FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 156358               August 17, 2011

ANGELINA PAHILA-GARRIDO, Petitioner,
vs.
ELIZA M. TORTOGO, LEONILA FLORES, ANANIAS SEDONIO, ADELINO MONET,
ANGIE MONET, JUANITO GARCIA, ELEONOR GARCIA, BENITA MOYA, JULIO
ALTARES, LEA ALTARES, CLARITA SABIDO, JULIE ANN VILLAMOR,JUANITA
TUALA, VICTOR FLORES III, JOHNNY MOYA, HAZEL AVANCEÑA, SONIA
EVANGELIO, and GENNY MONTAÑO, Respondents.

DECISION

BERSAMIN, J.:

Nothing is more settled in law than that once a judgment attains finality it thereby
becomes immutable and unalterable.1 The enforcement of such judgment should not be
hampered or evaded, for the immediate enforcement of the parties’ rights, confirmed by
final judgment, is a major component of the ideal administration of justice. This is the
reason why we abhor any delay in the full execution of final and executory
decisions.2 Thus, a remedy intended to frustrate, suspend, or enjoin the enforcement of
a final judgment must be granted with caution and upon a strict observance of the
requirements under existing laws and jurisprudence. Any such remedy allowed in
violation of established rules and guidelines connotes but a capricious exercise of
discretion that must be struck down in order that the prevailing party is not deprived of
the fruits of victory.

Via her pleading denominated as a petition for review on certiorari, the petitioner has
come directly to the Court from the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 48, in Bacolod
City for the nullification of the order dated November 12, 2002 (granting the
respondents’ application for a writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction [enjoining the
execution of the final and executory decision rendered in an ejectment suit by the
Municipal Trial Court in Cities [MTCC], Branch 6, in Bacolod City]) issued in SCA Case
No. 01-115223 for being in violation of law and jurisprudence.

The petitioner also prays that the Court should enjoin the RTC from taking further
proceedings in SCA Case No. 01-11522, except to dismiss it.

Antecedents

On June 23, 1997, Domingo Pahila commenced in the MTCC in Bacolod City an action
for ejectment with prayer for preliminary and restraining order to evict several
defendants, including the respondents herein, from his properties, docketed as Civil
Case No. 23671 and raffled to Branch 6 of the MTCC. He amended the complaint to
implead the spouses of some of the defendants. However, he died during the pendency
of the action, and his surviving spouse, herein petitioner Angelina Pahila-Garrido, was
substituted for him on September 24, 1998.

The defendants in Civil Case No. 23671 were divided into two discrete groups. The first
group, represented by Atty. Romeo Subaldo, included those defendants occupying Lot
641-B-1, covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) T-167924; Lot 641-B-2, covered
by TCT No. T-167925; and Lot No. 641-B-3, covered by TCT No. T-167926, all owned
by the plaintiff. The defendants in this group relied on the common defense of being
agricultural tenants on the land. The second group, on the other hand, was represented
by Atty. Ranela de la Fuente of the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) and counted the
defendants occupying Lot No. F-V-3-3749-D, covered by TCT No. T-55630, also owned
by the plaintiff. The second group’s common defense was that the plaintiff’s title was not
valid because their respective portions were situated on foreshore land along the
Guimaras Strait, and thus their respective areas were subject to their own acquisition
from the State as the actual occupants.

After the parties submitted their respective position papers, the MTCC rendered a
decision dated March 17, 1999 in favor of the petitioner, 4 to wit:

WHEREFORE, JUDGMENT IS RENDERED IN FAVOR OF THE PLAINTIFF AND

AGAINST THE DEFENDANTS except the defendant Damiana Daguno, as follows:

1. Ordering the affected defendants or any person or persons in acting in their behalf,
assignees or successors-in-interests including members of their family to vacate
portions of Lot No. 641-B-1 covered by TCT No. 16742, Lot No.641-B-2 covered by
TCT No. T-167926 and Lot Plan-F-V-337490-D covered by TCT No. T-55630 which
they occupy and turn over the possession of the said property to the plaintiff, and to pay
the cost of the suit.

The prayer for preliminary injunction/restraining order is denied for lack of basis.

All the defendants appealed. On September 22, 1999, the RTC in Bacolod City affirmed
the decision of the MTCC.5

Only the second group, which includes respondents herein, appealed the RTC’s
decision to the Court of Appeals (CA), insisting that the land was foreshore land and
that the petitioner’s title (TCT No. 55630) was not valid. Considering that the first group
did not appeal, the RTC’s decision became final and executory as to them.

On December 6, 1999, the CA dismissed the second group’s appeal, and later denied
their motion for reconsideration on April 17, 2000. 6

The respondents herein appealed the dismissal to the Court via a petition for certiorari
(G.R. No. 143458), but the Court rejected their recourse on July 19, 2000, and issued
an entry of judgment on October 20, 2000.7
In the meantime, on February 16, 2000, the MTCC amended its decision to correct
typographical errors in the description of the properties involved. 8 None of the parties
objected to or challenged the corrections.

On April 5, 2000, the MTCC issued the writ of execution upon the petitioner’s
motion.9 The writ of execution was duly served on August 24, 2000 upon all the
defendants, including the respondents, as the sheriff’s return of service indicated. 10

On April 20, 2001, the respondents filed a motion to quash against the April 5, 2000 writ
of execution and its aliases, and a motion to stay the execution of the March 17, 1999
decision and the February 16, 2000 amended decision. 11 They anchored their motions
on the supposedly supervening finding that the lot covered by the writ of execution was
foreshore land belonging to the State. To support their contention, they presented the
following administrative issuances from the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), namely:

(a) Memorandum dated August 30, 2000 issued by the Community Environment

and National Resources Office (CENRO) of the DENR recommending the
cancellation of Free Patent F.P. No. 309502 from which was derived Original
Certificate of Title (OCT) No. P-1, and petitioner’s TCT No. T-55630; and

(b) Memorandum dated November 13, 2000 of the DENR Regional Executive

Director for Region VI in Iloilo City.

They argued that such supervening event directly affected the execution of the March
17, 1999 decision and its amendment, whose continued execution affecting foreshore
land would be unjust to the occupants or possessors of the property, including
themselves.12

On May 4, 2001, the MTCC denied the respondents’ motion to quash, observing that
the cancellation of the petitioner’s TCT No. T-55630 was an event that might or might
not happen, and was not the supervening event that could stay the execution. 13 A month
later, on June 8, 2001, the MTCC denied the respondents’ motion for
reconsideration,14 viz:

As of this point in time the movant has not shown that she has a better right to possess
the land she is presently occupying as a squatter, than the plaintiff who is in possession
of a clean Torrens Title. It is not true that the execution of the decision of this court
would be unjust to her. To put it bluntly, it would be more unjust to the plaintiff who was
deprived of possession of his land for a very long time, because of the movant’s
insistence in occupying said land even after the decision ejecting her from the plaintiff’s
land had become final and executory.

In fine, the movant has not shown additional evidences or arguments which would
warrant the reversal of the order dated May 4, 2001.
WHEREFORE, the motion for reconsideration dated June 1, 2001 is denied.

SO ORDERED.

The story would have ended then but for the fact that on October 1, 2001, or more than
a year after the writ of execution was served upon the defendants in Civil Case No.
23671, the respondents, led by respondent Elisa M. Tortogo, and now assisted by Atty.
Leon Moya, filed a petition for certiorari and prohibition (with prayer for the issuance of a
writ of preliminary injunction and restraining order) in the RTC in Negros Occidental,
docketed as SCA Case No. 01-11522,15 praying:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, it is most respectfully prayed of this HONORABLE

COURT that the assailed ORDERS dated 4 May 2001 and 8 July 2001 be REVERSED,
ANNULLED and SET ASIDE.

PETITIONERS are further praying that after due notice and hearing, a temporary
restraining order and a writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction be issued to enjoin the
execution/implementation of the Decision dated 17 March 1999 and the 16 February
2000 Amended Decision.

Such other and further reliefs just and equitable under the premises.

On October 11, 2001, Judge Gorgonio J. Ybañez, to whose branch SCA Case No. 01-
11522 was raffled, granted the respondents’ prayer for a temporary restraining order
(TRO) in the following terms,16 to wit:

xxxx

WHEREAS, the matter of issuance or not of a TRO was summarily heard on October 5,
2001 in the presence of the parties and counsels who were both heard in
support/amplification of their respective stand(s);

WHEREAS, it appears that the issuance of a TRO prayed for would be in order at this
stage in this case because there appears an imminent danger of demolition of the
structures of herein petitioners at the premises in question, pending the trial and final
determination of the merits in this case – in this case (sic) wherein the private
respondent Pahila does not appear to have prior possession of the premises in
question, and, wherein although it appears that the title of the premises in question is in
the name of respondent Pahila, there also is a showing that the same title may have
been illegally issued;

WHEREAS, the very imminent danger of demolition may result to irreparable damage to
herein petitioners, thus, the impending demolition appears to be a compelling reason for
the issuance of a TRO at this stage in this case.
NOW THEREFORE, YOU, the herein respondents, YOUR AGENTS,
REPRESENTATIVES, or ANY PERSON acting for and in your behalf, are hereby
ENJOINED to CEASE and DESIST from further implementing the 5 April 2000 Writ of
Execution and/or any of its Aliases or any demolition order, if one might have already
been issued, in civil case No. 23671, MTCC, Branch 6, Bacolod City, until further orders
from this Court.

On October 25, 2002, the petitioner sought a clarificatory order, 17 moving that the TRO
be vacated due to its being effective for only twenty days and because such effectivity
could neither be extended nor be made indefinite. She complained that her hands had
already been tied for a year from executing the decision and from availing herself of the
writ of demolition; and pleaded that it was time to give her justice in order that she could
already enjoy the possession of the property.

On October 30, 2002, the respondents moved for the early resolution of the case and
for the issuance of the writ of prohibitory injunction. 18

On November 12, 2002, the RTC issued the assailed writ of preliminary prohibitory
injunction,19 as follows:

NOW, THEREFORE, YOU, the herein respondents, YOUR AGENTS,

REPRESENTATIVES, or any person acting for and in behalf, are hereby ENJOINED to
CEASE and DESIST from further implementing the April 25, 2000 Writ of Execution
and/or any of its aliases, or any demolition order, if one might have been issued already,
in Civil Case No. 23671 before MTCC, Branch 6, Bacolod City, pending the hearing and
final determination of the merits in this instant case, or until further orders from this
Court.

xxxx

SO ORDERED.

The petitioner then directly came to the Court through her so-called "petition for review
on certiorari," seeking to annul and set aside the writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction
issued by the RTC pursuant to its order dated November 12, 2002. She contended that:
(a) the RTC issued the writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction in a way not in accord
with law or the applicable jurisprudence, because the injunction was directed at the
execution of a final and executory judgment of a court of law; (b) the respondents (as
the petitioners in SCA Case No. 01-11522) had no existing right to be protected by
injunction, because their right and cause of action were premised on the future and
contingent event that the petitioner’s TCT No. T-55630 would be cancelled through a
separate proceeding for the purpose; and (c) the writ of preliminary prohibitory
injunction to enjoin the execution was issued long after the March 17, 1999 judgment of
the MTCC had become final and executory.

Issues
 The petition presents the following issues, to wit:

a. Whether the present petition is a proper remedy to assail the November 12,
2002 order of the RTC; and

b. Whether the RTC lawfully issued the TRO and the writ of preliminary
prohibitory injunction to enjoin the execution of the already final and executory
March 17, 1999 decision of the MTCC.

Ruling

We give due course to the petition as a petition for certiorari.

The RTC was guilty of manifestly grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction in taking cognizance of SCA Case No. 01-11522 and in issuing the TRO
and the writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction to restrain the execution of the final and
executory decision of the MTCC.

November 12, 2002 order of the RTC is an

interlocutory order that was not subject of appeal

With the petition being self-styled as a petition for review on certiorari, a mode of
appeal, we have first to determine whether the assailed order of November 12, 2002
was an interlocutory or a final order. The distinction is relevant in deciding whether the
order is the proper subject of an appeal, or of a special civil action for certiorari.

The distinction between a final order and an interlocutory order is well known. The first
disposes of the subject matter in its entirety or terminates a particular proceeding or
action, leaving nothing more to be done except to enforce by execution what the court
has determined, but the latter does not completely dispose of the case but leaves
something else to be decided upon.20 An interlocutory order deals with preliminary
matters and the trial on the merits is yet to be held and the judgment rendered. 21 The
test to ascertain whether or not an order or a judgment is interlocutory or final is: does
the order or judgment leave something to be done in the trial court with respect to the
merits of the case? If it does, the order or judgment is interlocutory; otherwise, it is final.

The order dated November 12, 2002, which granted the application for the writ of
preliminary injunction, was an interlocutory, not a final, order, and should not be the
subject of an appeal. The reason for disallowing an appeal from an interlocutory order is
to avoid multiplicity of appeals in a single action, which necessarily suspends the
hearing and decision on the merits of the action during the pendency of the appeals.
Permitting multiple appeals will necessarily delay the trial on the merits of the case for a
considerable length of time, and will compel the adverse party to incur unnecessary
expenses, for one of the parties may interpose as many appeals as there are incidental
questions raised by him and as there are interlocutory orders rendered or issued by the
lower court.22 An interlocutory order may be the subject of an appeal, but only after a
judgment has been rendered, with the ground for appealing the order being included in
the appeal of the judgment itself.

The remedy against an interlocutory order not subject of an appeal is an appropriate

special civil action under Rule 65,23 provided that the interlocutory order is rendered
without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion. Then is certiorari
under Rule 65 allowed to be resorted to.24

II

The petition, by alleging acts constituting manifestly grave abuse of discretion, was a
petition for certiorari

Without disregarding the rule that an interlocutory order cannot be the subject of appeal,
the Court is constrained to treat the present recourse as a special civil action for
certiorari under Rule 65.

Certiorari is a writ issued by a superior court to an inferior court of record, or other

tribunal or officer, exercising a judicial function, requiring the certification and return to
the former of some proceeding then pending, or the record and proceedings in some
cause already terminated, in cases where the procedure is not according to the course
of the common law.25 The remedy is brought against a lower court, board, or officer
rendering a judgment or order and seeks the annulment or modification of the
proceedings of such tribunal, board or officer, and the granting of such incidental reliefs
as law and justice may require.26 It is available when the following indispensable
elements concur, to wit:

1. That it is directed against a tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial or

quasi-judicial functions;

2. That such tribunal, board or officer has acted without or in excess of

jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion; and

3. That there is no appeal nor any plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the
ordinary course of law.27

Certiorari being an extraordinary remedy, the party who seeks to avail of the same must
strictly observe the rules laid down by law. 28 The extraordinary writ of certiorari may be
availed of only upon a showing, in the minimum, that the respondent tribunal or officer
exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions has acted without or in excess of its or his
jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion. 29

For a petition for certiorari and prohibition to prosper and be given due course, it must
be shown that: (a) the respondent judge or tribunal issued the order without or in excess
of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion; or (b) the assailed interlocutory order is
patently erroneous, and the remedy of appeal cannot afford adequate and expeditious
relief.30 Yet, the allegation that the tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial or quasi-
judicial functions has acted without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction or with grave
abuse of discretion will not alone suffice. Equally imperative is that the petition must
satisfactorily specify the acts committed or omitted by the tribunal, board or officer that
constitute grave abuse of discretion.

Grave abuse of discretion means such capricious or whimsical exercise of judgment

which is equivalent to lack of jurisdiction.31 To justify the issuance of the writ of certiorari,
the abuse of discretion must be grave, as when the power is exercised in an arbitrary or
despotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostility, and the abuse must be so
patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive duty or to a virtual refusal to
perform the duty enjoined, or to act at all, in contemplation of law, as to be equivalent to
having acted without jurisdiction.32

A reading of the petition shows that the petitioner has satisfied the requirements to
justify giving due course to her petition as a petition under Rule 65. She has identified
therein some acts as constituting the RTC Judge’s manifestly grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, namely: (a) despite the final and executory
nature of the judgment sought to be enjoined, the RTC still issued the TRO and, later
on, the assailed writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction to enjoin the implementation of
the writ of execution; (b) the RTC issued the writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction to
protect the respondents’ alleged right in the subject properties, but the right did not
appear to be in esse; and (c) the issuance of the TRO and the writ of preliminary
prohibitory injunction was in violation of the requirements imposed by Rule 58 of the
Rules of Court and pertinent jurisprudence.

Did the petitioner’s failure to first make a motion for reconsideration in the RTC preclude
treating her petition as a petition for certiorari?

The answer is in the negative. That the petitioner did not file a motion for
reconsideration in the RTC before coming to this Court did not preclude treating her
petition as one for certiorari. The requirement under Section 1 of Rule 65 that there
must be no appeal, or any plain or adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law
admits exceptions. In Francisco Motors Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 33 the Court has
recognized exceptions to the requirement, such as: (a) when it is necessary to prevent
irreparable damages and injury to a party; (b) where the trial judge capriciously and
whimsically exercised his judgment; (c) where there may be danger of a failure of
justice; (d) where an appeal would be slow, inadequate, and insufficient; (e) where the
issue raised is one purely of law; (f) where public interest is involved; and (g) in case of
urgency. The allegations of the petition definitely placed the petitioner’s recourse under
most, if not all, of the exceptions.

Was the petition timely filed?

It was. The petitioner received a copy of the order dated November 12, 2002 on
November 15, 2002. Pursuant to Section 4 of Rule 65, 34 she had until January 14, 2003,
or 60 days from November 15, 2002, within which to file a petition for certiorari. She
filed the petition on January 2, 2003,35 well within the period for her to do so.

We also observe that the rule that a petition should have been brought under Rule 65
instead of under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court (or vice versa) is not inflexible or
rigid.36 The inflexibility or rigidity of application of the rules of procedure is eschewed in
order to serve the higher ends of justice. Thus, substance is given primacy over form,
for it is paramount that the rules of procedure are not applied in a very rigid technical
sense, but used only to help secure, not override, substantial justice. If a technical and
rigid enforcement of the rules is made, their aim is defeated. 37 Verily, the strict
application of procedural technicalities should not hinder the speedy disposition of the
case on the merits.38 To institute a guideline, therefore, the Rules of Court expressly
mandates that the rules of procedure "shall be liberally construed in order to promote
their objective of securing a just, speedy and inexpensive disposition of every action
and proceeding."39

III

March 17, 1999 Decision of the MTCC, being already final and executory, could not be
assailed; nor could its execution be restrained

The respondents elevated to the Court the CA decision dated December 6, 1999 and
resolution dated April 17, 2000 via a petition for certiorari (G.R. No. 143458 entitled
Damiana Daguno, et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al.) The Court dismissed the petition on
July 19, 2000, and the dismissal became final and executory on October 20, 2000
because the respondents did not timely file a motion for reconsideration. Consequently,
the MTCC rightly issued the writ of execution on April 5, 2000. Based on the sheriff’s
return of service, the writ of execution was duly served upon all the defendants.

Under the circumstances, the principle of immutability of a final judgment must now be
absolutely and unconditionally applied against the respondents. They could not
anymore be permitted to interminably forestall the execution of the judgment through
their interposition of new petitions or pleadings. 40 Even as their right to initiate an action
in court ought to be fully respected, their commencing SCA Case No. 01-11522 in the
hope of securing a favorable ruling despite their case having been already fully and
finally adjudicated should not be tolerated. Their move should not frustrate the
enforcement of the judgment, the fruit and the end of the suit itself. Their right as the
losing parties to appeal within the prescribed period could not defeat the correlative right
of the winning party to enjoy at last the finality of the resolution of her case through
execution and satisfaction of the judgment, which would be the life of the law. 41 To
frustrate the winning party’s right through dilatory schemes is to frustrate all the efforts,
time and expenditure of the courts, which thereby increases the costs of litigation. The
interest of justice undeniably demanded that we should immediately write finis to the
litigation, for all courts are by oath bound to guard against any scheme calculated to
bring about the frustration of the winning party’s right, and to stop any attempt to
prolong controversies already resolved with finality. 42

It is true that notwithstanding the principle of immutability of final judgments, equity still
accords some recourse to a party adversely affected by a final and executory judgment,
specifically, the remedy of a petition to annul the judgment based on the ground of
extrinsic fraud and lack of jurisdiction, or the remedy of a petition for relief from a final
order or judgment under Rule 38 of the Rules of Court. 43 He may also have a competent
court stay the execution or prevent the enforcement of a final judgment when facts and
circumstances that render execution inequitable or unjust meanwhile transpire; 44 or
when a change in the situation of the parties can warrant an injunctive relief. 45

Neither of such remaining equitable remedies is available anymore to the respondents,

however, for the time for such remedies is now past. Indeed, it is now high time for the
respondents to bow to the judgment, and to accept their fate under it.

IV

Issuance of TRO and writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction is patently without basis
and violated the requirements of the

Rules of Court and jurisprudence

At this juncture, we find and declare that the RTC Judge’s issuance of the assailed
order dated November 12, 2002 granting the respondents’ application for the writ of
preliminary prohibitory injunction constituted manifestly grave abuse of discretion.

A.

Respondents had no existing right violated

by the implementation of the writ of execution

Generally, injunction, being a preservative remedy for the protection of substantive

rights or interests, is not a cause of action in itself but merely a provisional remedy, an
adjunct to a main suit. It is resorted to only when there is a pressing necessity to avoid
injurious consequences that cannot be redressed under any standard of compensation.
The controlling reason for the existence of the judicial power to issue the writ of
injunction is that the court may thereby prevent a threatened or continuous irremediable
injury to some of the parties before their claims can be thoroughly investigated and
advisedly adjudicated. The application for the writ rests upon an alleged existence of an
emergency or of a special reason for such an order to issue before the case can be
regularly heard, and the essential conditions for granting such temporary injunctive relief
are that the complaint alleges facts that appear to be sufficient to constitute a cause of
action for injunction and that on the entire showing from both sides, it appears, in view
of all the circumstances, that the injunction is reasonably necessary to protect the legal
rights of plaintiff pending the litigation.46
A writ of preliminary injunction is an extraordinary event and is the strong arm of equity
or a transcendent remedy. It is granted only to protect actual and existing substantial
rights. Without actual and existing rights on the part of the applicant, and in the absence
of facts bringing the matter within the conditions for its issuance, the ancillary writ must
be struck down for being issued in grave abuse of discretion. Thus, injunction will not
issue to protect a right not in esse, which is merely contingent, and which may never
arise, or to restrain an act which does not give rise to a cause of action. 47

Here, the respondents did not establish the existence of an actual right to be protected
by injunction. They did not, to begin with, hold any enforceable claim in the property
subject of the MTCC decision and of the writ of execution. The Memoranda and
investigative report, whereby the DENR appeared to classify the property as foreshore
land, conferred upon the respondents no interest or right in the land. Under all
circumstances, the classification was not a supervening event that entitled them to the
protection of the injunctive relief. Their claim to any right as of then was merely
contingent, and was something that might not even arise in the future. Simply stated,
they could not lay proper claim to the land before the State has taken a positive act of
first properly classifying the land as foreshore land and the courts have first conclusively
determined and adjudged the ownership in their favor in a suit brought for the purpose.
Without the State’s positive act of classification and the courts’ adjudication, all that the
respondents had was an inchoate expectation that might not at all materialize,
especially if we consider that the petitioner was already the registered owner of the
same property, as evidenced by her existing and valid transfer certificate of title
covering the land (a fact that they themselves admitted and acknowledged), 48 for which
she enjoyed the indefeasibility of a Torrens title. 49

Presumably well aware that the respondents held absolutely no valid and existing right
in the land, the RTC Judge had plainly no factual and legal bases for enjoining the
enforcement of the writ of execution through the TRO and the writ of preliminary
injunction. He obviously acted arbitrarily and whimsically, because injunction protected
only an existing right or actual interest in property. Thus, he was guilty of committing
manifestly grave abuse of discretion, and compounded his guilt by stopping the
enforcement of a final and executory decision of the MTCC.

B.

TRO and writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction

were wrongfully issued for an indefinite period

We further note that the RTC Judge expressly made the TRO effective until further
orders from him. He thereby contravened explicit rules of procedure. He knowingly did
so, considering that he thereby disregarded the nature and purpose of the TRO as a
temporary and limited remedy, instead of a permanent and unrestricted relief. He
disregarded Section 5, Rule 58 of the Rules of Court, which expressly stated that the life
span of a TRO was only 20 days from service of the TRO on the party or person sought
to be enjoined. Considering that the limited life span of a TRO was a long-standing and
basic rule of procedure, he consciously arrogated unto himself a power that he did not
have. Ignoring a rule as elementary as the 20-day life span of a TRO amounted to gross
ignorance of law and procedure. His violation is seemingly made worse by the fact that
he thereby usurped the authority of the Court as the only court with the power to issue a
TRO effective until further orders.50

Due to its lifetime of only 20 days from service on the party or person to be enjoined, the
TRO that the RTC Judge issued automatically expired on the twentieth day without
need of any judicial declaration to that effect.1avvphi1 Yet, by making the TRO
effective until further orders, he made the effectivity of the TRO indefinite. He thus took
for granted the caution that injunction, as the strong arm of equity, 51 should not be
routinely or lightly granted. Again, restraint was required of him, for the power to issue
injunctions should be exercised sparingly, with utmost care, and with great caution and
deliberation. The power is to be exercised only where the reason and necessity therefor
are clearly established, and only in cases reasonably free from doubt. 52 For, it has been
said that there is no power the exercise of which is more delicate, requires greater
caution and deliberation, or is more dangerous in a doubtful case, than the issuing of an
injunction.53

WHEREFORE, we GRANT the petition for certiorari.

We NULLIFY and SET ASIDE the writ of preliminary prohibitory injunction issued on
November 12, 2002 for being devoid of legal and factual bases; and DIRECT the
Regional Trial Court, Branch 48, in Bacolod City to dismiss SCA Case No. 01-11522.

Presiding Judge Gorgonio J. Ybañez of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 48, in Bacolod
City is ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE in writing within ten days from notice why he
should not be administratively sanctioned for gross ignorance of the law and procedure
for his manifest disregard of the prohibition under the Rules of Court against
unwarranted restraining orders and writs of injunction, and for issuing a temporary
restraining order effective until furthers of the court.

Costs of suit to be paid by the respondents.

SO ORDERED.

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

RENATO C. CORONA
Chief Justice
Chairperson

TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO

 CASTRO
Associate Justice
Associate Justice

MARTIN S. VILLARAMA, JR.

Associate Justice

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, I certify that the conclusions in
the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to
the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.

RENATO C. CORONA
Chief Justice

Footnotes
1
 Gallardo-Corro v. Gallardo, G.R. No. 136228, January 30, 2001, 350 SCRA
568.
2
 Session Delights Ice Cream and Fast Foods v. Court of Appeals (Sixth
Division), G.R. No. 172149, February 8, 2010, 612 SCRA 10.
3
 Entitled Elisa M. Tortogo, et al. v. Hon. Eliseo C. Geolingo, in his capacity as
the Presiding Judge of Branch 6, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Bacolod City,
Nicolas G. Albayda, in his capacity as Deputy Sheriff of Branch 6, Municipal Trial
Court in Cities, Bacolod City, and Domingo Pahila, as represented by Angelina
Pahila-Garrido.
4
 Rollo, pp. 32-51.
5
 Id., p. 58.
6
 Id., pp. 55-56.
7
 Id., p. 57.
8
 Id., pp. 52-54.
9
 Id., pp. 58-60.
10
 Id., pp. 61-64.
11
 Id., pp. 67-69.
12
 Id., p. 68.
13
 Id., pp. 71-72.
14
 Id., pp. 73-75.
15
 Id., pp. 76-91.
16
 Id., pp. 92-93.
17
 Id., pp. 94-95.
18
 Id., pp. 96-97.
19
 Id., pp. 99-100.
20
 Tan v. Republic, G.R. No. 170740, May 25, 2007, 523 SCRA 203, 210-211.
21
 See Miranda v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-33007, June 18, 1976, 71 SCRA
295.
22
 United Overseas Bank (formerly Westmont Bank) v. Judge Ros, G.R. No.
171532, August 7, 2007, 529 SCRA 334; citing Rudecon Management
Corporation v. Singson, G.R. No. 150798, 31 March 2005, 454 SCRA 612, 629;
also, Sitchon v. Sheriff of Occidental Negros, 80 Phil. 397, 399 (1948).
23
 Section 1, Rule 41, Rules of Court, pertinently states:

Section 1. Subject of appeal.—An appeal may be taken from a judgment

or final order that completely disposes of the case, or of a particular matter
therein when declared by these Rules to be appealable.

No appeal may be taken from:

xxx

(c) An interlocutory order;

xxx

In all the above instances where the judgment or final order is not
appealable, the aggrieved party may file an appropriate special civil action
under Rule 65. (emphasis supplied)
24
 1 F. Regalado, Remedial Law Compendium 540 (8th revised ed.).
25
 I Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Third Rev., p. 442.
26
 Sec. 1, Rule 65, 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure.
27
 Gelindon v. Judge Dela Rama, G.R. No. 105072, December 9, 1993, 228
SCRA 322; Tan vs. Director of Forestry, G.R. No. L-24548, October 27, 1983,
125 SCRA 302, 322; Cochingyan, Jr. v. Cloribel, G.R. No. L-27070-71, April 22,
1977, 76 SCRA 361.
28
 Manila Midtown Hotels & Land Corp. v. NLRC, G. R. No. 118397, March 27,
1998, 288 SCRA 259, 265.
29
 Camacho v. Coresis, Jr., G.R. No. 134372, August 22, 2002, 387 SCRA 628.
30
 Investments, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 60036, January 27, 1987, 147
SCRA 334.
31
 Feliciano v. Villasin, G.R. No. 174929, June 27, 2008, 556 SCRA 348; Uy v.
Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 156399-400, June 27, 2008, 556 SCRA 73.
32
 Vergara v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 174567, March 12, 2009, 580 SCRA
693; Nationwide Security and Allied Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
155844, 14 July 2008, 558 SCRA 148.
33
 G.R. Nos. 117622-23, October 23, 2006, 505 SCRA 8; see also Cervantes v.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 166755, November 18, 2005, 475 SCRA 562; Flores
v. Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Pampanga, G.R. No. 159022, February 23,
2005, 452 SCRA 278, 282; Acance v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 159699, March
16, 2005, 453 SCRA 548, 558-559.
34
 Section 4. When and where position filed. – The petition shall be filed not later
than sixty (60) days from notice of the judgment, order or resolution. In case of a
motion for reconsideration or new trial is timely filed, whether such motion is
required or not, the sixty (60) day period shall be counted from notice of the
denial of said motion. x x x
35
 Rollo, pp.19-20.
36
 See, e.g., Salinas v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 114671,
November 24, 1999, 319 SCRA 54.
37
 Ramiscal, Jr. v. Sandiganbayan, G. R. Nos. 140576-99, December 13, 2004,
446 SCRA 166; citing Salazar v. NLRC, G.R. No. 109210, April 17, 1997, 256
SCRA 273.
38
 Caraan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124516, April 24, 1998, 289 SCRA 579.
39
 Section 6, Rule 1, Rules of Court.
40
 Bongcac v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 156687-88, May 21, 2009, 588 SCRA
64.
41
 Yau v. Silverio, Sr., G.R. Nos. 158848 and 171994, February 4, 2008, 543
SCRA 520.
42
 Lim v. Jabalde, G.R. No. 36786, April 17, 1989, 172 SCRA 211, 224; citing
Banogon v. Serna, G.R. No. L-35469, October 9, 1987, 154 SCRA 573.
43
 Salting v. Velez and Velez, G.R. No. 181930, January 10, 2011.
44
 Bachrach Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 128349, September 25,
1998, 296 SCRA 487, citing Lee v. De Guzman, Jr., G.R. No. 90926, July 6,
1990, 187 SCRA 276.
45
 Bachrach Corporation v. Court of Appeals, id.; citing Luna v. Intermediate
Appellate Court, G.R. No. L-68374, June 18, 1985, 137 SCRA 7; Heirs of Pedro
Guminpin v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-34220, February 21, 19883, 120
SCRA 687.
46
 Del Rosario v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115106, March 15, 1996, 255 SCRA
152, 158.
47
 43 CJS Injunctions § 18.
48
 Rollo, p. 382.
49
 Ugale v. Gorospe, G.R. No. 149516, September 11, 2006, 501 SCRA
376; Seville v. National Development Company, G.R. No. 129401, February 2,
2000, 351 SCRA 112; De Pedro v. Romasan Development Corp., G.R. No.
158002, February 28, 2005, 452 SCRA 564, 575.
50
 Section 5, Rule 58, 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure.
51
 43 CJS Injunctions § 2; citing Anderson v. Smith, 8 Alaska 470; Miollis v.
Schneider, 222 N. E. 2d 715, 77 Ill. App. 2d 420; Triangle Sign Co. v. Randolph
& State Property, Inc., 147 N. E. 2d 451, 16 Ill. App. 2d 21; Arthur Murray Dance
Studios of Cleveland v. Witter, Com. PI., 105 N. E. 2d 685.
52
 43 CJS Injunctions § 15.
53
 Detroit Newspaper Publishers Association v. Detroit Typgraphical Union No.
18, Intern. Typographical Union, C. A. Mich., 471 F. 2d 872; Ancora-Citronelle
Corp. v. Green, 115 Cal. Rptr., 879, 41 C. A. 3d 16; Mallon v. City of Long
Beach, 330 P. 2d 423, 164 C. a. 2d 178.