Members not
(b) the member shall be grouted solid. participating in the lateral-force-resisting system of a
building, other than partition walls, may be empirically
A.1.1.4 The provisions of Part 1 and Part 2, designed even though the lateral-force-resisting system is
excluding Part I Sections 1.2.1(c), 1.2.2,4.1,4.2, and 4.3, designed under other chapters of this Code.
shall apply to empirical design, except as specifically
stated in this Chapter. These procedures have been compiled through the
years (Baker (1909); NBS 092$; NBS (1931); ASA
A.1.1.5 Article 1.4 of TMS 602 shall not apply to
empirically designed masonry.
09a$; ANSI (1953). The most recent of these
documents (ANSI (1953)) is the basis for this chapter.
A.1.2 Limitations Empirical design is a procedure of sizing and
A.l.2.l Gravity Loads The resultant of gravity proportioning masonry members. It is not design analysis.
loads shall be placed within the- center third of the wall This procedure is conservative for most masonry
thickness and within the central area bounded by lines at construction. Empirical design of masonry was developed
one-third of each cross-sectional dimension of foundation for buildings of smaller scale, with more masonry interior
piers.
walls and stiffer floor systems than built today. Thus, the
A.1.2.2 Seismic Empirical requirements shall limits imposed are valid.
not apply to the design of-masonry for buildings, parts of
Because empirically designed masonry is based on
buildings or other sffuctures in Seismic Design Categories
the gross compressive strength of the units, there is no
c-204 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

D, E, or F as defined in ASCE 7, and shall not apply to the need to speciff the compressive strength of masonry.
design of the seismic-force-resisting system for structures in
Seismic Design Categories B or C.
Table CC-A.1.1 is a checklist to assist the
Architect/Engineer in designing masonry structures using
the empirical design provisions. The checklist identifies
the applicable Sections of the Code that need to be
considered. There may be additional specific Code
requirements that have to be met, depending on the
project. The checklist simply seryes as a guide.
Partition wall design is not included in this Appendix.
Partition wall design ir p..rnitted by Chapter 14 of this
Code.

A.1.2.3 Wind Empirical requirements shall A.1.2.3 Wind- The wind speed values listed in
- ,to the'design of :mesonry
be permitted to be apptied ""tfie""tabfe"are' fdruse wttff ASCE,iT-l'6 wind speed maps
members defined by Table,A.l.t,, $aSed:,on 'brriXding WW intended to maintainithe strength level velocity
height and basic wind speed that are applicable to the ffiWs below approximately 40 psf (1.92 kPa) for a

A.1.2.4 Buildings and other structures ii nhk

Category IV Empirical reqqiremwts $halt rryly to
the design of-masonry for buildings, part$ of buildings or
r*M *#,ffib*'twrh r,M"*bi. {#"r{.iki #i-i. i::.
ln Wn+ yM . :jtyr
-g4f ettE,, .ij'/:i n-i
*- "4#/n-iH
vt .i\4ts :f"& wd,ffi, '- :*i ;eifn
#. ffiffi *'ffi:
Y.fMa rr#i+ty, ytf,.
{,ffi"*"*"
.#E.i,fi,:, ?n4-
W "t'l
ilf
other structures in Risk Category IV as defmed in ASCE 7.

A.1.2.5 Other horizontal loads Empirical

requirements shall not apply to structures resisting
horizontal loads other than permitted wind or seismic
loads or foundation walls as provided in Section 4.6.3.

A.1.2.6 Support
A - The provisions of Appendix
shall not apply to masonry vertically supported on
wood construction.

Thiekness, T

Permitted areafor
axialload resultant

Figure CC-A.1-i - Areafor gravity loads applied tofoundation piers

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c.205

COMMENTARY
Table CC-A.I .1 Checklist for use of Appendix A - Empirical Design of Masonry
-
1 Risk Category IV structures, or portions thereof, are not permitted to be designed using Appendix A.

2. Partitions are not permitted to be designed using Appendix A.

3. Use of empirical design is limited based on Seismic Design Category, as described in the following table.

Seismic Design Category Participating Walls Non-Participating Walls, excep

partition walls

A Allowed by Appendix A Allowed by Appendix A

B Not Allowed Allowed by Appendix A

C i With prescriptive ment per
WffiW
'w& lw
7.43.11
ffiw'ryw6
D E, and Not l
{'

' Lup splices uirerients of Chapters 8 or 9.

4. Use of empi.W:W& aat-thep-"i""t-it"r*"a"*-iu"h in code A.I.2.3 and
Code Table A.1.1.

5. If wind uplift on roofs result in net tension, empirical design is not permitted (A.8.3.1)
6. Loads used in the design of masonry must be listed on the design drawings (l.2.lb).
7. Details of anchorage to structural frames must be included in the design drawings (l.2.le).

8. The design is required to include provisions for volume change (l.2.lh). The design drawings are required to
include the locations and sizing of expansion, control, and isolation joints.

9. If walls are connected to structural frames, the connections and walls are required to be designed to resist the
interconnecting forces and to accommodate deflections (4.4).

This provision requires a lateral load and uplift analysis for exterior walls that receive wind load and are
supported by or are supporting a frame or roofing system.

10. Masonry not laid in running bond (for example, stack bond masonry) is required to have horizontal
reinforcement (4.5).

11 A project qualrty assurance plan is required (3.1) with minimum requirements given in TfuIS 602 Tables 3 and
4 for Quality Assurance Level l.

12. The resultant of gravity loads must be determined and assured to be located within certain limitations for walls
and piers (A.1.2.1).

13. Ensure compliance of the design with prescriptive floor, roof, and wall-to-structural framing anchorage
requirements, as well as other anchorage requirements (A.8.3 and A.8.4).

14. Type N mortar is not permitted for foundation walls (A.6.3.1(g)).

15. Design shear wall lengths, spacings, and orientations to meet the requirements of Code A.3.1
c-206 TMS 402-16

Table A.1.1 Limitations based on building height and basic wind speed
Basic Wind Speed, mph (mps)t
Over 115 Over 120
Building Less than or (51) and less (54) and less
Element Description Over 125
Height, ft (m) equal to 115 than or than or
(s6)
(s1) equal to-120 equal to 125
(s4) (56)
Masonry elements that are part of Not
35 (1 l) and less Permitted
the lateral-force-resisting system Permitted
Over 180 (55) Not Permiffed
Over 60 (18) and
Interior masonry loadbearing
less than or equal Permiued Not Permitted
elements that are not part of the
to 180 (55)
lateral-force-resisting system in
Over 35 (11) and
buildings other than enclosed as
less than or equal Permitted Not Permitted
defined by ASCE 7
to 60 (18)
35 (,!'tli #'less Permitted Not Permitted

0vsr.t8$ 55) Not Permitted

Guef. r{.l8} amdi:
Exteri or mas onry e lements ;that are- ffis ffi6.r;or*e$atr.: Not Permitted
not part of the lateral-forcq$s:isfiag ,., t6.,l&fi,f$:$) ,..
mer;3$i11,1 and
Hgs : .equal Peffiifi'Ed Not Permitted
to 60 (18)
Exterior masonry elements 35 (l 1) and less Permitted Not Permiued
Basic wind speed as given in ASCE 7
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-207

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

4.2 Height 4.2 Height

- -
Buildings relying on masonry walls as part of their The specified finished grade often varies along the length
lateral-force-resisting system shall not exceed 35 ft of a wall. Building height is measured from the average
(10.67 m) in height, as measured from the average specified finished grade elevation along each wall. The
specified finished grade adjacent to the wall. height limitation relates to the specified finished grade, as
opposed to final finished grade, because the specified
finished grade is known during design.
A.3 Lateral stability A.3 Lateral stabitity
- -
A.3.1 Shear walls Lateral stability requirements are a key provision of
Where the sffucture depends upon masonry walls for empirical design. Obviously, shear walls must be in two
lateral stability, shear walls shall be provided parallel to the directions to provide stability. Load-bearing walls can
direction of the lateral forces resisted. serve as shear walls-.The height of a wall refers to the
,,,1S4ry1 unsupported height in the plane of the wall such
A.3.1.1 In each direction in which shear walls
:,1 ,@ shorter of a window jamb on one side and a door
are required for lateral stability, shear walls shall be
'jarn8"trn the other. See Figure CC-A.3-1 for cumulative
positioned in at least two separate planes parallel with the
direction of the lateral force. The minimum cumulative
,W&'pe;ffi,,f $Wffi ef4grneCC-A.3-2f ordiaphragm
length of shear walls provided along each plane shall be
'; '$ffiti&detqmination.
0.2 multiplied by the long dimension of the building.
Cumulative length of shear walls shall not include
openings or any member ryhose length is less than one-
half its height.
4.3.1.2 Shear walls shall be spaced so that the
length-to-width ratio of each diaphragm transferring
lateral forces to the shear walls does not exceed values
given in Table A.3.1.
A.3.2 Rooft
The roof construction shall be designed so as not to
impart out-of-plane lateral thrust to the walls under roof
gravity load.

Table A.3.1 Diaphragm length-to-width ratios

-
Maximum length-to-width ratio of
Floor or roof diaphragm construction
diaphragm panel
Cast-in-place concrete 5:1
Precast concrete 4:l
Metal deck with concrete fill 3:l
Metal deck with no fill 2:l
Wood 2:l
G-208 TMS 402-16

COMMENTARY
-{ 6'- 8" 8'- O' {
l* (z.um) 6'- 8' F 8'- 0" *l 6'- 8" t - 8'- 0" *l 6'- 8" }*
(2.03m) (z.osm) (2.++m) | (2.03m) (2.++m) (2.03m)
t | | | | | I
1i-- ITT1
Y;
-' (\l
l\N
i: 4'- o',
4.',*A" \1.t?m|
{1.22n1
n-T
r-
l
I I 6'-0"
| | tr.egrl
U-r E
6,
I 4',- 00 o
r
I Ihtg-e-sgvSy"!9,I9!.ve$pl9s,e-Plfl n {1.22m1 r
tr
1', I vli o
NI
,t

I-I-T I
io
II
lO (t)
6',-0"
5 I I tt.83m)
b
if
c{
I
'rrffii
iffii tffii t*,W,F; t#-ffiW-,'ffi W-t*W
"f+r tffi-:l {FtX)I %t r'44 #4 y:V WW
\xtffie,fi
n nln
if 4F nl,,f ffi$fi,|i;;wffi4;#WW
[Pn'4friEln_
W tLfrtjt+nffi
.:EJ-, "#'{ n4
iEt-w Lw: dt1.w
yM ?/.H Wffi W

d2" wfid W.
ffi: w\
fffi w: W
w4
&4s
i
;
I
l
U+
4'- 0"
.'s{'"pr; affig't iwffii, #t W}WWWW (1.22m)
'i'!j|*bq, 1:*4,-',"#.
.ii;ffi!
'<4:7{tr iiti;Y:/
ffi?r
tf#-W ffi,i1#
WA
+"'#+F+ #Ei
* ''&ffi"
ffijh'
tffi"+ffi
ry4 "Wt1!y:
W*
ffi
'{H
.W
t#t:""
:T
6',- 0'

L rTl
(1.83m)

Minimum Cumulative Shear Wall Length Along Each Plane - Q.2x Long Dimension

Min, / = 0.2(50.67') = 10.13'(3.09 m) ,

Wall line 1' 1 = (24.67 + 7.33) = 32.0'> 10.13' OK

l= (7.52 m + 2.23 m) = 9.75 m > 3.09 m OK
:

Wall line 2' I = (6.0' + 6.0' + 6.0' + 6.0') = 24.0' > 10.13'OK
1= (1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m) = 7.32 m > 3.09 m OK

Wall line A: Note, 5'4'(1.62 m) wall segments not included as they are less than Yzof 12' (3.66 m) wall height
1= (6.67' + 6.67') = 13.33' > 10.13' OK
1 = (2.03m + 2.03 m) = 4.06 m > 3.09 m OK

Wall line g' 1= (6.67' + 6.67' + 6,67' + 6.67') = 26.67' > 10.13' OK
t= Q.AZm + 2.03 m + 2.03 m + 2.03m) = 8.13 m > 3.09 m OK

Figure CC-A.3-I * Cumulat:ive length of shear walls

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-209

COMMENTARY
t--__--rI-l
Shear Wall D ShearWallE

|-ls
*nll
Diaphragm Panel Diaphragm Panel2
llu
1
=ELJ
_c
a !
U)

For example:
,w, 'ffiWfliffi;
" 'w,WWs;
ror'S*ru&rWalla b bti}F, ff#i}&iffiagrn panel teneth to
"iotrr
'::ffi
iitio is vx'
Note: Shear walls should be placed on allfour sides of the diaphragm panel or the resulting torsion should be accounted for.

Figure CC-A.3-2 Diaphragm panel length to width ratio determinationfor shear wall spacing
-
TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

A.4 Compressive stress requirements

-
A.4.1 Calculations
Dead loads and live loads shall be in accordance with
the legally adopted building code of which this Code
forms a part, with such live load reductions as are
permitted in the legally adopted building code.
Compressive stresses in masonry due to vertical dead plus
live loads (excluding wind or seismic loads) shall be
determined in accordance with the following:

(a) Stresses shall be calculated based on specified

dimensions.

(b) Calculated compressive stresses for single wythe

walls and for multiwythe composite masonry walls
shall be determined by dividing the design load by the
gross cross-sectional area of the member. The area of
openings, chases, or recesses in walls shall not be
included in the gross cross-sectional area of the wall.
A.4.2 Allowable compressive stresses
The compressive stresses in masonry shall not exceed
the values given in Table A.4.2.In multiwythe walls, the
allowable stresses shall be based on the weakest
combination of the units and mortar used in each wythe.
c-210 TMS 402-16

Table A.4.2 Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design of masonry

-
Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Altowable compressive stressesl based
gross area) psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area,
psi (MPa)

Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
Solid masonry of brick and other solid units of clay or shale; sand-
lime or concrete brick:
8,000 (55. l6) or greater 3s0 (2.4r) 300 (2.07)
4,500 (31.03) 22s (t.ss) 200 (1.38)
2,500 (17.23) 160 (1.10) 140 (0.e7)
1,500 (10.34) 1 1s (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Grouted masonry of clay or shale; sand-lime or concrete:
4,500 (31.03) or greater 22s (t.ss) 200 (1.38)
2,500 (t7.23) 160 (1.10) 140 (0.e7)
1.s00 00.34) 115 (0.79) r00 (0.69)
Solid masonry of,*olid soxcroto rnasonr,y units:
3,000 (2G,6S,) 0 .Sre&ter i 22s (t.ss) 200 (1.38)
2,000 (13.79) r60 (1.10) r40 (0.97)
115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Masonry of hollow lsadrbearing, af clpy.ol shale';
2,000 ( 13.79) or greater -i1s wa (0,97) 120 (0.83)
I ,500 ( 10.34i l r s (0.7e) 100 (0.6e)
1,000 (6.90) }s (0.52) 70 (0.48)
700 (4.83) 60 (0.41) ss (0.38)
Masonry of hollow load-bearing concrete masonry units, up to and
including 8 in. (203 mm) nominal thickness:
2,000 (13.79) or greater 140 (0.97) 120 (0.83)
1,500 (10.34) 11s (0.7e) 100 (0.6e)
1,000 (6.90) 7s (0.s2) 70 (0.48)
700 (4.83) 60 (0.41) ss (0.38)
Masonry of hollow load-bearing concrete masonry units, greater
than 8 and up to 12 in. (203 to 305 mm) nominal thickness:
2,000 (13.79) or greater 12s (0.86) 110 (0.76)
1,500 (10.34) r0s (0.72) e0 (0.62)
1,000 (6.90) 6s (0.4s) 60 (0.41)
700 (4.83) ss (0.38) 50 (0.3s)
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-21',1

Table 4.4.2 (continued) Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design

- of masonry

Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Allowable compressive stressesl based

gross area, psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area.,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
Masonry of hollow load-bearing concrete masonry units, 12 in.
(305 mm) nominal thickness and greater:
2,000 (13.79) or greater I l s (0.79) 100 (0,69)
1,500 (10.34) es (0.66) 8s (0.5e)
1,000 (6.90) 60 (0.41) 55 (0.38)
700 (4.83) 50 (0.3s) 4s (0.31))
Multiwythe non-composite walls' :

Solid units:
2500 (17.23) or greater 160 (1.10) 140 (0.e7)
ls00 (10.34) l 1s (0.7e) 100 (0.6e)
Hollow units of clay or shale 7s (0.s2) 70 (0.48)
Hollow units of concrete masonry of nominal thickness,
up to and including 8 in. (203 mm): 7s (0.s2) 70 (0.48)
greato than 8 and up to 12 in. (203-305 mm): 70 (0.48) 6s (0.4s)
12 in. (305 mm) and sreater: 60 (0.41) ss(0.38)
Stone ashlar masonry:
Granite 720 (4.e6) 640 (4.4t)
Limestone or marble 450 (3.10) 400 (2.76)
Sandstone or cast stone 360 (2.48\ 320 (2.21)
Rubble stone masonry:
Coursed, rough, or random 120 (0.83) 100 (0.69
I Linear interpolation shall be permitted for determining allowable stresses for masonry units having
compressive strengths which are intermediate between those given in the table.
2 In non-composite walls, where floor and roof loads are carried upon one wythe, the gross cross-sectional area
is that of the wythe under load; if both wythes are loaded, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wall
minus the area of the cavity between the wyhes.
c-212 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE GOMMENTARY

A.5 Lateral support A.5 Lateral support

- -
A.5.1 Maximum l/t and h/t Lateral suppo ,rt requirements are included to limit the
Masonry walls without openings shall be laterally flexural tensile stress due to out-of-plane loads. Masonry
supported in either the horizontal or the vertical direction so headers resist shear stress and permit the entire cross-
that lh or h/t does not exceed the values given in Table A.5.1. section to perfor-m as a single member. This is not the case
for non-composite walls connected with wall ties. For
Masonry walls with single or multiple openings shall
such non-composite walls, the use of the sum of the
be laterally supported in either the horizontal or vertical
thicknesses of the wythes has been used successfully for a
direction so that l/t or h/t does not exceed the values given
long time and is a traditional approach that is acciptable
in Table A.5.1 divided by
JWI Ws within the limits imposed by Code Table A.5.1.
Requirements were added in the 2008 edition to provide
Ws is the dimension of the structural wall strip relative out-of-plane resistance that limit the maximum
measured perpendicular to the span of the wall strip and width of opening and provide suflicient masonry sections
perpendicular to the thickness as shown in Figure A.5.1-1.
kt*geq.th"t gpg*tgi: ...*--." ..."t
W5 is measured from the odge of the opening, W;F shall be *.
no less than 3l on each side of each opening. Therefore, at
walls with multiple openings, jambs shall be no less than
6r between openings. For design purposes, the effective i.#H ,ffiPsiLwb. M, rwe #M'w
W:Ex W-W'W_W w*wwffi
,A.lfltAw
ffi\^
l/s shall not be assumed,to,be grqater tkan 6t' At non- ffi"WEWWMffiffiWWW
masonry lintels, the edge of the opening shall be W;WWffiWffi"Wffi
considered the edge of the non-masonry lintel. f5 shall WffituW".iiWWWW
occur unintemrpted over the fulI span of the wall.
EWWA*W
.1. M*W W ffi
WWffi,%W!
VnB .w H-ffi W
'Wfi'xfuntri ffffiW ffi ffi
WTis the dimension, parallel to W5, from the center of
the opening to the opposite end of Ws as shown in Figure
A.5.1-1. Where there are multiple openings perpendicular
to Ws, W7 shall be measured from the center of a virtual
opening that encompasses such openings. Masonry
members within the virtual opening must be designed in
accordance with Chapter 8 or 9.

For walls with openings that span no more than 4

feet, parallel to Ws, if 2Z5 is no less than 4 feet,then it shall
be permitted to ignore the effect of those openings.

The span of openings, parallel to Ws, shall be limited

so that the span divided by r does not exceed the values
given in Table A.5.1.

In addition to these limitations, lintels shall be designed

for gravity loads in accordance with Section A.9.2.

Table A.5.1 Wall lateral support requirements

-
Construction Maximum Ut or h/t
Load-bearing walls
Solid units or fully grouted 20
Other than solid units or fully grouted 18
Non-load-bearing walls
Exterior l8

In calculating the ratio for multiwyhe walls, use the following thickness:
l. The nominal wall thicknesses for solid walls and for hollow walls bonded with masonry
headers (Section A.7 .2).
2. The sum of the nominal thicknesses of the wythes for non-composite walls connected with
wall ties (Section A.7.3).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-213

Lenqth of Span,
:_>
I ,

\yl - _l
-T
Non-masonry
=_t z _!int_gt
!
I
E
WT WT WT WT
= Open
o
=
,l
Support Line
I
T
--r
o
f
Non-masonry F
o
tu
,:'Lintel >o I co)
: :-
irJ
c
Wsl
*l \l !:*ry y:^r_?.o lt * IE =
-J
E
o
f' r- g.- - o.
.. Lintel J ftfasonry
o-

!, . Open
rEgu4*.Eqq-eL
c
;
'\. -c
/' .9)
sd o-
=f .. Lintel
'.open ,
a=
o
- I

! l
o*"\l = s'
I

Support Line
Lr" i-r- 1 _l --.1

Ws and Wyfor Walls Spanning Vertically Ws and W7 for Walls Spanning Horizontally

Figure A.5.1-l Grqhical representation of Ws and W7

-
TMS 402 GODE GOMMENTARY

A.5.2 Cantilever walls

Except for parapets, the ratio of height-to-nominal-
thickness for cantilever walls shall not exceed 6 for solid
masonry or 4 for hollow masonry. For parapets, see
Section 4.6.2.6.

A.5.3 Support members

Lateral support shall be provided by cross walls,
pilasters, or structural frame members when the limiting
distance is taken horizontally; or by floors, roofs acting as
diaphragms, or structural frame members when the
limiting distance is taken vertically.

A.6 Thickness of masonry A.6 Thickness of masonry

- -
,4,.6.1 General A.6.1 General
Minimum thickness requirements shall be based on Experience of the Committee has shown that the
nominal dimensions of masonry. present ANSI A 4l.l (1953) thickness ratios are not
always conservative. These requirements represent the
consensus of the Committee for more conservative design.

A.6.2 Minimum thiclcness

A.6,2.1 Load-bearing walls The minimum
thickness of load-bearing walls of one story buildings shall
be 6 in. (152 mm). The minimum thickness of load-bearing
walls of buildings more than one story high shall be 8 in.
(203 mm).

A.6.2.2 Rubble stone wolls The minimum

thickness of rough, random, or coursed -rubble stone walls
shall be l6 in. (406 mm).
c-214 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COhIMENTARY

A.6.2.3 Shear walls The minimum thickness

of masonry shear walls shall be- 8 in. (203 mm).
A.6.2.4 Foundation walls The minimum
thickness of foundation walls shall be 8 in. (203 mm).
A.6.2.5 Foundation piers The minimum
thickness of foundation piers shall be 8 in. (203 mm).
A.6.2.6 Parapet walls The minimum
thickness of parapet walls shall be 8 in. (203 mm) and at
least one-third (1/3) of the parapet height.

A.6.2.7 Change in thiclcness Where walls of

-
masonry of hollow units or mixonry bonded hollow walls are
decreased in thickness, a course or courses of solid masonry
units or fully grouted hollow masolry unic shall be interposed
between the wall below md &e *linnEr tr ab0Ve; of qpecral
units or construction shall be usd to transmit therloads from

i
tr{w'w :

A.6.3.1 Foundation walls shall comply with the fnasonry foundation wall
requirements of Table 4.6.3.1, which are applicable when: cif unbalancedfill have been
(a) the foundation wall does not exceed 8 ft (2.M rn) in codes| and federal government
standards frr mmy years: The,use of Code Table 4.6.3.1,
height between lateral supports,
which lists the traditional allowable backfill depths, is
(b) the terrain surrounding foundation walls is graded to limited by a number of requirements that were not
drain surface water away from foundation walls, specified in previous codes and standards. These
(c) backfill is drained to remove ground water away from restrictions are enumerated in Section A.6.3.1. Further
foundation walls, precautions are recommended to guard against allowing
heavy earth-moving or other equipment close enough to
(d) lateral support is provided at the top of foundation
the foundation wall to develop high earth pressures.
walls prior to backfilling,
Experience with local conditions ihould be used io modiff
(e) the length of foundation walls between perpendicular the values in Table A.6.3.1 when appropriate.
masonry walls or pilasters is a maximum of 3
multiplied by the basement wall height,
(0 the backfill is granular and soil conditions in the area
are non-expansive, and
(g) mzxonry is laid in running bond using Type M or S mortar.

A.6.3,2 Where the requirements of Section

A.6.3.1 are not met, foundation walls shall be designed in
accordance with Part 1, Part 2, and Chapter 8, 9, or 10.
A.6.4 Foundation piers A.6.4 Foundation piers
Design of foundation piers shall comply with Foundation piers are masonry members that are
Appendix A and the following: unique to the Empirical Design method. Use of
(a) empirically designed foundation piers has been common
Length, measured perpendicular to its thickness, shall
practice in many areas of the corrntry for many years.
not exceed 3 times its thickness.
ANSI A 4l.l (1953) provisions for empirically designed
(b) Height shall be equal to or less than 4 times its piers (Section A.3) include a requirement for a maximum
thickness h/t ratio of 4. The length and height requirements provide
the basis on which the design riquirements were
developed and differentiate a foundation pier from other
members such as columns or piers.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-215

Table A.6.3.1 Foundation wall construction

-
Wall construction Nominal wall Maximum depth of
thickness, in. (mm) unbalanced backfill. ft (m)
Masonry of hollow units 8 (203) s (1.s2)
r0 (2s4) 6 (1.83)
12 (30s) 7 (2.r3\
Masonry of solid units 8 (203) s ( l.s2)
l0 (2s4) 7 (2.13)
12 (30s) 7 (2.13)
Fully grouted masonry 8 (203) 7 (2.13)
t0 (2s4) 8 (2.44)
12 (305) 8 (2.44)

TMS 402 GODE COMMENTARY

A.7 Bond
-
A.7.1 General Figure CC-A.7-l depicts the requirements listed. Wall
Wythes of multiple wythe masonry walls shall be ties with drips are not permitted because of their reduced
bonded in accordance with the requirements of Section load cqpacity.
A.7.2, Section A.7.3, or Section A.1.4.
A.7.2Bonding with masonry headers
A.7.2.1 Solid units Where adjacent wythes of
- by means of masonry
solid masonry walls are bonded
headers, no less than 4 percent of the wall surface area of
each face shall be composed of headers extending not less
than 3 in. (76.2 mm) into each wythe. The distance
between adjacent full-length headers shall not exceed
24 in. (610 mm) either vertically or horizontally. In multi-
wythe walls that are thicker than the length of a header,
each wythe shall be connected to the adjacent wy'the by
adjacent headers that overlap a minimum of 3 in.
(7 6.2 mm).

A.7.2.2 Hollow units Where two or more

-
wythes are constructed using hollow units, the stretcher
courses shall be bonded at vertical intervals not exceeding
34 in. (864 mm) by lapping at least 3 in. (76.2 mm) over
the unit below, or by lapping at vertical intervals not
exceeding l7 in. (432 mm) with units which are at least 50
percent greater in thickness than the units below.

A.7.3 Bonding with wall ties or joint reinforcement

A.7.3.1 Where adjacent wythes of masonry walls
are bonded with wire size W2.8 (MW18) wall ties or metal
wire of equivalent stiffness embedded in the horizontal
mortar joints, there shall be at least one metal tie for each
4112ft2 (0.42 m2) of wall area. The maximum vertical
distance between ties shall not exceed 24 in. (610 mm), and
the maximum horizontal distance shall not exceed 36 in.
(91a mm). Rods or ties bent to rectangular shape shall be
used with hollow masonry units laid with the cells vertical.
In other walls, the ends of ties shall be bent to 90-degree
angles to provide hooks no less than 2 in. (50.8 mm) long.
Wall ties shall be without drips and shall be non-adjustable.
Additional bonding ties shall be provided at openings,
spaced not more than 3 ft (0.91 m) apart around the
perimeter and within 12 in. (305 mm) of the opening.
c-216 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

A.7.3.2 Where adjacent wythes of masonry are

bonded with prefabricated joint reinforcement, there shall be
at least one cross wire serving as a tie for each 2213 ff
(0.25 m2) of wall area. The vertical spacing of the joint
reinforcement shall not exceed 24 in. (610 mm). Cross wires
on prefabricated joint reinforcement shall be not smaller than
wire size Wl.7 (MW11) and shall be without drips. The
longitudinal wires shall be embedded in the mortar.

A.7.4 Natural or cast stone

A,7.4.1 Ashlar masonry
- In ashlar masonry,
uniformly distributed bonder units shall be provided to the
extent of not less than l0 percent of the wall area. Such
bonder units shall extend not less than 4 in. (102 mm) into
the backing wall.
A.7 .4.2 Ru bb t -e, p,tana;. m **a,nry, .,;- Rub,ble $tona
;

masonry 24 in. (610 mm),or less,'in,fficftne*s,shalX,,lhave

bonder units with a maximum spacing of 3 ft (0.91 m)
vertically and 3 ft (0.91 'm) horizontally, and if thb
masonry is of ?4 in. (610,mm),
greater thickness thail
shall have one bonder unit for,,ach,6#,{,0, SO,*?} of wa[
surface on both sides. . , ,, :
la

A.8 Anchorage
*H.8'="Aii'chorage-"" !
i
-
A.8.1 General The requirements of Sections A.8.2.2 through A.8.2.4 are
Masonry members shall be anchored in accordance less stringent than those of Section 5.1.1.2.5. Anchorage
with this section. requirements in Section 4.8.3.3 are intended to comply
A.8.2 Intersectingwalls with thc Steel Joist Institute's Standard Specification (SJI
Masonry walls depending upon one another for lateral QA04) for end anchorage of steel joists.
support shall be anchored or bonded at locations where
they meet or intersect by one of the following methods:
A.8.2.1 Fifty percent of the units at the
intersection shall be laid in an overlapping masonry
bonding pattern, with alternate units having a bearing of
not less than 3 in. (76.2 mm) on the unit below.
A.8.2.2 Walls shall anchored by steel
be
connectors having a minimum section of tla in. (6.4 mm)
by ltl2 in. (38.1 mm) with ends bent up at least 2in.
(50.8 m*), or with cross pins to form anchorage. Such
anchors shall be at least 24 in. (610 mm) long and the
maximum spacing shall be 4 ft (1.22 m).
A.8.2.3 Walls shall be anchored by joint
reinforcement spaced at a maximum distance of 8 in.
(203 mm). Longitudinal wires of such reinforcement shall
be at least wire size Wl.7 (MW11) and shall extend at
least 30 in. (762 mm) in each direction at the intersection.
A.8.2.4 Other metal ties, joint reinforcement or
anchors, if used, shall be spaced to provide equivalent area
of anchorage to that required by Sections A.8.2.2 through
A.8.2.3.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-217

COMMENTARY

Header (4% ot
wallarea)

.N
L

-:o
.-!

Nt
ct
(5(D
5>
p?
6E
>:
€,tr tleader (4?/o ot
wallaea)

Header

* Lapping with Units at Least 3 in.

Y + l-ryfin{,,wi$#Unihat Least 3 in.
[6.2 mm)over Units Below (78 Z rfifir) oVer Units Below

a. Solid Units b. Solid Units

Header Course

E
E
N
Header Course (f)
t
.=
t*
c(E
E -c
E
N o
(f) o
$
.E
zo

Header Course Header Course

+ Lapping with Unit at

Least 50% Greater + Lapping with Units
than Units Below

c. Hollow Units d. Hollow Units

Figure CC-A.7-L Cross section of wall elevations

-
c-218 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COilJTMENTARY

4.8.3 Floor and roof anchorage

Floor and roof diaphragms providing lateral support
to masonry shall be connected to the masonry by one of
the following methods:
A.8.3.1 Roof loading shall be determined by the
provisions of Section 4.1.2 and, where net uplift occurs,
uplift shall be resisted entirely by an anchorage system
designed in accordance with the provisions of Sections 8.1
and 8.3, Sections 9. 1 and 9.3, or Chapter 10.
4.8.3.2 Wood floor joists bearing on masonry
walls shall be anchored to the wall at intervals not to
exceed 6 ft (1.83 m) by metal strap anchors. Joists parallel
to the wall shall be anchored with metal straps spaced not
more than 6 ft (1.83 m) on,centers exterrding over or under
and secured to at least 3 joists. Blooking shall be provided
between joists at each sEap anchor.

4.8.3.3 Steel joists that are supported by lai :;

masonry walls shall bear on and be, connected

to steel ,i4 lal
!4: iYta
'ittl:t-
'"r'l:lr
!!1,
-!E: 4bt-;E+!
i4; i; h. c,
bearing plates. Maximum joist ipacing shall be 6 ft
';:"*._ngr
.!n /.aj+-t- .::.. t:b aa
E.

(1.83 m) on center. Each beariag plate shall be anchored 14111

: i,;.:*,.
{a !111
.rr
| !: la ::Xil4i:
,..| nn i4|
;i
7
:

to the wall with a minimum of trro U, in. 1tZ.7 mm) ! 'tl :,1 r:n4 +.1'l -;nl.;:n;

diameter bolts. or their equivaient. Where steet joists are

parallel to the wall, anchors shall be located where joist
bridging terminates at the wall and additional anchorage
shall be provided to comply with Section A.8.3.4.
A.8.3.4 Roof and floor diaphragms shall be
anchored to masonry walls with a minimum of % in.
(12.7 mm) diameter bolts at a maximum spacing of 6 ft
(1.83 m) on center or their equivalent.
A.8.3.5 Bolts and anchors required by Sections
A.8.3.3 and A.8.3.4 shall comply with the following:
(a) Bolts and anchors at steel floor joists and floor
diaphragms shall be embedded in the masonry at least
6 in. (152 mm) or shall comply with Section A.8.3.5
(c).

(b) Bolts at steel roof joists and roof diaphragms shall be

embedded in the masonry at least 15 in. (381 mm) or
shall comply with Section A.8.3.5(c).
(c) In lieu of the embedment lengths listed in Sections
A.8.3.5(a) and A.8.3.5(b), bolts shall be permiffed to be
hooked or welded to not less than 0.20 in.z (129 mm2) of
bond beam reinforcement placed not less than 6 in.
(152 mm) below joist bearing or boffom of diaphragm.
A.8.3.6 Masonry units in the course immediately
under the point of bearing for floor and roof joists shall be
solid or fully filled with mortar or grout.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-219

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

o9
A.8.4 Walls adjoining structuralframing E+
Where walls are dependent upon the sffuctural frame for
qro
lateral support, they shall be anchored to the structural
Er.
(JG
members with metal anchors or otherwise keyed to the $tc
Qo
str
structural members. Metal anchors shall consist of 'lr-in. oE
(12.7-mm) bolts spaced at 4 ft (1.22 m) on center embedded
=b
F(J
4 in. (102 mm) into the masonry, or their equivalent area.
Reactions from structural framing, other than those permiued
by Section A.8.3.2 and Section A.8.3.3, shall not be
permitted to be resisted by empirically designed masonry.

A.9 Miscellaneous requirements

-
A.9.1 Chases and recesses
Masonry directly above chases or recesses wider than
12 in. (305 mm) shall be supported on lintels.
A9.2 Lintels
The design of masonry lintels shall be in accordance
with the provisions of Section 5.2.
ffiffiWWre
c-220 TMS 402-16

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