SHRI RAMSWAROOP

MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
REPORT ON
Hybrid Vehicles

Submitted by
Name : Charanjeet Singh
Roll no : 201510102110004
Branch : Btech ME (61)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Charanjeet Singh, student of Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University

(Mechanical Engineering) express my sincere gratitude to our faculties,
for their guidance, continuous support and cooperation throughout this
presentation, without which the present report would not have been
possible.
I sincerely appreciate the inspiration, support and guidance of all those
people who have been instrumental in making this presentation a
success.

Also, I am thankful to our faculty Er. Kaushal Kishore Mishra Sir for his
continued guidance and invaluable encouragement.
 CONTENTS

1. Hybrid Introduction

2. Power differentiation

3. Vehicle type

o Two-wheeled and cycle type vehicles

o Heavy Vehicle
o Rail Transport
o Cranes
o Road transport, commercial vehicle
o Military off road vehicle
o Ships
o Aircraft

4. Hybrid Vehicle power train configuration

5. Hybrid electric vehicle working

6. Reference
Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such

as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that
powers an electric motor, e.g. in diesel-electric trains using
diesel engines to drive an electric generator that powers an
electric motor, and submarines that use diesels when surfaced
and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy
include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.

Power
Power sources for hybrid vehicles include:

 Coal, wood or other solid combustibles

 Compressed or liquefied natural gas
 Petrol (gasoline) or Diesel fuel
 Human powered e.g. pedaling or rowing
 Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves
 Electric batteries/capacitors
 Overhead electricity
 Hydraulic accumulator
 Hydrogen
 Flywheel
 Solar
  Wind

Vehicle type

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles

Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a

simple form of a hybrid, powered by an internal combustion
engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Early prototype
motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle.

In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor torques are

mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels, e.g.
using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection
to a wheel using a transmission element. Most motorized
bicycles, mopeds are of this type.
In a series hybrid bicycle (SHB) (a kind of chainless bicycle) the
user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor,
which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially
available, being simple in theory and manufacturing. The first
published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US
Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds
conceived the Electrilite SHB with power electronics allowing
regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995
Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit
elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis.
A series hybrid electric-petroleum bicycle (SHEPB) is powered
by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-in charger -
providing flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only
bicycles.
A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia in 2014
used a lightweight brushless DC electric motor from an aerial
drone and small hand-tool sized internal combustion engine, and
a 3D printed drive system and lightweight housing, altogether
weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts
from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle
charge port.

Heavy vehicle

Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power

railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile
hydraulic machinery, and ships. A diesel/turbine engine drives
an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers
electric/hydraulic motor(s) - strictly an electric/hydraulic
transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from
outside. With large vehicles conversion losses decrease, and the
advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather
than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially
when powering multiple drives — e.g. driven wheels or
propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little
secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/hydraulic accumulators
— excepting non-nuclear submarines, one of the oldest
production hybrids, running on diesels while surfaced and
batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were
used in WW2 submarines.

Rail transport

Europe
The new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high-capacity
railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service
in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25000 V on
different rail systems. It was tested in Rotterdam, the
Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and Wyoming
company.

China
The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail
research center MATRAI in 1999 and built in 2000. It was a
G12 locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel
generator and 4 AC motors.

Japan
Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is the
KiHa E200, with roof-mounted lithium ion batteries.
India
Indian railway launched one of its kind CNG-Diesel hybrid
trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which
uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run
on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. CNG is less-polluting
alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative
fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-
rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel.

North America
In the US, General Electric made a locomotive with sodium -
nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) battery storage. They expect ≥10%
fuel economy.

Cranes
Rail power Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal
Systems are testing a hybrid diesel electric power unit with
battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes.
RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading
shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container
storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be
partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and
emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower
engineers. First systems are expected to be operational in 2007.
Road transport, commercial vehicles

Hybrid systems are coming into use for trucks, buses and other
heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs
are compensated by fuel savings,. With advances such as higher
capacity, lowered battery cost etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others
are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck
Company recently introduced the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that
for city usage seems to be competitive. FedEx and others are
investing in hybrid delivery vehicles — particularly for city use
where hybrid technology may pay off first. As of December
2013 FedEx is trialing two delivery trucks with Wright speed
electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are
claimed to pay for themselves in a few years. The diesel engines
run at a constant RPM for peak efficiency.

In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin

Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle to
a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car
rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine
replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph. In the 1990s,
engineers at EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions
Laboratory developed a petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical
American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on
combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-
60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 liter diesel engine. No
lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that
produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add
only $700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid
Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22
mpg (11 L/100 km) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in
service using this technology.

Military off-road vehicles

Since 1985, the US military has been testing serial hybrid
Humvees and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a
stealth mode with low thermal signature/ near silent operation,
and greater fuel economy.

Ships
Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an
early form of hybrid vehicle. Another example is the diesel-
electric submarine. This runs on batteries when submerged and
the batteries can be re-charged by the diesel engine when the
craft is on the surface.

Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing

kites manufactured by companies such as Sky Sails. Towing
kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship
masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds.
Aircraft

The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton

Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid
system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a
conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the
cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight
segment that requires the most power, the system draws on
lightweight lithium-ion batteries.

The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by

Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out
structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wing span of 16.3
meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100
km/h (62 mph) on power from the fuel cell.

Hybrid Fan Wings have been designed. A Fan Wing is created

by two engines with the capability to auto rotate and landing like
a helicopter.
Hybrid vehicle power train configurations

Parallel hybrid
In a parallel hybrid vehicle an electric motor and an internal
combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the
vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the
internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are
coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric
driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is
open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in
combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed..

Mild parallel hybrid

These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20
kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra
power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the
deceleration phase (aka regenerative braking).

On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight

2nd generation, Honda CR-Z, Honda Accord Hybrid, Mercedes
Benz S400 Blue HYBRID, BMW 7 Series hybrids, General
Motors BAS Hybrids, Suzuki S-Cross, Suzuki Wagon R and
Smart for two with micro hybrid drive.
Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors:
a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The
power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels
via a power split device, which is a simple planetary gear set.
The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100%
for the traction electric motor, or anything in between, such as
40% for the electric motor and 60% for the combustion engine.
The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the
batteries.

Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have

a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary
gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the
power-split device this provides a continuously variable
transmission.

On the open road, the primary power source is the internal

combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for
example to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist.
This increases the available power for a short period, giving the
effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most
applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car
is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions.
Series hybrid

Chevrolet Volt, a series hybrid plug-in hybrid, also called

extended range electric vehicle (EREV).
A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle is driven by an electric motor,
functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy
supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a
generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is no
mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and
the purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Unless
there has been a rework of the drivetrain since its first release
there is a mechanical linkage in the Chevrolet Volt. Series-
hybrids have also been referred to as extended range electric
vehicle, range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-
extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER).

The BMW i3 with Range Extender is a production series-hybrid.

It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low,
and then activates the generator to maintain power, and is also
available without the range extender. The Fisker Karma was the
first series hybrid production vehicle.

When describing cars, the battery of a series hybrid is usually

charged by being plugged in - but technically a series-hybrid
allows for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration
purposes), and for the electric motor's power to be supplied
constantly by the supporting engine. Series arrangements have
been common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships.
Ferdinand Porsche effectively invented this arrangement in
racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the Lohner-Porsche
Mixte Hybrid, with Porsche naming the arrangement "System
Mixt" - a wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of
the two front wheels was used, setting speed records. This
arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric
transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor
replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move
unless the internal combustion engine was running.

Hybrid-electric vehicles working

Hybrids-Electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of

gasoline engines and electric motors. The key areas for
efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual
power sources, and less idling.

Regenerate Braking
The drivetrain can be used to convert kinetic energy (from the
moving car) into stored electrical energy (batteries). The same
electric motor that powers the drivetrain is used to resist the
motion of the drivetrain. This applied resistance from the
electric motor causes the wheel to slow down and
simultaneously recharge the batteries.
Dual Power
Power can come from either the engine, motor or both
depending on driving circumstances. Additional power to assist
the engine in accelerating or climbing might be provided by the
electric motor. Or more commonly, a smaller electric motor
provides all of the power for low-speed driving conditions and is
augmented by the engine at higher speeds.

Automatic Start/Shutoff
It automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a
stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This
automation is much simpler with an electric motor. Also see
dual power above.

Road safety

A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report

examined hybrid electric vehicle accidents that involved
pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents
involving internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). The
findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more
dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a
vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering or leaving
a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and
ICEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be
involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs.
Reference

 Wikipedia
(www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles)

 The Latest on hybrid vehicle by Jeffery Orloff

(https://www.thebalanceeveryday.com/the-latest-on-hybrid-
vehicles-2941129)

 Defining Hybrids by Dan Edmunds

(https://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/what-is-a-hybrid-
car-how-do-hybrids-work.html)

 Every thing you wanted to know about hybrids.

by – David Butke (Automotive Instructor)

 Hybrid Electric Vehicles.

by – Davin Matsuda