CHE 406: Momentum Transfer

1st Semester, 2019-2020

Past Exam/Quiz Questions with Solutions

Cooling water for a chemical plant must be pumped from a lake 2500 ft away from the plant site and delivers it to a tank. Assume a
protruded pipe entrance from the river and the tank is at atmospheric pressure. The water level in the discharge tank is 150 ft above that
in the lake. The line between the lake and the discharge is made of 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe. The flow rate is 400 gal/min. In the line
are two (2) fully-opened gate valves and four (4) 90o elbows. Density and viscosity of water is 1000 kg/m3 and 1 cP, respectively. The
energy cost is Php 10.56 per kW-hr. The overall efficiency of the pump and motor is 60%.

(a) Calculate the energy cost in PhP for running the pump for one 24-h day.
(b) If instead of purely using a 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe, a 1250 ft 8-in Sch 40 steel pipe is used
from the river then followed by another 1250 ft 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe, calculate the new
energy cost in PhP for running the pump for one 24-h day.
(c) If the 8-in Sch 40 steel pipe in (b) is further increased to 10-in Sch 40 steel pipe, calculate
the new energy cost in PhP for running the pump for one 24-h day.

(d) By comparing (a), (b), and (c), which one would require the least energy requirement?
What configuration would you recommend? Would there be any implications in regard to
the capital cost required?

(a) 2500 ft of 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe

For 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe:

𝐷" = 4.026 𝑖𝑛 = 0.10226 𝑚

Applying Mechanical Energy Balance from (1) to (2):

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

∆𝑃
= 0 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
𝜌

∆(𝑣 4 )
= 0 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜; 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘)
2𝑔7
 𝑚
𝑔 9.81 4
∆𝑧 = (45.72 𝑚) N 𝑠 S = 448.5132 𝐽
𝑔7 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
1 4
𝑠 −𝑁
L L 𝐿 𝐿
𝑓 = 𝑣 4 Σ ZD] 𝑓 = 𝑣 4 Z D^ + 𝐷 + 𝐷` ]
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹V + 𝐹W + 𝐹X = =
2 𝑔7 2 𝑔7

For sudden contraction (pipe entrance):

𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.785 𝐿 1 𝑚c 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚c

𝑞 = 400 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.02523
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 𝑠
𝜋
𝐴= (0.10226 𝑚)4 = 0.008213 𝑚4
4

𝑚c
𝑞 0.02523 𝑠 𝑚
𝑣= = 4
= 3.0720
𝐴 0.008213 𝑚 𝑠

𝐾V = 0.78 (𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐿7
= 47 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷

For sudden expansion (pipe exit):

𝐾` = 1.0 (𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘)
𝐿`
= 60 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷

For friction factor:

𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.10226 𝑚 ) Z3.0720
𝑠 ] k1000 𝑚c l
𝑁j` = = 314,142.72
𝑘𝑔
0.001 𝑚 − 𝑠

𝜀 0.00015 𝑓𝑡
= = 0.0004471
𝐷 4.026
𝑓𝑡
12

𝑓 = = 0.01795

𝑚 4 2500 𝑓𝑡
(0.01795) Z3.0720 + (13)(2) + (30)(4) + 60p
𝑠 ] o47 + 4.026
12 𝑓𝑡 𝐽
Σ𝐹 = = 652.5668
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
2 k1 4 l
𝑠 −𝑁
 ∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

𝐽 𝐽
0 + 0 + 448.5132 + 652.5668 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝐽
𝑊<= = −1101.08
𝑘𝑔

𝑚c 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 𝑞 𝜌 = r0.02523 s k1000 c l = 25.23
𝑠 𝑚 𝑠

𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇<= = k− 1101.08 l k25.23 l = −27,780.25 𝑊 = −27.7802 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔 𝑠

−27.7802 𝑘𝑊
𝑊̇<= (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = = 46.300 𝑘𝑊
0.60
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑃 10.56 24 ℎ𝑟
= 46.300 𝑘𝑊 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 11,734.36 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

(b) 1250 ft 8-in Sch. 40 steel pipe (LINE A) + 1250 ft 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe (LINE B)

For 8-in Sch. 40 steel pipe:

𝐷v = 7.981 𝑖𝑛 = 0.20272 𝑚
𝜋
𝐴v = (0.20272 𝑚)4 = 0.03228 𝑚4
4
𝑚c
𝑞 0.02523
𝑣v = = 𝑠 = 0.7816 𝑚
𝐴v 0.03228 𝑚4 𝑠

For 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe:

𝐷w = 4.026 𝑖𝑛 = 0.10226 𝑚
𝜋
𝐴w = (0.10226 𝑚)4 = 0.008213 𝑚4
4
𝑚c
𝑞 0.02523 𝑠 𝑚
𝑣w = = 4
= 3.0720
𝐴w 0.008213 𝑚 𝑠

Applying Mechanical Energy Balance from (1) to (2):

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔 𝐽
= 0 ; = 0 ; ∆𝑧 = 448.5132 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎)
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7 𝑘𝑔

L 𝐿 L^{→| 𝐿w 𝐿`
𝑓v= 𝑣v4 Z D^ + 𝐷v ] 𝑓w= 𝑣w4 k D + 𝐷 + 𝐷l
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹V + 𝐹Wv + 𝐹Vy→z + 𝐹Ww + 𝐹X = +
2 𝑔7 2 𝑔7
 For sudden contraction / pipe entrance:

𝐾V = 0.78 (𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐿7
= 54.8 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷v

For friction factor in line (a):

𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.20272 𝑚) Z0.7816
𝑠 ] k1000 𝑚c l
𝑁j`y = = 158,445.95
𝑘𝑔
0.001 𝑚 − 𝑠

𝜀 0.00015 𝑓𝑡
= = 0.0002255
𝐷v 7.981
𝑓𝑡
12

𝑓v= = 0.01785

For sudden contraction at aàb or 8”à4”:

𝐷} 4.026 𝑖𝑛
= = 0.5044
𝐷4 7.981 𝑖𝑛

𝐾7 = 0.33 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)

𝐿7y→z
= 20 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷w

For friction factor in line (b);

𝑓w= = 0.01795 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)

For sudden expansion (pipe exit):

𝐿`
= 60 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)
𝐷

𝑚 4 1250 𝑓𝑡 𝑚 4 1250 𝑓𝑡
(0.01785) Z0.7816 + 13p (0.01795) Z3.0720 𝑠 ] o20 + 4.026 + 13 + (30)(4) + 60p
𝑠 ] o54.8 + 7.981
12 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑓𝑡
Σ𝐹 = +
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 k1 4 l 2 k1 4 l
𝑠 −𝑁 𝑠 −𝑁

𝐽
Σ𝐹 = 344.2269
𝑘𝑔
 ∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

𝐽 𝐽
0 + 0 + 448.5132 + 344.2269 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝐽
𝑊<= = −792.7401
𝑘𝑔

𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇<= = k− 792.7401 l k25.23 l = −20,000.83 𝑊 = −20.0008 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔 𝑠

−20.0008 𝑘𝑊
𝑊̇<= (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = = 33.3347 𝑘𝑊
0.60
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑃 10.56 24 ℎ𝑟
= 33.3347 𝑘𝑊 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 8448.35 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

(c) 1250 ft 10-in Sch. 40 steel pipe (LINE A) + 1250 ft 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe (LINE B)

For 10-in Sch. 40 steel pipe:

𝐷v = 10.020 𝑖𝑛 = 0.25451 𝑚
𝜋
𝐴v = (0.25451 𝑚)4 = 0.050874 𝑚4
4
𝑚c
𝑞 0.02523 𝑠 𝑚
𝑣v = = 4
= 0.4959
𝐴v 0.050874 𝑚 𝑠

For 4-in Sch. 40 steel pipe:

𝐷w = 4.026 𝑖𝑛 = 0.10226 𝑚
𝜋
𝐴w = (0.10226 𝑚)4 = 0.008213 𝑚4
4
𝑚c
𝑞 0.02523 𝑠 𝑚
𝑣w = = = 3.0720
𝐴w 0.008213 𝑚4 𝑠

Applying Mechanical Energy Balance from (1) to (2):

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔 𝐽
= 0 ; = 0 ; ∆𝑧 = 448.5132 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎)
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7 𝑘𝑔

L 𝐿 L^{→| 𝐿w 𝐿`
𝑓v= 𝑣v4 Z D^ + 𝐷v ] 𝑓w= 𝑣w4 k D + 𝐷 + 𝐷l
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹V + 𝐹Wv + 𝐹Vy→z + 𝐹Ww + 𝐹X = +
2 𝑔7 2 𝑔7
 For sudden contraction / pipe entrance:

𝐾V = 0.78 (𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐿7
= 57 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷v

For friction factor in line (a):

𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.25451 𝑚) Z0.4959
𝑠 ] k1000 𝑚c l
𝑁j`y = = 126,211.51
𝑘𝑔
0.001 𝑚 − 𝑠

𝜀 0.00015 𝑓𝑡
= = 0.0001796
𝐷v 10.020
𝑓𝑡
12

𝑓v= = 0.01819

For sudden contraction at aàb or 8”à4”:

𝐷} 4.026 𝑖𝑛
= = 0.4018
𝐷4 10.020 𝑖𝑛

𝐾7 = 0.38 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)

𝐿7y→z
= 23.5 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
𝐷w

For friction factor in line (b);

𝑓w= = 0.01795 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)

For sudden expansion (pipe exit):

𝐿`
= 60 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)
𝐷

𝑚 4 1250 𝑓𝑡 𝑚 4 1250 𝑓𝑡
(0.01819) Z0.4959 + 13p (0.01795) Z3.0720 𝑠 ] o23.5 + 4.026 + 13 + (30)(4) + 60p
𝑠 ] o57 + 10.020
12 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑓𝑡
Σ𝐹 = +
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 k1 4 l 2 k1 4 l
𝑠 −𝑁 𝑠 −𝑁

𝐽
Σ𝐹 = 337.4111
𝑘𝑔

∆𝑃 ∆(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + ∆𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7
 𝐽 𝐽
0 + 0 + 448.5132 + 337.4111 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝐽
𝑊<= = −785.9243
𝑘𝑔

𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑊̇<= = k− 785.9243 l k25.23 l = −19,828.87 𝑊 = −19.8289 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔 𝑠

−19.8289 𝑘𝑊
𝑊̇<= (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = = 33.0481 𝑘𝑊
0.60

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑃 10.56 24 ℎ𝑟

= 33.0481 𝑘𝑊 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 8375.73 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

• From the results, the larger the pipe, the less energy/power is required à less operating cost
• However, large pipes would require more material and thus more expensive à additional capital cost.

Therefore, there is a trade-off between the two:

(b) is more expensive than (a), but the additional capital cost might be justified by an appreciable decrease in power
requirement à about 28% decrease in operating cost.

Power requirement can be further lowered down by about 0.86% using pipe (c). However, the additional decrease in
operating cost is not that significant. Thus the associated additional capital cost may not be justified.

Recommendation: configuration (b)

Water at 85oC is being stored in a large, insulated tank at atmospheric pressure as shown below. It is being pumped at steady state from
this tank at point 1 by a pump at the rate of 0.567 m3/min. The motor driving the pump supplies energy at the rate of 7.45 kW. The water
passes through a heat exchanger, where it gives up 1408 kW of heat. The cooled water is then delivered to a second, large open tank
at point 2, which is 20 m above the first tank.

Temperature [oC] Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

40 167.57
50 209.33
60 251.13
70 292.98
80 334.91
90 376.92

a) Determine the change in enthalpy of the water

[in kJ/kg]
b) Estimate the final temperature of the water
delivered to the second tank [in oC].

For H2O at 85oC:

𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 974.9657
𝑚c

Total Energy Balance from 1à2:

Δ(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
∆𝐻 + + Δ𝑧 = 𝑄= − 𝑊<=
2𝑔7 𝑔7

Δ(𝑣 4 )
=0
2𝑔7

𝑚
𝑔 9.81 4 𝐽
∆𝑧 = (20 𝑚 − 0 𝑚) N 𝑠 S = 196.2
𝑔7 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
1 4
𝑠 −𝑁

𝑚c 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 𝑞 𝜌 = r0.567 s k974.9657 c l 𝑥 k l = 9.2134
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 60 𝑠 𝑠

𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐽
−1408 𝑠 𝑥 1 𝑘𝐽 𝐽
𝑄= = = −152,820.8913
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
9.2134 𝑠

𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐽
−7.45 𝑠 𝑥 1 𝑘𝐽 𝐽
𝑊<= = = −808.6049
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
9.2134 𝑠

𝐽 𝐽 𝐽
∆𝐻 + 0 + 196.2 = −152,820.8913 − k−808.6049 l
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝐽 𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = −152,208.4864 = −152.209
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Enthalpy at point 1:
85 − 90 𝐻} − 376.92
=
80 − 90 334.91 − 376.92
 𝑘𝐽
𝐻} = 355.915
𝑘𝑔

Enthalpy at point 2:
∆𝐻 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻}

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
−152.209 = 𝐻4 − 355.915
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝐻4 = 203.706
𝑘𝑔

Temperature at point 2:
203.706 − 209.33 𝑇4 − 50
=
167.57 − 209.33 40 − 50

𝑇4 = 48.65°𝐶
A pump draws 69.1 gal/min of a liquid solution having a density of 114.8 lbm/ft3 from an open storage feed tank of large cross-sectional
area through a 3.068-in ID suction line. The pump discharges its flow through a 2.067-in ID line to an open overhead tank. The end of
the discharge line is 50 ft above the level in the feed tank. The friction losses in the piping system are 10.0 ft-lbf / lbm.

What pressure must the pump develop? [psi]

What is the horsepower of the pump if its efficiency is 65%?

By Mechanical Energy Balance over the entire system (From Point 1 at solution level of storage tank to Point 2 at the end of discharge
line):

∆𝑃 Δ(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + Δ𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

∆𝑃
= 0 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
𝜌

𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 c 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 c
𝑞 = 69.1 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.1539
𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠 𝑠

𝑓𝑡 c
𝑞 0.1539 𝑠 = 6.6044 𝑓𝑡
𝑣4 = = 4
𝐴4 𝜋 2.067 𝑠
Z
4 12 𝑓𝑡]

4 4
4 𝑓𝑡 4 𝑓𝑡
Δ(𝑣 4 ) 6.6044 𝑠 4 − 0 𝑠 4 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
= = 0.6773
2𝑔7 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏ƒ
2 r32.2 4ƒ s
𝑠 − 𝑙𝑏<

𝑓𝑡
𝑔 32.2 4 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
Δ𝑧 = (50 𝑓𝑡) ⎛ 𝑠 ⎞ = 50
𝑔7 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏ƒ
32.2 4ƒ
⎝ 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑏<⎠

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏< 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏< 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<

0 + 0.6773 + 50 + 10 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑙𝑏ƒ

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
𝑊<= = −60.6773
𝑙𝑏ƒ

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
−60.6773 𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
𝑊<= (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = = 93.3497
0.65 𝑙𝑏ƒ

𝑓𝑡 c 𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑙𝑏ƒ
𝑚̇ = 𝑞 𝜌 = r0.1539 s k114.8 c l = 17.6677
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏< 𝑙𝑏ƒ 1 ℎ𝑃
𝑊<̇ = (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = r93.3497 s k17.6677 l 𝑥 = 2.9987 ℎ𝑃
𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
550
𝑠

By Mechanical Energy Balance around the pump (Point a at the pump suction to Point b at the pump discharge):

∆𝑃 Δ(𝑣 4 ) 𝑔
+ + Δ𝑧 + Σ𝐹 + 𝑊<= = 0
𝜌 2𝑔7 𝑔7

𝑓𝑡 c
𝑞 0.1539 𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝑣} = = 4 = 2.9978
𝐴} 𝜋 3.068 𝑠
4 Z 12 𝑓𝑡]

𝑓𝑡 4 4 𝑓𝑡
4
Δ(𝑣 4 ) 6.60444 − 2.9978
= 𝑠4 𝑠 4 = 0.5378 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
2𝑔7 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏ƒ
2 r32.2 4ƒ s
𝑠 − 𝑙𝑏<

𝑔
Δ𝑧 =0
𝑔7

Σ𝐹 = 0 (𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)

∆𝑃 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏< 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
+ 0.5378 + 0 + 0 + r−60.6773 s=0
𝜌 𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑙𝑏ƒ

∆𝑃 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏<
= 60.1395
𝜌 𝑙𝑏ƒ

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏< 𝑙𝑏ƒ 1 𝑓𝑡 4 𝑙𝑏<

∆𝑃 = r60.1395 s k114.8 c l 𝑥 4 4 = 47.94 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑙𝑏ƒ 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
A liquid having a density of 801 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.49x10-3 Pa-s is flowing through a horizontal straight pipe at a velocity of 4.57
m/s. The commercial steel pipe is 1 ½ in. nominal pipe size, schedule 40. The length of pipe is 61 m, with two (2) fully-open gate vales
and one (1) square corner elbow. Equivalent lengths in pipe diameters for such gate valve and elbow are 13 and 57 respectively.
Calculate:

a) The friction loss

b) The friction loss for a smooth tube of the same diameter.

What is the percent increase/reduction of the friction loss
for the smooth tube?

Σ𝐹 = 𝐹W + 𝐹X + 𝐹7 + 𝐹ˆ

𝐹X = 𝐹V = 𝐹ˆ = 0 (𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒)

𝐿
𝑓 = 𝑣 4 Σ Z𝐷]
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹W =
2 𝑔7
𝑚
𝑣 = 4.57
𝑠

For 1 ½ in. Sch 40:

𝐷" = 1.610 𝑖𝑛 = 0.040894 𝑚

𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷 𝑣 𝜌 (0.040894 𝑚) Z4.57 𝑠 ] k810 𝑚c l
𝑁j` = = = 101,595.52
𝜇 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
k1.49𝑥10Šc l
𝑠

𝜀 0.00015 𝑓𝑡
= = 0.001118
𝐷 1.610
12 𝑓𝑡

By Churchill Equation:
𝑓 = = 0.02271

𝑚 4 61 𝑚
(0.02271) Z4.57 ] ‹ + (13)(2) + (57)(1)Œ 𝐽
Σ𝐹 = 𝑠 0.040894 𝑚 = 373.43
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
2 k1 4 l
𝑠 −𝑁

For smooth tube:

𝜀
= 0.000001
𝐷

𝑁j` = 101,595.52

𝑓 = = 0.01782

𝑚 4 61 𝑚
(0.01782) Z4.57 (13)(2) + (57)(1)Œ
Σ𝐹 = 𝑠 ] ‹0.040894 𝑚 + = 293.02
𝐽
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
2 k1 4 l
𝑠 −𝑁
293.02 − 373.43
% 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100 = (−)21.53%
373.43
A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank containing air and water as shown below. At the closed end of the
manometer, the air pressure is 16 psia.

By assuming standard atmospheric pressure and neglecting the weight of the air columns in the manometer, determine:

(a) The pressure of air inside the tank (head space) in psia.

(b) The reading on the pressure gauge in psig.

A 4-in diameter pipe carries 300 gal/min of water at a pressure of 30 psi. Determine:

(a) (6 credits) the pressure head in “feet of water”

(b) (6 credits) the velocity head

(c) (8 credits) the total head with reference to a datum plane 20 feet below the
pipe.
A heavy oil at 20oC having a density of 900 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 6 cp is flowing in a 4-in schedule 40 steel pipe. When the flow rate
is 0.0174 m3/s it is desired to have a pressure drop reading across the manometer equivalent to 93 kPa.

ANSWER

What size of orifice in mm should be used?

What is the permanent pressure loss?

2 𝑔7 ∆𝐻ƒ
𝑣 = 𝐶Ž 𝑌Ž •
𝜙’ − 1

𝑁
93,000
4 𝑚4
∆𝐻ƒ = 𝑚 = 103.3333 4
𝑘𝑔 𝑠
900 c
𝑚

𝑚c
𝑞 0.0174 𝑚
𝑣= =𝜋 𝑠 = 2.1186
𝐴 ( )2 𝑠
4 0.10226 𝑚

∴ 𝐶Ž = 0.61 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁j` Ž ≥ 30,000)

𝑌Ž = 1.0 (𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)

𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑚4
𝑚 2 k1 4 l k103.3333 4 l
• 𝑠 −𝑁 𝑠
2.1186 = (0.61)(1.0)
𝑠 𝜙’ − 1

𝐷
∴ 𝜙 = 2.0636 =
𝐷Ž

0.10226 𝑚
𝐷Ž = = 0.04955 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 49.55 𝑚𝑚
2.0636

Checking assumption:
𝐷 4 𝑚 𝑚
𝑣Ž = k l (𝑣) = (2.0636)2 Z2.1186 ] = 9.0219
𝐷Ž 𝑠 𝑠
 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.04955 𝑚) Z9.0219 ] k900 c l
𝑠 𝑚
𝑁j` Ž = = 67,055.27 ( > 30,000)
6 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑚 − 𝑠

Therefore, correct assumption.

∴ 𝐷Ž = 0.04955 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 49.55 𝑚𝑚

Evaluating permanent pressure loss:

𝐷Ž 0.04955 𝑚
= = 0.4845
𝐷 0.10226 𝑚

𝐾ƒ = 0.75 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)

This means that 75% of the differential head, ∆𝐻ƒ , will be unrecoverable or be permanently lost as friction.

𝑚4
(0.75) k103.3333 l 𝑚4 𝐽
𝑠4
𝐹ƒ = 𝐾ƒ ∆𝐻ƒ = = 77.50 𝑜𝑟
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑠 4 𝑘𝑔
1
𝑠4 − 𝑁

Or in terms of pressure loss:

−∆𝑃ƒ —Ž˜˜
∆𝐻ƒ —Ž˜˜ = = 𝐾ƒ ∆𝐻ƒ
𝜌<

𝑚4 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
∴ −∆𝑃ƒ —Ž˜˜ = (0.75) r103.3333 4 s k900 c l = 69,749.98 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝑠 𝑚 𝑚 − 𝑠4