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Industrial Chemistry Assignment 2

Summary RECYCLING OF KOTAH STONE QUARRY WASTE AND MANUFACTURING NORMAL PORTLAND CEMENT: A CONCEPTUAL TECHNOLOGY OF FUTURE and THE INOCULATION WITH AN EFFECIENT AMF STRAIN DECREASES THE PHOSPHORIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS IN IPOMEA BATATA (L), LAM IN DRY PERIOD

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117 views4 pages

Industrial Chemistry Assignment 2

Summary RECYCLING OF KOTAH STONE QUARRY WASTE AND MANUFACTURING NORMAL PORTLAND CEMENT: A CONCEPTUAL TECHNOLOGY OF FUTURE and THE INOCULATION WITH AN EFFECIENT AMF STRAIN DECREASES THE PHOSPHORIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS IN IPOMEA BATATA (L), LAM IN DRY PERIOD

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Meeqat Suharwardy
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MEEQAT SUHARWARDY

BSEE-16070

RECYCLING OF KOTAH STONE QUARRY WASTE AND MANUFACTURING


NORMAL PORTLAND CEMENT: A CONCEPTUAL TECHNOLOGY OF FUTURE
In this paper we study about the flaggy limestones which yields the KOTAH STONE. The
most abundant reserves of KOTAH STONEs are in Rajasthan. As quoted in paper “The
deposit of KOTAH STONE is generally confined to 15mtr. in thickness. It is overlaid by a
zone of non split able limestone waste layers. This waste zone has increased from ‘0’ in 1945
to present 40 – 45mtr, oue to dipping rocks @ 7 – 15%. To a general estimate, over the years
of mining some 550Mill. It is known to be the best flooring stone all over the wold. The
deposit belongs to Semri series of lower Vindhyas. Mining of KOTAH STONE has been
going on since 1945 and production has substantially increased from a few lac sq. Ft. to
45Cr. Sq. Ft., annually as on today.”

The deposit is overburden by the non-split able layers of limestone. The O.B thickness
increases per year and ranges from 7 to 25 percent. It has increased from 0 to 45meter
thickness in just a year from 2010 to 2011. The wastes that KOTAH STONE mining
generates at two points are
i. During excavation of overburden and this constitutes 90% of the total waste generated.
ii. During sizing and cutting of KOTAH STONE slab and tiles at quarry level which amounts
to remaining 10% of total waste.
The statistics for how much mining waste was produced during a couple of years from 1959
to 2010 is shown below
YEARS QUANTITY
1959-1980 2 Mill. Ton
1959-1980 8.5 Mill. Ton
1959-1980 38 Mill. Ton
1959-1980 95 Mill. Ton

An estimate is that some 500 Mill. MT of waste has piled in the entire belt of KOTAH
STONE mining. A further annual generation of 25-27Mill. MT is continuing. This huge pile
of waste always causes economic and environmental problems that are listed below:
i. It has added to the cost of mining of KOTAH STONE from 0.50sq.ft. in 1990 to Rs 2/- Sq.
Ft. in 2010.
ii. A large fleet of HEMM has been deployed for excavation, transportation and dumping.
During the entire process a huge quantity of dust has generated from excavation to
dumping, polluting the environment.
iii. All equipment’s deployed for waste handling are diesel operated. To an estimate CO2
emission from these equipment’s, at this location alone, has substantially increased to
7300 Ton per annum. This emission is increasing year after year proportionate to quantity
of waste.
iv. All around the area man made mountains has changed the aesthetic look of the
surrounding area.
v. After extraction of KOTAH STONE land could not be reclaimed back to the ground level
for original land use.
vi. Regional pollution has increased due to increase in Carbon dioxide emission, dust
pollutant generated during vehicle operation, drilling and blasting.
This waste was then further utilized to reduce the harm in cement manufacturing, by using
this waste in manufacturing of cement is the only way for the utilization in large quantity.
The limestone mines are widely scattered in many parts of India fulfilling the demand of
steel, cement and chemicals industries. Traditionally, the growth of Indian cement industry is
directly related to the growth of the country’s economy. To produce cement, the waste was
push through two different processes that are
i. BY BLENDIND: Because of high silica and low calcium, it can never be used
directly for cement manufacturing unless it is mixed with high grade limestone having
silica less than 1.5% and CaO more than 52%. The viability of mixing quarry waste
with high grade limestone has been examined. It has been worked out that at least
50% of high-grade limestone would be required for getting the raw mix suitable for
cement.
ii. BY BENEFICIATION: Low grade limestone is beneficiated by size reduction
followed by froth floatation using a suitable reagent. There are only limited cement
plants to practice beneficiation of low-grade limestone in INDIA. Fatty acids and their
derivatives are generally used as the collectors for the effective flotation of calcite
values. In reverse flotation of limestone, quartz is floated directly with powerfully
cationic reagents. The calcite depressants in such cases are tannin and quebracho. The
successful beneficiation of carbonate minerals, the details characterization studies of
the limestone deposit are very much essential as the deposits varies from place to
place and admixed with varieties of impurities such as S, P, C, alpha quartz etc.
Limestone containing about 45% CaO and above is usually preferred for the
manufacture of cement.
The cement manufacturing process will be a dry process which will consists of the following
unit operation steps:
1. Drying of concentrate-cum-grinding with corrective raw material.
2. Homogenization of raw meal in a blending Silo.
3. Clinkerisation of raw meal in Rotary Kiln with preheater and pre-calcinator.
4. Cement grinding, storage and package.
A project of 1 MTPA clinker capacity has been conceived based on the test studies. The
processes of beneficiation which a wet flotation, needs a large quantity of water. To an
estimate of beneficiating some 8000 tons of material (equivalent to 1 MTPA clinker) the
plant would need 2.4Mill. M 3 of water.
Rajasthan being a water scarcity State, such projects would not be entertained if ground water
is the source of supply. However, if the plant is located close to the KOTAH STONE quarry,
adequate water would be available from the mines filled up with water during the rainy
season. It has been estimated by a Hydrological survey carried out pre-monsoon and post
monsoon that even in the situation of scanty rainfall, more than 2.7Mill. M3 water would be
available. Also, if the plant is located close to the mines, where a huge quantity of waste has
been piled up, it would be economical to transport material to the plant for the entire life.
According to Center of Exploitation of Science & Technology (CEST) the cost of waste is
about 5 times higher than expected. An environment impact can never be unnoticed.
The proposed project with a conceptual but well-established technology will address many
environmental and social issues. A few of them are:

1. It would lead to conservation of mineral as it is based on recycling of KOTAH


STONE quarry waste.
2. There will not be any use of ground water. Instead of rain harvested water will only
be used.
3. It will lead to reclamation of high graded land to original land use of
agriculture/habitation. It is estimated that some 320-hectare land will be reclaimed in
40-year life span of 1 MTPA plant.
4. There will not be any discharge of hazardous matter.
5. Emission of CO2 will be substantially reduced.
6. The project will generate employment for at least 500 people directly employed and
many more indirectly employed for a prolonged period.

THE INOCULATION WITH AN EFFECIENT AMF STRAIN DECREASES THE


PHOSPHORIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS IN IPOMEA BATATA (L), LAM IN
DRY PERIOD
Ipomeabatata (L), Lam. is a mycotic crop, few results are reported in establishing the
requirements of phosphoric fertilizers associated with the inoculation of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) strains. For these purposes, two experiments were carried out,
evaluating the response of 'INIVIT B2-2005' or 'CEMSA 78-354'clones to the application of
five doses of phosphoric fertilizer with or without the application of Rhizoglomu
sirregulare/(INCAM-11) species on a carbonated loose Brown soil, at a random block design
with factorial arrangement and four repetitions.
Phosphorus is an important element for the growth of plant. It is discovered in 1840 that it is
an important element foe the plants. If we compare to K and L the requirement of the
phosphorus in sweet potato plants is relatively low, the beneficial effect of the P are clearly
shown in the increase of the tube average weight, as well as in the proportion of Commercial
tubers.
If we compare with the other essential nutrients, P is the least mobile nutrients in the soil and
the efficiency in the absorption fertilizer by plants can be as low as 20% and it is often the
main limiting factor for plants growth.
We can increase the soil phosphorus absorption of the plants by using the mechanism
symbiosis which is being the best documents effect of this symbiosis.
By using effective mycorrhizal which is the well-known effect on increase in efficiency of
absorption of nutrients therefor the decrease of the fertilizer does for high yield, for the
optimum functioning requires a supply of nutrients that is take more effective for the plants.
Sweet potatoes are highly dependent crop on mycorrhization previous experimental result on
potatoes are very well define that it is an inefficient strain for the crop is decrease in the
requirement of mineral fertilizer.
From this paper we can conclude that the phosphorus is an important fertilizer for the plants
that provide basic nutrients to plants, the growth of the plants increases by using phosphorus.

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