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Pavitran A/L Pupathe A170632 Operating Systems: Assignment 1

1. The document discusses the key components of file systems, including files, file systems, and file system managers. Files contain related information, file systems manage how data is stored and accessed on storage disks, and file system managers are software that organize files. 2. The UNIX file system consists of a boot block, super block, i-nodes, and data blocks. The boot block loads the operating system. The super block describes the file system state. I-nodes map files to attributes like ownership and permissions. Data blocks store file contents. 3. Given details of a UNIX file system with 2KB blocks and 4-byte addresses, with i-nodes having direct, singly-indirect, and doubly

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85 views3 pages

Pavitran A/L Pupathe A170632 Operating Systems: Assignment 1

1. The document discusses the key components of file systems, including files, file systems, and file system managers. Files contain related information, file systems manage how data is stored and accessed on storage disks, and file system managers are software that organize files. 2. The UNIX file system consists of a boot block, super block, i-nodes, and data blocks. The boot block loads the operating system. The super block describes the file system state. I-nodes map files to attributes like ownership and permissions. Data blocks store file contents. 3. Given details of a UNIX file system with 2KB blocks and 4-byte addresses, with i-nodes having direct, singly-indirect, and doubly

Uploaded by

Pavitran Neymar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pavitran A/L Pupathe A170632

OPERATING SYSTEMS: ASSIGNMENT 1

(a) Discuss the concept of files, file systems and file system manager.

1. Files:
A file is a named collection of related information that is recorded
on secondary storage such as magnetic disks, magnetic tapes
and optical disks. In general, a file is a sequence of bits, bytes,
lines or records whose meaning is defined by the files creator
and user. Files can be structured or unstructured. Unstructured
files are just a sequence of bytes whereas structured files are a
sequence or tree of typed records.

2. File systems:
A file system is a process that manages how and where data on a
storage disk, typically a hard disk drive (HDD), is stored,
accessed and managed. It is a logical disk component that
manages a disk's internal operations as it relates to a computer
and is abstract to a human user. Usually file systems consist of
files which are separated into groups called directories.
Nowadays, the most frequently used Windows file system is
NTFS.

3. File system manager:


A file management system is a type of software that manages
data files in a computer system. It has limited capabilities and is
designed to manage individual or group files, such as special
office documents and records. It may display report details, like
owner, creation date, state of completion and similar features
useful in an office environment. A file management system is
also known as a file manager.

(b) UNIX file system consists of boot block, super block, i-nodes and data blocks. Explain
each of these items.

1. Boot block:
A boot block located in the first few sectors of a file system. The
boot block contains the initial bootstrap program used to load the
operating system. The boot block is usually a part of the disk
label, a particular set of blocks that contain information about the
layout of the disk.
Typically, the first sector contains a bootstrap program that reads
in a larger bootstrap program from the next few sectors, and so
forth.

2. Super block:
A super block describes the state of the file system: the total size
of the partition, the block size, pointers to a list of free blocks,
the inode number of the root directory, magic number, etc. In
general, each UNIX partition contains a special block called the
superblock. The superblock contains the basic information on the
entire system of files.

3. i-nodes:
A linear array of inodes (short for ``index nodes''). There is a one
to one mapping of files to inodes and vice versa. An inode is
identified by its ``inode number'', which contains the information
needed to find the inode itself on the disk. . File-system object
attributes may include metadata, as well as owner and
permission data. Thus, while users think of files in terms of file
names, Unix thinks of files in terms of inodes.

An inode is the ``handle'' to a file and contains the following


information:

 file ownership indication


 file type (e.g., regular, directory, special device, pipes, etc.)
 file access permissions. May have setuid (sticky) bit set.
 time of last access, and modification

4. Data blocks:
Data blocks are simply blocks containing the actual contents of
files. The Unix file system allocates data blocks one at a time
from a pool of free blocks.

(c) A UNIX filesystem has 2-KB blocks and 4-byte disk addresses. Each i-node contains 10
direct entries, one singly-indirect entry and one doubly-indirect entry. What is the
maximum file size?
Block Size (A) = 2KB
Block Address (B) = 4 bytes
Solution (S) = A/B
N = 2KB/4 bytes
N = 514
Maximum file size = 10+512+512^2+512^3
= 256GB

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