Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers

Exercise 2

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov

Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

WiSe 2018/19
Overview

Repetition
Coordinate transformation
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise
Task 1
Task 2

2 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

The element stiffness matrices are defined in the local element coordinate system.
This is not necessarily the same as the global one.
Prior to the assembly all element stiffness matrices need to be transformed to the
global coordinate system.
In the following variables with overbars refer to the local coordinate system,
variables without refer to the global one.
With the transformation matrix Le the following expression between the
displacements in both coordinate system holds
āe = Leae

3 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

The work (scalar product of force and way) has to be the same in both coordinate
systems, therefore
T T
r̄ e āe = r e ae

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

The work (scalar product of force and way) has to be the same in both coordinate
systems, therefore
T T
r̄ e āe = r e ae
and through inserting of āe = Leae follows
eT e e eT e
r̄ L a = r a

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

The work (scalar product of force and way) has to be the same in both coordinate
systems, therefore
T T
r̄ e āe = r e ae
and through inserting of āe = Leae follows
eT e e eT e
r̄ L a = r a
respectively
eT e eT
r̄ L = r .

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

The work (scalar product of force and way) has to be the same in both coordinate
systems, therefore
T T
r̄ e āe = r e ae
and through inserting of āe = Leae follows
eT e e eT e
r̄ L a = r a
respectively
eT e eT
r̄ L = r .

T
With (AB)T = B TAT and AT = A follows
T
Le r̄ e = r e.

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Right now we know the equilibrium equations of element e in both coordinate

systems
r e = K e ae , (1) r̄ e = K̄eāe (2)
and the relations between ae and āe respectively r e and r̄ e
T
āe = Leae, (3) r e = Le r̄ e. (4)

5 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Right now we know the equilibrium equations of element e in both coordinate

systems
r e = K e ae , (1) r̄ e = K̄eāe (2)
and the relations between ae and āe respectively r e and r̄ e
T
āe = Leae, (3) r e = Le r̄ e. (4)

Starting with eq. (4) follows through insertion of eq. (2) and (3).
T T T
r e = Le r̄ e = Le K̄eāe = Le e e e
| {z L} a
K̄
=Ke
Ke can now be used for the assembly of the global stiffness matrix K.

5 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
We consider a rod with a rotation of α.

y
ȳ
x̄ x
α
1

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
We consider a rod with a rotation of α.

s = sin α
c = cos α

F̄y
F̄y c
F̄x
F̄xs
α
F̄y s F̄xc

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
We consider a rod with a rotation of α. For the forces in both nodes holds
F1,x = F̄1,x cos α − F̄1,y sin α, F2,x = F̄2,x cos α − F̄2,y sin α,
F1,y = F̄1,x sin α + F̄1,y cos α, F2,y = F̄2,x sin α + F̄2,y cos α,

s = sin α
c = cos α
F̄y c
F̄y Fy
F̄y c
F̄x
F̄xs
α F̄xs
Fx F̄y s
F̄y s F̄xc
F̄xc

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
We consider a rod with a rotation of α. For the forces in both nodes holds
F1,x = F̄1,x cos α − F̄1,y sin α, F2,x = F̄2,x cos α − F̄2,y sin α,
F1,y = F̄1,x sin α + F̄1,y cos α, F2,y = F̄2,x sin α + F̄2,y cos α,
which leads to the matrix form (see eq. (4))
    
F1,x cos α − sin α 0 0 F̄1,x
F1,y   sin α cos α 0 0   F̄1,y 
 
 =
F2,x  0 0 cos α − sin α F̄2,x
F2,y 0 0 sin α cos α F̄2,y
| {z } | {z } | {z }
re Le T r̄ e

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
With ! !
cos α − sin α 0 0 cos α sin α 0 0
T
Le = sin α cos α
0 0
0 0
cos α − sin α , Le = − sin α cos α
0 0
0 0
cos α sin α
0 0 sin α cos α 0 0 − sin α cos α

and the element stiffness matrix of the rod (see exercise 1)

!
1 0 −1 0
EA 0 0 0 0
K̄e =
L −10 00 10 00
follows directly
!
cos(α)2 cos(α) sin(α) − cos(α)2 − cos(α) sin(α)
e EAeT e e cos(α) sin(α) sin(α) 2 − cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α)2
K = L K̄ L = − cos(α)2 − cos(α) sin(α) cos(α)2 cos(α) sin(α) .
L − cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α) 2 cos(α) sin(α) sin(α)2

7 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Coordinate transformation

Example
With ! !
cos α − sin α 0 0 cos α sin α 0 0
T
Le = sin α cos α
0 0
0 0
cos α − sin α , Le = − sin α cos α
0 0
0 0
cos α sin α
0 0 sin α cos α 0 0 − sin α cos α

and the element stiffness matrix of the rod (see exercise 1)

!
1 0 −1 0
EA 0 0 0 0
K̄e =
L −10 00 10 00
follows directly
!
cos(α)2 cos(α) sin(α) − cos(α)2 − cos(α) sin(α)
e EAeT e e cos(α) sin(α) sin(α) 2 − cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α)2
K = L K̄ L = − cos(α)2 − cos(α) sin(α) cos(α)2 cos(α) sin(α) .
L − cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α) 2 cos(α) sin(α) sin(α)2

This stiffness matrix holds now for any bar with arbitrary α.

7 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

An assembled system r = Ka can be reduced, if because of given boundary

conditions some displacement degrees of freedeom ai are zero.

The columns and rows corresponding to said 0-displacement are therefore deleted
from the stiffness matrix and the two vectors.

The reduced system is named r̃ = K̃ã.

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
F1x K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + K1x2y · a2y + K1x3x · a3x + K1x3y · a3y
F1y  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + K1y2y · a2y + K1y3x · a3x + K1y3y · a3y 
   
  
F2x  K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + K2x2y · a2y + K2x3x · a3x + K2x3y · a3y 
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x K2y3y 
 a2y   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + K2y2y · a2y + K2y3x · a3x + K2y3y · a3y 

F3x  K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x   K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + K3x2y · a2y + K3x3x · a3x + K3x3y · a3y 
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y a3y K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + K3y2y · a2y + K3y3x · a3x + K3y3y · a3y

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.
• The system can now be reduced by deleting the rows/columns 4 and 6.
0
! K K K K
! a !
1x1x 1x1y 1x2x 1x3x 1x
0 K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y3x a1y
100 = K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x3x a2x
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x3x a3x

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.
• The system can now be reduced by deleting the rows/columns 4 and 6.
0
! K K K K
! a !
1x1x 1x1y 1x2x 1x3x 1x
0 K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y3x a1y
100 = K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x3x a2x
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x3x a3x

• The reduced system contains 4 equations and 4 unknowns.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.
• The system can now be reduced by deleting the rows/columns 4 and 6.
0
! K K K K
! a !
1x1x 1x1y 1x2x 1x3x 1x
0 K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y3x a1y
100 = K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x3x a2x
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x3x a3x

• The reduced system contains 4 equations and 4 unknowns.

• F2x and F3y are not necessarily zero.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.
• The system can now be reduced by deleting the rows/columns 4 and 6.
0
! K K K K
! a !
1x1x 1x1y 1x2x 1x3x 1x
0 K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y3x a1y
100 = K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x3x a2x
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x3x a3x

• The reduced system contains 4 equations and 4 unknowns.

• F2x and F3y are not necessarily zero.
• It is easier to solve the reduced system with all variables on one side than to solve the full
system with variables on both sides.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions

Example
      
0 K1x1x K1x1y K1x2x K1x2y K1x3x K1x3y a1x K1x1x · a1x + K1x1y · a1y + K1x2x · a2x + 0 + K1x3x · a3x + 0
 0  K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y2y K1y3x K1y3y 
 a1y   K1y1x · a1x + K1y1y · a1y + K1y2x · a2x + 0 + K1y3x · a3x + 0 
   
  
100 K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x2y K2x3x K2x3y  a2x  K2x1x · a1x + K2x1y · a1y + K2x2x · a2x + 0 + K2x3x · a3x + 0
   
F2y  = K2y1x  =
   
   K2y1y K2y2x K2y2y K2y3x   0   K2y1x · a1x + K2y1y · a1y + K2y2x · a2x + 0 + K2y3x · a3x + 0 
K2y3y  
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x2y K3x3x K3x3y  a3x  K3x1x · a1x + K3x1y · a1y + K3x2x · a2x + 0 + K3x3x · a3x + 0
F3y K3y1x K3y1y K3y2x K3y2y K3y3x K3y3y 0 K3y1x · a1x + K3y1y · a1y + K3y2x · a2x + 0 + K3y3x · a3x + 0

• Boundary conditions: a2y = a3y = 0 and F1x = F1y = 0 and F2x = F3x = 100.
• The full system contains 6 equations and 6 unknowns.
• The system can now be reduced by deleting the rows/columns 4 and 6.
0
! K K K K
! a !
1x1x 1x1y 1x2x 1x3x 1x
0 K1y1x K1y1y K1y2x K1y3x a1y
100 = K2x1x K2x1y K2x2x K2x3x a2x
100 K3x1x K3x1y K3x2x K3x3x a3x

• The reduced system contains 4 equations and 4 unknowns.

• F2x and F3y are not necessarily zero.
• It is easier to solve the reduced system with all variables on one side than to solve the full
system with variables on both sides.
• The missing forces (reaction forces) can be calculated afterwards easily by using a
matrix-vector-multiplication with the full system.
9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka
f) Prepare the reduced equation system r̃ = K̃ã (Delete rows/columns with
0-displacements)

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise

a) Determine all relevant information for each element e

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka
f) Prepare the reduced equation system r̃ = K̃ã (Delete rows/columns with
0-displacements)
g) Solve the reduced equation system r̃ = K̃ã

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Overview

Repetition
Coordinate transformation
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise
Task 1
Task 2

11 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Calculate the global stiffness matrix of the system for α = π/4. All rods have the
same cross section area and are made of the same material.
y 3

2❦ 5❦

3❦

α
1❦ 4❦

1 2 4
l l

12 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
a) Determine all relevant information for each element e
Element e αe sin αe cos αe Le Ae Ee
1❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√ √ √
2❦ π/4 2/2 2/2 2L A E
3❦ π/2 1 0 L A E
4❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√ √ √
5❦ 3π/4 2/2 − 2/2 2L A E

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
a) Determine all relevant information for each element e
Element e αe sin αe cos αe Le Ae Ee
1❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√ √ √
2❦ π/4 2/2 2/2 2L A E
3❦ π/2 1 0 L A E
4❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√ √ √
5❦ 3π/4 2/2 − 2/2 2L A E

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
 
cos(αe )2 cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − cos(αe )2 − cos(αe ) sin(αe )
E e Ae 
 cos(α ) sin(α )
e e sin(αe )2 − cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − sin(αe )2 
Ke = 2 2

Le  − cos(α ) e − cos(α ) sin(α )
e e cos(α )e cos(α ) sin(α ) 
e e

− cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − sin(αe )2 cos(αe ) sin(αe ) sin(αe )2

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
√  
2AE 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K= 
4L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
2 2 0 −2 2 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 √ √ 
−2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
√  
2AE 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K= 
4L  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
2 2 + 1 1 −2 2 0 −1 −1 0 0

 1√ 1 0
√ 0 −1 −1 0 0

 −2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
√  
2AE  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K=  
4L  −1
 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0
 −1
 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
2 2 + 1 1 −2 2 0 −1 −1 0 0

 1 1 0 0 −1 −1 0 0

 −2√2 0 2
√
2 0 0 0√ 0 0
√  √ 
2AE 
 0 0 0 2 2 0 −2 2 0

0
K=  
4L  −1 −1 0 0√ 1 1√ 0 0
 
 −1 −1 0 −2 2 1 1 + 2 2 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
2 2+1 1 −2 2 0 −1 −1 0 0

 1 1 √ 0 √ 0 −1 −1 0√ 0

 −2√2 0 2 2 + 2 2 0 0 0 −2 2 0
√  √ √ 
2AE 
 0 0 0 2 2 0 −2 2 0

0
K=  
4L  −1 −1 0 0√ 1 1√ 0 0
 
 −1 −1 0√ −2 2 1 1 + 2 2 0
√ 0
 
 0 0 −2 2 0 0 0 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
2 2+1 1 −2 2 0 −1 −1 0 0

 1√ 1 √ 0 √ 0 −1 −1 0√ 0
 −2 2 0 2 2 + 2 2 0 0 0 −2 2 0 
√  √ √ 

2AE  
0 0 0 2 2 0 −2 2 0 0
K=  
4L  −1 −1 0 0√ 1 + 1 1√−1 −1 1
 
 −1 −1 0√ −2 2 1 − 1 1 + 2 2 + 1 √ 1 −1
 
 0 0 −2 2 0 −1 1 2 2 + 1 −1
0 0 0 0 1 −1 −1 1

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
   
1 0 −1 0 √ 1 1 −1 −1
AE 0 0 0 0 2AE 1
 1 −1 −1
K1 =K4 = 
−1 0
 K2 = 
L 1 0 4L −1 −1 1 1
0 0 0 0 −1 −1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0 √ 1 −1 −1 1
AE 0 1 0 −1 2AE 
−1 1 1 −1
K3 = 
0 0
 K5 = 
L 0 0 4L −1 1 1 −1
0 −1 0 1 1 −1 −1 1

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
1 + 2 2 1 −2 2 0 −1 −1 0 0

 1√ 1 √0 0 −1 −1 0√ 0
 −2 2 0 4 2 0 0 0 −2 2 0 
√  √ √ 

2AE  
0 0 0 2 2 0 −2 2 0 0
K=  
4L  −1 −1 0 0√ 2 0√ −1 1
 
 −1 −1 0√ −2 2 0 2 + 2 2 1 √ −1
 
 0 0 −2 2 0 −1 1 1 + 2 2 −1
0 0 0 0 1 −1 −1 1

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Overview

Repetition
Coordinate transformation
Matrix reduction due to boundary conditions
Procedure for the tasks in this exercise
Task 1
Task 2

15 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Calculate the nodal displacements of the system for the following loads
a) the y-displacement at node 4 is ay,4 = −4 mm
b) the force Fy,4 = −100 N is applied in y-direction in node 4

All rods have the same cross section area (A) and are made of the same material
(E).
5❦
y
3 4
x

L
E = 210 000 N/mm2 ,
2❦ 3❦ 4❦
A = 78.5 mm2,
α = π/3,
2
1 α 1❦ L = 500 mm

16 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
a) Determine all relevant information for each element e
Element e αe sin αe cos αe Le Ae Ee
1❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√
2❦ π/3 3/2 1/2 L A E
√
3❦ 2π/3 3/2 −1/2 L A E
√
4❦ π/3 3/2 1/2 L A E
5❦ 0 0 1 L A E

17 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
a) Determine all relevant information for each element e
Element e αe sin αe cos αe Le Ae Ee
1❦ 0 0 1 L A E
√
2❦ π/3 3/2 1/2 L A E
√
3❦ 2π/3 3/2 −1/2 L A E
√
4❦ π/3 3/2 1/2 L A E
5❦ 0 0 1 L A E

b) Derive/Look up the element stiffness matrices for each used element type
 
cos(αe )2 cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − cos(αe )2 − cos(αe ) sin(αe )
E e Ae 
 cos(α ) sin(α )
e e sin(αe )2 − cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − sin(αe )2 
Ke = 2 2

L e  − cos(α )e − cos(α ) sin(α )
e e cos(α )e cos(α ) sin(α ) 
e e

− cos(αe ) sin(αe ) − sin(αe )2 cos(αe ) sin(αe ) sin(αe )2

17 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
√ √   
√1/4 3/4 −1/4
√ − 3/4 1 0 −1 0
EA  3/4 3/4 − 3/4 −3/4  EA  0 0 0 0
K2 =K4 =  √ √  K1 = K5 =  
L  −1/4
√ − 3/4 √ 1/4 3/4  L −1 0 1 0
− 3/4 −3/4 3/4 3/4 0 0 0 0
 √ √ 
√1/4 − 3/4 √ −1/4 3/4
EA 
− 3/4 √3/4 3/4 −3/4 
K3 = √ 
L  −1/4
√ 3/4 1/4
√ − 3/4
3/4 −3/4 − 3/4 3/4

18 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
c) Calculate the element stiffness matrix for all elements
√ √   
√1/4 3/4 −1/4
√ − 3/4 1 0 −1 0
EA  3/4 3/4 − 3/4 −3/4  EA  0 0 0 0
K2 =K4 =  √ √  K1 = K5 =  
L  −1/4
√ − 3/4 √ 1/4 3/4  L −1 0 1 0
− 3/4 −3/4 3/4 3/4 0 0 0 0
 √ √ 
√1/4 − 3/4 √ −1/4 3/4
EA 
− 3/4 √3/4 3/4 −3/4 
K3 = √ 
L  −1/4
√ 3/4 1/4
√ − 3/4
3/4 −3/4 − 3/4 3/4

d) Assemble the global stiffness matrix K

 √ √ 
5
√ 3 −4 0 −1
√ − 3 0 0
 3 3 0 0 − 3 √−3 0 0 
 √ 
 −4 0 6 0 −1 3 −1 − 3 
 √ √ 

EA  0 
0 0 6 3 −3 − 3 −3 
K=  √ √ 
4L  −1 − 3 −1 3 6 0 −4 0 
 √ √ 
− 3 −3 3 −3 0 6 0 0 
 √ √ 
 0 0 √ − 3 −4
−1 0 √5 3
0 0 − 3 −3 0 0 3 3

18 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka
   √ √  
F1x 5 3 −4 0 −1 − 3 0 0 a1x
F1y   √3 3 0 0 −
√
3 −3 0 0  a 
   √ √  1y 
F2x   −4 0 6 0 −1 3 −1 − 3 a2x 
   √ √ 
F2y  EA   
 =  0 0
√ 0 √ 6 3 −3 − 3 −3   a2y 
F3x    
4L  −1 − 3 −1 3 6 0 −4 0   a3x


F3y 
  √ √ 
 
− 3 −3 3 0 6 0  a3y 

F4x 
 
−3
√ √0   
 0 0 −1 − 3 −4 0 5 3  a4x 
√ √
F4y 0 0 − 3 −3 0 0 3 3 a4y

19 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka with boundary conditions
   √ √  
F1x 5 3 −4 0 −1 − 3 0 0 0
F1y   √3 3 0 0 −
√
3 −3 0 0  0 
   √ √   
 0   −4 0 6 0 3 3
−1 −1 − a2x 
 
   √ √ 
F2y  EA  0 0 0 √6 3 −3 − 3 −3   0 
 0  = 4L 
  √  
 −1 − 3 −1 3 6 0 −4 0   a3x


 0 
  √ √ 
 
− 3 −3 3 0 6 0  a3y 

 0 
 
−3
√ √0   
 0 0 −1 − 3 −4 0 5 3  a4x 
√ √
F4y 0 0 − 3 −3 0 0 3 3 a4y

(F4,y or a4,y are inserted later on)

19 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
e) Prepare the whole equation system r = Ka with boundary conditions
   √ √  
F1x 5 3 −4 0 −1 − 3 0 0 0
F1y   √3 3 0 0 −
√
3 −3 0 0  0 
   √ √   
 0   −4 0 6 0 3 3
−1 −1 − a2x 
 
   √ √ 
F2y  EA  0 0 0 √6 3 −3 − 3 −3   0 
 0  = 4L 
  √  
 −1 − 3 −1 3 6 0 −4 0   a3x


 0 
  √ √ 
 
− 3 −3 3 0 6 0  a3y 

 0 
 
−3
√ √0   
 0 0 −1 − 3 −4 0 5 3  a4x 
√ √
F4y 0 0 − 3 −3 0 0 3 3 a4y

(F4,y or a4,y are inserted later on)

f) Prepare the reduced equation system r̃ = K̃ã (Delete rows/columns with

0-displacements)    √ √  
0 6 −1 3 −1 − 3 a2x
 0   −1 6 0 −4 0  a3x 
 0  = EA  3
  √  
0 6 0 0
√  a3y 
 

 0 
 4L 
 −1 −4
√ 0 √5 3  a4x 
F4,y − 3 0 0 3 3 a4y

19 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 2

Solution
g) Solve the reduced equation system r̃ = K̃ã

In both cases we have five equations and five unknowns. The equation system
can uniquely be solved.

Subtask a) ay4 = −4 mm Subtask b) Fy4 = −100 N

a2x = −0.4778 mm a2x = −8.7557 × 10−4 mm

a3x = 1.6723 mm a3x = 3.0645 × 10−3 mm
a3y = 0.1379 mm a3y = 2.5276 × 10−4 mm
a4x = 2.6279 mm a4x = 4.8156 × 10−3 mm
F4y = −5.4571 × 104 N a4y = −7.3299 × 10−3 mm

20 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?