SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ✓ Basically, these technologies are for

security and protection

|CHAPTER 1 ❖ Conservation of Life
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF ✓ Developments in the field of medicine to
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY prevent and/or cure illnesses
❖ Architecture and Engineering
The developments in science and technology were ✓ For better transportation, establishment
brought about by gradual developments to earlier of structures, protection from human
works from different time periods and have evolved invasion, animal attacks, and natural
incrementally over human history. The major reasons disasters
for this significant progress are mainly pointed to the ✓ This established the unique identity of a
desire to raise the quality of life of the people. nation with their designs and symbols
✓ Considered a status symbol among
|ANCIENT TIMES nations of how sophisticated their
In the earlier times, people were more concerned with technology is
transportation, navigation, communication, record- ❖ Mass production
keeping, mass production, security and protection, as ✓ Along with the increase of population, the
well as health, aesthetics, engineering and demand for supplies also increased
architecture. ❖ Aesthetic Purposes
❖ Transportation ✓ Beautifying one’s appearance to be more
✓ People travel for a better settlement virtually presentable and appealing by
✓ In search for food adding decorations in people’s body
✓ Trade – exchange of goods ✓ Beauty was regarded as holy
✓ In land and in water – speed of travelling in
rivers depended much on the direction of the |SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
journey, the strength of the wind and the - Southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia
current, the boat itself and its crew (Modern day Iraq and Kuwait)
❖ Communication - considered the cradle of civilization; found between
✓ Used to facilitate trade and prevent possible two great rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
conflicts and misunderstandings ❖ Cuneiform
✓ Documentation – record-keeping was ✓ Comes from Latin word cuneus for ‘wedge’
essential. It was also vital to keep records of owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing
their history, culture, tradition, rituals, ✓ Writing system of the Sumerians – this utilizes
literatures to establish their identities word pictures and triangular symbols which
❖ Weapons and Warfare are carved on clay using wedge instruments
✓ It was important to develop armories and and then left to dry.
weapons as people tried to establish new ✓ This allowed the Sumerians to keep records of
settlements and form new alliances with other events with significant historical value
tribes ✓ “the Epic of Gilgamesh” was known as the
✓ There was always the risk of conflicts due to oldest type of literature written in cuneiform
variation in culture and orientations and origin which was an epic tale that tells the life of
✓ For defense, weapons and armories were used Gilgamesh, the hero king of Uruk, and his
to defend territories and properties as well as adventures
for survival ❖ Uruk City
✓ For offense, weapons and armories were used ✓ Considered to be the first true city
by stronger nations to invade weaker ones so ✓ It was founded by King Enmerkar around 4500
they could take over more resources and BCE
territories ✓ Famous for its great king Gilgamesh
✓ The first to display architectural work that
made use of clay, mud, sun-baked bricks
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 ➢ It was highly significant as a symbol of ➢ Made up of sun-baked bricks that the people
power because this was where the very laid on the ground. A black sticky substance,
first empire was established by King bitumen, which is similar to asphalt was
Eannutum poured to smoothen the roads
❖ The Great Ziggurat of Ur ➢ This was very useful especially during the rainy
➢ Also called the Mountain of God season that made roads muddy thereby
➢ This consisted of successively smaller traveling was made difficult
platforms that had a solid core of mud-
brick which was covered by burnt brick |BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
➢ This was built and dedicated to the moon ➢ Founded by the Amorites
god Nanna, who was the patron deity of ➢ Situated also in the Mesopotamia
the city ❖ The Hanging Gardens
➢ This structure served as representation of ➢ Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-
the homes of the Sumer 562 BCE) as a gift to his wife, Amytis
❖ Irrigation and Dikes ➢ Considered to be one of the Seven
➢ Through these structures, the Sumerians Wonders of the Ancient World
were able to enjoy year long farming and ➢ A structure made up of layers upon layers
harvesting, which increased food of gardens that contained several species
production of plants, trees, and vines
➢ This also posed solutions to the problem ❖ Code of Hammurabi
of flooding, and problems on water ➢ Sets of laws in the Ancient Babylon
scarcity concerning religion, agriculture,
❖ Sailboats administration and business
➢ The main transportation for the ➢ It was codified by Hammurabi
Sumerians were waterways i.e. rivers and ➢ It contains laws concerning marriage,
seas so they had to develop means to divorce, property, contract, trade and
transport large quantities of goods and be commerce, religion. Also criminal laws
able to cover large distances relating to murder, theft, treachery,
➢ Also essential in fostering culture, dishonesty, and negligence of duty
information, and technology together ➢ “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”
with the trading system ➢ Treated to be the ‘First Law Book of the
❖ Wheel World’
➢ The first wheels were not intended for ➢ Empowered women’s right over property
transportation but for farm work and food ❖ Religion
processes ➢ Babylonians were polytheists
➢ With the use of wheel and axle, mass ➢ They believed that the gods and
production was made easier. Farmers goddesses take birth, come under
were able to mill grains with less effort sorrows, sufferings and happiness, and
and time death
❖ Plow
➢ A farm technology that enables the |EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Sumerian farmers to dig the ground where - Civilization in northeastern Africa that dates from the
seeds would be planted. 14th millennium BCD
➢ It can cultivate larger parcels of land at a - Dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile River
faster rate thereby increasing crop to support its agricultural needs
production
❖ The Pyramids
❖ Roads ✓ One of the most magnificent man-made
➢ In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, structures in history
the Sumerians developed the first roads
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 ✓ These were built as tombs for the pharaohs (placed at the end of the word to clarify the
and their queens meaning of the word)
✓ Its designs reflect the unique role of the ❖ Cosmetics and Wigs
pharaoh in Egyptian society ✓ It was regarded for both health and aesthetic
✓ The pyramid’s smooth, angled sides purposes
symbolized the rays of the sun and were ✓ Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to
designed to help the pharaoh’s soul ascend to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was
heaven and join the gods, particularly the sun a mixture of soot or malachite with galena
god Ra. ✓ Wearing make-up was believed to be for
✓ The Great Pyramid of Giza – This was built for protection against evil spirits and that beauty
the pharaoh Khufu and the only surviving was a symbol for holiness
structure out of the famed seven wonders of ✓ Wigs were used for protection from sun’s rays
the ancient world and for prevention of head lice infestation
❖ Mummification ❖ Water Clock/Clepsydra
✓ The preservation of the body ✓ This utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
✓ The science of mummification was much more water from vessel to the other
of a common practice throughout history and ✓ The amount of water remaining in the device
it was practiced by various cultures all around determines how much time has elapsed since
the world. However, mummification was very it is full
sacred in the lives of the Ancient Egyptians
since they believed that after their life had |GREEK CIVILIZATION
ended on Earth, they would start a long - known as the birth place of western philosophy
journey into the afterlife. In order for the dead - Some of its in-depth contributions were on
to arrive in the afterlife safe and unharmed, it philosophy and mathematics
is necessary that the deceased body were
treated with the utmost respect and kept as ❖ Alarm Clock
close as possible to the original representation ✓ Used to tell an individual when to stop or
of the body when to start
❖ Papyrus ✓ It was made with the use of water or
✓ From Cyperus papyrus sometimes sand or pebbles that dropped into
✓ For record-keeping and communications drums which sounded the alarm
✓ For easier safe-keeping of records that were ✓ Plato was believed to have used the alarm
often destroyed by raiders clock to signal the start of his lecture
❖ Ink ❖ Water Mill
✓ Combination of soot with different chemicals ✓ Commonly used in agricultural processes like
to produce ink of different colors milling of grains which was necessary form of
✓ The ink must withstand the elements of food processing. This in turn led to production
nature since it was used to record history, of edible food stable like beaten rice, cereals
culture and codified laws ❖ Odometer
❖ Hieroglyphics ✓ Used to measure distances
✓ Egyptians believed that this was provided to ❖ Olympics
them by the gods thus referred to as “Holy ✓ Ancient Olympic games were primarily a part
Writing” of a religious festival in honor of Zeus
✓ Carved at the walls of the pyramids and other ✓ Games were held at Olympia
structures ❖ Geometry
✓ Keep records of Egyptians’ history and culture ✓ One of the oldest branches of mathematics
✓ Composed of three basic types of signs: ✓ Geometric facts for Greeks must be
Logograms (representing words); phonograms established by deductive reasoning
(representing sounds); and determinatives

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❖ Medicine sun and stars movements have impacts to
✓ Back then, illnesses were believed to have human lives and events
been caused by evil spirits and punishments
by gods and goddesses and treatments were |CHINESE CIVILIZATION
surrounded by superstitions. Until - considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia
Hippocrates started to make observations and - also known as the middle kingdom
experimentations regarding the human body - Surrounded by great river systems, the Yellow River
and that diseases were caused by natural to the north (which is also known as the Cradle of
processes Chinese Civilization) and the Yangtze River to the south
✓ Hippocrates – Father of Medicine; ❖ Silk Production
“Hippocratic Oath” – Ethical standards ✓ Silk trade opened China to the outside world
followed by physicians having opened the Silk Road other nations
✓ He was the first to describe symptoms of brought about exchange of culture,
pneumonia, epilepsy, etc. knowledge, information, and goods
❖ Tea Production
|ROMAN CIVILIZATION ✓ The invention of wheel-based machine that
- Perceived to be the strongest political and social could shred tea leaves into strips made way in
entity in the west the increase of tea production thereby leading
- considered to be the cradle of politics and to raise in trade with other nations
❖ Great Wall of China
governance for their legislative laws and codified laws
❖ Newspaper (Acta diurna) ✓ Once believed to be the only man-made
✓ Known as the Acta diurna or the Daily Acts structure that could be seen from the outer
✓ The first newspapers, known as gazettes, space
contained announcements of the Roman ✓ It was built to keep out foreign invaders and
Empire to the people control the borders of China
✓ Provided easier access to government ✓ Made with stone, brick, wood, and other
information materials
❖ Codex ✓ Approximately 21, 196 km long
✓ Bound books ✓ Today, it still continues to be a world
✓ Caesar started stacking up papyrus to form attraction due to its historical significance and
pages of a book. Later, they provided cover to architectural grandeur
the book made of wax and was then replaced ❖ Gun powder
by animal skin ✓ It was developed by Chinese alchemists to
❖ Roman architecture achieve immortality
✓ Believed to be a contribution of Greek ✓ Mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
architecture, thus, the resemblance nitrate
✓ Cathedrals, basilicas, coliseums, aqueducts, ✓ Used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
amphitheaters, and residential houses ✓ Preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a
❖ Roman Numerals distance
✓ Number system developed to aid with high ✓ Used to dissipate attempts of invasion
calculation requirements due to the ✓ Used in fireworks during significant events in
increasing rate of communication and trade China, to celebrate blessings and drive away
among nations evil spirits
❖ Julian Calendar
✓ Known as Republican calendar |M|||MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
✓ Lunar calendar that followed the phases of the - Bet -Between the fall of the Roman Empire and the
moon beginning of the Renaissance
✓ Significant in tracking seasonal changes; and in - Marked by massive invasions and migrations
astrology where they believed that the moon, - Wars were prevalent during this time

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- Developments were geared towards weaponry, ✓ This created many changes and additions to
navigation, mass food and farm production, and technology including steam-powered
health locomotives
❖ Printing Press ❖ Pasteurization
✓ Developed by Johann Gutenberg ✓ Process of heat processing a liquid or a food to
✓ Utilized wooden machine that extracted juices kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe
from fruits, attached to them a metal to eat
impression of the letters and pressed firmly ✓ Developed by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
the cast metal into a piece of paper which ✓ This has helped reduce transmission of
made an exact impression on paper diseases i.e. typhoid fever, tuberculosis,
❖ Microscope dysentery, etc.
✓ Developed by Zacharias Janssen ❖ Oil Refinery
✓ Guided by the principles used for the ✓ World’s first oil refinery in Romania (1856)
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years ✓ Samuel M. Kier – first to invent kerosene by
✓ Used for observation of organisms that were refining petroleum
normally unseen by the naked eye ✓ It was first used to illuminate homes
✓ Used to discovering new means of preventing ✓ At present, petroleum is widely used in
and curing various illnesses powering automobiles, factories, power
❖ Refracting Telescope plants and others
✓ First discovered by Hans Lippershey (1608) of ❖ Telephone
Holland ✓ Developed by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
✓ Galileo Galilei (1609) – known as the Father of ✓ Maintained connection and communication
with each other in real time
Modern Science - first used the telescope in
✓ It allowed daily discussions be addressed at
astronomy
the fastest time possible especially
✓ It opened new insights of outer space government concerns
explorations ❖ Mechanical Calculator
❖ War weapons ✓ Credited to Blaise Pascal (1642)
✓ Made for offensive and defensive techniques ✓ Creation of modern calculators paved way for
✓ Includes cross bows, long bows for long ranges easier arithmetic calculations and also
attacks resulted in the development of more complex
✓ Body armors were also made for protection in processing machines like computers
close range hand-to-hand combat ❖ Electricity
✓ William Gilbert first coined the word
|MODERN TIMES/INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ‘electricus’ in the year 1600 to describe
- With the increase of population demanded more the force that certain substances exert
goods to be produced at a faster rate, more when rubbed against each other
efficient means of transportation, more effective ✓ Benjamin Franklin did experimentations
communication means, and more developments on electricity and published in his book
in health and education
“Experiments and Observations on
- Industrial revolution was the transition to new
Electricity Made at Philadelphia in
manufacturing processes in the period from about
1760 to sometime between 1820-1840 America” e.g. lightning rod
❖ Steam Engine
✓ Invented in 1698 but credited to James Watt |PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
in 1763 - Despite being considered as a developing
✓ This was a way to turn heat into motion country, the Philippines also contributes to the
global advancement of science and technology
❖ Kampilan
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 ✓ Filipino sword ✓ Environment-friendly since it does not emit
✓ Considered to be the national weapon of any smoke and noise
the Moros of Sulu and Mindanao
✓ Used by Datus and Sultans as a symbol of
power, wealth and status
❖ Baybayin
✓ Used as indigenous scripts of pre-colonial
Philippines
✓ Influenced many historical events and
agencies i.e. the flag of the Katipunan
carrying a symbol which is a Baybayin
character; the emblem of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines; seal of the
Philippine Army and the Logo of the
Cultural Center of the Philippines
❖ Erythromycin
✓ Antibiotic useful for the treatment of
bacterial infections
✓ Discovered by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar in 1949
❖ Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
✓ By Dominic Chung and Lamberto Armada
✓ Mode of transport both in land and in water
❖ SALt Lamp
✓ Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp
✓ By Aisa Mijeno
✓ Environment-friendly light source that runs on
saltwater
✓ No risk of fire and no emission of toxic gases
✓ Beneficial for far-flung barrios by mixing two
tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water
❖ Medical Incubator
✓ By Dr. Fe Del Mundo
✓ She devised a medical incubator made by
putting native laundry basket inside a bigger
one
✓ Hot water bottles were inserted between the
baskets to provide warmth
❖ Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
✓ User and environment friendly
✓ The idea is to attract Aedes aegypti to lay their
eggs on the paddle
✓ The trap creates optimum conditions for the
mosquito to lay their eggs
❖ E-Jeepney
✓ Utilizes electricity instead of diesel