MALAYAN COLLEGES LAGUNA

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AT LAGUNA

CE122:HYDROLOGY
KRISTINE R. CERVANCIA, RCE, MSCE
kristinecervancia@yahoo.com
LECTURE 1: PRE- ASSESSMENT

• DEFINE AND ILLUSTRATE THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE When the moisture-bearing air is HOW DO THEY COOL?

cooled to its dew point temperature, -when moist air is lifted to a
the water condenses to form a fog higher elevation by the
Water evaporated from the or a cloud. concept of Ideal Gas Law
CONDENSATION
ocean is transported over the
continents by moving air IDEAL GAS LAW:
masses. Pressure and Volume = Absolute Temperature
and universal constant; pV=nRT

Since air pressure decreases as elevation

increases, air expands as it goes up and
EVAPORATION PRECIPITATION
eventually cooled.

HOW AIR LIFTING OCCURS?

Orographic Lifting- terrains (e.g. Mountains)

EARTH (LAND Frontal Lifting- cool air to hot air (e.g. sea shores)
AND OCEAN)
Convective Lifting- heated air (e.g. thunderstorms)
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Pagano, Thomas, 2002, HYDROLOGIC CYCLE,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255738266_Hydrologic_cycle
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Global hydrologic cycle is

represented in a simplified
way by means of “The System
Concept”
Most hydrologic system is
inherently random, because
their major input is
precipitation, a highly variable
and unpredictable
phenomena.

The statistical analysis plays a

large role in hydrologic
analysis.

Block diagram
representation of the
global hydrologic system.
LECTURE 2: WORLD WATER BALANCE AND WATER BUDGET EQUATION
1. State the significant idea on the world’s water resources based on the table of statistics
presented by the UNESCO. (CO2, CO3)
2. Enumerate the specific data required in a hydrologic study before indulging to a project
interfering the hydrologic cycle. (CO2, CO3)
3. Enumerate the components in drafting the water budget equation. (CO 2, CO3)
4. Differentiate the terms, catchment, watershed, divide, stream, groundwater, depression,
lake etc. (CO2, CO3)
5. Write down the appropriate water budget equation for a specific case of a hydrologic
process. (CO2, CO4)
6. Calculate for the unknown volume in a catchment based on the given area and catchment
area. (CO3, CO4)
7. Solve problems involving water volumes, input and output rate of water in a problem. (CO3,
CO4)
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

WATER BALANCE EQUATION

-quantitatively describe the inward and outward flow of water in a system

96.5% of all the earth’s water is in the oceans.

1.7% of all the earth’s water is in

the groundwater.

1.7% of all the earth’s water is in

the polar ices.

Freshwater supply could be renewed by

0.1% of all the earth’s water is in the HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
surface and atmospheric water system.
-immense solar distillation system

Estimated world water quantities

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Hydrologic cycle with global annual average water balance.

Average Water Balance in 1978

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Average Water Balance in 2005

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Given the world water balance below, estimate the residence time of the global atmospheric moisture.

GLOBAL ANNUAL WATER BALANCE

ESTIMATED WORLD WATER QUANTITIES
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Given:

GLOBAL ANNUAL WATER BALANCE

ESTIMATED WORLD WATER QUANTITIES
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Required: Residence Time

the average duration for a water molecule to pass through a subsystem of the hydrologic cycle

𝑆 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑇𝑟 =
𝑄 𝑇𝑟 = Residence Time
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Solution:
𝑆
𝑇𝑟 =
𝑄
From the table, Estimated World Water Quantities,
S= 12, 900 km3

ESTIMATED WORLD WATER QUANTITIES

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Solution:
𝑆
𝑇𝑟 =
𝑄
From the table, Global Annual Balance, flow rate of
moisture in the atmosphere in the form of
precipitation is

Q= 458,000 + 119,000 km3 / yr

Q= 577,000 km3 / yr

GLOBAL ANNUAL WATER BALANCE

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1:

Solution:
𝑆
𝑇𝑟 =
𝑄
Solving:
12,900
𝑇𝑟 = = 0.033 𝑦𝑟 𝑜𝑟 8.2 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
577, 000
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Basic Equation of Hydrologic Cycle

P
Region A P=Precipitation
Earth’s surface E=Evaporation
R1 T=Transpiration
Rg Eg Tg
R2
R=Surface Runoff
G=Groundwater Flow
Es Ts

Rg=Subsurface Flow
I=Infiltration
G1
I
S=Storage
Sg G2

s=Land Surface
g=Groundwater

Level of plastic rock

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Basic Equation of Hydrologic Cycle

Water Budget in Land Surface
(P+R1+Rg)-(R2+Es+T s+I)=Ss (1)

Water Budget in Groundwater

(I+G1)-(G2+Rg+Eg+T g)=Sg (2)

P-(R2-R1)-(Es+Eg)-(T s+T g)-(G2-G1)= Ss+Sg *

*(1)+(2)

R (Net Surface Flow)=R2-R1

E (Net Evaporation) =E2+E1
T (Net Transpiration)=Ts+Tg P-R-E-T-G=S
G (Net Groundwater Flow)=G 2-G1
S= Ss+Sg
CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Hydrologic Model Classification

Classification of hydrologic model.

CE122: HYDROLOGY- LECTURE 2: WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Hydrologic Model Classification

The four types of

hydrologic models.