SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY

Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City

ABSTINENCE-ONLY SEX EDUCATION

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject

Mr. Anthony Abesado

Researchers:
Nestor C, Antonio Jr.
Dondi Emanuel Obong
Krisha Ted
Moises Vitug
Zairon Jorge

Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)

October 18, 2019

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

ABSTINENCE-ONLY SEX EDUCATION

CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

2.1 Introduction

This Chapter includes the Idea, finished thesis, conclusions

or generalizations, Methodologies ang others. This will also

present the Abstinence-Only Sex Education, theoretical and

conceptual framework to truly understand the research to be done

and lastly the definition of terms for better comprehension of the

study.

2.2 Literature and Studies

Sexually Education: A must in school

According to RPO 10 (n.d.) Retrieved from

http://rpo10.popcom.gov.ph/index.php/8-featured-articles/134-

comprehensive-sexuality-education-a-must-in-school-curriculum.,

Time flies, people and trends with time, yet it seems that the

country's interventions to address this pressing issue about

teenage pregnancy and sex are still on rise. Philippines has 3.6%

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

rate who experienced FUBU and the teenage pregnancy rate was

tripled from 4.6 in 2002 to 14.7 in 2017.

Parents must be the one who's guiding their child and teach them

how to abstain. The need of sexual education is ascending as the

rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing.

Sex Education

The government underscored the importance of integrating sexuality

education in lessons and activities in schools to control the

incidences of teenage pregnancy, population growth, and sexual

diseases. it is a curriculum-based process of teaching about the

physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of sexuality. It

allows to spread appropriate and medically accurate information to

equip the learners with knowledge, attitudes, skills, and values

that will empower them to realize their health, and dignity

(PopCom, 2017).

Integrating sex education in schools to empower learners

The Department of Education (DepEd) discussed the importance of

integrating sexuality education lessons in public elementary and

high schools to prevent the teenage pregnancy and sexual diseases.

DepEd is working on the updates and improvement of policy

guidelines on the implementation of the Sexuality Education

integrated with subjects and extra-curricular activities. The DepEd

aims to ensure that learners receive an appropriate information

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

that can advance gender equality. Teachers, school principals, and

other education stakeholders are expected to teach a meaningful and

useful to learners through the policy guidelines. The topics would

be integrated in such learning areas as Personal Development,

Science, Physical Education and Health, and Araling Panlipunan

(Montemayor, 2019).

Reproductive Health Bills

According to Scribd (n.d.) Retrieved from

scribd.com/document/69247745/Position-Paper., The Reproductive

Health Bills, or RH Bill are Philippines aiming to guarantee

universal methods on birth constrain and child's health that was

filed on August 11, 2010 by Senate Miriam Santiago Defensor. It is

an act providing for a national policy on reproductive health and

population and development.

The prevention of unwanted pregnancy through family planning and

sex education and to reduce maternal mortality rates through safe

sex. It will helps a student and young audiences to plan a better

future.

National Youth Assessment

The factor on intellectual curiosity is greatly consolidated at

this time. During the puberty stage, boys and girls are craving for

factual information about sex and sexuality. They may be able to

obtain it from various sources, as as the books, internet, etc.

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

Adolescents may also seek advices to their peers which might give

them wrong information.

Being lack of knowledge about sex can be the cause of person's

unintended pregnancies. Young people’s craving for knowledge about

sex is not merely a desire to find out what sex does or should feel

like to them, but equally what it is like for the opposite sex.

(Andres, 2003).

Need for Sex Education

According to Former Department of Education secretary Mona Valisno

(2010), sex education is integrated in elementary subjects such as

Science, Edukasyong Pantahan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP), and

Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, Sibika (HeKaSi). For instance, under

Science is the teaching of the puberty stage, body parts, and

reproductive system Sex Education is in the secondary level can be

introduced in Physical Education and Health Cladses, Home

Economics, Biology, Social Studies, English and Literature, and

Family Relations or Human Relations classes (Andres, 2003).

Sex Education

According to Adewale (2009), the adolescents' curiosity and lack of

knowledge, may often lead to premarital sex, which, in effect, will

be unwanted pregnancies. Given that statement, the cases of

unwanted pregnancies in the United State and other countries are

skyrocketing for the past years. Slowinski (2001) said that there

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

are a number of risk factors that have been linked to teenage

pregnancies. These include "early sexual activity, poor use of

contraception, low economic status, poor school performance, and

low self-esteem.

Sex Education for adolescents

According to Adewale (2009), the adolescents' curiosity and lack of

knowledge, may often lead to premarital sex, which, in effect, will

be unwanted pregnancies. Given that statement, the cases of

unwanted pregnancies in the United State and other countries are

skyrocketing for the past years. Slowinski (2001) said that there

are a number of risk factors that have been linked to teenage

pregnancies. These include "early sexual activity, poor use of

contraception, low economic status, poor school performance, and

low self-esteem.

Sex Education in the Philippines

According to Bantula (2018) One of the most issues discussed today

in the Philippines is the alarming rate of those young people who

engage in pre-marital sex which leads to early pregnancy, acquiring

HIV, and abortions. Even though the Philippines is practicing a

conservative traditions, yet this is the evident that some of young

Filipinos are involve or engage in this type of issue. This problem

is considered as one of the cancers in Philippine's society that

immediately need a solution. Under of the Republic Health Law of

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

the Philippines, sex education is included in primary and secondary

education. It will help students to avoid and prevent Sexually

Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Early Pregnancy. This is very

important to prepare the youth to have a better future and give

them an insights. (Datumanong-mala, 2014)

Context of Sex Education

According to National Youth Commission (2012) said that the rate of

teenage pregnancy in the Philippines has reached alarming

proportions, having increased 70% over thale past years, from

14,205 in 99 to 195,662 in 2009. at 53 births per 1,000 women aged

between 15-19, the teenage pregnancy rate in the National

Statistics Office presented figures in which 26.7 of women who give

birth to their child in 2010 are 15-19 years old (Philippine News

Agency, 2012). Unplanned pregnancy is one of the main reasons why

young people do not finish education and one of the way to reduce

this risky behavior is to implement a sex education (National Youth

Assessment Study, 2012).

2.3 Foreign Literature and Studies

Effectiveness of school-based sex education

Other programs—designated in the literature as safer-sex,

comprehensive, secular or abstinence-plus programs—additionally

match the goal of ascending usage of efficacious contraception.

Programs that promotes abstinence-only education have become

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

particularly popular with school systems in the US (Gilbert and

Sawyer, 1994). Although safer-sex and abstinence-only educations is

different in their underlying goals and values regarding the

advocacy of sex education, both types of programs drudge to

cultivate decision-making and problem-solving skills in the belief

that through a satisfactory instruction adolescents will be better

to act responsibly (Repucci and Herman, 1991).

Abstinence Education

The American College of Pediatricians (ACP) strongly endorses

abstinence-until-marriage sex education. This position is based on

the public health principle of primary prevention risk avoidance of

risk reduction, upholding the human right to the highest attainable

standard of health (Freedman, 1995). By every measure, adolescent

sexual activity is detrimental to the well-being of all involved,

especially young women, and society at large. Children and

adolescents from 10 - 19 years of age are more at risk for

contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) than adults

that's why every country with high ratings of teenage pregnancy and

sexually transmitted diseases (STD) should implement this type of

sex education. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

2007).

Sex Education beyond school

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

According to Research Gate (n.d.) Retrieved from

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/238397917/sex-education-

beyond-school-implications-for-practice., The negative consequences

of teenage sexual behaviour are issues of concern in Britain and

many others western countries. Early Pregnancy and Sexually

Transmitted Infections are the current issues in Britain. Over one

quarter of British young people are reported to become sexually

active prior to the age of 16 and the rate of teenage pregnancy

remains one of the highest Western Countries. UK Government policy

on sex education highlights the stipulation of no sex at school to

reduce teenage pregnancy and STD rates.

The Sex Education also provides sufficient or enough guidance to

change teenager's perspective and perceptions when it comes to sex.

It will take an important role in the society to reduce Sexually

Transmitted Infections.

Abstinence in state laws

According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned

Pregnancy, the national cost of teen childbearing, including costs

for welfare, public sector health care costs, and lost tax

revenues, topped $10.9 billion in 2008.

There is some evidence that teenage mother tend to be worse off in

terms of education sttainment, lifetime wages and health (Geronimus

and Korcnman, 1992; Bronars and Grogger, 1994; Hoffman ct al.;

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

1993; Holmlund, 2005; Lee, 2010). Furthermore, delsying

childbearing can have positive effects on a woman's firstborn

child's educational achievement (Miller, 2009), and increases in

teen parenting cause later increases in crime rates (Hunt, 2006).

Abstinence Benefits

Abstinence education teaches abstinence from sexual activity

outside marriage as the expected standard for all school age

children and stresses the social, psychological, and health

benefits of abstinence. Abstinence education also provide youths

with valuable life and decision-making skills that lay the

foundation for personal responsibility and developing healthy

relationships and marriages later in life. This education helps

young people to have a well oriented future. Studies have shown

that abstinent teens are more psychologically and mentally good at

decisions than to those who are sexually active (Kim and Rector,

2010).

Sexual Education

Genuine abstinence education is therefore crucial to the physical

and psycho-emotional well-being of the nation's youth. In addition

to teaching the benefits of abstaining from sexual activity until

marriage, abstinence education focus on developing character traits

that prepare youths for future-oriented goals. When considering

effective prevention program aimed at changing teen sexual

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

behavior, lawmakers should consider all of the available empirical

evidence and restore funding for abstinence education. Teen sexual

activity remains a widespread problem confronting the nation. Each

year, some 2.6 million teenagers become sexually active-a rate of

7,000 teens per day. Among high school students, nearly half report

having engaged in sexual activity and 1/3 are currently active.

(Rector, 2010).

Abstinence Education Pros

According to Education (n.d.). Retreived from

http://www.Education.com/magazine/article/abstinence-education-

pros-cons., The Abstinence-Only Sex Education is not only studies

the physical risks of pre-marital sex, but it also teaches that

adolescents can be affected psychologically. Students can learn

about abusive relationships, healthy relationships, how to avoid

sexual advances and sexually transmitted diseases. Teen sex may be

considered a cultural norm, but abstinence advocates are battling

to change the teens perception. The heriophant of abstinence

education is to do their goal which is make teen sex a cautionary

activities that can leads to unintended pregnancy or having a

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).

Sex Education as birth control

According to Planned Parenthood (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/abstinence-and-

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

outercourse/what-are-benefits-and-disadvantages-abstinence-and-

intercourse. Abstinence is a great way to avoid the risks that come

with sex like sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy until

you’re ready to handle or prevent them. Abstinence can also help

you focus on things that are most important to you like having fun,

friends, school, sports, activities, and planning to have a better

future. People who hold off themselves on having sex in their

teens, have fewer sexual partners in their lifetime, and those

teens who abstain are less likely to get or have a Sexually

Transmitted Diseases (STD).

American Journal Health: Sex Education

According to studies by the American Journal of Health (2010),

students in abstinence-only education programs demonstrate improved

verbal and numerical aptitude skills and better GPAs, positive

youth development, stronger peer relations, and awareness of the

consequences of risky behavior, such as Pre-marital Sex or Sexually

Transmitted Infections (STIs). Abstinence costs nothing and there

are no side effects as there are with oral contraceptives and many

other forms of pregnancy prevention (ThoughtCo, n.d.).

Effectiveness of Sex Education

Abstinence from sex is the only form of pregnancy prevention that

is 90% effective. Every method of contraception has a small risk of

failure but a teenager who practices abstinence will never become

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

pregnant. Some teens use sex as a way to achieve intimacy and

closeness with someone, but this is an artificial way of doing so.

Abstinence is an education that teaches teens or young people to

say no in sex and wait until they're marriage. Teens who practice

abstinence build relationships with partners based on mutual likes

and dislikes, common approaches to life, and shared interests and

develop a more authentic relationship that can better stand the

test of time (Lowen, 2019).

Abstinence Programs

According to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles

(n.d.) , young people's sexual practices have changed over the last

20 years. The proportion of sexually active 16 to 26 years olds who

reported having had sexual intercourse with opposite-sex partners

during the previous year increased from one in 10 females and one

in 10 males 1990-1991, to one in five females and one in four males

in 2010-2012. These figures call for the pressing need for SRE in

school, families, and the community. Wight conducted a review of

evaluations on three nationwide large-scale comprehensive sex

education programs (i.e., SHARE, RIPPLE, and HEALTHY RESPECT)

implemented in the UK. The sample included over 22,000 students

from nearly 80 schools. It was found that all three programs helped

to enhance students' sexual health knowledge and certain attitudes.

However, findings revealed that the programs did not yield

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

remarkable improvements in adolescents' sexual health outcomes.

Abstinence-Only Education Pros

According on a study that conducted by Department of Health and

Human Services (2010) 70% parents and over 60% teens believe sex

should be reserved for marriage. by these outcomes the supporter of

Abstinence-Only Sex Education believe it should be the go to sex

education curriculum. Abstinence-Only Education focus exclusively

on teens saving themselves for marriage, and supporters feel that

comprehensive sexual education doesn't put enough emphasis on

abstaining which supporters believe actually encourages premarital

sexual activity (Education, n.d.).

Abstinence Sex Education

Young people’s sexual health outcomes over the past decade had been

mixed. Birth rates and teenage pregnancy have fallen abrupt,

reaching record low. In different circumstances, the rates of

sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among teens and young adults

have been on the ascension. Many schools and community groups have

adopted programming that incorporates abstinence from sexual

activity as an approach to reduce teen pregnancy and STI rates.

The content of these programs, however, can vary considerably, from

those that stress abstinence as the only option for youth, to those

that address abstinence along with medically accurate information

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

about safer sexual practices including the use of contraceptives

and condoms. (Fact sheet, n.d.).

Prevention in Teenage Pregnancy

In prevention of teenage pregnancy by sex education, several

approaches have been sign up; and they include Comprehensive Sex

Education, Abstinence-Only Sex Education or no sex education. The

mode of education could be as school based program or community

based programs (Albert, 2009). This is also gaining wide national

support in some countries (National Abstinence Education

Association, 2011). However, the Cochrane review by Oringanje et.

Al (2010, suggested that multiple interventions, including primary

interventions like sex education, produced reliable decrease in

teenage pregnancy. The underlying theme derived from theses studies

was the fact that sex education improved knowledge amongst the

participants.

Title V

According on a study that had been conducted by Alan Guttmacher

Institute (2011) the interception of abstinence-based funding

created incentives for the enactment of state-level abstinence-

based sex education mandates. Since the onset of Title V. It was

mandated and upheld in over 20 states and have been adopted in 6

states. Abstinence policies affect teen birth rates. Importantly,

estimates are sufficiently refined to rule out large effects in

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

teen birth rates (Altonji et al., 2005).

Advocates for youth

Young people ages 15-24 rate for 25% of all new HIV infections in

the US and make up almost one-half of the over 19 million new STI

diseases Americans acquire each year. In the United States each

year, about 750,000 teens become pregnant, with up to 82% of those

pregnancies being unplanned (Advocates for Youth, n.d.). The impact

of sexuality education on youth sexual risk-taking for young people

ages 15-19 found that teens who recieved Abstinence- Only

Education were 50% less likely to have a HIV or AIDS (National

Survey of Family Growth, 2012).

Sex Education in US

According to SIECUS (2013) Abstinence-Only Sex Education has its

own exclusive purpose of teaching social, psychological, and health

gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity. Teaches

that abstinence from sexual activity outside marriage as the

expected standard for all school-age children, teaches that

abstinence from sexual activity is the only certain way to avoid

teenage pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), and other

problems that associated with sexual activity. Abstinence-Only

Education also teaches young people how to reject sexual activities

and how drug and alcohol use increase vulnerability to sexual

activity. It also stated that bearing a child when you're not in

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 SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE, NAVOTAS CITY
Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound, M. Naval St., Navotas City
Filemon T. Lizan Senior High School
Dr. C. Bauza St., Bagumbayan South, Navotas City

marriage is likely to have harmful consequences for the child's

parents, for the child, and to the society.

Abstinence Advocacies

A thousand of sex education programs have been proven efficient at

helping young people delay sex or have sex less often.

Abstinence-Only Sex Education teaches abstinence as the only 100

effective method of preventing HIV, STI and Teenage Pregnancy - and

one of the most suitable for young audiences. Abstinence-Only Sex

Education teaches not only the essential of puberty and progression

but also enroot in young people that they have the right to decide

what behaviours they engage and say no to unwanted activities.

Remaining abstinent can help a young people or teenager to move and

learn freely in the society and freely to discuss contraception and

condoms, as well as activities that they're not ready for, protects

young people's health throughout their lives (Advocates For Youth,

n.d.).

#Good RRL

#need to add synthesis

#46/50

Title of Research

Classroom Camaraderie: The Effects of

Tightly-Knitted Relationship inside the Classroom

of Grade 12 HUMSS Student in Filemon T. Lizan