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DRY Chapter PDF

This document discusses various topics related to drying including: 1) Classifying drying into batch and continuous methods and describing their mechanisms and processes. 2) Defining different types of moisture contents such as equilibrium moisture and bound vs unbound moisture. 3) Describing drying tests and the typical rate of drying curve with its four stages: initial adjustment, constant rate period, first falling rate period, and second falling rate period. 4) Explaining how parameters like gas velocity, temperature, humidity, and thickness of the solid being dried affect the critical moisture content and drying rate.

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168 views22 pages

DRY Chapter PDF

This document discusses various topics related to drying including: 1) Classifying drying into batch and continuous methods and describing their mechanisms and processes. 2) Defining different types of moisture contents such as equilibrium moisture and bound vs unbound moisture. 3) Describing drying tests and the typical rate of drying curve with its four stages: initial adjustment, constant rate period, first falling rate period, and second falling rate period. 4) Explaining how parameters like gas velocity, temperature, humidity, and thickness of the solid being dried affect the critical moisture content and drying rate.

Uploaded by

rameshpavalar123
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT IV -

Drying

• Drying– Equilibrium;

• Classification of dryers;

• Batch drying – Mechanism and time of cross through circulation drying,

• Continuous dryers – material and energy balance;

• Determination of length of rotary dryer using rate concept.


Drying refers to the removal of relatively small amounts of moisture from a substance which is
generally a solid.
Eg. Wet cloth dried by evaporation of its moisture into a stream of air.
In some specific cases, it includes the removal of moisture from liquids and gases as well.
Eg. Benzene liquid dried of its moisture content that was present in traces.

Definitions of Different Types of Moisture Contents:

(i) Moisture Content- Wet Basis: x:


This is defined as the weight of moisture per unit weight of wet substance (=X/1+X)*100.

(ii) Moisture Content- Dry Basis: X:


This is defined as the weight of moisture per unit weight of bone dry substance. (100X)
(iii) Equilibrium- moisture, X*:
This is the moisture content of a substance when at equilibrium with a given partial pressure of the vapor. It is the
limiting moisture content to which a material can be dried under specific conditions of gas temperature and humidity.
(iv) Free Moisture: X – X*:
This is the moisture contained by a substance in excess of equilibrium moisture. Only free moisture can
be removed with air of given temperature and humidity. It may include both bound and unbound
moisture.

Bound moisture. This refers to the moisture contained by a substance which exerts an equilibrium vapor
pressure less than that of the pure liquid at the same temperature

Unbound moisture. This refers to the moisture contained by a substance which exerts an equilibrium vapor
pressure equal to that of the pure liquid at the same temperature.

Critical moisture content: Where the constant rate period ends and falling rate period starts
Other Definitions:

Funicular State:
It is a condition that occurs in drying a porous body when capillary suction results in air being sucked into
pores. It generally indicates first falling rate period.

Pendular State:
As drying proceeds beyond funicular state, water is being progressively removed from the solid, the fraction of
pore volume that is occupied by air increases. When the fraction reaches a certain limit, there is insufficient
water left to maintain a continuous film across the pores. The interfacial tension in the capillaries breaks and
air becomes the continuous phase filling the pores. The residual water is relegated to small isolated pores and
interstices of the pores. This state is called the pendular state and it generally refers to the second falling rate
drying period.
Drying Operations:
Classification:
(i) Batch drying (ii) Continuous drying.
Batch drying is actually a semi batch operation as the solid to be dried remains stationary and the
gas phase is in continuous movement. It is an unsteady state operation.
Continuous drying is a steady state operation where both the solid to be dried and the drying gas
are both in continuous motion. It can either be a cocurrent or countercurrent operation.
Relationship between wet and dry basis: x and X:
Formula: x = Kg moisture / (Kg moisture + Kg dry solid)
=X / (1+X)
Or
X = x / ( 1-x)
Drying Tests:
The rate of drying can be determined for a sample of substance by suspending it in a duct or cabinet in a stream
of air, from a balance. The weight of the drying sample can be measured as a function of time.

Precautions to be followed:
Sample should not be too small.
The following conditions should resemble as closely as possible those which prevail in the contemplated large scale
operation:
(i) The sample should be similarly supported on a tray or frame.
(ii) It should have the same ratio of drying to non drying surface.
(iii) It should be subjected to similar conditions of radiant heat transfer.
(iv) The air should have the same temperature, humidity and velocity (both speed and direction w.r.t. the sample).
If possible, several tests can be carried for different thicknesses of the sample.
The dry weight of the sample should also be obtained.
Rate of Drying Curve:
(i) Weight vs Time

(ii) Drying flux vs Moisture content


The above plot consists of 4 stages:
Stage AB or A’B: Initial disturbances prevail in this stage.
Initially the solid and liquid surfaces are usually colder than the (ultimate)equilibrium temperature attained by
the surface, tS. In this case, evaporation rate increases as drying proceeds, which is shown by curve AB.

Alternatively, some times, the surface temperature may be greater than the ultimate temperatures. This gives
rise to the curve, A’B. As this initial adjustment periods are short, they can be ignored.

Stage BC: Constant rate period.

When the constant rate period ends, the solid reaches an average moisture content, XC, called the critical
moisture content. The surface film has been so reduced that further drying caused dry spots on the
surface. Saturated surface drying ends here. XC is also called Leidenfrost point.

Stage CD: First falling rate period.


Dry spots occupy increasingly larger proportions of the exposed surface. Rate of moisture evaporated
from wet surface remains constant. Ultimately, at point D, the wet film will have completely evaporated
leaving the surface totally dry.
Stage DE: Second falling rate period.
As drying proceeds, the rate of drying becomes diffusion controlled. E refers to the equilibrium moisture
content for the prevailing air humidity, and then drying stops
Effect of various parameters on NC:

a. Gas velocity, G:

In the absence of radiation & conduction effects,

NC ∝ G0.71 for parallel flow of gas


∝ G0.37 for perpendicular flow

b. Gas temperature, TG :

Increase in TG increases TG – TS & hence increases NC.


In the absence of radiation effects, if λ variation over moderate temp. ranges
can be neglected,

NC ∝ ( T G – T S )
c. Gas humidity, Y:

NC ∝ YS –
Y
Hence increase in gas humidity decreases NC.
In the absence of radiation & conduction effects,

(YS – Y) λS
-------------- = (TG – TS)
hC / k Y

d. Thickness of drying solid, z:

If heat conduction through the solid occurs, increase in z decreases NC.


(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

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