Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.

Computing Capacitance

This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5.5.
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Introduction
A capacitor, in its simplest form, is a two terminal electrical device that stores electric
energy when a voltage is applied across the terminals. The stored electric energy is
proportional to the applied voltage squared and is determined by the capacitance of the
device. This example introduces a model of a simple capacitor. The electric field and device
capacitance are solved for under electrostatic conditions.

Metal plates and leads

+
V
-

Dielectric

Figure 1: A simple capacitor composed of a disk of dielectric with metal plates on either side,
and lead wires.

Model Definition
The capacitor being modeled is shown in Figure 1. Two metal disks, with leads, are
separated by a disk of dielectric material. Since there can be significant fringing fields
around the capacitor plates, an air volume is included in the model. The size of this air
volume truncates the modeling space. In actuality, the fringing electric fields extend to
infinity, but drop off in proportion to the inverse cube of the distance. They rapidly
become small enough to be considered numerically insignificant. Here, it is assumed that
the air volume is large enough to accurately capture the fringing fields, this could be
checked by increasing the air volume size an comparing the results.

Under the assumption of electrostatic conditions, the entire surface of each electrode must
be at the same potential, otherwise current would flow through these conductors. The air
and dielectric are assumed to be perfect insulators. The quantity of interest is the electric

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potential profile in the air and in the dielectric — it is not necessary to solve for the
potential in the electrode, because it is constant. There are two approaches that can be
followed:

• apply the Terminal domain feature on the electrodes, or

• remove the electrode domains from the selection of the physics interface and apply
appropriate boundary conditions (such as Ground or boundary Terminal) at the interface
with the air or dielectric.

This model serves as an example of the second approach.

Results and Discussion

The electric field is plotted in Figure 2. The field is relatively uniform between the plates,
but some strong variations are seen at the edges of the plates. The fringing fields are
observed to extend a small distance away from the capacitor. The capacitance of the device
is evaluated to be approximately 43 pF. In Figure 3, a slice plot of the electric potential
shows that there is an equipotential surface exactly midway between the capacitor plates.

Figure 2: The electric field strength in the dielectric and air domain surrounding the
capacitor.

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Figure 3: Contours of the voltage field at a slice through the center of the capacitor.

Application Library path: ACDC_Module/Capacitive_Devices/capacitor_dc

Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.

NEW
In the New window, click Model Wizard.

MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 3D.
2 In the Select Physics tree, select AC/DC>Electric Fields and Currents>Electrostatics (es).
3 Click Add.
4 Click Study.

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5 In the Select Study tree, select General Studies>Stationary.
6 Click Done.

GEOMETRY 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Geometry 1.
2 In the Settings window for Geometry, locate the Units section.
3 From the Length unit list, choose cm.

First, create a cylinder for the model domain.

Cylinder 1 (cyl1)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Cylinder.
2 In the Settings window for Cylinder, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius text field, type 20.
4 In the Height text field, type 20.
5 Click Build Selected.
Choose wireframe rendering to get a better view of the interior parts.
6 Click the Wireframe Rendering button in the Graphics toolbar.

Then, add a cylinder for the disc of dielectric with the two metal plates.

Cylinder 2 (cyl2)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Cylinder.
2 In the Settings window for Cylinder, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius text field, type 10.
4 In the Height text field, type 4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the z text field, type 8.
6 Click to expand the Layers section. In the table, enter the following settings:

Layer name Thickness (cm)

Layer 1 5[mm]

7 Clear the Layers on side check box.

8 Select the Layers on bottom check box.
9 Select the Layers on top check box.
10 Click Build Selected.

Finish the geometry by adding two cylinders for the leads.

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Cylinder 3 (cyl3)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Cylinder.
2 In the Settings window for Cylinder, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius text field, type 0.75.
4 In the Height text field, type 8.

Cylinder 4 (cyl4)
1 Right-click Cylinder 3 (cyl3) and choose Duplicate.
2 In the Settings window for Cylinder, locate the Position section.
3 In the z text field, type 12.
4 Click Build All Objects.

The result should look like the image above.

Explicit 1
The model is composed of a disc of dielectric material with metal plates on either side and
two lead wires. Create a set of selections to use when setting up the physics. First, create a
selection for the metal domains.

1 In the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit.

2 In the Settings window for Explicit, type Metal in the Label text field.

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3 Select Domains 2 and 4–6 only.

Add a Complement selection for the insulators.

Complement 1
1 In the Definitions toolbar, click Complement.
2 In the Settings window for Complement, type Insulators in the Label text field.
3 Locate the Input Entities section. Under Selections to invert, click Add.
4 In the Add dialog box, select Metal in the Selections to invert list.

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5 Click OK.

Add a selection for the ground boundaries, and the terminal boundaries.

Explicit 2
1 In the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit.
2 In the Settings window for Explicit, type Ground in the Label text field.
3 Select Domains 2 and 5 only.

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4 Locate the Output Entities section. From the Output entities list, choose
Adjacent boundaries.

Explicit 3
1 In the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit.
2 In the Settings window for Explicit, type Terminal in the Label text field.
3 Select Domains 4 and 6 only.

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4 Locate the Output Entities section. From the Output entities list, choose
Adjacent boundaries.

To get a better view, hide some of the boundaries. Begin by selecting the Electrostatics
interface, then add a Hide node.

Hide for Physics 1

1 In the Model Builder window, right-click View 1 and choose Hide for Physics.
2 In the Settings window for Hide for Physics, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.

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4 Select Boundaries 1, 4, and 23 only.

ELECTROSTATICS (ES)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Electrostatics (es).
2 In the Settings window for Electrostatics, locate the Domain Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Insulators.

Ground 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Ground.
2 In the Settings window for Ground, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Ground.

Terminal 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Terminal.
2 In the Settings window for Terminal, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Terminal.
4 Locate the Terminal section. From the Terminal type list, choose Voltage.

Next, assign material properties to the model. Begin by specifying Air for all domains.

ADD MATERIAL
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to open the Add Material window.

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2 Go to the Add Material window.
3 In the tree, select Built-in>Air.
4 Click Add to Component in the window toolbar.
Override the dielectric disc with glass (quartz).
5 Go to the Add Material window.
6 In the tree, select Built-in>Glass (quartz).
7 Click Add to Component in the window toolbar.
8 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to close the Add Material window.

MATERIALS

Glass (quartz) (mat2)

Select Domain 3 only.

MESH 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Mesh 1.

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2 In the Settings window for Mesh, click Build All.

STUDY 1
1 In the Model Builder window, click Study 1.
2 In the Settings window for Study, locate the Study Settings section.
3 Clear the Generate default plots check box.
4 In the Home toolbar, click Compute.

Add a solution and define a Selection for the metal parts. Domains that are excluded from
the selection will be hidden in the corresponding plots.

Study 1/Solution 1 (2) (sol1)

In the Results toolbar, click More Datasets and choose Solution.

Selection
1 In the Results toolbar, click Attributes and choose Selection.
2 In the Settings window for Selection, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Domain.
4 From the Selection list, choose Metal.
5 Select the Propagate to lower dimensions check box.

3D Plot Group 1
In the Results toolbar, click 3D Plot Group.

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The metal parts can be visualized by choosing Uniform for the coloring type. In this case
the purpose of the plot is not to show a quantity, but to show a shape. The variable that
the plot is based on is of no importance. Create a surface plot for this purpose.

Surface 1
1 Right-click 3D Plot Group 1 and choose Surface.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Study 1/Solution 1 (2) (sol1).
4 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
5 From the Color list, choose Gray.

3D Plot Group 1
Add a slice plot for the norm of the electric fields and an arrow plot for the electric fields.

Slice 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click 3D Plot Group 1 and choose Slice.
2 In the Settings window for Slice, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the
Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1>Electrostatics>Electric>
es.normE - Electric field norm - V/m.
3 Locate the Plane Data section. In the Planes text field, type 1.
4 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Color table list, choose RainbowLight.

Arrow Volume 1
1 Right-click 3D Plot Group 1 and choose Arrow Volume.
2 In the Settings window for Arrow Volume, locate the Arrow Positioning section.
3 Find the x grid points subsection. In the Points text field, type 1.
4 Find the y grid points subsection. In the Points text field, type 24.
5 Find the z grid points subsection. In the Points text field, type 11.
6 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Arrow length list, choose Logarithmic.

Color Expression 1
1 Right-click Arrow Volume 1 and choose Color Expression.
2 In the Settings window for Color Expression, locate the Coloring and Style section.
3 Clear the Color legend check box.
4 Click the Go to YZ View button in the Graphics toolbar.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.
The plot should look like that in Figure 2.

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Create a Cut Plane that may serve as a basis for 2D plots.

Cut Plane 1
1 In the Results toolbar, click Cut Plane.
2 In the Settings window for Cut Plane, click Plot.
3 Click the Go to Default View button in the Graphics toolbar.

On this data set, base a 2D Plot Group with contour plots for the electric potential.

2D Plot Group 2
In the Results toolbar, click 2D Plot Group.

Contour 1
1 Right-click 2D Plot Group 2 and choose Contour.
2 In the Settings window for Contour, locate the Levels section.
3 From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
4 Click Range.
5 In the Range dialog box, type 0.1 in the Start text field.
6 In the Step text field, type 0.1.
7 In the Stop text field, type 0.9.
8 Click Replace.
9 In the Settings window for Contour, locate the Coloring and Style section.

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10 From the Contour type list, choose Filled.
11 From the Color table list, choose RainbowLight.

Contour 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click 2D Plot Group 2 and choose Contour.
2 In the Settings window for Contour, locate the Levels section.
3 From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
4 Click Range.
5 In the Range dialog box, type 0 in the Start text field.
6 In the Step text field, type 0.1.
7 In the Stop text field, type 1.
8 Click Replace.
9 In the Settings window for Contour, locate the Coloring and Style section.
10 Select the Level labels check box.
11 From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
12 From the Color list, choose Black.
13 Clear the Color legend check box.
14 In the 2D Plot Group 2 toolbar, click Plot.
15 Click the Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.
Compare the resulting plot with Figure 3.

The Terminal feature automatically computes the capacitance. The computed value is
available in a global variable and can be accessed using a Global Evaluation.

Global Evaluation 1
1 In the Results toolbar, click Global Evaluation.
2 In the Settings window for Global Evaluation, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the Expressions section. From the menu, choose Component 1>Electrostatics>
Terminals>es.C11 - Maxwell capacitance - F.
3 Click Evaluate.

TABLE
1 Go to the Table window.
The computed capacitance should be around 43 pF.

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