Chapter 3 – Transformations

Solutions to Exercise 3A
1 a (−2, 5) → (−2 + 1, 5 − 2) = (−1, 3) y

b (−2, 5) → (−2 − 3, 5 + 5) = (−5, 10) y = 12 −3

x
c (−2, 5) → (−2 − 1, 5 − 6) = (−3, −1) − 1,0 − 1,0
√3 √3
x
d (−2, 5) → (−2 − 3, 5 + 2) = (−5, 7) 0
y = −3
e (−2, 5) → (−2 − 1, 5 + 1) = (−3, 6)
c Domain = R \ {−2}
1
2 a y= −3 Range = R+
x−2 y
y= 1 2
1 (x + 2)
b y= +3
x+2
0, 1
1 2 4
c y= 1
+4= +4 x
x− 2x − 1
2 0
x = −2
3 a Domain = R \ {0}
d Domain = [2, ∞)
Range = R \ {3}
y Range = R+ ∪ {0}
y
1+3
y=x
y = √x − 2
y=3
x x
0 0 (2, 0)
− 1, 0
3 e Domain = R \ {1}
b Domain = R \ {0} Range = R \ {0}
Range = (−3, ∞)

81

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 y i Domain = R \ {3}

1 Range = R+
y= y
x−1
0 x
1
(0, −1) 0, 1 y=
9 (x − 3)2
x=1 x
0
f Domain = R \ {0}
x=3
Range = R \ {−4}
y j Domain = R \ {−4}

1, 0 Range = R+
4 y
x
0
y= 1 2
(x + 4)
y=−4
0, 1
1−4 16
y=x x
0
g Domain = R \ {−2}
x = –4
Range = R \ {0}
y k Domain = R \ {1}

x = −2 Range = R \ {1}
y
0, 1
2 y= 1 +1
x x– 1
0
y= 1 y=1
x+2
x
0
h Domain = R \ {3}
x=1
Range = R \ {0}
y l Domain = R \ {2}
Range = R \ {2}
y= 1
x−3
x
0
0, − 1
3
x=3

82

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 y c y

y= 1 +2 x = −3
1
x– 2 0, 3
y=2
x
x 0
0 1 y = f(x + 3)
1 1 ,0
0, 1 2
2 x=2
d y
4 a y
y = f(x) − 3
y = f(x −1) 1, 0
3
x
0
0 x y = −3
(0, −1)
x =1

b y e y

y = f(x) + 1 x = −1
(0, 1)
y=1
x
0
x
( −1, 0) 0
y = f(x + 1)

f y

y = f(x) −1
(1, 0)
x
0
y = −1

5 a Translation of 5 to the left;

(x, y) → (x − 5, y)

b Translation of 2 up; (x, y) → (x, y + 2)

c Translation of 4 up; (x, y) → (x, y + 4)

83

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 d Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 3) ∴ x = x0 + 3 and y = y0 − 2
∴ y = (x − 2)2 + 3 maps to
e Translation (x, y) → (x − 3, y) y0 − 2 = (x0 + 3 − 2)2 + 3
The image is y = (x + 1)2 + 5
1 1
6 a i y − 1 = (x − 7) 4 ; y = (x − 7) 4 + 1 b x0 = x + 3 and y0 = y − 3
1 1 ∴ x = x0 − 3 and y = y0 + 3
ii y + 6 = (x + 2) 4 ; y = (x + 2) 4 − 6 ∴ y = 2(x + 3)2 + 3 maps to
1 1 y0 + 3 = 2(x0 − 3 + 3)2 + 3
iii y + 3 = (x − 2) 4 ; y = (x − 2) 4 − 3
The image is y = 2x2
1 1
iv y − 4 = (x + 1) 4 ; y = (x + 1) 4 + 4 c x0 = x + 4 and y0 = y − 2
√3 ∴ x = x0 − 4 and y = y0 + 2
b i y= (x − 7) + 1 1
∴y= + 3 maps to
√3 (x − 2)2
ii y = (x + 2) − 6 1
y0 + 2 = 0 +3
√3 (x − 4 − 2)2
iii y = (x − 2) − 3 1
The image is y = +1
√3 (x − 6)2
iv y = (x + 1) + 4
d x0 = x − 1 and y0 = y + 1
1
c i y= +1 ∴ x = x0 + 1 and y = y0 − 1
(x − 7)3 ∴ y = (x + 2)3 + 1 maps to
1 y0 − 1 = (x0 + 1 + 2)3 + 1
ii y = −6
(x + 2)3 The image is y = (x + 3)3 + 2

iii y =
1
−3 e x0 = x − 1 and y0 = y + 1
(x − 2)3 ∴x=√ x0 + 1 and y = y0 − 1
∴ y = x√− 3 + 2 maps to
3
1
iv y = +4 y0 − 1 = x0 + 1 −√3 + 2
3

(x + 1)3
The image is y = x − 2 + 3
3

1
d i y= +1
(x − 7)4
8 a Write
1 1 1
ii y = −6 y = 2 and y0 = 0 +3
(x + 2)4 x (x − 2)2
Therefore, choose:
1 y = y0 − 3 and x = x0 − 2
iii y = −3
(x − 2)4 ∴ y0 = y + 3 and x0 = x + 2
1 That is, (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 3)
iv y = +4
(x + 1)4
b Write
1 1
y = and y0 = 0 −3
7 a x0 = x − 3 and y0 = y + 2 x (x + 2)

84

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Therefore, choose: c Write
√ √
y = y0 + 3 and x = x0 + 2 y = x and y0 = x0 + 4 + 2
∴ y0 = y − 3 and x0 = x − 2 Therefore, choose:
That is, (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 3) y = y0 − 2 and x = x0 + 4
∴ y0 = y + 2 and x0 = x − 4
That is, (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 2)

85

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3B
1 a x0 = x, y0 = 3y 5 a y
1 y0 1
∴ y = maps to = 0
x 3 x
3
The image is y =
x (1, 4)
b x
0
y = 4x
c x0 = 3x, y0 = y
1 1
∴ y = maps to y0 = 0
x x b y
3
3
The image is y = 1
x 1,
2
2 a x0 = x, y0 = 2y x
1 y0 1 0
∴ y = 2 maps to = 0 2 1
x 2 (x ) y=
2 2x
The image is y = 2
x c y
b
y = 3x
c x0 = 2x, y0 = y (3, 3)
1 1 1, 1
∴ y = 2 maps to y0 = 3
x x0
!2
x
0
2
4
The image is y = 2 d y
x

√ y = 22
3 a y=2 x (−1, 2) x
(1, 2)
x
r
x
b y=
2
0

4 a y = 2x3
6 a y
x3
b y=
8 y = 12
4x
x
0

86

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 b y 7 y
y = 3x
2
y=
x2 (1, 2)
(1, 3) y= 3
2x
x 1, 3 1
2 y= x
0 (1, 1)
x
c y 0 (−1, −1)
3
−1, −
4 2
y= (−1, −3)
x2 (1, 4)
x
0 8 y
d y
f(x) = 3√x
y = 32
x (1, 3) (1, 3)
x x
0
0
e y
1
9 a Dilation factor from the y-axis
1 1, 1
5
y= √
25x2 25 b Dilation factor 5 from the x-axis
x
0
1
f y 10 a Let y = f (x) = and
x2
5
y0 = f1 (x0 ) = 0 2
16 (1, 16)
(x )
y= 1
x2 Then rewrite as y = 2 and
x
x y0 1
0 = 0 2.
5 (x )
y0
Choose = y and x = x0 .
5
One transformation is y0 = 5y and
x0 = x
A dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis.
√
b Let y = f (x) = x and
√
y0 = f1 (x0 ) = 4 x0

87

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 √
Then rewrite as y = x and 11 a i y = 4x2
y0 √ 0
= x. 2 2
4 ii y = x
y0 3
Choose = y and x = x0 .
4
One transformation is y0 = 4y and iii y = (2x)2 = 4x2
x0 = x  x 2 1 2
A dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis. iv y = = x
5 25
√
c Let y = f (x) =√ x and 4
y0 = f1 (x0 ) = 5x0 b i y=
√ x2
Then √rewrite as y = x and
y0 = 5x0 . 2
ii y =
Choose y0 = y and x = 5x0 . 3x2
One transformation is y0 = y and 1
1 iii y =
x0 = x 4x2
5
1
A dilation of factor from the y-axis. 25
5 iv y =
x2
r
x √
d Let y = f (x) = and c i y=4 3x
√ 3
y0 = f1 (x0 ) = x0 r
x 2 √3
Then rewrite as y = and ii y = × x
3 3
√
y0 = x0 . √3
x iii y = 2x
Choose y0 = y and = x0 .
3
One transformation is y0 = y and r
1 x
x0 = x iv y = 3

3 5
1
A dilation of factor from the y-axis. 4
3 d i y=
x3
1
e Let y = f (x) = and
4x2 2
1 ii y =
y0 = f1 (x0 ) = 0 2 3x3
(x )
1 1
Then rewrite as y = and iii y =
(2x)2 8x3
1
y0 = 0 2 .
(x ) 125
Choose y0 = y and 2x = x0 . iv y =
x3
One transformation is y0 = 5y and
4
x0 = 2x e i y=
x4
A dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis.

88

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 2 √4
ii y = iii y = 2x
3x4
1 r
x
iii y = iv y = 4
16x4 5
625 1
iv y = g i y = 4x 5
x4
√ 2 1
f i y=4 4x ii y = x5
3

2 √4 1
ii y = × x iii y = (2x) 5
3
 x1
5
iv y =
5

89

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3C
√
1 a y = −(x − 1)2 b i y=− 3x
√
b y = (x + 1)2 ii y = − 3 x
−1
c i y=
2 a y Domain = R x3
−1
ii y =
1 x3
0 x −1
−4 −2 2 4 d i y=
x4
−1 1
ii y =
x4
b y Domain = R
1
e i y = −x 3
1 1
x ii y = −x 3
2 0 2
1 f i y = −x 5
1

2
1
ii y = −x 5
3 Reflection in the y-axis 1
g i y = −x 4
1
4 a i y = −x3 ii y = (−x) 4

ii y = −x3

90

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3D
1 Part a will be done with the method. 2
iii y =
x2
a i The mapping is
(x, y) → (x + 2, 2y − 3) = (x0 , y0 ) 2 y
Hence x0 = x + 2 and y0 = 2y − 3
(5, 4)
This implies x = x0 − 2 and
y0 + 3
y= x
2 0 3
∴ y = x2 maps to
y0 + 3 (8, −2)
= (x0 − 2)2
2
That is, y = 2(x − 2)2 − 3

ii The mapping is
(x, y) → (3x − 2, y − 4) = (x0 , y0 ) 3 y
Hence x0 = 3x − 2 and y0 = y − 4
x0 + 2
This implies x = and
3 −8 0 x
y=y +40

∴ y = x2 maps to −3
x0 + 2
!2
(−4, −3)
y +4=
0
3
 x + 2 2
That is, y = −4
3
iii The mapping is 4 a i y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
(x, y) → (3x − 2, y − 4) = (x0 , y0 )
Hence x0 = −x and y0 = 2y ii y = −(2(x − 3)2 ) − 4
y0 y = −2(x − 3)2 + 4
This implies x = −x0 and y =
2
∴ y = x2 maps to y = 2x2 iii y = 2(−(x − 3)2 ) − 4
√3 y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
b i y=2 x−2−3
iv y = 2(−(x − 3)2 − 4)
3 x + 2
r
ii y = −4 y = −2(x − 3)2 − 8
3
√ v y = −2((x − 3)2 − 4)
iii y = −2 3 x
y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
2
c i y= −3
(x − 2)2 vi y = 2(−((x − 3)2 − 4))
y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
9
ii y = −4 √3
(x + 2)2 b i y = −2 x − 3 − 4

91

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 √3
ii y = −2 x − 3 + 4 −2
iv y = −8
√3 (x − 3)3
iii y = −2 x − 3 − 4
−2
√3 v y= +8
iv y = −2 x − 3 − 8 (x − 3)3
√3 −2
v y = −2 x − 3 + 8 vi y = +8
(x − 3)3
√3
vi y = −2 x − 3 + 8 −2
f i y= −4
−2 (x − 3)4
c i y= −4
(x − 3)2 −2
ii y = +4
−2 (x − 3)4
ii y = +4
(x − 3)2 −2
iii y = −4
−2 (x − 3)4
iii y = −4
(x − 3)2 −2
iv y = −8
−2 (x − 3)4
iv y = −8
(x − 3)2 −2
v y= +8
−2 (x − 3)4
v y= +8
(x − 3)2 −2
vi y = +8
−2 (x − 3)4
vi y = +8
(x − 3)2 −2
g i y= −4
d i y = −2(x − 3)4 − 4 (x − 3)2
−2
ii y = −2(x − 3)4 + 4 ii y = +4
(x − 3)2
iii y = −2(x − 3)4 − 4 −2
iii y = −4
(x − 3)2
iv y = −2(x − 3)4 − 8
−2
iv y = −8
v y = −2(x − 3) + 84
(x − 3)2

vi y = −2(x − 3)4 + 8 −2
v y= +8
(x − 3)2
−2
e i y= −4 −2
(x − 3)3 vi y = +8
(x − 3)2
−2
ii y = +4
(x − 3)3
x + 12
r
−2 5 y=−
iii y = −4 3
(x − 3)3

92

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 6 a y 7 a y

1 −7
x 2 0
2 √6 2 0 2+√6 x
−1
1 , −2
2

1
b y = (1 − 2x) 3 − 2

6
b y=1−
(x + 2)2

93

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3E
1 a i Dilation of factor 2 from the 2 a Translation 1 unit to the left and
x-axis, then translation 1 unit to 6 units down
the right and 3 units up
b Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis,
ii Reflection in the x-axis, then then translation 32 units up and 1 unit
translation 1 unit to the left and to the left
2 units up
c Translation 1 unit to the left and
1
iii Dilation of factor from the
2 6 units up
y-axis, then translation 12 unit to
the left and 2 units down d Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis,
then translation 52 units up and 1 unit
b i Dilation of factor 2 from the to the left
x-axis, then translation 3 units to
the left e Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis,
then translation of 1 unit to the left
ii Translation 3 units to the left and and 6 units down
2 units up

iii Translation 3 units to the right and 3 a Dilation of factor 15 from the x-axis,
2 units down then translation 75 units up and 3 units
to the left
c i Translation 3 units to the left and
2 units up b Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis,
then translation 2 units to the right
ii Dilation of factor 31 from the and 5 units down
y-axis and dilation of factor 2
from the x-axis c Reflection in the x-axis, dilation of
factor 13 from the x-axis, translation
7
iii Reflection in the x-axis, then 3 units up, dilation of factor 3 from
translation 2 units up the y-axis, translation 1 unit to the
right

d Reflection in the y-axis, translation

4 units to the right, dilation of
factor 12 from the x-axis

e Reflection in the y-axis, translation

4 units to the right, reflection in the
x-axis, dilation of factor 12 from the
x-axis, translation 15
2 units up

94

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 4 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, d Reflection in the x-axis, then
then translation 1 unit to the right and translation 1 unit to the left and
3 units up 2 units up

b Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, e Reflection in the y-axis and dilation
then translation 4 units to the left and of factor 2 from the x-axis (in either
7 units down order), then translation 3 units up

c Reflection in the y-axis and dilation f Translation 3 units to the left and
of factor 4 from the x-axis (in either 4 units down, then reflection in either
order), then translation 1 unit to the axis and dilation of factor 12 from the
right and 5 units down x-axis (in either order)

95

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3F
3 2
1 a f (x) = 0=−1
x−1 x+1
y
x+1=2
y= 3
x=1
x−1
2
y= −1
0+1
x
0 y=1
(0, −3)
Range R\{−1}
x=1
3
Asymptotes c y=
y=0 (x − 2)2
y
x−1=0
x=1 3
y=
(x − 2)2
0, 3
Axis intercepts
3 4
y= = −3
0−1 x
0=
3
∴ no x- axis intercept. 0
x−1
Range R\{0}
x=2
2 Asymptotes
b y= −1 y=0
x−1
y x−2=0
x = −1 x=2
(0, 1) Axis intercepts
(1, 0) 3
x 0= ∴ no x- axis intercept.
0 (x − 2)2
y = −1 3 3
y= =
y = 2 −1 (−2) 2 4
x+1 Range = R+
Asymptotes 2
y = 0 − 1 = −1 d y= −1
(x − 1)2
x+1=0 y
x = −1
y= 2 −1
Axis intercepts
(x − 1)2
(0, 1)
(1 − √2, 0) (1 + √2, 0)
x
0
y = −1 x=1
Asymptotes

96

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 y = 0 − 1 = −1 y
x−1=0
x=1 y = −1 + 3
Axis intercepts x+2
2 y=3
0= −1
(x − 1)2 x
√ 2 0
x−1=± 2 −1 , 0 1
3 0, 2
√ x = −2 2
x=1± 2 Asymptotes
2 y=0+3=3
y= −1 x+2=0
(0 − 1)2
x = −2
y=1
Range = (−1, ∞) Axis intercepts
−1 5
y= =3=
−1 0+2 2
e y= −1
x−3 0= +3
y x+2
3x + 6 = 1
−5
x=3 x=
3
0, 1 Range = R\{3}
3
x g y=
2
+4
0 (x − 3)2
y = −1 y
x−3
Asymptotes
38 6
y=0
95
x−3=0 4
x=3 3 y=4
2
Axis intercepts 1 x=3
−1 x
0= ∴ no x- axis intercept. 0
x−3
−1 1 Asymptotes
y= =
0−3 3 x−3=0
Range = R\{0}
x=3
−1 y=0+4=4
f y= +3
x+2 Range = (4, ∞)

97

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 2 a y e y

3 (0, 5√2)
x y = 5√x + 2
0 x
y = −√x − 3
−2 0

Range = R− ∪ {0} Range = R+ ∪ {0}

b y f y

x
(3, 2) (−2, −2) 0
x
0 (7, 0) (0, −5√2 − 2)
y = −√x − 3 + 2 y = −5√x + 2 − 2
Range = (−∞, 2] Range = (−∞, −2]
c y y
g
(0, √6) x=2
y = √2(x + 3)
0, 3
x 2
0 x
−3
0
Range = R+ ∪ {0} y = −3
x−2
Range = R \ {0}
d y 1
y=
2x − 3

x
0
0, − 1 3
3 x=
2
Range = R \ {0}

98

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 h y 3 y
x = −2
x
0 y= 3x +2
y = −4 x +1
y=3
1 (0, 2)
0, −4 x
2 0
y = − 2 2 −4 − 2, 0
(x + 2) x = −1 3
Range = (−∞, −4)
3x + 2 3x + 3 − 1
=
i y x+1 x+1
1
= 3(x + 1) −
x+1
3,0
1
10 =3−
x x+1
0
y = −5
3 4 y
y= −5
2x y = 4x− 5
Range = R \ {−5} 2x +1

j y y=2
0 x
5 (0, −5) 5, 0
x =−1
2 4
x 4x − 5 4x + 2 − 7
−1 0 =
2 2x + 1 2x + 1
Range = R \ {5} 2(2x + 1) 7
= −
2x + 1 2x + 1
k y 7
=2−
2x + 1
23
5 a y

y = 2 +4
5 (3, 5) x−3
x y=4
0 3
Range = [5, ∞) x
0 1
1 2 2, 0
0, 3 x=3
3

99

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Range = R\{4} d y
b y y = 2 x− 1 + 2
x=3
0, 5 1
(1, 2)
3 x
y=4 0
x
0 (4, 0) Range = [2, ∞)
y= 2 +4
3 −x
Range = R\{4}
e y

c y 2 +1
y= (4, 1)
(x − 1( 2 x
0 1
4 ,0
(0, 3) y = − 3 x −4 + 1 9
y=1
x Range = (−∞, 1]
0
x=1 f y
Range = (1, ∞)

(0, 11)
y= 5 2x+ 4 +1
(−2, 1) x
0
Range = [1, ∞)

100

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3G
1 a y e y

x
(0, 0) (1, 2) 0 1
x
−7
(−1, −8)

b y f y

x
(−1,2) (0,0) 0 2
x −4 (1, −2)

c y g y

(0, 1) (1, 2)
x 4 (1, 2)
−1 0
x
0 2

d y

x
0 2
−4 23

101

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 h y 2 h = 0 and k = 4
1
2+ 4
3
) ) 3 y = ax3 + 4
When x = 1, y = 1
x ∴1=a+4
0
(2, –4) ∴ a = −3
∴ y = −3x3 + 4
−28
3 a y = 3x3
i y
b y = (x + 1)3 + 1

(1, 2) c y = −(x − 2)3 − 3

x
0 d y = 2(x + 1)3 − 2

x3
e y=
27
j y
(3 − x)3
1
4 a y= +1
27
1−23 0
x b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-
−2
(1, −4) axis, reflection in the x-axis, then
translation 1 unit to the left and
4 units up
k y
(x + 2)4
5 y= −1
x 16
0 1
6 Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
−31 reflection in the x-axis, then translation
(−1, −32) 1 unit to the right and 5 units up

l y 7 a y

(0.096, 0)
x
0 2 (0, 1)
−4 (1, −2) x
0 (1.904, 0)
(1, − 2)

102

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 b y e y

(−2, 0) (−4, 1)
x
0
x
(−5, 0) 0
(−3, 0)
(0, −32)
(0, −255)
c y
f y

(0.435, 0)
(0, 10) x
0 (2, −3)
x
0 (3.565, 0) (0, −51)
(2, −6)

d y
8 h = −2 and k = 3
(2.159, 0) Passes through (0, −6)
(0, 161) y = a(x + 2)4 + 3
−6 = 16a + 3
x a=−
9
0 16
(3, −1) 9
y = − (x + 2)4 + 3
(3.841, 0) 16

9 h = 1 and k = 7
Passes through (0, 23)
y = a(x − 1)4 + 7
23 = a + 7
a = 16
y = 16(x − 1)4 + 7

103

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3H
√
1 4 = a + b . . . (1) 4 y= A x+B
a √
1 = + b . . . (2) 5 = A 1 + B . . . (1)
3
Equation (1) − Equation (2) = A+B
√
2a 11 = A 16 + B . . . (2)
3=
3 = 4A + B
9
a= Equation (2) − Equation (1)
2
From (1) ⇒ 3A = 6
1 A=2
b=−
2 From (1)
⇒5=2+B
2 Asymptotes : x = 1, y = 2
B=3
x+b=0 y=B
1+b=0 B=2 A
5 y= +B
b = −1 x2
A
Point : (0, 1) 1 = 2 + B . . . (1)
1
A
1= +2 = A+B
−1
A
A=1 7= + B . . . (2)
0.52
= 4A + B
3 1 = A + B . . . (1)
Equation (2) − Equation (1)
6 = 3A + B . . . (2)
⇒ 3A = 6
Equation (2) − Equation (1)
A=2
5 = 2A
From (1)
5
A= 1=2+B
2
From (1) B = −1
3
B=−
2 A
6 y= +B
(x + b)2
Asymptotes
x = −2 y = −3
x+b=0 y=0+B

104

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 1
−2 + b = 0 B = −3 8 y = ax 3 + b
b=2
−8 = a + b . . . (1)
Point: (0, −1)
A
−1 = 2 − 3 4 = −a + b . . . (2)
2
Equation (2) + Equation (1)
A=8
2b = −4
a b = −2
7 y= +b
x3
a From (2)
−1 = 3 + b = a + b . . . (1)
1 a = −6
3 a 1
= 3 + b = a + b . . . (2)
4 2 8
Equation (2) − Equation (1)
−7 7
⇒ a=
8 4
a = −2
From (1)
⇒ −1 = −2 + b
b=1

105

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3I
" #" # " # " #" # " #
1 0 1 1 a b 0 −2
1 a = =
0 3 −2 −6 c d 1 5
∴ (1, −2) → (1, −6) " # " #
b −2
=
d 5
" #" # " #
2 0 1 2
b =
0 1 −2 −2 ∴ b = −2 and d = 5
∴ (1, −2) → (2, −2) " #" # " #
2 −2 −2 −6
=
"
1 0
#" # " #
1 1 −1 5 1 7
c =
0 −1 −2 2
∴ (1, −2) → (1, 2) " #" # " #
a b 1 2
4 =
c d 0 −1
" #" # " #
11 0 1 −1
d =
0 1 −2 −2 " # " #
a 2
∴ (1, −2) → (−1, −2) =
c −1
" #" # " #
0 1 1 −2 ∴ a = 2 and c = −1
e =
1 0 −2 1
" #" # " #
a b 0 4
∴ (1, −2) → (−2, 1) =
c d 1 −2
" # " #
b 4
−1 0
" # =
2 a d −2
0 1
∴ b = 4 and d = −2
" # " #" # " #
0 1 2 4 −3 14
b =
1 0 −1 −2 5 −7
" #
0 −1
c " # "
1 0 1 0
# "
1 0
#
−1 0 5 =
0 2 0 −1 0 −2
" # " #" # " #
1 0 1 0 −3 −3
d =
0 2 0 −2 2 −4
" #
3 0
e # " # " # " 0#
"
1 0 x 2 x
0 1 6 + = 0
0 3 y 1 y
" #" # " #
a b 1 2
3 =
c d 0 −1
" # " #
a 2
=
c −1
∴ a = 2 and c = −1

106

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 " # 1 0  " 0 # " #! "
0 3 x
# " # " 0#
x
x  x 2 9 = 0
=  1  0 −

y 0 y 1 −2 0 y y
3
" #  0 −1  " 0 #
 
" # 1 0  " 0 # x  x
x  x − 2
=  1 2  0


=  1  0

y 0 y −1 y  0  y
3 3
" #  x0 − 2  −y0 x0
x
=  y0 − 1 
  x= , y=
y 2 3
3 but y = 2x + 3
x0
y0 − 1 = −y0 + 3
x = x0 − 2, y = 3
3 x0
y0 = 3 −
3
" # " # " 0#
−4 0 x x
7 = 0 # " # " 0#
0 2 y
"
y 0 2 x x
10 = 0
" # −
 1  −3 0 y y
x 0  " x0 #  0
=  " #  0 −1  " 0 #  −y 

4   
y  0 1  y0 x  x
=  1 3  0 =  20 
  
2 y  x 
 0  y
" #  1  2 2
x −x 4 
=  1  −y0 x0
y x= , y=
y2 3 2
1 1 but y = −2x + 4
x = −x 4 , y = y 2 x0 2y0
= +4
2 3
but y = x2 + x + 2
2y0 x0
y0 (x0 )2 x0 = −4
= − +2 3 2
2 16 4 3x0
(x 0 2
) x 0
y0 = −6
y0 = − +4 4
8 2
" # " # " #! " 0 #
0 1 x −1 x
+ = 0
" # " # " 0#
1 0 x x 11
8 = 0 −3 0 y 2 y
0 −2 y y " # " #  −1  " 0 #
" # 1 0  " 0 # x −1 0  x
x  x + =  3  0
=  −1  0

y 2 1 0 y
y 0 y
2 0 " #  −1  " 0 # " #
 
−y x 0  x −1
x = x0 , y = =  3  0 −
2 y 1 0 y 2
but y = x + 2x 3 " #  −1 0 
x  y + 1
−y0 =  3 
= (x0 )3 + 2x0 y 0
x −2

2
y0 = −2(x0 )3 − 4x0 −1 0
x= y + 1, y = x0 − 2
3
but y = −2x + 6

107

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 2y0
x0 − 2 = −2+6
3
2y0
= x0 − 6
3
3x0
y0 = −9
2

" # " # " # " 0#

0 −3 x −3 x
12 + = 0
1 0 y 2 y
" #  0 1 " 0 # " #!
x  x −3
 −1  + 0 −

y  0 y 2
3 
" #  0 1 " 0
 x + 3
#!
x
=  −1  0

 
y 0 y −2
3
−1 0
x = y0 − 2, y = (x + 3)
3
but y = −2x + 6
1
− (x0 + 3) = −2y0 + 4 + 6
3
−x0
−2y0 = − 1 − 10
3
x0 11
y0 = +
6 2

" # " # " # " 0#

4 0 x −1 x
13 + = 0
0 2 y 4 y
1 
" # 
x 0  " x0 # "−1#!
=  4 1  0 −

y 0  y 4
2
 x0 + 1 
" #   
x  4 
=  0 
y  y − 4 
2
x0 + 1 y0 − 4
x= , y=
4 2
but y = −2x3 + 6x
!3
y0 − 4 x0 + 1 x0 + 1
!
= −2 +6
2 4 4

108

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 !2
y0 + 1
" # " # " # " 0#
−3 0 x −1 x x0 − 3
14 + = 0 ∴ y = x maps to −
2
=
0 −2 y 2 y 2 4
 −1  1
" # 
x 0  " x0 # "−1#! The image is: y = − (x − 3)2 − 1
=  3 −1  0 − 8
 
y  0  y 2
2
" #  −(x + 1) 
0 " # " # " # " 0#
3 0 x −2
 
x
x 16 + = 0
= 
 3 
 0 −1 y −1 y
y  −(y0 − 2) 
2 ∴ x0 = 3x − 2 and y0 = −y − 1
0 0
−x − 1 2−y x0 + 2
x= , y= ∴x= and y = −y0 − 1
3 2 3
but y = −2x3 + 6x2 + 2 1 1
2 − y0 −(x + 1)
! 3 ∴ y = 2 maps to −y0 − 1 = !2
= −2 x x0 + 2
2 3 3
!2
−(x + 1) The image is: y = −
9
+6 +2 (x + 2)2
−1
3
!3 !2
2 − y0 (x0 + 1) (x0 + 1)
=2 +6 +2 " # " # " # " 0#
2 3 3 2 0 x 3 x
17 + = 0
0 1 y 4 y

∴ x0 = 2x + 3 and y0 = y + 4
" # " # " # " 0#
4 0 x 3 x
15 + = 0
0 −2 y −1 y x0 − 3
∴x= and y = y0 − 4
2
∴ x0 = 4x + 3 and y0 = −2y − 1 ∴ y = 3(x − 2)2 − 4 maps to
y0 + 1
!2
x0 − 3 x0 − 3
∴x= and y = − y −4=3
0
−2 −4
4 2 2
3
The image is: y = (x − 7)2
4

109

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to Exercise 3J
1 1−3 0+1
" #
1 a 1
c A B −1 −1
=
" # 2 0+6 0−2
2 −1
b "
1 −2 1
#
−3 2 =
2 6 −2
c 2
1 1+0 1+0
" #
B−1 A−1 =
2 −3 + 0 −3 − 2
" #
1 1
d
− 32 −1 " #
1 1 1
=
2 −3 −5
2 a det = −3 + 4 = 1 (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 , A−1 B−1
" #
−1 1
inverse =
−4 3 4 a det(A) = "4 − 6 = −2
#
1 −1 3
b det = 12 + 2 = 14 A =
−1
2 2 −4
 2 −1 
 
" #
1 4 −1
"
#
inverse = 
 7 14 
= 3 4
  b AX =
 1 3  14 2 3 1 6
7 14 " #
−1 3 4
IX = A
c det = k 1 6
  " #" #
1 0  1 −1 3 3 4
inverse =  1  X=
0 2 2 −4 1 6
k " # " #
1 0 14 0 7
X= =
"1 1
# " # 2 2 16 1 −8
1 0
3 a A −1
= 2 2 , B−1
=
0 −1 −3 1 3 4
# "
c YA =
1 6
b
2+3 0+1
" # " #
5 1
" #" #
AB = = 1 3 4 −1 3
0−3 0−1 −3 −1 YI =
2 1 6 2 −4
det(AB) = −5 + 3 = −2 1 −3 + 8 9 − 16
" #
Y=
"
1 1 1
# 2 −1 + 12 3 − 24
(AB) =
−1
2 −3 −5
" #
1 5 −7
Y=
2 11 −21

5 a AX + B = C
AX = C − B
X = A−1 (C − B)

110

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 det A = 18"− 2 = 16# 1 1
∴ y = x3 + 4 maps to − y0 = (x0 )3 + 4
1 6 −2 3 27
A−1 = x3
16 −1 3 The image is y = − − 12
" # " # " # 9
1 6 −2  3 4 4 −1
X= −
16 −1 3 2 6 2 2 " # " # " 0#
0 4 x x
"
1 6 −2 −1 5
#" # 8 = 0
X= −2 0 y y
16 −1 3 0 4
1 0 −4 x0
" # " #" #
x
 (6 × −1) + (−2 × 0)
  =
 y 8 2 0 y0
1  (6 × 5) + (−2 × 4)
 
1 1
X= ∴ x = − y0 and y = x0

16  (−1 × −1) + (3 × 0)
 
 2 4
(−1 × 5) + (3 × 4) 1 1
∴ y = 5x + 3 maps to x0 = −5( y0 ) + 3
 
"
1 −6 22
# 4 2
= The image is x + 10y = 12
16 1 7
" # " # " 0#
0 5 x x
" #
−1 5 = 0
b YA = 9
−3 0 y y
0 4
1 0 −5 x0
" # " #" #
x
" # " #
−1 5 1 6 −2 =−
Y= × y 15 3 0 y0
0 4 16 −1 3
1 1
"
1 −11 17
# ∴ x = y0 and y = − x0
Y= 3 5
16 −4 12 ∴ y = −2x + 7 maps to
1 1
− x0 = −2( y0 ) + 7
5 3
"
−3 0 x
# " # " 0#
x The image is 3x − 10y = 105
6 = 0
0 1 y y
" #
x 1 1 0 x0
" #" # 10 A(X+ B)=X0
=− Therefore
y 3 0 −3 y0
1 X= A−1 X0 −B
∴ x = − x0 and y = y0
3
1 0 2 x0
" # " #" # " #
1 2 x −2
∴ y = x + 2x maps to y0 = (x0 )2 − x0
2 =− 0 −
9 3 y 8 4 0 y 2
x2 2x 1
The image is y = − ∴ x = − y0 + 2
9 3 4
1
and y = − x0 − 2
2
Hence y = −2x + 8 is mapped to
" # " # " 0#
3 0 x x
7 = 0
!
1 0 1 0
0 −3 y y − x − 2 = −2 − y + 2 + 8
2 4
1 −3 0 x0 The image is x + y = −12
" # " #" #
x
=−
y 9 0 3 y0
1 1
∴ x = x0 and y = − y0
" # " # " # " 0#
0 −3 x −3 x
3 3 11 + = 0
1 0 y 2 y

111

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 " #  0 1 " 0 # " #! x0 + 1 y0 − 4
x  x −3 x= , y=
 −1  + 0 −

4 2
y 0 y 2 but y = −2x3 + 6x
3 !3
y0 − 4 x0 + 1 x0 + 1
" #  0 1 " 0  !
 x + 3
#!
x
=  −1  0
 = −2 +6
2 4 4
y 0 y −2
3
−1 0
x = y0 − 2, y = (x + 3) " # " # " # " 0#
3 −3 0 x −1 x
but y = −2x + 6 13 + = 0
1 0 −2 y 2 y
− (x0 + 3) = −2y0 + 4 + 6  −1 
3 " # 
x 0  " x0 # "−1#!
−x0 = 

3  −
−2y0 = − 1 − 10 y  0 −1  y0 2
3
x 0
11 2 
" #  −(x + 1) 
0
y0 = +

6 2 x
= 
 3 

0
y  −(y − 2) 
" # " # " # " 0#
4 0 x −1 x 2
12 + = 0 −x0 − 1 2 − y0
0 2 y 4 y x= , y=
1  3 2
0  " x0 # "−1#! but y = −2x3 + 6x2 + 2
" # 
x
=  4 1  0 −

!3
y  y 4 2 − y0 −(x + 1)
0 = −2
2 2 3
" #  x + 1 
 0 
!2
x −(x + 1)
=  0 4  +6 +2
 
y  y − 4  3
!3 !2
2 2 − y0 (x0 + 1) (x0 + 1)
=2 +6 +2
2 3 3

112

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to technology-free questions
1 asymptotes: x = 2 & y = 4
1 a y = − 3, x , 0
x
no y intercept y
1
y = 0: x =
3
asymptotes: x = 0 & y = −3
y y=4
x
1, 0
x=2
3 0 range = (4, ∞)
x
0
y=−3 1
e y=1− , x,1
x−1
x = 0: y = 2
range = R\{−3} 1
y = 0: =1⇒x=2
1 x−1
b y= , x>2 asymptotes: x = 1 & y = 1
x−2
no intercepts y
asymptotes: x = 2 & y = 0 x=1
y (0, 2) y=1
x
0 (2, 0)
x
0 range = R\{1}
x = 2
range = (0, ∞) √
2 a y=2 x−3+1
2 x ≥ 3; y ≥ 1; endpoint (3, 1)
c y= − 3, x , 1
x−1 y
x = 0: y = −5
y = 0:
2
=3⇒x=
5 y = 2 x−3 + 1
x−1 3
asymptotes: x = 1 & y = −3
(3, 1)
y x
0
5,
3 0
x
0
y=−3
(0, −5) 3
x=1 b y= −1
(x − 2)2
range = R\{−3} 1
x = 0: y = −
3 4
d y=− + 4, x > 2 3
2−x y = 0: =1
no intercepts (x − 2)2

113

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 √
(x − 2)2 = 3 ⇒ x = 2 ± 3 b y
asymptotes: x = 2 & y = −1
y 10 (1, 8)
1
5+ 1
(2 − 3, 0) 4
0 x
0 (2 + 3, 0)
x

y = −1 Point of zero gradient (1, 8);

1
0, − 4
1
x=2 Axis intercepts (4 5 , 0), (0, 10)

c y=
−3
−1
c y
(x − 2)2
This is a reflection in the line y = −1
of the graph in part b above. There
0 (2, 1)
are no x intercepts, the y intercept is x
7
at y = − and the asymptotes are the
4
same.
y
x=2 63
Point of zero gradient (2, 1);
x 1
Axis intercepts (− 21 ) 5 + 2, 0), (0, −63)
0 y = −1
7 d y
0, − 4

0 x
2
3 a y (1, −4)
−8

Point of zero gradient (1, −4);

(−1, 0) 0 Axis intercepts (2, 0), (0, −8)
x
−2
√
4 y=a x+b
(1, 6) and (16, 12) lie on the curve
Point of zero gradient (−1, 0);
Axis intercepts (−1, 0), (0, −2)

114

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 a
6 = a + b . . . (1) −a=4
3
12 = 4a + b . . . (2) 2a
− =4
Subtract (1) from (2) 3
6 = 3a a = −6
Substitute into (1): b = 9
a=2
∴b=4
8 a (x, y) → (−x, y) → (−2x, y) →
(−2x + 4, y + 6) = (x0 , y0 )
∴ x0 = −2x + 4 and y0 = y + 6
" # " # " # " 0#
1 0 x −4 x
5 + = 0 ∴ x0 = x − 4 4 − x0
0 −2 y −1 y ∴x= and y = y0 − 6.
2
and y0 = −2y − 1 ∴ x = x0 + 4 ∴ y = −x2 maps to
!2
4 − x0
y −6=−
0
That is to
y0 + 1 2
and y = − ∴ the image of !2
2 x−4
√ y=− +6
y = x under this transformation is 2
y0 + 1 √ 0
− = x +4 b Reflection in the x-axis, dilation
2 √
The image is y = −2 x + 4 − 1 of factor 4 from the x-axis, then
translate1 unit to the left and
6 units up
# " #   " 0#
3 0 x  −4 
"
x
6 +  1  = 0
0 −1 y − y
2 9 Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
then translation 5 units to the right and
1
∴ x0 = 3x − 4 and y0 = −y − 3 units up
2
x0 + 4 1 y
∴x= and y = −y −
0
3 2

√
∴ the image of y = 2 x − 4+3 under
this transformation is
3
x0 + 4
r
1
−y − = 2
0
−4+3
2 3 r
x
x−8 7 0 5
The image is y = −2 − x = 5, y = 3; Intercept
3 2 Asymptotes
78 
0,
25
7 (1, 3): 3 = a + b . . . (1)
a
(3,7): 7 = + b . . . (2)
3 10 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
Subtract (1) from (2): translation 32 units up

115

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 11 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then down
translation 3 units to the left and 2 units

116

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
x0 + 2
r
1 B (3, −4) → (3, −1) → (3, 1)
∴y=−
3
−2
3
2 B y = x3 + 4 → y = x3 + 1 → y =
(x − 2)3 + 1 y+4 1
8 A Rearranging =
3 2x + 1
3 B y0 + 4
Choose x = 2x0 + 1 and y =
3
4 E y = x2 → y = −x2 → y = 1 1
−(x + 4)2 − 3 ∴ x0 = x − and y0 = 3y − 4
2 2

5 D Asymptotes at x = −3 and y = −2 y−3 1

9 A Rearrange − =
∴ b = 3 and c = −2 5 2x − 1
Choose x0 = 2x − 1 and
1
6 A Let y = x 3 Reflection in the y-axis: y0 = −
y−3 y 3
=− +
1
y= −x 3 Dilation by a factor of 5 5 5 5
1
units from the x-axis: y = −5x 3 10 A g( f (x) = (3x − 2)2 − 4(3x − 2) + 2.
Therefore x = 3x0 − 2
7 D x0 = 3x − 2 and y0 = −y − 1 x+2 x 2
∴ x0 = = −
x0 + 2 3 3 3
∴x= and y = −y0 − 1
3 .
3 x + 2
r
0
The image is −y − 2 =
0
3

117

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a R\{−2}

b • dilation of factor 24 from the x-axis

• translation of 2 in the negative direction of the x-axis
• translation of 6 in the negative direction of the y-axis
24
c f (0) = − 6 = 12 − 6 = 6
2
∴ y axis intercept is 6: (0, 6)
f (x) = 0 implies
24
−6=0
x+2
∴ 24 = 6(x + 2)
∴ 24 = 6x + 12
∴x=2
y = f (x) intercepts with the x axis at (2, 0)
24
d g:(−2, ∞) → R, g(x) = −6
x+2
24
Consider x = −6
y+2
i.e. (y + 2)x = 24 − 6(y + 2)
∴ yx + 6y = 24 − 12 − 2x
y(x + 6) = 12 − 2x
12 − 2x
∴y=
x+6
12 − 2x 24
∴ g (x) =
−1
= −2 +
x+6 x+6
e ∴ domain of g−1 = range of g = (−6, ∞)

118

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Forg(x) = x
24
−6= x
x+2
f,g 12 − 2x y
i.e. =x
x+6 x = −2
∴ 12 − 2x = x2 + 6x x = −6
∴ x2 + 8x − 12 = 0 y=x
√
−8 ± 64 + 48
∴x= 6
2
√
−8 ± 112 2 y = g− 1(x)
= x
2 02
√
y = −2 6
−8 ± 4 7 y = g(x)
=
2 y = −6
√
= −4 ± 2 7
But x ∈ (−6, ∞) √
Therefore x = −4 + 2 7
The graphs of y = g(x) and y = g−1 (x)
intersect where y = x √
∴ they intersect at x = −4 + 2 7
√
2 f : D → R, f (x) = 4 − 2 2x + 6

a 2x + 6 ≥ 0
i.e. x ≥ −3
∴ domain is [−3, ∞)
1
b • dilation of factor from the y axis
2
• dilation of factor 2 from the x axis
• reflection in the x axis
• translation 3 units in the negative direction of the x axis
• translation 4 units in the positive direction of the y axis
√
c f (0) = 4 − 2 6 √
∴ y = f (x) cuts
√ the y axis at (0, 4 − 2 6)
When√4 − 2 2x + 6 = 0
4 = 2 2x √+6
i.e. 2 = 2x + 6
∴ 4 = 2x + 6
∴ x = −1
∴ y = f (x) cuts the x axis at (−1, 0)

119

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 = 2y + 6
p
d Consider x 4 − 2
Then 2 2y + 6 = 4 − x
p

Squaring both sides yields

4(2y + 6) = (4 − x)2
∴ 8y + 24 = 16 − 8x + x2
1
∴ y = (x2 − 8x − 8)
8
1
= (x2 − 8x + 16 − 24)
8
1
= (x − 4)2 − 3
8
1
i.e. f (x) = (x − 4)2 − 3
−1
8
e The domain of f −1 = range of f = (−∞, 4]

f,g f (x) = x
√
4−2 2x + 6 = x
√
implies 2 2x + 6 = 4 − x
∴ 4(2x + 6) = 16 − 8x + x2
∴ 8x + 24 = 16 − 8x + x2
∴ x2 − 16x − 8 = 0
√ √ √
16 ± 256 + 32 16 ± 288 16 ± 12 2
∴x= = =
√ 2 2 2
x=8±6 2 √
and the required solution is x = 8 − 6 2 y
The curves intersect at two other points
√ 1 (−3, 4)
Consider 4 − 2 2x + 6 = (x2 − 8x − 8) −1
y=x
8 y = f (x) y = f(x)
Use a CAS calculator to find the other
(−2√2, 2√2)
solutions.
It can be shown that they intersect on the x
0
line
(8 − 6 √2, 8 − 6√2 )
y = −x
(4, −3)
√
4 − 2 2x + 6 = −x (2 √2, −2√2)
√
− 2 2x + 6 = −x − 4
4(2x + 6) = 16 + 8x + x2
∴ x2 = 8
√
x=±2 2

120

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 3 a i (x, y) → (x, ky), so (25, 625) → (25, 15)
15 3
∴k= =
625 125
3
Dilation of factor from the x axis
125
ii (x, y) → (x, −y)

iii (x, y) → (x + 25, y + 15)

!
−3
iv (x, y) → x + 25, y + 15
125

−3
b i y= (x − 25)2 + 15
125
ii (x, y) → (x + 50, y)
−3
iii y = (x − 75)2 + 15
125
c i Dilation factor from the x axis
(x, y) →! (x, ky)
m m2 m 
, → ,n
2 4 2
n
∴k= 2
m
4
4n
= 2
m
 y) →
reflection in x axis (x,
m
(x, −y)

translation (x, y) → x + , y + n
2 !
m −4n
overall (x, y) → x + , 2 y + n
2 m

−4n  m 2
ii y = 2 x − +n
m 2
!2
−4n 3m
iii y = 2 x − +n
m 2
( )
4
4 a R\
3

4
b a=
3

121

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 c Consider
3
x= +6
(3y − 4)2
3
x−6=
(3y − 4)2
x−6 1
=
3 (3y − 4)2
3
∴ (3y − 4)2 =
x−6
r
1 3 4 4 
∴y= + as range of f −1 = domain of f = ,∞
3 x−6 3 3
3
d Consider + 6 = x as y = f (x) and y = f −1 (x) intersect on the line y = x
(3x − 4)2
3
= x−6
(3x − 4)2
3 = (x − 6)(3x − 4)2
x = 6.015
(Solve the equation with the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculator.)

e y 3
y= +6
(3x − 4)2

y=6 y=x

x= 4
3 y= 1 3 +4
3 x−6 3
y= 4
3
x
0
x=6
5 y
5
2
x
0 20

50x
g(x) =
20 − x

122

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 1000
ai − 50
20 − x
1000 − 50(20 − x)
=
20 − x
1000 − 1000 + 50x
=
20 − x
50x
= = g(x)
20 − x
ii y

0 20 x

−50

!
50
iii 20 f (x) − 50 = 20 − 50
20 − x
1000 − 50(20 − x)
=
20 − x
1000 − 1000 + 50x
=
20 − x
50x
= = g(x)
20 − x
50y
b Consider x =
20 − y
(20 − y)x = 50y
∴ 20x = 50y + yx
∴ 20x = y(50 + x)
20x
y=
50 + x
20x
∴ g−1(x) =
50 + x
6 a i (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 5) → (y + 5, x + 3)
(x, y) maps to a unique point (x0 , y0 )
Hence x0 = y + 5 and y0 = x + 3
Hence y = x0 − 5 and x = y0 − 3
Therefore the graph of y = f (x) maps to the graph of x0 5 = f (y0 − 3)

123

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 The inverse function exists and therefore
y0 = f −1 (x0 − 5) + 3

ii (x, y) → (y, x) → (y + 3, x + 5)
(x, y) maps to a unique point (x0 , y0 )
Hence x0 = y + 3 and y0 = x + 5
Hence y = x0 − 3 and x = y0 − 5
Therefore the graph of y = f (x) maps to the graph of x0 − 3 = f (y0 − 5)
The inverse function exists and therefore
y0 = f −1 (x0 − 3) + 5

iii (x, y) → (5x, 3y) → (3y, 5x)

(x, y) maps to a unique point (x0 , y0 )
Hence x0 = 3y and y0 = 5x
x0 y0
Hence y = and x =
3 5
x0  y0 
Therefore the graph of y = f (x) maps to the graph of = f
3 5
The inverse  x0function
 exists and therefore
y0 = 5 f −1
3
iv (x, y) → (y, x) → (5y, 3x)
(x, y) maps to a unique point (x0 , y0 )
Hence x0 = 5y and y0 = 3x
x0 y0
Hence y = and x =
5 3
x0  y0 
Therefore the graph of y = f (x) maps to the graph of = f
5 3
The inverse  x0function
 exists and therefore
y0 = 3 f −1
5
b x0 = ay + b and y0 = cx + d
Therefore
x0 − b y0 − d
Therefore y = and x =
a c
x0 − b y0 − d
!
The graph of y = f (x) maps to the graph of = f
a !c
0
x −b
Therefore as the inverse function exists y0 = c f −1 +d
a
From
x0 = ay + b and y0 = cx + d:
the graph of y = f (x) has undergone the following sequence of transformations:
A reflection in the line y = x, then a dilation of factor c from the x axis and factor a
from the y axis, and a translation of b units in the positive direction of the x axis and

124

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 d units in the positive direction of the y axis.

125

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.