Coordinate Geometry

Class X
Objectives
1. Cartesian Coordinate
system and Quadrants
2. Distance formula
3. Area of a triangle
4. Section formula
IntroductIon
What is co-ordinate geometry ?

• The use of algebra to study

geometric properties i.e.
operates on symbols is defined
as the coordinate system.
 Coordinate Geometry

 A system of geometry where the position of points on the plane is described

using an ordered pair of numbers.
 The method of describing the location of points in this way was
 proposed by the French mathematician René Descartes .
 He proposed further that curves and lines could be described by
equations using this technique, thus being the first to link
algebra and geometry. 
 In honor of his work, the coordinates of a point are often referred to as
its Cartesian coordinates, and the coordinate plane as the Cartesian
Coordinate Plane.
SoME BASIc PoIntS
To locate the position of a point on a plane,we
require a pair of coordinate axes.
The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its
x-coordinate,OR abscissa.
The distance of a point from the x-axis is called its
y-coordinate,OR ordinate.
The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are
of the form (x, 0) and of a point on the y-axis
are of the form (0, y).
 RECAP
Coordinate Plane
Y
3

+ve direction
Y-axis : Y’OY
2

X-axis : X’OX 1
X’ O X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-ve direction
Origin -1
+ve direction
-2
-ve direction
Y’ -3
Quadrants
Y

(-,+) (+,+)

X’
II O
I X

III IV
(-,-) (+,-)
Y’
Coordinates
Y
3

2
(2,1)
Abcissa
1
X’ O X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
Ordinate

-2
(-3,-2)
Y’ -3 (?,?)
 Y

(-,+) (+,+)
X’
II O
I X

III IV
(-,-) Y’
(+,-)
Ist? IInd?
Q : (1,0) lies in which Quadrant?

A : None. Points which lie on the axes do not lie in any

quadrant.
Distance Formula

Y-axis

Q(x2,y2)

y2

y1

P(x1,y1)

X-axis

0 x2
x1
 Distance Formula
 Let us now find the distance between any two points P(x1, y1) and
Q(x1, y2)
Y
 Draw PR and QS ⊥ x-axis. Q(xA2 , y2)
perpendicular from the point P on
 QS is draw to meet it at the point T
T
So, OR = x1 , OS = x2 , P (x1 , y1)
PR = PS = y1 , QS = y2
Then , PT = x2 – x1 ,
QT = y2 – y1 O R S
x
Now, applying the Pythagoras theorem in ΔPTQ, we get

PQ = PT + QT
2 2 2

Therefore

PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2
+ ( y2 − y1 )
2

which is called the distance formula.

Example 1: Find the distance between P(1,-3) and Q(5,7).

The exact distance between A(1, -3) and B(5, 7) is

Distance From Origin
Distance of P(x, y) from the origin is

= ( x − 0) 2 + ( y − 0) 2
= x2 + y2
Applications of Distance Formula
To check which type of triangle is
formed by given 3 coordinates.
and

To check which type of quadrilateral is

formed by given 4 coordinates.
Applications of Distance Formula
Parallelogram
Prove opposite sides are equal or diagonals bisect
each other
Applications of Distance Formula

Rhombus
Prove all 4 sides are equal
Applications of Distance Formula
Rectangle
Prove opposite sides are equal and diagonals are
equal.
Applications of Distance Formula
Square
Prove all 4 sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
Collinearity of Three Points

Use Distance Formula

a b

Show that a+b = c

 Section Formula
 Consider any two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x1 ,y2) and assume that P (x, y)
divides AB internally in the ratio m1: m2 i.e.
Y B(x2 , y2)
m2
PA m1 P (x , y) Q
= m1
PB m2
C
A (x1 , y1)
 Draw AR, PS and BT ⊥ x-axis.
 Draw AQ and PC parallel to the x-axis.
Then,
by the AA similarity criterion, O R S T
x
Section Formula
ΔPAQ ~ ΔBPC
PA AQ PQ---------------- (1)
= =
Now, BP PC BC
AQ = RS = OS – OR = x– x1
PC = ST = OT – OS = x2– x
PQ = PS – QS = PS – AR = y– y1
BC = BT– CT = BT – PS = y2– y
Substituting these values in (1), we get
m1 ( x − x1 ) ( y − y1 )
= =
m2 ( x2 − x ) ( y2 − y )
Section Formula
For x - coordinate
Taking
m1 ( x − x1 )
=
m2 ( x2 − x )
or m1 ( x2 − x ) = m2 ( x − x1 )
or m1 x2 − m1 x = m2 x − m2 x1
or m1 x2 + m2 x1 = x( m2 + m1 )

m1 x2 + m2 x1
x=
m2 + m1
Section Formula
For y – coordinate
Taking m1
=
( y − y1 )
m2 ( y2 − y )
or m1 ( y2 − y ) = m2 ( y − y1 )
or m1 y2 − m1 y = m2 y − m2 y1
or m1 y2 + m2 y1 = y ( m2 + m1 )
m1 y2 + m2 y1
y=
m2 + m1
Midpoint
Midpoint of A(x1, y1) and B(x2,y2)
m:n ≡ 1:1

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
∴P ≡  , 
 2 2 

Find the Mid-Point of P(1,-3) and Q(5,7).

Area of a Triangle
 Let ABC be any triangle whose vertices are A(x1 , y1), B(x2 , y2) and
C(x3 , y3).
 Draw AP, BQ and CR Y B(x2 , y2)
 perpendiculars from A,B and C,
 respectively, to the x-axis.
Clearly ABQP, APRC and C (x3 , y3)
BQRC are all trapezium,
A (x1 , y1)
Now, from figure
QP = (x2 – x1)
PR = (x3 – x1)
O P Q R
x
QR = (x3 – x2)
Area of a Triangle
Y A(x1, y1)
B(x2, y2)

C(x3, y3)

X’ O M L N X

Y’
Area of ∆ ABC =
Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC
- Area of trapezium BMNC
Area of a Triangle
Area of Δ ABC = Area of trapezium ABQP + Area of
trapezium BQRC– Area of trapezium APRC.
We also know that ,
1
Area of trapezium = ( sum of parallel sides )( distance between them )
2
Therefore,
1 1 1
Area of Δ ABC = ( BQ + AP ) QP + ( BQ + CR ) QR − ( AP + CR ) PR
2 2 2
1 1 1
= ( y2 + y1 )( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y2 + y3 )( x3 − x2 ) − ( y1 + y3 )( x3 − x1 )
2 2 2
1
= [ ( y2 x2 − y2 x1 + y1 x2 − y1 x1 ) + ( y2 x3 − y2 x2 + y3 x3 − y3 x2 ) − ( y1 x3 − y1 x1 + y3 x3 − y3 x1 ) ]
2
1
= [ x1 ( y3 − y2 ) + x2 ( y1 − y3 ) + x3 ( y2 − y1 ) ]
2
Area of Δ ABC
PROJECT

Mark coordinate axes on your city map and

find distances between important landmarks-
bus stand, railway station, airport, hospital, school,
Your house, Any river etc.
THANK YOU