CHAPTER 5

STEAM TRUBINE
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Function

Steam turbine generator (STG) is power conversion component of the power plant. The function of the steam
turbine generator is to convert the thermal energy of the steam from the HRSG s to electrical energy.

2. System design boundary

The system boundary of STG includes steam turbine, generator, related pipe & valve, I&C system and
lubrication & control oil system.

3. Main Equipment Specification

3.1 Steam turbine

A. Manufacturer : SIEMENS

B. Model : SST-900

C. Quantity : 1 Unit

D. Type : HP & IP/LP Turbine, Reheat, Condensing

E. Rated Power @ Summer Condition : 182,570 kW

F. Design Speed : 3,600 rpm

G. Efficiency (HP & IP/LP) @ Summer COND. : HP 87.4%, IP 94.3%

H. Shaft seal

1) Type : Labyrinth

2) Sealing Methods : Steam Sealing

3.2 Steam Condition

A. HP Steam Condition
ANNUAL
DESCRIPTION UNIT SUMMER WINTER
MEAN
1) Pressure Bara 106.0 96.7 96.4

2) Temperature °C 565.6 565.7 556.3

3) Enthalpy kJ/kg 3535 3544 3521

4) Flow kg/s 99.1 90.2 90.5

B. IP Steam Condition
ANNUAL
DESCRIPTION UNIT SUMMER WINTER
MEAN
 1) Pressure bar a 22.0 20.4 20.5

2) Temperature °C 565.4 564.3 555.0

3) Enthalpy kJ/kg 3612 3610 3590.0

4) Flow kg/s 111.9 103.4 104.6

C. LP Steam Condition
ANNUAL
DESCRIPTION UNIT SUMMER WINTER
MEAN
1) Pressure bar a 3.6 3.4 3.4

2) Temperature °C 257.2 257.3 258.8

3) Enthalpy kJ/kg 2980.6 2981.6 2984.5

4) Flow kg/s 9.4 9.9 10.5

D. Exhaust Steam Condition of IP/LP TBN

ANNUAL
DESCRIPTION UNIT SUMMER WINTER
MEAN
1) Pressure bar a 0.1350 0.0777 0.0758

2) Temperature °C 51.8 41 40.5

3) Enthalpy kJ/kg 2523 2479.2 2471.0

4) Flow kg/s 122.4 114.5 116.3

3.3 Stop and Control Valves.

A. Stop Valves of HP TBN

y Type : Poppet and Seat Type

y Quantity : 2 EA

y Diameter : DN 300

y Material : -

B. Stop Valves of IP TBN

y Type : Butterfly

y Quantity : 2 EA

y Diameter : DN 500

y Material : -

C. Stop Valves of LP TBN

 y Type : Butterfly

y Quantity : 1 EA

y Diameter : DN 400

y Material : -

D. Control Valves of HP TBN

y Type : Mülheim type

y Quantity : 2 EA

y Diameter : DN 300

y Material : -

E. Control Valves of IP TBN

y Type : Butterfly

y Quantity : 2 EA

y Diameter : DN 500

y Material : -

F. Number of Control Valves of LP TBN

y Type : Butterfly

y Quantity : 1 EA

y Diameter : DN 400

y Material : -

G. Control Method : EHC

3.4 ROTOR

A. Number of Rotors : HP (1) / IP (1)

B. Construction Type : Solid forging except for the LP exhaust

C. Rotor Critical Speed : Not within 3600 +/- 20% rpm

D. Rotor Material : HP : X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1

IP : 22CrMoNiWV8-8 and 27NiCrMoV15-6,

The IP rotor is welded

E. Number of Stages of Each Rotor : HP (13) / IP (12)

 F. Number of Blades per Stage : HP (108~137) / IP (52~121)

G. Length of the blades of the last step of IP : L = 1050.2 mm, Last stage of IP

H. Maximum Overspeed Design of Each Rotor : 3600 + 7% rpm

I. Materials of the Rotor Blades : HP (1~4) X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1

HP (5~10) X12CrMoV12-1

IP (1~3) X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1

IP (4~12) X12CrMoV12-1

3.5 CASING

A. Number of Casings : HP (1) / IP (1)

B. Manufacturing Materials : Cast Steel

C. Materials, Every Step of Blades : HP : X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1

or Nozzles of the Casings IP Inlet Casing : G17CrMoV5-10,13CrMo4-5

IP Exhaust Casing: P265GH

3.6 BEARING

A. Number of Journal Bearing : HP TBN (2), IP TBN (2), Generator (3)

B. Number of Trust Bearing : HP TBN (1), IP TBN (1)

C. Location of Thrust Bearing : 1EA between HP Turbine and Generator,

1EA between Generator and IP Turbine

D. Type of Bearing

HP Turbine Journal Bearing : Cylindrical sleeve type

HP Turbine Trust Bearing : Tilting pad type

IP Turbine Journal Bearing (Inlet/Outlet) : Cylindrical sleeve / Lemon bore

IP Turbine Trust Bearing : Tilting pad type

3.7 COUPLING

y Flexible coupling between HP turbine and generator

y Quill shaft between IP turbine and generator

3.8 LUBRICATION SYSTEM

A. Lube Oil Tank

1) Quantity : 1EA

2) Material : Stainless steel

3) Tank Volume : 13.0 ㎥

4) Initial Charging Volume : 16.5 ㎥

5) Lubrication Oil Standard : ISO VG 46

5) Electric immersion heater : 4EA, AC 460V, 5kW

B. Main Oil Pump

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Capacity :

3) Motor type : AC 460V, 45kW

C. Emergency Oil Pump

1) Quantity : 1 X 60%

2) Capacity :

4) Motor : DC 125V, 11 kW

D. Lube Oil Cooler

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Type : Shell & Tube with switch-over valves

3) Material (Shell /Tube) : Carbon Steel / CuNi 90/10

4) Design Pressure (shell / Tube) : 10.34 barg

5) Design Temperature (Shell / Tube) : 148.9 oC

6) Cooling Media : DEMI.(70%) + Propylene Glycol(30%)

7) Cooling water flow rate : 94.6 ℓ/s

8) Cooling Water Temperature (Inlet/Outlet) : 47 oC / 50.4 oC

9) Cooling Water Pressure Drop : 0.35 bar

E. Oil Mist Filter Unit

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%
 2) Filter : 10 micron filters with switch-over valves

3) Motor : AC 460V, 2.2 kW

F. Lubrication Oil Vapor Fan

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Capacity : 700 m3/h

3) Motor : AC 460V, 2.2 kW

E. Jacking Oil Pump

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Capacity :

3) Motor : AC 460V, 90 kW, Diesel Back-up Recommend

F. Squeeze Oil Pump

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Capacity :

3) Motor : AC 460V, 18 kW

G. Oil Purifier

1) Type : Filter Type

2) Oil purifying pump : 1 X 100%, AC 460V, 1.1 kW

H. Hydraulic Turning Gear

1) Type : Radial Piston Motor

2) Quantity : 1 X 100%

3.9 STEAM TURBINE CONTROL OIL SYSTEM

A. Control Oil Tank

1) Quantity : 1 EA

2) Material : Stainless Steel

3) Tank Volume : 0.4 ㎥

4) Control Oil Standard : ISO VG 46

4) Tank Heater : AC 460V, 1kW

B. Control Oil Pump

 1) Type : Variable piston pumps

2) Quantity : 2 X 100%

3) Capacity :

4) Motor : AC 460V, 12.6kW

C. Control Oil Cooler

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Type : Plate Heat Exchanger

3) Plate Material : Stainless Steel

4) Cooling Water Flow rate : 0.5 ℓ/s

5) C.W Temperature (Inlet/Outlet) : 47 oC / 49.5 oC

6) C.W Pressure Drop : 0.3 bar

D. Control Oil Filter

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Filter : 3 micron filters with switch over valves

2) Motor : 460V AC, 1.8kW

E. Accumulator : Two (2)

10. LEAK OFF STEAM SYSTEM

A. Gland Steam Condenser

1) Type : Shell & Tube

4) Material (Shell / Tube/ Tubeplate) : C.S / X2CrNiMo17.13.2/P265GH

2) Design Pressure (Shell / Tube) : 1 barg / 21 barg

3) Design Temperature (Shell / Tube) : 340 oC / 215 oC

4) Operating Data

y Flow Rate (Shell / Tube) : 0.2 ℓ/s (steam)+0.143ℓ/s (air)/75 ℓ/s

y Tube Side Temperature (Inlet / Outlet) : 70 oC / 71.3 oC

y Max. Flow Rate at Tube Side : 100 ℓ/s

y Pressure Drop at Nominal Flow : 0.41 bar

y Shell Side Enthalpy : 3081.5 kJ/kg

 B. Gland Steam Condenser Fan

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Capacity (Volume Flow x Head) : 0.28 m3/s x 4 kPa

3) Exhaust Damp Temperature : 78 oC

3) Motor : 460V AC, 60Hz, 3PH, 3.7kW

C. Cooling Media Bypass Valve

1) Cooling Media : Condensate Water

2) Valve Size : DN 150

3) Maximum Bypass Flow : 110 ℓ/s

4) Pressure Drop at Max Flow : 0.46 bar

11. OTHERS

A. Ventilation Fans

1) Quantity : 2 X 100%

2) Motor : AC 460V, 14.8kW

B. Generator Air Cooler

1) Quantity : 1 X 100%, four (4) cooler sections

2) Type : Side mounted

3) Tube material : CuNi 90/10

4) Cooling Media : C.W (70% DEMI./30% Propylene Glycol)

5) Cooling Water Flow (Normal /Min.) : 165 ℓ/s / 100 ℓ/s

C. Generator Stand Still Heater

1) Quantity : 1 X 100%

2) Motor : AC 460V, 3.2kW

SECTION 2 TURBINE STARTUP INSTRUCTIONS

1. GENERAL

The turbine is designed to be compatible with the characteristics of the heat recovery steam generators and
capable of accepting the steam at conditions varying from the nominal values with a reasonable margin
without damage the mechanical integrity of the turbine.

The steam turbine/generator is of tandem compound, reheat, 3600 rpm, HP turbine, IP turbine with LP steam
induction designed for variable pressure operation with HP, HRH and LP steam. The turbine is directly
connected to the generator.

All drain valves are designed to open/close during start-up and shut-down for automatic operation for
convenient start/stop.

All piping, flanges, and fittings are designed and furnished in accordance with ASME B31.1 and TDP-1.

The steam turbine generator is designed to endure a 20% overspeed without suffering damages nor abnormal
vibrations. The real factory overspeed test of the steam turbine rotor and its electric generator was conducted
using this value, and the real on-site steam turbine generator overspeed test shall be conducted at 110%. The
protections shall be adjusted between 109% and 111% over the nominal speed
2. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT STARTUP

A. General

The auxiliary systems related to steam turbine operation are as follows;

• Enclosure ventilation system

• Lube oil system

• Internal Drain system

• Leak-off steam system

• Sealing steam system

• Condensate system

• Condenser Vacuum breaker

• Condenser Evacuation

• Hydraulic oil system

• Turbine system (turbine controller, protection)

B. System Condition Requirements before starting

1) Plant

• Cooling water is available for oil coolers and generator coolers.

• Valves for generator coolers are opened.

• Condensate system and Air Cooled Condenser filled with water (normal level in Condensate
collection tank)

• Auxiliary boiler and electric superheater in operation

• Steam used for sealing steam is available and connected; pipes are drained and preheated. (Steam
superheat > 20oC, start of sealing steam system)

• Vacuum breaker valve is closed

• Vacuum pumps in operating

• ACC cooling in operation.

• Main steam pipes drained and preheated (Steam superheat > 50 oC required before turbine start)

• Min. required steam pressure and temperature are met.

2) Steam Turbine and Auxiliaries

 • Lube oil temperature > 15℃ (Thermostatically controlled oil heater in lube oil tank).

• Hydraulic oil temperature > 5℃ (Thermostatically controlled oil heater in oil tank).

• All valves are in position according to “base position list”

• Generator protection is reset, regarding other protections than reverse power.

C. Auxiliary System Start-up Sequence

FG Order ON Start-up conditions:

-Turbine auxiliaries in

Start FG Enclosure service

-Turning gear time >
2hours

Start FG Drain

Start FG Lube oil

FG Order ON

Start FG Turning gear Test emergency lube oil

Start FG Leak-Off Steam Reset Protection

Condenser cooling in Trip memory reset

operation

Test of trip valves

Start FG sealing steam

Full stroke test ESV

Close Vacuum breaker

Open ESV
Start FG Evacuation

Turbine run-up & excitation

Start FG Hydraulic oil

Synchronization

Loading

Steam Turbine in service

D. Lubrication Oil System, Direct Drive

1) General

The purpose of the lubrication oil system is to supply cooled and filtered oil during start, operation,
coasting down, and cooling down of the unit to:

y The turbine(s), which has a journal bearing at each rotor end, and a thrust bearing at the inlet end

y The generator, which has two journal bearings

y The turning gear

The figures below show principle arrangements.

2) Main Oil Reservoir

The lube oil reservoir is selected from a standard set of reservoir sizes, to provide a minimum retention
time of 4 minutes. The oil return line is entering a return compartment. From the return compartment,
the oil flows over a “ski-board” to the other end of the reservoir, allowing most air bubbles to escape.
The final air separation takes place as the oil slowly migrates towards the pump suction nozzles. The
impurities are led to the low corner of the reservoir bottom, where they can be removed by the lube oil
purifier or through the reservoir drain valve MAV10AA405. The oil system outside the reservoir has
substantial oil content during operation. Consequently the reservoir level is lower during operation
than during shut down. Emptying of the reservoir is done by using one of the AC motor driven main
lube oil pumps and draining through valve MAV30AA405. To avoid damage to the pump it must be
shut off immediately after sucking of air is noticed. The remaining oil is drained through the bottom
drain MAV10AA405.

3) Oil purifier connection

A connected oil purifier takes contaminated oil from the bottom of the reservoir and the cleaned oil is
returned through the upper connection. The suction pipe has a small drilled hole to break the “siphon”
and prevent the reservoir to be emptied by a malfunctioning purifier.

4) Oil heaters

The electrical heaters are used for keeping the oil in the tank at a minimum temperature for turbine
start. Weld in thermo wells make it possible to service the heaters during operation, without emptying
the oil tank. The watt density of oil exposed thermo well surfaces is kept below a certain level in order
to increase the lifetime of the mineral oil. Each heater is equipped with an overheat protection. A RTD
MAV10CT025 is used for control of the heaters.
5) Oil vapor fan

An oil vapor fan MAV10AN005 or MAV10AN010 keeps a slightly negative pressure in the reservoir
and helps removing the air from the oil. The return oil pipes from the bearings to the reservoir are
designed so that they are only partially filled with oil during operation. Consequently the bearing
housings will have nearly the same negative pressure as the reservoir, which prevents oil leakage out
through the oil seals of the bearing housings. Instead a mixture of air and oil vapor will be sucked from
the bearings to the lube oil reservoir. The oil vapor fan is provided with a mist eliminator to remove oil
vapor and return it to the main lube oil reservoir.

6) Oil coolers

The oil from the pumps passes through one of the two 100 % oil coolers. There is a single handle
non-interrupting three way switchover valve arrangement. The stand-by cooler can be cleaned during
operation. The oil temperature is controlled by a temperature control valve MAV30AA105 by-
passing the coolers and mixing hot and cold oil to correct temperature. The coolers are connected in
parallel booth on the oil side and on the waterside.
7) Oil pressure adjustment

A manual pressure-adjusting valve MAV30AA270 is installed to adjust the lube oil pressure. Setting is
done during commissioning. The set value can be checked on a pressure gauge. In order to minimize
the pressure drop during emergency operation, the oil from the pumpMAV23AP005 will by-pass the
coolers, temperature control valve and adjusting device and go directly to the filters.

8) Main Oil Pumps

The 2 x 100% main oil pumps are AC motor driven centrifugal pumps MAV21AP005, MAV22AP005.
Normally one of them is operating and the other one is on standby duty.

9) Emergency oil pump

The emergency oil pump is a centrifugal pump MAV23AP005 driven by a DC-motor. It gives a
pressure of min. 0.5 bar (e) (7.25 psig) and a flow of 60% of nominal flow. This pump is automatically
started from the pressure instrumentation (PIZA-MAV40FP925) and AC supply failure. This pump is
also used for cooling of the bearings if the AC supply fails.

10)Jacking oil pump for turbines, generators

Lifting oil is required for the bearings to the HP turbine, IP/LP turbine and generator, when starting to
rotate the shaft train. For this purpose the system is equipped with a jacking oil pump. The pump is of
type pressure compensated axial piston pump with variable displacement.

11) Lube oil Filter

 Before leaving the lube oil skid, the oil is filtered to 10 micron (absolute) in a dual (2 x 100 %) oil
filter MAV40AT005 / AT0010, equipped with a single handle switchover valve block for non-
interrupted transfer between the filter units. Only one of the filter elements is used at a time. The oil
filter unit is equipped with a differential pressure gauge/switch combination MAV40CP030 to give
alarm for dirty filter cartridges. The disposable filter cartridges can be exchanged while the turbine
generator is in operation. Draining, filling and venting of the filter housings can be made in a
controlled manner, avoiding oil spills. When changing a filter cartridge, the housing can be emptied by
connecting compressed air to the vent connection and the oil is transported back to the main lube oil
reservoir.

12) Instrumentation

Pressure

The lubrication oil pressure is supervised through three pressure transmitters. The transmitter
MAV40CP025/026/027 is used for alarm, trip and start of stand-by pump and start of the electrically
powered emergency oil pump MAV23AP005. The pressure transmitter MAV40CP025/026/027 is used
for tripping of the turbine and start of the electrically powered emergency oil pump MAV23AP005.
The pressure transmitter MAV40CP025/026/027 is used as redundancy in case of one pressure
transmitter trip. There is also a local pressure gauge MAV40CP520.
 Temperature

The lubrication oil temperature is supervised through three RTD´s MAV40CT005, MAV40CT015,
and MAV40CT020. The three RTD is used for alarm and for tripping via the turbine protection system
and for control of the temperature control valve MAV30AA105. The RTD´s are of dual type, and there
is also a local thermometer MAV40CT510.

Level

The oil level in the lube oil reservoir MAV10BB005 is monitored by a level gauge glass
MAV10CL025 and by the level transmitter MAV10CL025. High (H1) oil level alarm, low (L1) oil
level alarm and low (L2) oil level alarm is given by the level transmitter MAV10CL025.

B. Turning Gear

1) General

When the STG has been in operation, after a normal shut down, the turbine and the generator
must be turned slowly for a longer period of time, before it can go to a complete standstill. If
shut down too quickly, the following could occur:

- Thermal bending of the casing and the rotor

- Overheating of the white metal in the bearings

To avoid these, a turning gear device is used. The turning gear unit is installed to the turbine
bolted to the exhaust bearing casing.

2) Design characteristics

The turning device assembly has the following design characteristics:

• A complete turning assembly, integrated onto the exhaust casing, including hydraulic motor
and synchronizing clutch (SSS clutch).
 • The high-pressure oil supply comes from the separate high pressure pump in the lubrication oil
system through a valve controlling the engagement and the speed in turning operation.

• For emergency operation during power failure the high pressure oil can also be produced by a
hydraulic hand pump.

3) Description of the system

The hydraulic motor is attached by means of an adapter to the exhaust bearing casing of the HP
turbine. The input part of the SSS clutch is connected to the shaft of the hydraulic motor, the
output part to turbine rotor.
4) Operation

The turning speed on the generator/turbine shaft can be adjusted with the hydraulic valve. When
activated, the turning gear drives the complete shaft line by engaging the SSS clutch. A
hydraulic motor drives the HP rotor through the engaged SSS clutch.

The turning gear will be operated and engaged at zero speed of the turbine/generator and during
rundown. In the second case, the turning gear has to be started at a turbine/generator speed of
30% of the nominal speed. The only required external input is a signal for turning gear “on” and
“off”. When running up the turbine the turning gear is stopped at 30% of the nominal speed.

When the speed of the hydraulic motor exceeds the rotor speed the clutch engages automatically.
If the rotor speed exceeds the motor speed the clutch disengages automatically.
E. TURBINE OPERATIONS

The following description describes a Siemens SST-900 DRH (HP +IP) Reheat Steam Turbine Generator
(STG) unit. The purpose of this description is to present the standard start-up philosophy for the Reheat STG.
Terms refer to the international norm IEC 45-1.

Start-up of a reheat steam turbine generator set is limited by a couple of factors, the major areas of concern for
the steam turbines are to avoid high thermal stresses and manage differential expansion between stationary
and rotating parts without causing high steam temperatures at the turbine exhausts.

To achieve the desired performance and service life of the turbines it is of the utmost importance that the
instructions for start-up, operation and shutdown are observed.

3.1 Start-up Procedure

For all standard start-ups (cold, warm and hot) the pressure in the cold reheat line (CRH) shall be reduced to 6
bar (a). To achieve shorter start up times and avoid excessive thermal stress in the turbine it is furthermore
necessary to reduce the initial steam/HRH admission temperature (cold start and warm start) and to reduce the
high pressure (HP) turbine inlet pressure to 38.4 bar(a) (cold and warm start only). These measures require a
load reduction in the GTGs and HRSGs.

3.2 General

The HP turbine has a thermo-flexible "barrel casing" design. It is always (after the initial supply of sealing
steam to the shaft glands and the pre-heating described below) heated by admitting steam to the front end via
the inlet control valve. During the run-up from turning gear speed to synchronizing, there has to be a positive
flow of steam through the turbine.

The IP/LP turbine has a split casing design. Heating of the turbine is done by admitting steam through the IP
inlet control valve.

3.3 Ready to Start the Steam Turbines

Before the startup of steam turbine, the below conditions shall be checked and met.

Ready to Start the Steam Turbines

1) HP SH temp above 298 ℃

2) HP Admission pressure above 38.4 Bara

3) HP Admission temp - HP casing temp > -50 ℃

4) IP Admission temp - IP casing temp > -50 ℃

5) Steam Turbine Auxiliary System be ready

6) Shaft Speed >4 rpm more than 2 h
 7) No stop order Auxiliary sequence
8) IP SH temp above L2

9) Temp diff between LBB10CT020/025 less than 7 ℃ and above L 1

10) Condenser pressure below trip level (0.3bara)

11) No manual reset of Lock out relays needed
12) Remaining turbine trips ready for reset
13) Admission temperature and pressure below high limits according to "Conditions for turbine operation.
3.4 Start-up categories

Start mode TmHP TmIP

Cold start < 250 °C < 220 °C

Warm start 250 °C – 450 °C 220 °C - 400°C

Hot start > 450 °C > 400 °C

3.5 Turning Gear

It is important that the turbines have been on turning gear for an adequate amount of time before run-up, even
when the turbines are cold.

Before run-up the turbines must have been on turning gear for at least 2 hours, preferably longer if the turbines
have been out of service for more than one week.

3.6 HRSG Start-up

Before the initial firing of the gas turbine generator supplying hot gases to the heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG), the vacuum in the air cooled condenser (ACC) shall be increased under 0.5 bara by the operation of
two (2) vacuum pumps. If not, no steam generated in HRSG is allowed to enter the STG-Condenser System
and initial steam, HRH, IP and LP steam must either be vent to the atmosphere or led to a separate HRSG
blowdown tanks, the condensate drain tank and the flash tank.

All admission steam lines must be drained and allowed to be heated, so that dry steam will be available for the
STG unit.

3.7 Gland Steam System

A supply of gland seal steam is required in order to pull vacuum in the ACC (otherwise air will leak into the
system via the turbine shaft seals).

For the Plant start-up, the auxiliary boiler is first started and then the gland seal steam is taken from the
auxiliary steam line supplied from the auxiliary boiler.
 After GTG start-up, the steam condition can meet the below condition, the auxiliary boiler can be stopped and
the gland seal steam is supplied from the CRH line.

y The HP steam flow rate is over 10 t/h

y CRH line pressure would be approx. 6.0 bara. This steam is supplied via a by-pass of HP TBN bypass
valve, equipped with desuperheating spray

y The CRH Line temperature is higher than 200 oC.

The lowest permissible steam pressure before opening the gland steam supply control

valve is 5 bara and the normal operating pressure is 6~10 barg..

The steam supply must always be minimum 20 C (36 F) superheated, measured in front of

last drain in the steam supply. If extreme short start up times are not needed, a

superheat of at least 50 C (80 F) is recommended.

The steam supply temperature must not be more than 200 C (360 F) lower than the

turbine casing temperature. For loads higher than 30 % of nominal, minimum temperature

is set by the maximum moisture limitations shown in the Conditions for Turbine

Operation .

Gland steam must be available at connections according to Steam Turbine requirements. The turbine drains
must be open and the gland steam leak-off condenser must have a cooling water (condensate) flow, before
steam is supplied to the turbine seals.

The turning gear must remain operating while gland seal steam is supplied.

3.8 Condenser Evacuation

As soon as the turbine is supplied with gland seal steam, the condenser evacuation (pulling of vacuum) can
start. When the condenser pressure is down below 0.5 bar(a) (7.25 psi(a) or 14.7 "Hg(A)), steam may be
dumped to the condenser. While dumping steam, the condenser pressure must not exceed 0.6 bar(a) (8.7 psi(a)
or 17.7 "Hg(A)).

3.9 Steam By-pass System (Steam pressure reducing valves)

There are three by-pass systems with water spray arrangements. One HP bypass from the HP steam line to the
CRH line, one HRH by-pass from the HRH steam line to the duct of the air cooled condenser (ACC) and one
LP by-pass from the LP steam line to the duct of the air cooled condenser (ACC). However, the HRH by-pass
valve(s) to the condenser must be able to maintain a maximum pressure of 6 bar(a) in the cold reheat line
 during all type of turbine start-up and minimum load operation.

3.10 Pre-heating of HP turbine

At cold start-up when the HP turbine metal temperature is below 150°C (302°F) the HP turbine will be pre-
heated from the exhaust end. The pre-heating valve in the turbine exhaust opens and pressurizes the HP
turbine, the steam that enters the HP turbine will condensate and heat the HP turbine casing to saturation
temperature. At the same time as the pre-heating valve is opened the valve in the pressure release line is
closed.

The pre-heating period should be at least 10 minutes. The pre-heating valve in the HP turbine exhaust is open
until 95% of rotor speed is reached during run up.

3.11 Steam conditions for steam turbine start-up

The initial steam and HRH steam lines should be completely drained and heated all the way to the emergency
stop valves.

5) Pressure

Typically, the lowest permissible steam pressure before opening of the steam

turbine ESV is 35 % of the rated pressure. The turbine controller is equipped

with a limiter preventing turbine start at a lower pressure level.

The turbine controller is also equipped with a minimum boiler pressure limiter,

which during normal operation follows the actual pressure (5 % of nominal

pressure) and will come into action only if the pressure drops rapidly.

6) Temperature

The steam temperatures at all emergency stop valves to the turbines should be at least 50°C (90°F) above
the saturation temperature. In addition, at hot and warm starts the steam temperature should not be lower
than 50°C (90°F) below the actual HP and IP/LP turbine casing metal temperatures.

During cold and warm starts the initial steam and HRH admission steam temperatures must be reduced to
protect the turbines from high thermal stresses, avoid high temperatures in the exhaust and to manage
differential expansion between rotating and stationary parts. Maximum admission temperatures (initial
and HRH) during run-up is 400°C (752°F) for a cold start and 450°C (842°F) for a warm start.

7) Flow
 The minimum permissible boiler steam flow is approximately 10-15 % of rated

flow before opening of the steam turbine ESV. The minimum flow is determined

by a minimum continuous output level, corresponding to 10 % of the most

economical load, in order to protect the turbine from high exhaust temperature.

For backpressure units the minimum flow, corresponding to 10 % of the design

load, is normally higher and will be defined for each specific order.

3.12 Steam turbine start-up

When all conditions for turbine operation are fulfilled (e.g. steam pressure and temperature) the emergency
stop valves can be opened. Prior to opening the HP turbine emergency stop valve the CRH pressure must be
lowered to maximum 6 bara (87 psia). This is necessary in order to protect the HP turbine last stages from
overheating due to ventilation. The CRH pressure must be kept below 6 bara (87 psia) during the run-up and
initial loading. The pressure can then be increased as the turbine generator is loaded.

The steam turbine control system will calculate a suitable pressure set point for the bypass system and the set
point can be provided to the by-pass pressure controller.

To begin run-up the HP turbine inlet control valve opens to admit a small steam flow through the HP turbine
and at the same time the IP turbine inlet control valve opens to admit HRH steam to the IP turbine.

During run-up and initial loading the control valves of the HP and IP turbine are coordinated to ensure that a
proper load balance is maintained during start-up. After the generator has been synchronized with the external,
frequency holding network, the HP and IP inlet control valves will open to admit more steam and load the
STG according to the appropriate load curve. The dumping of initial steam and HRH steam will at some point
(depending on GTG load) be eliminated as the STG is loaded.

The admission steam to the LP-section of the IP/LP turbine can be opened (requires prior draining and heating
of the LP admission steam pipes) when the pressure at the admission location in the turbine has reached 20%
of its normal value.

After reaching rated speed, the operator can initiate an automatic synchronization for the steam turbine
generator. After synchronization, the steam turbine will send a signal to the DCS that the inlet pressure
control mode is on. Once this occurs, the HP and HRH bypass valves switch to over pressure control mode
and should close. Assuming no stress limitations, the steam turbine control valves will control the pressure up
to the point where they become wide open. Beyond this point, the gas turbine load will determine the steam
turbine load. If the supplementary firing facility in HRSGs will be operated to meet the load demand, the
steam pressure and flow rate at the inlet of steam turbine will be increased in accordance with the load demand
 of CFE.

3.13 Permitted Voltage and Frequency Variation for Steam Turbine Generators

Specified temperatures in the generator will not be exceeded at rated voltage and frequency. At other operating
points within the hatched area (zone A) the specified generator temperatures can be exceeded by up to 10°K.
The turbine blading will not be subjected to any harmful resonances within the hatched area.

Operating limits according to IEC60034-3 "Specific requirements for turbine-type synchronous machines".

At operation outside the hatched area (zone A) but inside the dotted lines (zone B) the temperature rise in the
generator will further increase. The turbine blading may also be subject for resonances. Operation in that area
(zone B) must therefore be limited.

Within the dotted areas (zone B) operation is limited to max. 30 minutes each time and max. 2 hours
accumulated per year.

Operation outside the frequency limits is not permitted under any circumstances.

3.14 Steam chemistry specification for steam turbine operation

A. General conditions

It is a general specification valid for normal plant operation. It is not applicable for plant start-up. The
criteria should be reviewed for each specific application as well as at commissioning.
 The steam/water cycle should be operated with the lowest, reasonably achievable impurity levels, with
as few and as short excursions as possible.

The reasons for significant deviations from the established normal level during steady state should
always be investigated, even when the value of the parameter in question is within the specification.

The quality of the feed and boiler water must always allow achievement of the required steam purity,
while fulfilling the specification of the boiler manufacturer.

F. Abbreviations used in tables

Action levels

N Normal value.

Normal values are usually consistent with long-term system reliability.

A1 Action level 1.

There is a potential for the accumulation of contaminants and corrosion. Return to normal values
within 1 week. Maximum allowable exposure is 2 cumulative weeks per year, excluding start-up
conditions.

A2 Action level 2.

Accumulation of impurities and corrosion will occur. Return to normal levels within 24
hours. Maximum allowable exposure is 48 hours per year, excluding start-up conditions.

S Immediate Shutdown.

The system should be shut down as soon as possible to avoid damage.

An = Analytical supervision, minimum requirements

• C = continuous

• M= manual (grab samples)

• T = trouble shooting or diagnosis only

Materials in steam/water cycle

Cu Copper-alloy heat exchanger tubes, especially preheater tubes

Ferrous Heat exchangers free from copper alloy tubes

All conductivities and pH values are referred to 25 °C.

G. Boiler water(Phosphate treatment)

The tables below give the preferred choice for phosphate treatment of drum boilers. Phosphate
treatment is usually not recommended at boiler pressures above 150 bars.
Appropriate sections of other guidelines may also be adopted:

- VGB guidelines R 450L / 1988

- EPRI Guidelines TR-110051, TR-103665

- Approved specifications of boiler suppliers approved by Siemens

Note: These guidelines do not apply to the low-pressure (LP) drum if used as a feedwater tank. In
such a case, LP boiler water guidelines are the same as the feedwater guidelines.

Parameter Unit N An Comments

Phosphate as PO4 * ppm 3-9 M Pressure dependent according to
below table
pH ** - 9.3-10.1 C Dependent on phosphate level.
See below table.
Shutdown at pH < 7.0.

Specific conductivity µS/cm C Mainly dependent on phosphate

*** level.
See below table.
Cation conductivity µS/cm C Mainly dependent on phosphate
*** level. See below table.

Silica as SiO2 ppm M Dependent on pressure and design.

See below table

*The phosphate content must always be compatible with the steam purity requirements for sodium
as sodium may be transferred from the boiler water to the steam by mechanical as well as by
vaporous carry- over.

**The pH of the boiler water should be at least 0.2 units above the pH of the feedwater to
ensure buffer capacity provided by phosphate.

***Both specific and cation conductivity may be monitored. It is usually sufficient to monitor either
or.

Boiler water – Phosphate content as a function of boiler pressure

Pressure (bar) ≤ 40 60 80 100 120 140
Phosphate as PO4, ppm * 2-9 2-8 2-7 2-6 2-5 2-4

*The phosphate content should preferably be closer to the upper than the lower limit. Steam purity

requirements or hideout problems may, however, make it necessary to operate closer to the lower
limit. Asomewhat higher phosphate content may sometimes be allowed in plants without reheat.
C. Requirements - Superheated steam and reheat steam (at boiler outlet)

Parameter Unit N N A1 A2 S An
Cu Ferrous
Conductivity after
µS/cm < 0.30 0.3-0.5 0.5-1 >1 C
cation exchanger *
Specific conductivity µS/cm 3-6 4-11 - - - T
pH-value ** - 9.0-9.3 9.2-9.6 - M
Sodium as Na *** ppb < 10 10-20 20-40 > 40 C

≥ 20
Silica as SiO2 ppb < 20 - - M
****
Iron as Fe ppb < 20 - - - M
Copper as Cu ppb <3 - - - T

* Decomposition of organic compounds may result in cation conductivity exceeding the

normal value. This is acceptable provided that analysis of sodium indicates that the high
cation conductivity is not due to excessive levels of aggressive compounds like sodium
chloride, sodium sulphate or sodium hydroxide and as long as the pH-value is within the
specification.

Monitor, which may be used for analysis of either superheated or saturated steam at each
pressure level with monitoring on superheated steam as default.

** May be substituted by supervision of condensate pH at condensate pump discharge.

*** A sodium level at or below a few ppbs is expected during stable conditions.

Monitor, which may be used for analysis of either superheated or saturated steam at each
pressure level with monitoring on superheated steam as default.

**** Time permitted above 20 ppb: [hours]•[ppb SiO2 - 20] < 105. Turbine silica deposits may
be expected if this value has been exceeded. Checking turbine pressure and efficiency and
possibly turbine cleaning should be considered.
3.15 Normal operation

The steam turbine is designed to operate as the below operating mode

1) Variable pressure operation

In the range of 100%~25% of rated power, the control valve of HP steam is wide opened and the
steam turbine load is directly controlled by the main steam pressure and temperature according to
gas turbine load control.

2) Fixed pressure operation

In the range of under the 25% load, the steam pressure is controlled at minimum pressure according
to the requirement of steam turbine supplier.

3.16 Pressure release line

When the STG is stopped, the valve in the pressure release line from the HP turbine exhaust to the ACC
will open, the check valves will close and allow the HP turbine to coast down with ACC pressure in the
exhaust.

This is done to protect the HP turbine last stages from overheating due to ventilation. The valve in the
pressure release line closes when pre-heating of the HP turbine begins at a cold start or prior to opening
the ESV for a warm and hot start.
H. AUTOMATIC START/STOP OF TURBINE AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT
 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 1 (13)

Automatic start and stop of Steam turbine & auxiliaries

Contents:

General ......................................................................................................................2

Conditional Requirements for Automatic start...........................................................3

Overview of the automatic sequences..........................................................................4

Selections and settings for the sequence ......................................................................4

Step Interlocks and Supervision .................................................................................5

Start of the Automatic sequences................................................................................5

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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

Test of protection system ............................................................................................6

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Restart after trip ........................................................................................................6

Auxiliary systems Sequence, CJK10 ...........................................................................7

Steam Turbine Sequence, CJK20 .............................................................................11

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Based on: 4400-16E:3 Author DRS/ Robert Staaf

Ref.des.: Appr. DR/Jari Nyqvist
Doc. Kind.: DB101 System description Language en
 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 2 (13)

General

This is a description of a standard sequence program for automatic start and stop of the
steam turbine and its auxiliary systems.
The following systems are controlled by the sequence control (if included in scope of
supply).

• Enclosure ventilation system

• Lube oil system
• Internal Drain system
• Leak-off steam system
• Sealing steam system
• Condensate system
• Condenser Vacuum breaker
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• Condenser Evacuation
contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

• Hydraulic oil system

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

• Turbine system (turbine controller, protection)

• Other parts of the plant must be co-ordinated and controlled elsewhere, such as start of
boiler, preheating/pressurising of steam lines, opening of turbine bypass*. In the
process flow diagram below, systems marked with dashed lines are not controlled by
this automatic sequence.

*A signal is given from turbine protection when it is allowed to open the turbine bypass.
ADMISSION STEAM

COOLING WATER

TURBINE BYPASS

GENERATOR
COOLERS

LUBE OIL
COOLERS STEAM TURBINE
G
∼ GEAR

SEALING VACUUM BREAKING

STEAM EVACUATION

COOLING
WATER
LEAK-OFF STEAM

CONDENSATE

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

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Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 3 (13)

Conditional Requirements for Automatic start

Plant (other suppliers):

• Cooling water is available for oil coolers and generator coolers (ag). Valves for
generator coolers are opened.
• Condenser cooling in operation (cooling water)
• Steam used for sealing steam is available and connected; pipes are drained and
preheated. (Steam superheat > 20o C required before step 7, start of sealing steam
system)
• Main steam pipes drained and preheated (Steam superheat > 50o C required before
turbine start)
• Condensate system and condenser filled with water (normal level in Condenser)
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third
Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Steam Turbine and Auxiliaries:

• Lube oil temperature > 15o C (Thermostatically controlled oil heater in lube oil tank).
• Hydraulic oil temperature > 5o C (Thermostatically controlled oil heater in oil tank).
• All valves are in position according to “base position list”
• Generator protection is reset, regarding other protections than reverse power.

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

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Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 4 (13)

Overview of the automatic sequences

After necessary preparations and checks according to operating instruction, the operator
activates the automatic start-up or stop from the operator station. There are two Function
Groups (FG) used for control of the sequences, FG Turbine Auxiliaries and FG Turbine.
The sequences are activated for start or stop by ordering the corresponding Function
Group ON or OFF. A detailed description of the sequences is given under the sections
"Auxiliary Systems Sequence" and "Steam Turbine Sequence" respectively. An overview
of start and stop is given in the figure below:

FG Turbine Auxiliaries

ON OFF
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third
Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Turb. Auxiliary seq Turb. Auxiliary seq

Start of auxiliary Turbine Auxiliary systems in operation Stop of auxiliary
systems systems

Turbine seqence: Turbine seqence:

Turbine run-up, Turbine in Turbine unloading or
synchronization and operation trip, coasting down
loading to gear operation

ON OFF

FG Steam Turbine

Selections and settings for the sequence

• Selection of redundant objects can be made (such as lube oil pump).

• The operator sets the value for the "target load" (MW). The load is automatically
increased to "target load" by the sequence. Minimum setting is the defined "minimum
load" (normally 10%).
• The operator can control when and how synchronization is to be performed. By
selecting "MAN SYNCH" the sequence is held when ready for synchronization until
either synchronization is manually performed or operator resets "MAN SYNCH". Else
the synchronization is automatically performed as soon as conditions are fulfilled.

Earlier selections are preserved.

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 5 (13)

Step Interlocks and Supervision

Condition to continue with next step in the sequence is in general that ordered activities
have been confirmed. For instance, if the activity is to start a function group, the condition
to continue with next step is the "process feedback ON"- signal from the ordered function
group.

There might be interlocks on function groups or objects that prevent function

groups/objects to start or stop when order is given by the sequence. These interlocks are
not considered in the sequences, the sequence give the orders step by step and wait in each
step until feedback is OK for that step.

Each step has a defined maximum time. If this time is elapsed, without receiving
conditions for next step, an alarm is given.
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

Start of the Automatic sequences

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

There are two alternative methods to initiate the automatic start of Steam turbine and
Auxiliaries:
1. Manual initiation by the operator from the operator screen
2. Automatic initiation from an overall plant control system

The Function Groups "Turbine" and "Turbine Auxiliaries" are presented on the
"start/stop" – display on the operator screen together with an object display for the
corresponding sequence. Here the sequences can be started or stopped, and the automatic
actions can be followed step by step by selecting the object display, see figure below.

FG Turbine Auxiliaries

11: Turbine Auxiliaries in service

FG Steam Turbine

5: Open ESV

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

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4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 6 (13)

Test of protection system

Before turbine run-up is ordered by the sequence during start-up, some tests are
automatically performed. These tests are as follows:
• Test start of the standby AC lube oil pump
• Test start of the DC emergency oil pump
• Test of each trip valve
• Full stroke test of the Emergency stop valve

However, if “Quick start” is ordered after turbine trip, the tests are bypassed in the
sequence.

Restart after trip

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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third
Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

If a turbine trip occurs the FG Turbine will be ordered off and thereby is the Turbine
Sequence stopped. The stop sequence is finished when the turbine is on turning gear. The
Turbine Auxiliary Systems remain in operation. After taking care of the trip cause, the
turbine can be automatically started again by ordering FG Turbine – ON.

Reset of generator protection, overspeed, hydraulic oil and turbine protection is

automatically done by the turbine sequence. However, generator protection will only be
reset if the cause is reverse power. If any other fault than reverse power has been detected
by generator protection, actions must be taken locally.

"Quick restart" of turbine can be done without waiting for coasting down to turning gear
speed. If the cause to the trip can be immediately remedied, quick restart will be
performed when selecting FG Turbine – ON. In this case the tests of protection system
will be bypassed by the sequence.

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 7 (13)

Auxiliary systems Sequence, CJK10

Operator initiation of sequence FG FG Turbine auxiliary systems

for turbine auxiliary systems order ON CJK10EA901

STEP Start FG Enclosure ventilation

1

FG Ventilation feedback ON
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

STEP Start FG Drain

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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

-FG Drain feedback ON

STEP Start FG Lube oil

3

FG Lube oil feedback ON

STEP Start FG Turning gear

4

-FG Turning gear feedback ON

Start FG Condensate
STEP (Dummy-step if Condensate
5 system not included in supply)

-FG Condensate feedback ON

STEP Start FG Leak-off Steam

6

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 8 (13)

Turbine auxiliaries start

FG Leak-off steam feedback ON

Condenser cooling in operation

(External signal)
STEP Start FG sealing steam
7
FG Sealing steam feedback

STEP Close Vacuum breaker

8
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

-Vacuum breaking valve in closed

position.
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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Start FG Evacuation
STEP (Dummy-step if not included in supply)
9

FG Evacuation feedback ON

STEP Start FG Hydraulic oil

10

FG Hydraulic oil feedback ON

STEP Turbine Auxiliaries in service

11 (Condition for CJK20 Steam Turbine
sequence)

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 9 (13)

Turbine auxiliaries stop

Operator initiation
to stop turbine
FG
auxiliaries order OFF

Steam turbine sequence &

stopped
STEP Stop FG Hydraulic oil
12

FG Hydraulic oil feedback OFF

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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

STEP
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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Stop FG Evacuation
13

FG Evacuation feedback OFF

STEP Break vacuum

14

- Vacuum breaker open position

- Condenser pressure > 95%

STEP Stop FG Sealing steam

15

-FG Sealing steam feedback OFF

- Sealing steam pressure < L1

STEP Stop FG Leak-off steam

16

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 10 (13)

Turbine auxiliaries stop

- FG Leak-off steam feedback OFF

STEP Stop FG Condensate

17

-FG Condensate feedback OFF

STEP Cooling down

18

Casing temp < 120°C

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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

(OR cooling down time > 96 h in case of

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

failing temp. measurement)

© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

STEP Stop FG Turning gear

19

-FG Turning gear feedback OFF

-Rotor speed < 4 rpm

STEP Stop FG Lube oil

20

- FG Lube oils feedback OFF

STEP Stop FG Drain

21

- FG Drain feedback OFF

STEP Stop FG Enclosure ventilation

22
- FG Enclosure ventilation feedback
OFF

STEP END Turbine auxiliary sequence

23

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 11 (13)

Turbine sequence start

Steam Turbine Sequence, CJK20

FG Steam turbine
CJK20EA901
Start-up conditions: Operator initiation of Steam turbine
FG
-Turbine auxiliaries in service sequence by giving order FG - ON
order ON
(CJK10 step 11)
-Turning gear time > 2hours
-(Tmetal – Tsteam) > -50 oC
-Steam temp superheat >50oC
-Steam press. > 35% STEP Test emergency lube oil
1 pump
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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Test emergency lube oil

pump OK OR

Quick restart STEP

(Jump from step 11) Reset Protection
2

If quick restart, Jump to step 5

Trip memorys reset
&

STEP Test of trip valves

3

Trip valves test OK

STEP Full stroke test ESV

4

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 12 (13)

Turbine sequence start

ESV closed pos. (Test ESV OK)

OR
Jump from step 3
STEP Open ESV
5

ESV open position

STEP Turbine run-up & excitation

6
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

-Field breaker closed

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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

-Not Excitation trip

-F/O controller active
STEP Synchronization.
7

Sequence is HOLD, until manual

Manual synchronization selected
& synch. Reset or GCB closed

Manual synchronization not & -Select "Auto Synch."

selected or ON. -Select "Synch ON"

Generator Breaker closed position

STEP Loading
8

Load above minimum load

STEP
Steam turbine in service
9

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 ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL Doc. No.

Automatic Start and Stop Rev. ind.

4
Description STI No. Page
4400-16E 13 (13)

Turbine sequence stop

FG Steam turbine
CJK20EA901

FG
order OFF
STEP Stop or Trip
Initiation off stop either 10
manually by operator or
automatically by turbine trip Select Unloading
(Not applicable if turbine trip)

FG Steam turbine
CJK20EA901
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FG
contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

order ON
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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

&
-Not Turbine trip Jump to step 8
-Generator breaker not open ("Quick restart")
-ESV not closed

-Turbine tripped (low hydr.oil press.)

-Generator breaker open
-ESV closed

STEP Coasting down

11
FG Steam turbine
CJK20EA901

FG
order ON
& Jump to step 2
("Quick restart")
-Turning gear motor running
-Rotor speed < 300 rpm for a certain
time
-Rotor speed > 4 rpm

STEP END Steam turbine

12 sequence. Turbine stopped
(on turning gear)

SE-612 83 FINSPONG, Sweden Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

I. CONDITIONS FOR TURBINE OPERATION
 Sheet

1 (20)
Respons. dept Orig. date Reg.
CONDITIONS FOR TURBINE OPERATION
CONDENSING TURBINE RSC 2011-05-24 BB000011
SST900RH Prepared
Markus Jöcker Norte II
This document is issued in Pulse.

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL

2. OPERATING AREA

3. LIMITS OF VARIATION OF RATED CONDITIONS

4. RATE OF VARIATION OF ADMISSION CONDITIONS

5. OUTPUT LIMITATIONS
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contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

6. ADMISSION STEAM PIPE HEATING REQUIREMENTS

© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB
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7. START UP CONDITIONS

8. START UP

9. BY-PASS OPERATION

10. VACUUM BREAKING REQUIREMENTS

A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

Approved Latest revision/ date Archive HG

2011-05-31 Rev A: First issue 28,30 9722
Carl Månsson Rev B:Par 1c updated, Chapt. 2 operating area updated, Par. 7b, 7c, 7f, 7g
Checked updated, Chapt 8 Ps-low in diagrams updated (110824 MJ) No.
2011-05-27
Arne Karlsson 1CSD 482 259
5
 Sheet

2 (20)
Respons. dept Orig. date Reg.
CONDITIONS FOR TURBINE OPERATION
CONDENSING TURBINE RSC 2011-05-24 BB000011
SST900RH Prepared
Markus Jöcker Norte II
This document is issued in Pulse.

1. GENERAL

• These values shall be used for this specific turbine unit together with the general start up and
operation instructions given in the TURBINE MANUAL

• The full set of values for alarm, trip or limitation is to be found in the document "Setting list".

• More details about the instrumentation can be found in the document “Additional Settings for
Turbine Protection” (1CS108343)
• HP refers to the high pressure turbine (HP50RH).
• IP refers to the reheated medium pressure turbine (IP761).
• LP refers to the low pressure steam induction.
• Terms and definitions refers to IEC 45-1.
• Steam quality is specified in STI 0700-01E.
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© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

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a Initial conditions HP turbine

• Admission pressure
Rated 119.9 bara/ 1738.6 psia
Normal 119.9 bara/ 1738.6 psia
• Admission temperature
Rated 566.2 °C/ 1051.2 °F
Normal 565.4 °C/ 1049.7 °F

b Reheated steam conditions to IP turbine

• Admission pressure
Rated 24.7 bara/ 358.2 psia
Normal 24.7 bara/ 358.2 psia
• Admission temperature
Rated 565.5 °C/ 1050.0 °F
Normal 565.4 °C/ 1049.7 °F

c LP Induction steam conditions

• Admission pressure
Rated 3.98 bara/ 57.7 psia
Normal 3.98 bara/ 57.7 psia
• Admission temperature
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

Rated 260.1 °C/ 500.2 °F

Normal 258.4 °C/ 497.1 °F

Approved Latest revision/ date Archive HG

2011-05-31 Rev A: First issue 28,30 9722
Carl Månsson Rev B:Par 1c updated, Chapt. 2 operating area updated, Par. 7b, 7c, 7f, 7g
Checked updated, Chapt 8 Ps-low in diagrams updated (110824 MJ) No.
2011-05-27
Arne Karlsson 1CSD 482 259
5
 Sheet

3 (20)
Respons. dept Orig. date Reg.
CONDITIONS FOR TURBINE OPERATION
CONDENSING TURBINE RSC 2011-05-24 BB000011
SST900RH Prepared
Markus Jöcker Norte II
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d Exhaust conditions, HP turbine

• Exhaust pressure (back pressure)
Max 27.7 bara/ 400.9 psia
Normal 27.7 bara/ 400.9 psia
Alarm high 29.0 bara/ 421.0 psia
Trip high 30.4 bara/ 441.0 psia
• Exhaust temperature
Max 380.2 °C/ 716.4 °F
Normal 346.0 °C/ 654.8 °F
Alarm high (max 1.0 h operation) 400.0 °C/ 752.0 °F
Automatic shut down 420.0 °C/ 788.0 °F
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e Exhaust conditions, IP turbine

contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

• Exhaust (condenser) pressure

Normal 0.147 bara/ 2.13 psia 4.34 "HgA
Alarm high 0.230 bara/ 3.34 psia 6.79 "HgA
Trip high 0.300 bara/ 4.35 psia 8.86 "HgA

Alarm and trip level of the IP-turbine exhaust pressure are dependent on massflow in the turbine
exhaust. They are lower than the values given here for low load operation. The detailed alarm and trip
values are given in document “Additional Settings for Turbine Protection”.

• Exhaust temperature after blade row L-0

Normal 53.0 °C/ 127.4 °F
Alarm high (max 1.0 h operation) 85.0 °C/ 185.0 °F
Automatic shut down 105.0 °C/ 221.0 °F

• Exhaust temperature after blade row L-1

Normal 89.0 °C/ 192.2 °F
Alarm high (max 1.0 h operation) 180.0 °C/ 356.0 °F
Automatic shut down 200.0 °C/ 392.0 °F

f Operating area HP and IP TURBINE inlet conditions

• Area for pressure and temperature at turbine inlet is summarised in a diagram, see section
OPERATING AREA.
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2. OPERATING AREA

a Admission condition before ESV (HP and IP)

Curve 1: Rated temperature HP-turbine inlet
Curve 2: Rated pressure HP-turbine inlet
Curve 3: HP-turbine exhaust moisture limitation (VWO)
Curve 4: Start-up limit 50°°C (90°°F) superheat
Curve 5: Start-up limit low boiler pressure (38.4 bara)

Curve 6: Rated temperature IP-turbine inlet

Curve 7: Rated pressure IP-turbine inlet
Curve 8: IP-turbine exhaust moisture limitation (VWO)
Curve 9: Start-up limit 50°°C (90°°F) superheat
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Curve 10: Start-up limit low boiler pressure

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(VWO: Valves wide open)

Additional restrictions for admission temperatures and cold reheat pressure

during start up are given under sections “START UP CONDITIONS” and
“START UP”.

OPERATING AREA
600

550

IP HP
500
TEMPERATURE [deg C]

Curve 1
450
Curve 2
Curve 3
400
Curve 4
Curve 5
350
Curve 6
Curve 7
300
Curve 8
Curve 9
250
Curve 10

200
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

PRESSURE [bara]

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3. LIMITS OF VARIATION OF RATED CONDITIONS

a Initial pressure
The average initial pressure at the turbine inlet over any 12 months of operation shall not exceed the
rated pressure. In maintaining this average, the pressure shall not exceed 105% of the rated pressure.
Further accidental swings not exceeding 120% of the rated pressure are permitted, provided that the
aggregate duration of such swings over any 12 months of operation does not exceed 12 h.

b Initial and reheat temperature

The average steam temperature at any inlet to the turbine over any 12 months of operation shall not
exceed the rated temperature. In maintaining this average, the temperature shall not normally exceed
the rated temperature by more than 8 °K (15 °F). If, exceptionally, the temperature exceeds the rated
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temperature by more than 8 °K (15 °F), the instantaneous value of the temperature may vary between
contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

this figure and a value of 14 °K (25 °F) in excess of the rated temperature, provided that the total
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB
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operating time between these two limits does not exceed 400 h during any 12 months operating period.
Operating between limits of 14 °K (25 °F) and 28 °K (50 °F) in excess of rated temperature may be
permitted, for brief swings of 15 min or less, provided that the total operating time between these two
limits does not exceed 80 h during any 12 months operating period. In no case shall the temperature
exceed the rated temperature by more than 28 °K (50 °F).

c Comments to initial pressure and temperature

This section only deals with how much pressure and temperature can exceed the rated conditions to
fulfill design data for the pressure vessel and the hot components. The 12 months average not
exceeding the rated pressure and temperature does not mean that the average must be kept. It is
allowed to have 12 months average values falling below the rated conditions.

d Steam supply through two or more parallel pipes

Should steam be supplied to any terminal point on the turbine through two or more parallel pipes, the
steam temperature in any of these pipes should not differ from that in any other by more than 17°K
(31°F), except that during fluctuations not exceeding 15 minutes in duration within any four hour
period, a temperature difference not exceeding 28°K (50°F) shall be admissible. The steam
temperature in the hottest pipe shall not exceed the limits given in the preceding paragraph.

e Related Alarm and Trip levels for turbine protection

High temperature alarm: Ts,rated + 8 K (Ts,rated + 14°F)
High temperature alarm (trip after 15 minutes): Ts,rated + 14 K (Ts,rated + 25°F)
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High temperature trip: Ts,rated + 28 K (Ts,rated + 50°F)

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4. RATE OF VARIATION OF ADMISSION CONDITIONS

Inlet temperature variation shall be within following limits. The alarm and trip values for the
temperature rate of variation are set by the deviation of the actual admission steam temperature from a
calculated ramp temperature as defined below.

Table: Temperature gradient limits and alarm/trip set values

a) Initial steam temperature b) Reheated steam temperature
(HP turbine inlet) (IP turbine inlet)
increase decrease increase decrease
Allowed ramp +2K (+3.6°F) -2K (-3.6°F) +2K (+3.6°F) -2K (-3.6°F)
per minute (R)

Allowed step, +50K (+90°F) -30K (-54°F) +50K (+90°F) -30K (-54°F)
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momentary
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max 1 step/hour

Alarm +35K (+63°F) -20K (-36°F) +35K (+63°F) -20K (-36°F)

Trip +50K (+90°F) -30K (-54°F) +50K (+90°F) -30K (-54°F)

The alarm and trip values for the temperature gradient supervision are defined as the deviation (Dev)
of the actual admission steam temperature from the ramp temperature Tramp, calculated with the
allowed temperature ramp per minute (R) as follows:

Tramp = T0 + R x t ; where the time t is counted from the beginning of the temperature change.

Dev = Tactual – Tramp

T0 is the actual temperature at beginning of the temperature increase/decrease, if the deviation of an

earlier temperature increase/decrease in the same direction is balanced. The deviation is balanced as
soon as the actual temperature is equal to the ramp temperature Tramp. If the deviation is not balanced
Tramp is continued from the previous temperature change in the same direction (T0 and t are not reset).
Consequently, the deviation persists in that case so that a short change in direction of the temperature
variation can not reset the actual alarm and trip margins.
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5. OUTPUT LIMITATIONS
• Max. total generator output: 182.570 MW

• Max. output HP turbine: 45.29 MW

is supervised by pressure drop measurement over HP exhaust turbine section.

• Supervision of minimum cooling flow needed for HP and IP turbine is done by pressure drop
measurement over each turbine.

• Minimum continuous load: 31.43 MW. Nominal steam conditions assumed as follows:
- Initial steam pressure/temperature: 38.4 bara/520°C
- Hot reheat steam temperature: 490°C
- Condenser pressure: 0.075 bara
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Lower load is permitted during start-up provided that it is limited to maximum one (1) hour
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and the exhaust temperature is below it’s maximum allowed value (see section 1e).

The minimum load is depending on massflow through the last stage of the low pressure
turbine and limited according to document “Additional Settings for Turbine Protection”.
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6. ADMISSION STEAM PIPE HEATING REQUIREMENTS

Prior to turbine start-up the turbine admission steam pipes must be heated.
Heating lines of sufficient size shall be connected as close as possible to the inlet valves of the
turbines.

Drains are required before the valves at the HP- and IP-turbine.
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7. START UP CONDITIONS
a Turning gear
• Minimum inlet oil temperature for start of gear 15 °C / 59 °F.
• If not in operation, start turning gear at least 2 hours before running up.
• Do not stop turning gear until HP and IP metal temperatures are below 120 °C / 248 °F (about
120 hours after turbine shutdown).

b Gland steam conditions

• Temperature: 185 - 400°C/ 365 - 752°F,

not lower than 200 °C/ 360 °F below
the highest measured turbine casing metal
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temperature.
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• Pressure before gland steam valve:

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7 – 11 bara/101.5 – 159.5 psia

• Min. superheat: 20 °C/ 36 °F in the supply line,
50 °C/ 90 °F recommended.

c Preheating of HP-turbine

The cold HP-turbine shall be preheated from the cold reheat line during 30 minutes before running up
by opening the preheating valve (LBC10AA015). The process is a condensation heating. Preheating is
activated when the HP-turbine casing temperature is more than 30K (54°F) below the saturation
temperature based on cold reheat pressure. If another pressure is used for reference the calculation of
the saturation temperature is corrected accordingly to match the saturation temperature in the cold
reheat line.

During the preheating process a temperature of about 150°C to 200°C (302°F to 392°F) shall be
registered in the HP-turbine exhaust (saturation temperature). For this the steam pressure in the cold
reheat line needs to be between 6 bara (87 psia) and 17 bara (247 psia).

At a warm and hot start no preheating period is necessary.

The preheating valve (LBC10AA015) is closed at 95% turbine speed.

During preheating of the HP-turbine the IP-turbine is also preheated with help of the cooling steam
valve (MAW30AA110). This may cause the turbine speed to increase a bit until a speed limiter
throttles the cooling steam valve. No additional requirements on IP-turbine preheating are given.
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

Preheating of the IP-turbine ends together with the HP-turbine preheating.

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d Steam conditions
• Minimum temperature before turbine shall guarantee dry steam. This is depending on pressure
but can be expressed as min superheat.
HP-turbine: Min superheat: 50 °C / 90 °F
IP-turbine: Min superheat: 50 °C / 90 °F
• Steam temperature at HP-inlet not lower than 50 °C / 90 °F below metal temperature at
turbine casing inlet.
• Steam temperature at IP-inlet not lower than 50 °C / 90 °F below metal temperature at turbine
casing inlet.
• Steam pressure before turbine, see diagram OPERATING AREA.
• To follow the loading sequence curves in the diagrams for START UP a minimum boiler flow
capacity of 20% is recommended before running up.

e HP exhaust pressure
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To avoid over heating of the HP-turbine exhaust parts the turbine exhaust pressure shall not
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exceed 6 bara (87 psia) during run-up and synchronising.

f Condenser pressure
To release the running up of the turbine the condenser pressure should be below 0.23 bara (3.34 psia /
6.79 inHGa), see also section 9c “By-pass operation”.

g LP steam conditions, 3.98 bar(a)/57.7 psi(a) induction

Minimum temperature upstream the turbine steam induction shall guarantee dry steam. This is
depending on pressure but can be expressed as minimum superheat.
Minimum superheat: 50°C / 90°F

The steam induction is released at about 27 % load. The exact opening/closing is controlled by the
pressure downstream of the LP-induction valves, see document “Additional Settings for Turbine
Protection”.
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8. START UP
a Start-up categories
The start-up categories are defined by the metal temperature Tm measured at both HP- and IP-turbine
just before run-up begins. The metal temperature, which gives the slowest start-up curve defines the
start-up conditions:

Start mode TmHP TmIP

Cold start < 250 °C/ 482 °F < 220 °C/ 428 °F
Warm start 250 °C/ 482 °F – 450 °C/ 842 °F 220 °C/ 428 °F - 400°C/ 752°F
Hot start > 450 °C/ 842 °F > 400 °C/ 752 °F

The inlet conditions temperature and pressure at both turbine inlets are significantly reduced during
cold and warm starts as shown in the start diagrams.
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b Running up sequence
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Running up is guided by the start-up categories and shown as n/no curve in the below graphs. Run-up
is not allowed until Ts and Tr are greater than Tm-50 °C (Tm-90 °F). (Use turbine by-pass to raise Ts
and Tr). Delay in running up may show up due to low oil inlet temperature or high vibration level.
Time for synchronization is not included in the start-up graphs.

• The following speed range is not allowed for hold and must be passed through rapidly
according to start up curve:

2280 rpm – 2952 rpm (IP-turbine speed)

c Loading sequence
Loading times after running up and synchronizing are shown as N1 to N6 curves in the following
graphs. 100% load corresponds to rated load at the ambient conditions without duct firing. Loading are
guided by the metal temperatures TmHP and TmIP. Additional conditions to the enclosed start-up
curves:

• TmHP,IP = Metal temperature measured in turbine casings before run-up. (HP and IP)
• Ts, high = Max. steam temperature measured in the main steam line upstream the HP turbine
• Ts, low = Min. steam temperature measured in the main steam line upstream the HP-
turbine.
NB! The highest of the minimum temperature shown in the start-up diagram
and the temperature defined acc. to section b above defines the minimum
allowed steam temperature for start-up.
Tr, high =Max. steam temperature measured in the main steam line upstream the IP-
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turbine
• Tr, low = Min. steam temperature measured in the main steam line upstream the IP-
turbine.
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NB! The highest of the minimum temperature shown in the start-up diagram
and the temperature defined acc. to section b above defines the minimum
allowed steam temperature for start-up.
• Ps-high = Max. steam pressure measured in the main steam line upstream the HP
turbine
• Ps-low = Min. steam pressure measured in the main steam line upstream the HP-
turbine
• Pr = Indication of the pressure in the HP turbine exhaust. Actual value is depending on
the differential pressure over the HP turbine.
• N= Percentage of maximum total generator output (see section 5 “Output Limitations”)
• n/n0 = Actual speed / Synchronous speed

Minimum load conditions, see section 5 "Output Limitations".

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Cold start
Run up curve R3
Load Curve N6: TmHP OR TmIP less than 130˚C/266˚F

TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax

(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 220 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 428 662 752 752

Norte II Cold Start

600 150
580
3 1
560 140
540
520 130
5

Pressure (bara), Power (%), Speed (%)

500
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480 120
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460
440 4 110
2
420
400 100
380
Temperature (degC)

360 90
340
320 80
300
280 70
260
240 60
220
200 10 50
180
1. Ts, high (C)
160 40
6 7a 2. Ts, low [C]
140
120 30 3. Tr, high (C)
100 8 4. Tr, low [C]
80 20 5. Ps-high (bara)
60
6. Ps-low (bara)
40 7b 10
7a. Pr-high (bara)
20
0 0 7b. Pr-low (bara)

0 50 100 150 200 8. n/no (%)

Time (min) 10. N6 (%)
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

Start is regarded as complete after 168 minutes (N6) even though full inlet temperature is not yet
reached. At this time the admission valves are supposed to be fully open and bypass valves are
fully closed. Main and reheat steam temperature are reduced with steam attemporator.

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Run up curve R3
Load Curve N5: TmHP less than 250˚C/482˚F OR TmIP less than 220˚C/428˚F
TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 220 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 428 662 752 752

Norte II Cold Start

600 150
580
3 1
560 140
540
520 130
5

Pressure (bara), Power (%), Speed (%)

500
480 120
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460
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440 110
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4
2
420
400 100
380
Temperature (degC)

360 90
340
320 80
300
280 70
260
240 60
9
220
200 50
180
1. Ts, high (C)
160 40
6 7a 2. Ts, low [C]
140
120 30 3. Tr, high (C)
100 4. Tr, low [C]
8
80 20 5. Ps-high (bara)
60
6. Ps-low (bara)
40 10
7b 7a. Pr-high (bara)
20
0 0 7b. Pr-low (bara)

0 50 100 150 200 8. n/no (%)

Time (min) 9. N5 (%)

Start is regarded as complete after 150 minutes (N5), even though full inlet temperature is not yet
reached. At this time the admission valves are supposed to be fully open and bypass valves are
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

fully closed. Main and reheat steam temperature are reduced with steam attemporator.

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Warm start
Run up curve R2
Load Curve N4: TmHP <390 ˚C / 734 ˚F OR TmIP <350 ˚C / 662 ˚F

TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax

(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 220 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 428 662 752 752

Norte II Warm Start

600 150
580
560 140
540 1 3
520 130
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5
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500
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480 120

Pressure [bara], Power (%), Speed (%)

460
440 2 4 110
420
400 100
380
360 90
Temperature (degC)

340
320 80
300
280 70
260
240 60
220
10
200 50 1. Ts, high (C)
2. Ts, low (C)
180
3. Tr, high (C)
160 40
7a 4. Tr, low [C]
140
5. Ps-high (bara)
120 6 30
6. Ps-low (bara)
100 8 7a. Pr-high (bara)
80 20 7b. Pr-low (bara)
60 8. n/no
7b
40 10 10. N4 (%)
20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Time (min)

Start is regarded as complete after 100 minutes (N4) even though full inlet temperature is not yet
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reached. At this time the admission valves are supposed to be fully open and bypass valves are fully
closed. Main and reheat steam temperature are reduced with steam attemporator.

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Run up curve R2
Load Curve N3: TmHP less than 450˚C/842˚F OR TmIP less than 400˚C/752˚F

TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax

(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 220 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 428 662 752 752

Norte II Warm Start

600 150
580
1 3
560 140
5
540
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520 130
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500
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480 120

Pressure [bara], Power (%), Speed (%)

460
440 2 4 110
420
400 100
380
360 90
Temperature (degC)

340
320 80
300
280 70
260 9
240 60
220
200 50 1. Ts, high (C)
180 7a 2. Ts, low (C)
160 40 3. Tr, high (C)
140 4. Tr, low [C]
6
120 30 5. Ps-high (bara)
8
100 6. Ps-low (bara)
80 20 7a. Pr-high (bara)
60 7b. Pr-low (bara)
40 10 8. n/no
7b
20 9. N3 (%)
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (min)

Start is regarded as complete after 60 minutes (N3) even though full inlet temperature is not yet
reached. At this time the admission valves are supposed to be fully open and bypass valves are
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fully closed. Main and reheat steam temperature are reduced with steam attemporator.

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Hot start
Run up curve R1
Load Curve N2: TmHP larger than 450˚C/842˚F AND TmIP larger than 400˚C/752˚F

TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax

(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 220 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 428 662 752 752

Norte II Hot Start

6 00 150
1 3
5 80

5 60 140

5 40

5 20 130
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4 80 120

4 60

4 40 110

4 20

4 00 100

3 80

Speed (%), Power (%), Pressure (bara)

3 60 90

3 40
Temperature (degC),

3 20 80

3 00

2 80 70

2 60

2 40 60

2 20

2 00 50
10
1 80
1 . T s-hig h (C)
1 60 40
2 . T s-low (C)
6 7a
1 40
3 . T r-high (C)
1 20 30
4 . T r-low ( C)
1 00
8
5 . Ps -high (bara )
80 20
6 . Ps -low (b ara)
60
7 a. Pr -high (bara)
7b
40 10
7 b. Pr -low (bara)
20
8 . n/n o (% )
0 0
1 0. N 2 (% )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tim e (m in)
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Run up curve R1
Load Curve N1: TmHP larger than 500˚C/932˚F AND TmIP larger than 400˚C/752˚F

TMHP (°C) 40 130 250 390 450 500 Tmax

(°F) 104 266 482 734 842 932

N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
TMIP (°C) 40 130 0 350 400 400 Tmax
(°F) 104 266 32 662 752 752

1 3 Norte II Hot Start

60 0 150

58 0

56 0 140

54 0
4 2
52 0 130
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50 0
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48 0 120

46 0

44 0 110

42 0

40 0 100

38 0

Speed (%), Power (%), Pressure (bara)

36 0 90

34 0
Temperature (degC),

32 0 80

30 0

28 0 70

26 0

24 0 60

22 0

20 0 50

18 0
1. Ts- high ( C)
16 0 40
2. Ts- low (C )
14 0
7a
6 9 3. Tr-high (C)
12 0 30
4. Tr-low (C )
10 0
8 5. Ps-h igh (b ara)
80 20
6. Ps-lo w (bara)
60
7b 7a . Pr-h igh (b ara)
40 10
7b . Pr-lo w (ba ra)
20
8. n/no (% )
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 9. N1 (% )
T im e (m in )
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9. BY-PASS OPERATION
a General
When the by-pass is in operation without turbine operation there are some requirements which have to
be fulfilled for protection of the steam turbine.

• The lubricating oil system shall be in operation.

• The sealing steam system and the leak off steam system shall be in operation.
• The turning gear shall be in operation.
• The drain system shall be in operation.
• The condensate system shall be in operation.

For bypass operation with turbine operation the same requirements as for normal steam turbine
operation are valid.
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b Temperature
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The temperature requirements in the turbine exhaust are the same as for normal turbine operation.
c Pressure
The turbine sets the following limits for the by-pass operation. See diagram below.
At start-up when condenser pressure is less than 0.5 bara (14.7 inHgA) the by-pass system is released.
Before run-up of the turbine is initiated the condenser pressure must be below the trip limit given in
1e, “Exhaust conditions, IP-turbine”. See also section 7f.

Allowable Condenser Pressure for By-pass Operation

1.0 29.5
0.9 26.6 a) By-pass trip
Condenser pressure

Condenser pressure

0.8 23.6
0.7 20.7
0.6 17.7
[inHG]
[bara]

b) By-pass trip
0.5 14.8
with fast acting
0.4 11.8 pressure limiter*
0.3 8.9
0.2 5.9 Turbine trip
0.1 3.0
0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Turbine speed [%]
*It is allowed to rise the bypass trip set value as indicated in the graph if the by-pass is equipped with a (fast acting)
condenser maximum pressure limiter. The controller and the bypass equipment shall be fast enough to maintain the
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

condenser pressure at the set value even during disturbances (at varying condenser load, etc.). The controller/bypass station
shall be able to maintain the condenser pressure within +/- 0.05 bar from the set value. The maximum allowed set value is
0.1 bar below the bypass trip limit and hence identical with curve a) in the graph.

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10. VACUUM BREAKING REQUIREMENTS

The vacuum breaking system has the following tasks.

• Vacuum breaking is allowed when the turbine speed is less than 10% of rated turbine
speed.
• Full breaking of the vacuum shall be initiated at loss of gland steam supply when the
turbine speed is less than 10% of rated turbine speed.
• Emergency vacuum breaking. The purpose of this procedure is to decelerate the rotor
shaft down in the shortest possible time. When the vacuum breaking valve is opened, air
flows into the condenser and turbine.
The resulting rapid rise in pressure has a powerful braking effect on the turbine shaft
ensuring that the critical speed zones are passed through as quick as possible.
Vacuum breaking at steam turbine speed above 10% of rated speed may only be initiated
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in an absolute emergency (e.g. extremely high vibrations) by the operator manually

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activating the vacuum breaker. At the same time as the vacuum breaking is initiated a
steam turbine trip is made.
Automatic emergency vacuum breaking is made in case of durable high high vibrations,
on turbine or generator.
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J. ADDITIONAL SETTING FOR TURBINE PROTECTION
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Additional Settings for Turbine Protections
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Contents
1 General
2 HP turbine protection
2.1 Diagram “Minimum pressure ratio over HP blade section”
2.1.1 Protection against high temperature in the HP turbine exhaust
2.1.2 HP turbine low differential pressure, trip
2.2 Diagram “Allowed HP backpressure versus ∆p over HP turbine”
2.2.1 Ventilation limit
2.2.2 Maximum allowed HP backpressure
2.2.3 Rated HP turbine inlet pressure
2.2.4 Typical operation line
2.2.5 Turbine over-load limit
2.2.6 Set value IP by-pass valve (HP backpressure) during normal operation
2.2.7 Set value IP by-pass valve (HP backpressure) during start
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3.1 High temperature at IP turbine inlet shaft sealing

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3.1.1 Cooling steam control valve

3.1.2 Set value
3.1.3 Cooling steam control valve wide open and alarm high pressure at shaft sealing
3.1.4 Cooling steam control valve design
3.1.5 Alarm low pressure
3.1.6 Temperature control valve
3.2 High temperature at inlet part of the IP turbine
3.3 High mass flow at IP turbine exhaust
4 Minimum load
4.1 Allowable condenser pressure – Minimum continuous load
4.1.1 Minimum continuous load
4.2 High temperature in IP turbine exhaust end
4.2.1 Water injection preventing high temperatures
4.3 Minimum load for LP injection in the IP turbine
5 High condenser pressure
5.1 Maximum allowed condenser pressure
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Additional Settings for Turbine Protections
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1 General
This document deals with settings for some of the turbine protection. It is a complement to the
documents “Conditions for Turbine Operation” and the “Setting List”. It is the output from the
performance calculation group to the electrical and control design group where the information will be
implemented in the control system. The purpose is also to communicate this information to the order
execution department where it is refined for fitting to the “Operation Instructions”

2 HP turbine protection

2.1 Diagram “Minimum pressure ratio over HP blade section”

2.1.1 Protection against high temperature in the HP turbine exhaust

The rotor blades are the most critical elements to protect from high operating temperature as the
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ventilation heat is mostly produced by these blades. Measured high exhaust temperature will trip the
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turbine. The problem is to get a reliable temperature signal that can indicate these conditions. Thermo
wells in the exhaust hood or exhaust pipes might especially at low steam flow not register the worst
conditions due to stratified flows. The HP turbine is for this reason equipped with an additional
differential pressure protection that is active at low HP turbine steam flows. (Curve "Ventilation
limit…" in diagram in section 2.2 gives an indication of in which area this protection is active.)

2.1.2 HP turbine low differential pressure, trip

From the trip value set for the exhaust temperature a model for critical pressure ratio po/pexh is
established with help of inlet enthalpy Hoo, calculated with admission pressure and temperature,
measured pressure at HP turbine exhaust pexh and pressure upstream HP turbine inlet blading po. As the
pressure signals are registered much faster than the temperature signals in the exhaust, we include also
a delay function depending on turbine speed and exhaust pressure. We rely on this protection model
during low steam flow (low pressure ratio) as a complement to measured exhaust temperature. It is
only used at pressure ratio po/pexh < 2.55.
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Minimum pressure ratio over HP blade section po/pexh versus

admission enthalpy [kJ/kg] and exhaust pressure [bara]

2.7
Pexh=35bara
2.5
Pexh=30bara

2.3 Pexh=30bara
Pressure ratio po / pexh

Pexh=20bara
2.1
Pexh=15bara
1.9 Pexh=10bara
Pexh=5bara
1.7
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1.3

1.1

0.9
3 200 3 250 3 300 3 350 3 400 3 450 3 500 3 550
Enthalpy, kJ/kg

PMDA16_11, Edition A, diagram in section 1

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2.2 Diagram “Allowed HP backpressure versus ∆p over HP turbine”

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Allowed HP backpressure versus ∆p over HP turbine

Maximum allowed
35 HP backpressure
Alarm

30 Ventilation limit at
Rated inlet temp. Rated
Turbine trip Set value IP bypass HP turbine
Case 1
Backpressure HP turbine [bara]

25 Normal operation inlet press.

Case 2

20 Not allowed area

Case 3

Case 4
15 Typical
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operation
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10 Case 5 Turbine over-load limit

Inlet valve throttling

5 Not allowed area

0
Set value0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
IP bypass Pressure drop over HP turbine blading [bar]
At start

2.2.1 Ventilation limit

Background: See comments to diagram above under section 2.1.
In diagram 2.2 the limit is based on rated inlet temperature.

Turbine trip if temperature limit exceeded, see document “Condition for turbine operation”.

2.2.2 Maximum allowed HP backpressure

Alarm if pressure limit exceeded, see document “Condition for turbine operation”.

2.2.3 Rated HP turbine inlet pressure

Background: Here the inlet rated pressure is reached. The inlet pressure = back pressure + pressure
difference over the HP turbine blading.

Rated HP inlet pressure, see document “Condition for turbine operation”.

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2.2.4 Typical operation line

IP turbine inlet valves fully open.

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2.2.5 Turbine over-load limit

Background: When the steam flow through the turbine increases, the pressure drop over the turbine
goes up and the power output increases. If the steam flow increases too much, the last stages in the HP
turbine will be over-loaded. (In order to obtain these load cases, a lot of steam must be extracted from
the cold reheat line and dumped to the condenser).

HP inlet valves start throttling if over-load limit exceeded.

2.2.6 Set value IP by-pass valve (HP backpressure) during normal operation
During normal operation the set pressure is somewhat higher than the typical operation line for
avoiding opening of the IP by-pass valve.

2.2.7 Set value IP by-pass valve (HP backpressure) during start

During start it is necessary to quickly pass the not allowed area for avoiding high temperature at the
HP turbine exhaust.
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3 IP turbine protection

3.1 High temperature at IP turbine inlet shaft sealing

Cooling steam control valve to IP turbine

30

Cooling steam control valve wide open

Pressure at IP turbine inlet shaft sealing [bara]

25

20
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pressure at
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15 IP turbine inlet
shaft sealing

Set value
10

Alarm low pressure at

IP turbine inlet shaft sealing
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Pressure after IP turbine main inlet valve [bara]

3.1.1 Cooling steam control valve

Background: Steam from the HP turbine exhaust and HP turbine inlet shaft sealing is mixed and used
for cooling of the IP turbine inlet. The valve is closed at start and opened as soon as the main inlet
steam valve of the IP turbine is opened.

3.1.2 Set value

The pressure after the IP turbine main inlet valve gives a set value to the cooling steam control valve.
The set value is the desired pressure after the cooling steam control valve.

3.1.3 Cooling steam control valve wide open and alarm high pressure at shaft sealing
At start, the cooling flow is too low. The set value is higher than the valve capacity. The valve will be
wide open. The curve is shown only for the sake of finding the alarm for high pressure, which is set 1
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

bar below this curve. The alarm is taken away when the pressure after IP turbine main inlet valve is
below ~14 bara. Otherwise, below ~14 bara the distance between the curves for alarm and set value

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would be too narrow and the alarm could be activated by the normal fluctuations around the set value.
The only reason for having an alarm for high pressure is to notify decreasing steam turbine efficiency.

3.1.4 Cooling steam control valve design

The valve shall be designed to handle the following capacity when valve wide open: inlet pressure
10.3 bara, inlet enthalpy 3 301.7 kJ/kg, steam flow 0.51 kg/s, pressure drop 2% over the valve.

3.1.5 Alarm low pressure

In order to ensure the cooling steam flow to go in the right direction below the volute, the curve for
minimum allowed pressure also is shown. The turbine will be tripped if low pressure (alarm curve) and
at same time the inlet casing temperature is abnormal high (center temperature).

3.1.6 Temperature control valve

Background: The cooling steam flow from the HP turbine to the IP turbine is a mixture of steam from
the inlet and outlet shaft ends of the HP turbine. There is a risk for unbalance in the steam mixture
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resulting in a major steam flow coming from the inlet shaft end which will lead to high temperatures of
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the cooling steam. Therefore a temperature control valve is placed in the steam pipe from the HP inlet
shaft sealing. Temperature set value = 425°C. Alarm H1 = 450°C, alarm L1 = 400°C.

3.2 High temperature at inlet part of the IP turbine

Background: If the inlet main valves to the IP turbine are closed or nearly closed and the LP steam
injection valve is open, there is a risk for low steam flow through the IP turbine inlet which may lead
to ventilation and a temperature rise. A pressure difference (turbine inlet – LP injection) of 3.0 bar is
enough to ensure a sufficient (cooling) steam flow through the first stages of the IP turbine. Low
pressure difference throttles the LP steam injection.

3.3 High mass flow at IP turbine exhaust

Background: The exhaust stages are designed for a max allowable steam mass flow which must not be
exceeded. If this is a risk, the steam mass flow must be checked. There is a risk of over-loading the IP
turbine exhaust because of the high set pressure for Injection piping safety valve(s).

The protection has two limits:

• H1 = 4.4 bara at IP turbine flange for LP steam (alarm, LP injection valves start throttling)
• H2 = 4.6 bara at IP turbine flange for LP steam (LP injection valves forced closed)
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4 Minimum load

4.1 Allowable condenser pressure – Minimum continuous load

Allowable condenser pressure

2.5
Pressure at IP turbine flange for LP steam [bara]

2.0

Allowed area

1.5
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1.0
Not allowed area
Trip after 1 hour

0.5

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Condenser pressure [bara]

4.1.1 Minimum continuous load

Background: Low exhaust steam mass flow through the IP turbine in combination with high condenser
pressure may lead to unstable flow conditions for the exhaust stage leading to blade vibrations. To
avoid such conditions it is not allowed to continuously operate at a lower load than “Minimum
continuous load”.

Minimum continuous load is 31.43 MW if nominal steam conditions assumed as follows:

• Initial steam pressure / temperature: 38.4 bara / 520°C
• Hot reheat steam temperature: 490°C
• No LP injection steam
• Condenser pressure is not exceeding 0.075 bara
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If condenser pressure is higher than 0.075 bara, the Minimum continuous load increases linear with
condenser pressure as shown in diagram above.

Approved Latest revision Archive HG

2011-09-07 A. First issue 9720
Carl Månsson
Checked B. Diagram 2.1 and 2.2 changed No.
2011-09-01 C. Min.load and Diagram 3.1 corrected (110901 MF)
Markus Jöcker 1CS108343
 Sheet

9 (10)
Respons. dept Date Reg.
Additional Settings for Turbine Protections
NPB 2011-05-02 BB000011
Prepared
Malin Franzén Norte II
This document is issued in Pulse.

4.2 High temperature in IP turbine exhaust end

Pressure at IP turbine flange for LP admission steam

when temperature at IP turbine exhaust = 75°C

4.0
Pressure at IP turbine flange for LP steam [bara]

3.5

3.0

No water injection
2.5

2.0
We reserve all rights in this document and in the information
contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

1.5
© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Water injection
Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
IP turbine exhaust pressure [bara]

4.2.1 Water injection preventing high temperatures

Background: At low steam flows through the IP turbine, the steam in the exhaust end may start
ventilating causing the temperature to go up. In order to prevent a temperature increase, water is
injected into the outlet casing to keep the steam temperature below 75°C. The diagram shows the
relations between the pressure at IP turbine flange for LP injection steam and the pressure at IP turbine
exhaust when the steam temperature in the turbine exhaust is 75°C. During start-up, when the turbine
load has reached a point where the temperature is below 75°C, there is no need any more for water
injection and the water injection valve can be closed.

4.3 Minimum load for LP injection in the IP turbine

Background: Low steam flow through the IP turbine inlet in combination with normal LP injection
flow can lead to large thermal gradients in the IP turbine casing. The open-close sequence for LP
injection is as follows:
• Upload of turbine: LP injection valves are released to open at 1.2 bara at the IP turbine flange for
LP steam
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

• Download of turbine: LP injection valves needs to be closed at 1.1 bara at the IP turbine flange for
LP steam

Approved Latest revision Archive HG

2011-09-07 A. First issue 9720
Carl Månsson
Checked B. Diagram 2.1 and 2.2 changed No.
2011-09-01 C. Min.load and Diagram 3.1 corrected (110901 MF)
Markus Jöcker 1CS108343
 Sheet

10 (10)
Respons. dept Date Reg.
Additional Settings for Turbine Protections
NPB 2011-05-02 BB000011
Prepared
Malin Franzén Norte II
This document is issued in Pulse.

5 High condenser pressure

Allowed Condenser Pressure

0.35

Not allowed Trip

Maximum 5 minutes allowed
0.30
at any instance in this region;
with a total of 300 minutes
allowed during the total
working life of last blade row
0.25 Alarm
Condenser pressure [bara]

0.20
We reserve all rights in this document and in the information

0.15
contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third

© Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

Parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

0.10

Allowed without limit

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Pressure at IP turbine flange for LP steam [bara]

5.1 Maximum allowed condenser pressure

Background: Low exhaust steam mass flow through the IP turbine in combination with high condenser
pressure may lead to unstable flow conditions for the exhaust stage, leading to blade vibrations. At
increased steam flows the risk disappears. Thus the maximum allowed condenser pressure is a ramp
(see above) which increases with increasing steam flow. The high condenser pressure allowed at very
low loads is intended for start-up only.
A 087 0474-B 00-03 MS Word 97

Approved Latest revision Archive HG

2011-09-07 A. First issue 9720
Carl Månsson
Checked B. Diagram 2.1 and 2.2 changed No.
2011-09-01 C. Min.load and Diagram 3.1 corrected (110901 MF)
Markus Jöcker 1CS108343
K. GENERAL ALRM AND TRIP ACTION

(will be added at next revision)