Submitted by:

ARCELITO M. ALIENTO JR.

Ph.D. Filipino

PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN

(Narrative Report)

Submitted to:

DR. ROMMEL A. RAMOS

Professor

PhDEM 701 – ADVANCED RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

2nd Semester 2019-2020

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
 Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the
first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being
directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. An experience is
directed toward an object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object)
together with appropriate enabling conditions.

Phenomenology as a discipline is distinct from but related to other key disciplines in

philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Phenomenology has been
practiced in various guises for centuries, but it came into its own in the early 20th century in the
works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and others. Phenomenological issues of
intentionality, consciousness, qualia, and first-person perspective have been prominent in
recent philosophy of mind. 1. What is Phenomenology?

Phenomenology is commonly understood in either of two ways: as a disciplinary field in

philosophy, or as a movement in the history of philosophy.

The discipline of phenomenology may be defined initially as the study of structures of

experience, or consciousness. Literally, phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”:
appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience
things, thus the meanings things have in our experience. Phenomenology studies conscious
experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of view. This field of
philosophy is then to be distinguished from, and related to, the other main fields of philosophy:
ontology (the study of being or what is), epistemology (the study of knowledge), logic (the study
of valid reasoning), ethics (the study of right and wrong action), etc.

The historical movement of phenomenology is the philosophical tradition launched in the

first half of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty,
Jean-Paul Sartre, et al. In that movement, the discipline of phenomenology was prized as the
proper foundation of all philosophy—as opposed, say, to ethics or metaphysics or epistemology.
The methods and characterization of the discipline were widely debated by Husserl and his
successors, and these debates continue to the present day. (The definition of phenomenology

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
offered above will thus be debatable, for example, by Heideggerians, but it remains the starting
point in characterizing the discipline.)

In recent philosophy of mind, the term “phenomenology” is often restricted to the

characterization of sensory qualities of seeing, hearing, etc.: what it is like to have sensations of
various kinds. However, our experience is normally much richer in content than mere sensation.
Accordingly, in the phenomenological tradition, phenomenology is given a much wider range,
addressing the meaning things have in our experience, notably, the significance of objects,
events, tools, the flow of time, the self, and others, as these things arise and are experienced in
our “life-world”.

Phenomenology as a discipline has been central to the tradition of continental European

philosophy throughout the 20th century, while philosophy of mind has evolved in the Austro-
Anglo-American tradition of analytic philosophy that developed throughout the 20th century. Yet
the fundamental character of our mental activity is pursued in overlapping ways within these two
traditions. Accordingly, the perspective on phenomenology drawn in this article will
accommodate both traditions. The main concern here will be to characterize the discipline of
phenomenology, in a contemporary purview, while also highlighting the historical tradition that
brought the discipline into its own.

Basically, phenomenology studies the structure of various types of experience ranging

from perception, thought, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, and volition to bodily
awareness, embodied action, and social activity, including linguistic activity. The structure of
these forms of experience typically involves what Husserl called “intentionality”, that is, the
directedness of experience toward things in the world, the property of consciousness that it is a
consciousness of or about something. According to classical Husserlian phenomenology, our
experience is directed toward—represents or “intends”—things only through particular concepts,
thoughts, ideas, images, etc. These make up the meaning or content of a given experience, and
are distinct from the things they present or mean.

The basic intentional structure of consciousness, we find in reflection or analysis,

involves further forms of experience. Thus, phenomenology develops a complex account of

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
temporal awareness (within the stream of consciousness), spatial awareness (notably in
perception), attention (distinguishing focal and marginal or “horizonal” awareness), awareness
of one’s own experience (self-consciousness, in one sense), self-awareness (awareness-of-
oneself), the self in different roles (as thinking, acting, etc.), embodied action (including
kinesthetic awareness of one’s movement), purpose or intention in action (more or less explicit),
awareness of other persons (in empathy, intersubjectivity, collectivity), linguistic activity
(involving meaning, communication, understanding others), social interaction (including
collective action), and everyday activity in our surrounding life-world (in a particular culture).

Furthermore, in a different dimension, we find various grounds or enabling conditions—

conditions of the possibility—of intentionality, including embodiment, bodily skills, cultural
context, language and other social practices, social background, and contextual aspects of
intentional activities. Thus, phenomenology leads from conscious experience into conditions
that help to give experience its intentionality. Traditional phenomenology has focused on
subjective, practical, and social conditions of experience. Recent philosophy of mind, however,
has focused especially on the neural substrate of experience, on how conscious experience and
mental representation or intentionality are grounded in brain activity. It remains a difficult
question how much of these grounds of experience fall within the province of phenomenology
as a discipline. Cultural conditions thus seem closer to our experience and to our familiar self-
understanding than do the electrochemical workings of our brain, much less our dependence on
quantum-mechanical states of physical systems to which we may belong. The cautious thing to
say is that phenomenology leads in some ways into at least some background conditions of our
experience.

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
“Pare mahal mo raw ako”: Isang sikolohikal na pag-aaral tungkol sa mga baklang
nakaranas na tanggihan ng kanilang kaibigang lalaki”

Bro. I was told you love me: A psychological study on gay men who have been turned
down by male friends

Research No. 1

This study explores on the life stories of gay men whose offer of love were turned down
by their male friends. Participants include 10 gay men, aged 17-23 years old, from Lucena City
and Lucban in Quezon Province, Philippines. The Filipino ways of of engaging in storytelling
and gaining trust were used to gather the needed data. Employing the phenomenological
approach in analysis and interpretation, the data were coded and thematically grouped. It was
concluded that the participants in this study have adopted various strategies so as to move on
from the refusal. This study reveals that friendships tend to be severed after the revelation, an
indication that up to this time, homosexuality and same sex relationships are still tabooed in
society.

Metodolohiya

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay gumamit ng kwalitatibong pamamaraan upang malaman ang

kuwentong buhay ng mga baklang tinanggihan ng kanilang kaibigang lalaki. Ang kwalitatibong
pamamaraan ay ginamit ng mananaliskik sa pamamagitan ng maka-Pilipinong pamamaraan
tulad ng pakikipagkuwentuhan at pakikipagpalagayang loob upang ang mga ninanais na datos
at impormasyon ay makuha ng mananaliksik.

Sinuri ang mga nakalap na datos gamit ang kwalitatibong pamamaraan ng pananaliksik.
Gamit ang lapit na case study at penomenolohikal (phemenological approach) ay nainalisa ang
mga nakalap na datos ay isa isang isinulat at binasa ng makailang ulit at inayos ayon sa
kinakailangan ng pananaliksik. Ang mga datos ay pinagsama sama at inayos sa bawat isang
kalahok. Gumamit din ang mananaliksik ng Sikolohiyang Pilipinong pamamaraang ng pagkuha
ng datos sa pamamagitan ng Iskala ng Patutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok na may lapit

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
na “hindi ibang tao” dahil ang mananaliksik ay nagkaroon ng pakikipagpalagayang loob sa mga
kalahok.

Sa pag-aaral na ito, ang mananaliksik ay nagsasagawa ng pre-trial interview bilang

paunang halimbawa , matapos ang pagsasagawa nitoipinarinig sa gurong tagapayo ang
nasabing pre-trial interview bilang balidasyon upang malaman kung ang paraan ba ng pagkuha
ng datos ay wasto. Ang mananaliksik din ay nagsagawa ng pakikipagpalagayan ng loob sa mga
kalahok at gumamit ng voice recorder upang maidetalye ng maayos ang mga impormasyon na
nakuha.

Ang mga kalahok ay may gulang mula 17 hanggang 23 taong gulang na kung saan si
chris sa gulang na 17 ang pinakabata at si Adam ang pinakamatanda sa gulang na 23 (mga
hindi tunay nilang pangalan). Ang bilang ng taon ng pagkakaibigan na mayroon ang mga
kalahok ay nasa apat na buwan na kung saan si Dave ang may pinakamaikling panahon ng
pagkakaibigan at nasa sampung taon naman ang pinakamatagal. Samantalang isa sa mga
kalahok na si Chris ang nakaranas ng tatlong beses na pagtanggi ng kaniyang mga kaibigang
lalaki.

“SNS: Isang Estratehiya sa Larangan ng Pagtuturo”

Research No. 2

Isa sa kinahuhumalingan ng mga mag-aaral sa kasalukuyan ay ang social networking

sites (SNS). Madalas pinagkakamalang hindi maganda ang nagiging bunga nito sa kanilang
pag-aaral (talaga nga kaya?); particular ang karamihang sa mga magulang-sila ay may mga
negatibong persepsyon tungkol sa usaping ito. Mahirap igiit sa mga mag-aaral na wala itong
idudulot at lalong mahirap makipagtagisan sa kanila hinggil sa masasamang epekto ng social
networking sites. Ang pananaliksik na ito ay isang eksploratoryong pag-aaral sa paggamit ng
social networking sites sa pagtuturo ng wikang Filipino. Pokus ng pag-aaral na ito na matukoy
ang papel na ginagampanan ng SNS sa proseso ng pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral;gayundin ang
pagdalumat sa positibo at negatibong epekto nito sa larangan ng pagtuturo ng Filipino. Layunin
ng papel na ito na malaman ang papel na ginagampanan ng SNS sa proseso ng pagkatuto ng
mga mag-aaral;tukuyin ang mga positibo at negatibong epekto ng SNS bilang estratehiya sa

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
larangan ng pagtuturo;at dalumatin kung talagang nakakatulong ba ito sa pagtuturo.
Penomenolohikal na pamamaraan ang gagamitin sa pag-aaaral;batay ito sa
obserbasyon,eksperimento at karanasan ng mga guro at mag-aaral na gumagamit ng
SNS.Nagsagawa ng pakikipanayam sa mga guro na gumagamit ng SNS sa pagtuturo,gayundin
sa mga estudyante. Pinakasikat sa mga SNS at madalas gamitin ng mga mag-aaral ay ang
Facebook. Ang mga takdang-aralin,babasahin at dapat pag-usapan tulad ng ilang paglilinaw o
katanungang tungkol sa paksang-aralin natalakay at tatalakayin pa ay nabibigyang-linaw at
tugon sa pamamagitan ng facebook dahil ditto madala naka-OL (on line) ang mga estudyante.
Malaking bagay din ito upang maging daan sa pagpapasa ng mga takdang-aralin ng mga
estudyante dahil ito ay paper less at malaking tulong pa ito upang mabawasan ang global
warming. Sa kabilang banda, ang e-group ay malaking bentahe rin upang doon i-upload ang
mga babasahin o iba pang panawagan o ilang paalala sa mga estudyante halimbawa sa mga
takdang araw o deadline ng pagpapasa ng proyekto,takdang-aralin, at iba pa.Bagamat,maaari
rin naming mag-upload sa facebook. Isinusulong ng papel na ito ang paglalapat ng mga
networking sites sa pagtuturo ng wikang Filipino sapagkat may kabutihan din itong maidudulot
sa pagkatuto sa halip na palagiang ipagbawal ito sa mga mag-aaral na para bang isang
malaking banta sa kanilang pag-aaral at maging sa kanilang buhay. Datapwat, nararapat pa
ring isaalang-alang ang hangganan o parameter ng mga SNS. Ang papel na ito ay maihahanay
sa isa sa mga kulturang popular na kadalasang pinagbubuhusan ng pansin ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang SNS ay isa sa mga dulog-teknikal na magagamit natin sa pagtuturo. Maaaring magbigay
ng oportunidad ito sa mga guro upang komunekta sa mga mag-aaral ngunit ang koneksyon ay
may parametron ang ugnayang guro-mag-aaral. Ang SNS ay ginagamit sa pagkakaibigan na
iba naman ang gamit sa larangan ng pagtuturo. Madalas din itong gamitin ng mga mag-aaral sa
pakikipagkaibigan. Kung gayon,kapag ito ba ay ginamit bilang bahagi sa pagtuturo, mailalagay
din ba ng mga mag-aaral at guro na gumagamit ng SNS ang hangganan o parametron ng
ugnayan nila sa isa’t isa:guro-mag-aaral na ugnayan. May pagkakataon na nagpopost ang mga
estudyante ng personal na pananaw o komentaryo tungkol sa kanilang guro ngunit hindi
binabanggit ang pangalam datapwat alam nilang lahatna kabilang grupo kung sino ang pinag-
uusapan. Idagdag pa ang usapin ng cyberbullying. Salamat at nagkaroon na bagong batas
ngayon na anti-cyber-crime tulad ng cyber bullying. Komprehensibong papel ang inaasahang
kalalabasan ng pag-aaral na ito.

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
Metodolohiya

Maikli lamang ang panahong ginugol sa kasalukuyang pag-aaral, kaya hindi sapat ang
datos na nalikom upang ipalagay ang pangkalatang resulta nito hinggil sa epekto ng SNS sa
pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral at pagtuturo ng mga guro. Tulad ng nabanggit sa panimula ng
pag-aaral,isang eksploratoryo ang kasalukuyang pag-aaral kaya pinapangahasang sabihin ng
mananaliksik na nangangailangan pa ito ng mahaba-habang panahon upang dalumating,
sipatin, at limiing mabuti ang mga naging resulta.

Anim na guro lamang ang nakapanayam ng mananalisik:tatlong guro mula sa

Technological University of the Philippines- Taguig Campus (TUP-T) at tatlong guri rin mula sa
SLU-Baguio (Saint Louis University – Baguio). Ang mga nainterbyung guro ay hidni lahat
nagtuturo ng Filipino. Kinapanayam lamang ang mga guro na gumagamit ng SNS sa kanilang
pagtuturo. Habang isinasagawa ang pag-aaral na ito, natuklasan na kaunti lamang ang mga
guro na kahit hindi nagtuturo ng Filipino ngunit gumagamit ng SNS sa kanilang pagtuturo. 77
mag-aaral naman ang respondent:40 ay nagmula sa TUP-T, 30 sa DLSU-M, at 7 mag-aaral
mula sa iba’t ibang pamantasan sa Maynila.

Tinig Mula sa Ilang:Pag-uugat ng mga Praktis at Paniniwala ng Kilusang Propetikong

Adbentista (KPA) sa Kalinangang Pilipino

Voice from the Wilderness: Tracing Prophetic Advent Movement’s (PAM’s) beliefs and
Practices to the Filipino Culture

Research No. 3

Prophetic Advent Movement (PAM) is a millenarian group that separated from the
Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) Church during the 1990s due to its claim that the mother church
had already deviated from the standard of being the “true church of God.” Its members sold their
properties, left their jobs, stopped the schooling of their children, and finally lived in the
mountains believing that in the years 2000-2002, the world will end and “Christ “will come again.
As their prophecy failed a re-interpretation of their messages and prophetic studies emerged.

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
This gave birth to the creation of PAM’s beliefs and practices which differ from that of the SDA
church and later on blended with the traditional Filipino belief system and culture. This study
primarily aims to trace PAM’s beliefs and practices to the Filipino culture particularly on its new
system and culture. To meet this objective, not only historical but also ethnographic,
phenomenological, and linguistic approaches were used. This paper discloses that
contextualization or indigenization of belief system does/did not only exist inside the Catholic
church but also in other religious denomination like Seventh Day Adventist Church. It only
affirms that religion or any belief system cannot be separated from the history and culture of the
people.

Metodolohiya

Sa pamamagitan ng penomenolohikal at lingguwistikang lapit , ang kahulugan at

interpretasyon ng pananaw-mundo at buhay kultural ng kilusan ay sinikap na mailantad upang
mahugot ang pag-uugat nito sa kalinangang Pilipino. Mahalaga ang paggamit ng
penomenolohikal at lingguwistikang lapit sapagkat batay ito mismong karanasan at umiiral na
kamalayan ng mga tao sa isang particular na grupo at panahon na sinasalamin mismo ng pag-
iral ng wikang ginagamit sa araw-araw nilang pakikisalamuha sa kanilang kapuwa. Hindi
lamang tagadala ng ideya ang wika: ang wika ay ang mismong ideyang isinakatawan.
Katuwiran nga ni Zeus A. Salazar (1996,19-45), ang wika ay ekspresyon imbakan-hanguan at
agusan ng kultura ng isang grupo ng tao, maliit man o malaki, na may sarili at likas na
katangian. Pinagtibay nina Virgilio G. Enriquez at Amelia B. Alfonso (1980,80-81) na ang
pagsuri at paggamit ng katutubong wika ay pundamental sapagkat ang wika ay hindi lamang
nakaugat sa kultura bilang prisma sa pagpapakahulugan ng tao sa realidad kundi bukod ditto,
ang wika ay isa sa mga pleksibol at produktibong kagamitang pangkomunikasyon na tiyak na
makakatasan ng mahahalagang aspekto ng pag-iisip ng tao hinggil sa kaniyang relasyon sa
realidad.

Mga Sanggunian:
Boyd, D. at Ellison, N. (2007) Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication {journal article}
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue/boyd.ellison.html

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph
Educational benefits of social networking sites, (n.d.). Nakuha October 11, 2012 ,mula sa
University of Minnesota: http://www1.umn.edu/news/features/2008f/UR 191308
REGION1.html
Flores, H. (2014, Pebrero 15). Most Pinoys won’t get into same sex relationships. The Philippine
Star. Nakuha noong Oktubre 6, 2015, galling sa http: www.
philstar.com/headlines/2014/o2/15/1290579/most-pinoys-wont-get-realationship-sws
Halverson, r. at Smith, Annette. (2009-2010). How new technologies have (and have
not) changed teaching and learning in schools. Journal of Computing in Teacher
Education. P.49-54.
Hatzenbuehler, M.L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under skin”? A
psychological meditation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135,707-730.
“ Isang Bagong Pagtanaw sa Animismo.” Museo ng kalinangang Pilipino.Diwa:Buhay, Ritwal at
Sining. Manila: CCP at Museo ng Kalinangang Pilipino. 1989.Print.
Kobak, Cantius , J. OFM.” Ancient Pre-Hispanic Concept of Divinity, the Spirit-World
Sacrifices, Rites and Rituals Among the Bisayan in the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra.
Vol.37, No. 111. September – December ,2002. Print
Lasco, Lorenz. “Mga Dahilam Kung Bakit Wala Tayong Malalaking Gusali o Templo Noong
Dating Panahon.” SALIKSIK E-Journal Tomo 3, Bilang 1. Agosto 2014. Nakalimbag (E-
Journal).
Limpingco, D. A., & Tria, G.E. (2006), Personality (3rd.)Morato Ave. Quezon City:KEN
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress,and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual
populations: Conceptual issues and research evidences. Psychological Bulletin, 12,674-
697.

Campuses: Hilltop | MH del Pilar | Pallocan East | Pallocan West | Lipa

Telephone Numbers: +63 43 723 1446 | 980 0041
Website: www.ub.edu.ph