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Practical Research Ii

The document provides an overview of quantitative research methods, including descriptive research, correlational research, and causal-comparative research. It discusses experimental and non-experimental research designs. Experimental research involves treatment and control groups, while non-experimental research describes relationships without treatment. Survey research using questionnaires is presented as a common technique for collecting quantitative data. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and for defining the scope, variables, and conceptual framework of a quantitative study.

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Risel Wandalen
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2K views5 pages

Practical Research Ii

The document provides an overview of quantitative research methods, including descriptive research, correlational research, and causal-comparative research. It discusses experimental and non-experimental research designs. Experimental research involves treatment and control groups, while non-experimental research describes relationships without treatment. Survey research using questionnaires is presented as a common technique for collecting quantitative data. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and for defining the scope, variables, and conceptual framework of a quantitative study.

Uploaded by

Risel Wandalen
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA:


1.) Descriptive research- involves the collection of data to either test a hypothesis
or describe the variables mentioned in the study
2.) Correlational research- attempts to determine the level of relation between two
or more qualifiable variables. The correlation between two variables does not
mean that one variable causes the other, but it can be used to predict their
values
3.) Causal- Comparative research- attempt to established cause-effect
relationship among the variables in the study. In this research, the independent
variable usually involves a demographic.(ex. Gender, race, social status) in
which the researcher has no control of. He/she will test how the independent
variable will cause a significant effect on the dependent variable. Example: low
percentage of jobless people( independent) reduces the poverty rate of the
country(dependent)

STRENGTHS:
1.) Quantitative approach involves a greater number of subject and enables a
broader study, as well as generalization of the results
2.) Study results are more objective and accurate. Usually to support a certain
generalization by using summary of data, quantitative research employs certain
procedures on a few variables to ensure the reliability and data
3.) Quantitative research, when the right procedure is used, can be replicated, as
well as analyzed in comparison with other similar works
4.) You can summarize vast sources of information and make comparison across
over time.
5.) Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a distance from participating subjects
and employing facilitator unknown to them

LIMITATIONS:
1.) Quantitative data, while they can test hypothesis maybe limited in explaining
their context. This because the explanation often focuses on numerical results
as basis
2.) The research is often conducted in artificial setting, where a level of control is
exercised. Because of this, the result may not necessarily reflect the real-life
situation presented in the problem

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:


A.) Experimental research- a quantitative research that treats or deals with the
object or subject or the research in a definite or exact manner and determines
the extent or the effects or influence of the treatment on the subject/object,
them desovers the cause of such effect.

GROUPS INVOLVED IN ANY EXPIREMENTAL RESEARCH:


1.) Experimental group- the one which the treatment or influence is applied
2.) Control group- one that does not receive any treatment
CATEGORIES OF ANY EXPIREMENTAL RESEARCH:
1.) True experimental research- research absolutely uses random selection in
determining who among the participants should compose the experimental
group and control group
STEPS IN CONDUCTING TRUE EXPIREMENTAL RESEARCH:
a.) Specify the problem or topic of your research
b.) Formulate the research problem or hypothesis
c.) Determine the dependent and independent variables
d.) Select the participants or subject
e.) Decide on the specific type of experimental research
f.) Conduct the experiment
g.) Collect, analyze and interpret
h.) Give conclusion/ generalization

2.) Quasi-experimental research


-experimental research that adopts comparative technique in choosing the
subject
TYPES:
A.) Matched comparison- choosing a treatment group and another group that
has similarities with the treatment group
B.) Time-series quasi experimental research- giving group a series of pre-test
and post-test
C.) Single-subject quasi experimental research- control treatment and
condition applied to just one condition individual or group

B.) Non- experimental research


- is a way of finding the truths about a subject by describing the collected data
about such subject and determining their relationship or connection with one
another.
-any treatment or condition is not involved in this type of research

CHARACTERISTICS:
1.) It is incapable of establishing cause-effect relationship
2.) It involves various ways of data analysis:
a.) Primary- analysis of data collected by the researcher himself
b.) Secondary- examination of data collected by other people
c.) Meta-analysis – analysis of data expressed numerically
3.) It uses research method that applicable to both quantitative and qualititave
data

BASIC ELEMENTS OF EXPIREMENT:


1.) Subject or object(people, places, things, events)
2.) The subject’s condition before the actual expirements
3.) The treatment, intervention, or condition applied on the subject
4.) The subjects’ condition after the treatment
TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
1.) Survey
2.) Historical
3.) Observational
4.) Correlational
5.) Comparative
6.) Descriptive

VARIABLES
- Are the changing qualities or characteristics of people and things
- From the root word vary which means to undergo changes or differ from
- Variable have different or varying values in relation to time and situation
- In research especially in a quantitative research, one important thing you have
to focus on at of your study is to determine the variables involved in your study

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:


-sets boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the
scope of inquiry

Scope
-Is the domain of your research( area, place, where the research is conducted)
-describe what is it in the domain
Delimitation
-refers to the boundaries of the research study arising from the researcher’s
decision of what to include
Limitation
-are factors that are beyond researchers control that could post weakness of the
study

GUIDELINES IN WRITING SCOPE AND DELIMITATION


1.) Brief statement of the general purpose of the study
2.) The subject matter and topics discussed
3.) The locale of the study where data is gathered
4.) The period of the study( time the study was conducted when the data was
collected)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-is the graphical representation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure of
components of your research as well as on the relationship of these elements with
one another
- this section may summarized the major variables( dependent and independent
variable) and the hypothesize relationship

PURPOSE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:


1.) It is essential initial activity because by means of schematic diagram, explained
verbally as well, it enables the readers to obtain a general understanding of the
research
2.) It gives people notion on the research activities you want to perform
3.) It also serves as the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationship with
one another in a research study
CONCEPT MAP
- made up of varied figures; lines, circles, boxes and other marks or symbols
representing your concepts on the varied features of your research

IV-DV MODEL
- used in experimental-based studies( cristobal and dela cruz- cristobal 2017)

OPERATION DEFINTION
- is making the concept or the thing meaningful by specifying the way your research
should measure such concept

GUIDELINES IN GIVING OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:


1.) Have a clear understanding of the concept focused on by your study before you
begin defining such concept operationally
2.) Base your operational definition on the concept under your study
3.) Express the operational definition in only one sentence
4.) Let the operational definition explain the measurement of variables clearly
5.) Construct an operational definition that other researchers can understand
assess repeat in other research studies.

TECHNIQUES IN COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA:


1.) Observation
2.) Survey
-interview
-questionnaire
3.) Experimental
4.) Content analysis
 A paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and
space in the paper where you write the answers to he question
 Elicits factual or opinionated answers from respondents through his/her
acts of checking one chosen answer from several options or of writing on
a line provided for any opinionated answer ( Babbie. 2013)

TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE:
1.) Postal questionnaire- goes to the respondents through postal service or
electronic mail
2.) Self- administered questionnaire- makes you acts as the interviewer and the
interviewee at the same time
-fits a structured kind of interview ( Barbour, 2014)

ADVANTAGES :
1.) It is cheap as it does require you to travel to hand the questionnaires to a big
number of respondents in a faraway places
2.) It entails an easy distribution of to respondents
3.) It offers more opportunity for the respondents to ponder on their responses
4.) It enables easy comparison of answers because of a certain degree of uniformity
among the questions
5.) It has the capacity to elicit spontaneous or genuine answers from the
respondents
DISADVANTAGES:
1.) There’s a possibility that some questions you distributed do not go back to you
and this prevents you from getting the desired rate of response
2.) Confusing and uninteresting questions to respondents fail to elicit the desired
responses
3.) Owing the individual differences between the selected subjects and those in
population, in general, the questionnaires is hard up in obtaining unbiased
results to represent the characteristics of the target population
4.) It prevents you from being with the respondents physically to help them unlock
some difficulties in their understanding of the questions

CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONNAIRES:

1. Decide what you want to learn from administering your questions.


2. Plan questions that will help you get the information you need
3. Use closed-ended questions to gather specific answers
4. Use open-ended question to solicit feedback
5. Ask question in such a way as to avoid confusion and bias

IMPLEMENTING THE QUESTIONNAIRES:

1. Think about how you will deliver your question


2. Design your questionnaire according to your delivery method
3. Consider the order of your question
4. Decide if you will offer incentives for completing the questionnaire
*Qualifiers-are questions that screen certain respondents out, preventing them
from completing other questions

1. Revising the questionnaire


2. Further revise your question
3. Review your open-ended question
4. Decide how you will respond to missing data
5. Review what sort of feedback you are receiving

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