A. I. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow.

(29 marks)

1 The order Cetacea includes two distinct living suborders: Odontoceti, the
2 modern toothed whales; and Mysticeti, the baleen whales which lack teeth. The
3 odontocetes include about 70 species including the porpoises, dolphins, killer
4 whales and the spermwhales. They range in length from about 1.3 meters in the
5 smaller porpoises to about 18 meters in the male sperm whale. The length of the
6 10 species of baleen whales ranges from 6 meters to about 30 meters in the
7 largest recorded specimen of the blue whale. A great range of adult weight is
8 encompassed by the Cetacea, from about 45 kilograms in some small porpoises
9 to about 136,000 kilograms in the blue whale.

1 Breathing is accomplished at the water surface through their blow-holes which

0 are generally located on top of the head. The exhalation produces the familiar
1 spout. Following inhalation, the animal holds its breath for variable periods,
1 as it swims below the surface. Dives of smaller cetaceans last a few minutes but
1 those of some large species may last an hour and perhaps longer.
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1 Most toothed whales spend their entire lives in tightly organized schools which
3 may range in numbers from a few animals to 1,000 or more individuals. Baleen
1 whales are more often found singly, although small schools occur on the
4 breeding grounds, and whales may congregate in feeding areas in considerable
numbers. Schools of toothed whales may be quite complex in structure, groups
1 segregated by age and sex, and even schools composed of two or more species.
5 Groups of mothers with young are usually found together near the center of a
1 school.
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1 Two general modes of feeding exist in cetaceans. Baleen whales are strainers,
7 i.e. they sieve planktonic organisms from the water. Toothed whales, on the
1 other hand, actively pursue and capture swimming prey, especially fish and
8 squid.
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9 It has been reported that porpoises travel at speeds of at least 38 kilometers per
2 hour and whales at 56 kilometers per hour.
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2 Most baleen whales undergo seasonal migrations, some as long as 3,000 miles
1 each way from feeding to breeding grounds. With the exception of the sperm
2 whale, the migrations of toothed whales seem to be much more local in
2 character and in some species apparently do not occur at all.

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3 (From Matthews, A. and Read, C. (1982). Themes: An integrated skills course
2 for late intermediate and advanced students. Glasgow: Collins, p.55.)
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Identify and copy out from the text the following:

1. ONE Sentence with an Anticipatory it as the Subject. Rewrite the Sentence with the
extraposed Subject restored in the Subject position. (2 marks)
2. ONE Sentence/Clause with the structure S-P-dO-A (Subject-Predicator-Direct Object-
Adjunct). State the Direct Object. (2 marks)
3. ONE Nominal Group with both an Epithet and a Classifier. State the Head of the Nominal
Group. (2 marks)
4. ONE Nominal Group with two Classifiers. State whether the first Classifier modifies the
second Classifier or the Head of the Nominal Group. (2 marks)
5. ONE Nominal Group with a post-modifier which is a Finite Relative Clause. State the
function of the Relative Pronoun in the Relative Clause. Rewrite the Nominal Group to make
the Relative Clause non-Finite. (3 marks)
6. ONE Nominal Group which functions as a Subject Complement. State the Head of the
Nominal Group. (2 marks)
7. ONE Appositive Phrase/Group. (1 mark)
8. ONE Indefinite Pronoun. State the function of the Indefinite Pronoun (e.g. Subject, Object,
etc.) in the Sentence/Clause which contains it. (2 marks)
9. ONE Adverb which functions as a Pre-Modifier of an Adjective. (1 mark)
10. ONE non-gradable Adjective. Is the Adjective Predicative Only, Attributive Only, or both? (2
marks)
11. ONE gradable Adjective which is used with the Complement it controls. State the
Complement (2 marks)
12. ONE Prepositional Phrase which functions as an Adjunct. State whether the Adjunct is a
Stance Adjunct, Circumstantial Adjunct or Connective Adjunct. (2 marks)
13. ONE Prepositional Phrase which is embedded in a Nominal Group. State the Head of the
Nominal Group it is embedded in. (2 marks)

Also answer the following questions:

14. Is the word “accomplished” in line 10 a Verb or an Adjective? Explain your answer using
appropriate metalanguage. (2 marks)
15. Is the word “following” in line 12 a Preposition, a Verb or a Conjunction? Explain your
answer using appropriate metalanguage. (2 marks)

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II. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow. (35 marks)

1 Ours is a society that tries to keep the world sharply divided into masculine
2 and feminine, not because that is the way the world is, but because that is
3 the way we believe it should be. It takes unwavering belief and considerable
4 effort to keep this division. Such a division, however, leads us to make some
5 fairly foolish judgments, particularly about language.

6 Because we think that language also should be divided into masculine and
7 feminine, we have become very skilled at ignoring anything that will not fit
8 our preconceptions. We would rather change what we hear than change our
9 ideas about the gender division of the world. We will think that assertive
10 girls are unfeminine, and supportive boys effeminate, and try to change
11 them while still retaining our stereotypes of masculine and feminine talk.

12 This is why some research into sex differences and language has been so
13 interesting. It is an illustration of how wrong we can be. Of the investigators
14 who set out to find the stereotyped sex differences in language, few have
15 had any positive results. It seems that our images of serious taciturn male
16 speakers and gossipy garrulous female speakers are just that: images.

17 Many myths associated with masculine and feminine talk have had to be
18 discarded as more research has been undertaken. If females do use more
19 trivial words than males, stop talking in mid-sentence, or talk about the
20 same things over and over again, they do not do it when investigators are
around.

(From: Tomlinson, B. and Ellis, R. (1988). Reading advanced. Oxford: OUP,

p.3)

Identify and copy out from the text the following:

1. ONE Sentence/Clause with a that-clause as the Direct Object. (1 mark)

2. ONE Sentence/Clause with the structure S-P-Cs (Subject-Predicator-Subject Complement).
State the Predicator. (2 marks)
3. ONE Sentence/Clause with a Nominal Relative Clause as the Direct Object. Rewrite the
Nominal Relative Clause into a Nominal Group with a Relative Pronoun. (2 marks)
4. ONE Sentence with an Adjunct which is a Subordinate Clause. Is the Subordinate Clause
Finite or non-Finite? What meaning does the Subordinate Clause convey (e.g. time, place,
manner, etc.)? (3 marks)
5. ONE Verbless Clause. (1 mark)
6. ONE Finite Relative Clause. State the function (i.e. Subject, Object, etc.) of the Relative
Pronoun. (2 marks)
7. ONE Non-Finite Relative Clause. Rewrite the Relative Clause to make it Finite. (2 marks)
8. ONE Lexical Auxiliary Verb. (1 mark)
9. ONE Copula/Linking Verb which is not the verb-to-be. (1 mark)

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 10. ONE Catenative Verb. State the Complement of the Verb. (2 marks)
11. ONE Verbal Group with two Auxiliary Verbs. State the types of both the Auxiliary Verbs
(e.g. Modal, Perfect, etc.). (3 marks)
12. ONE Verbal Group with a Dummy Operator. State the Head of the Verbal Group. (2 marks)
13. ONE Adjectival Group with a Complement. State the grammatical structure of the
Complement (e.g. a Nominal Group, a Verbal Group, a Prepositional Phrase, etc.). (2
marks)
14. ONE Adverb which functions as an Adjunct. State whether the Adjunct is a Circumstantial
Adjunct, Connective Adjunct, or Stance Adjunct. (2 marks)
15. ONE Nominal Group with a Post-modifier. State whether the Post-modifier is a
Prepositional Phrase, a Finite Clause, or a Non-finite Clause. (2 marks)
16. ONE Nominal Group with Indefinite Reference. State whether the reference is specific or
non-specific. (2 marks)
17. ONE Nominal Group with Definite Reference. State the Head of the Nominal Group and
where the information can be found that would allow the reader to identify the referent (e.g.
cataphoric, anaphoric, etc.). (3 marks)

Also answer the following question:

18. Using appropriate metalanguage, explain the difference between the use of “it” in the
sentence “It takes unwavering belief and considerable effort to keep this division” (lines 3-
4) and the sentence “It is an illustration of how wrong we can be” (line 13). (2 marks)

B. Sentence Construction and Analysis (8 marks)

1. The verb paint can be used as an intransitive verb, a transitive verb and a complex-transitive
verb. Using an appropriate example of each and appropriate metalanguage, explain how the
verb can be used in the above three patterns. (4 marks)

2. a. Combine the following sentences in two ways:

(i) by making one of them a Verbless Clause, and

(ii) by making one of them a Non-Finite Clause.

b. Discuss the differences between a non-finite clause and a verbless clause using the
combined
versions.

c. State the functions of the verbless clause and the non-finite clause in the combined
versions.
(4 marks)

She was too tall to enter the hall. She remained standing at the entrance.

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C. Error Analysis (28 marks)

The following sentences are unacceptable in Standard English. For each sentence, discuss

a. the core grammatical problem, and

b. the correct usage.

For (a), you should explain what is wrong with each of the sentences using the metalanguage that
you learnt from the course.

For (b), don’t just correct the sentences (i.e. don’t just give the corrections). You should describe
what the correct usage for each sentence should be using the metalanguage that you learnt from
the course, but you DON’T need to suggest any ways of helping students overcome the problems.
You should aim at writing no more than 200 words for each error.

1. Before visiting your parents, you should call up them. (4 marks)

2. Having finished the exam, the teacher was happy with the students’ exam results.
(4 marks)
3. We wish luck to you. (4 marks)
4. He often annoys his father because of his habit which he never pays attention to details.
(4 marks)
5. The table which I put the food was in the kitchen. (4 marks)
6. The dress feels tightly. (4 marks)
7. The government should provide the financial help to the poor. (4 marks)

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