CHAIRMAN, ACHARYA INSTITUTES

MESSAGE

I am immensely pleased to know that a conference on “Recent Advances in Mining Technology”-

(RAMT-2019) is being organised at our college on 23-24 May , 2019.

The world we live in today is significantly different from what it was 5 or 10 years ago and the
pace of change continues to rapidly increase. Technology driven by digitization has unravelled
new paradigms. Workforces, processes, and advances in technology are constantly changing and
evolving industries around the world. When used to streamlined processes or increase efficiency,
technology can make the difference for a business being more successful than competitors that are
slower to adopt and implement new technologies. The mining industry is no exception. Though the
mining industry has been slower to adopt new technologies, advancements are offering greater ore
recovery, flexibility in mining operations, increased productivity, greater safety, and lowering costs.

Given the competitive landscape associated with the mining industry, along with the ever increasing
need for digging to greater depths, gaining an economic advantage to ensure the economic viability
of mining operations is now more important than ever. For mining companies to remain competitive,
this will require further innovative designs and technologies that improve the capability, efficiency,
and reliability of mining systems responsible for sensing, analyzing, extraction, and refinement.

While some areas of the mining industry appear to be making a slow resurgence, other mining
markets are soaring. One such market involves the mining for lithium and other minerals and metals
used to produce batteries to meet the increasing demands of electric vehicles. The ability to quickly
respond and scale production, reduce long lead times, and minimize the intensive cash-outflow
activity associated with mining with new technologies will be beneficial not just for mining and
exploration companies but for the recovery of the entire mining industry.
I am sure that this conference will be an enabler for the mining industry to adopt new technologies
and ensure that the entire fraternity involved with this industry is greatly benefited.

I am thankful to all the organisers and the participants and convey by my best wishes for a successful
conference.

18 May 2019 B PREMNATH REDDY

CHAIRMAN
 PREFACE

The mining industry in India is a significant contributor to the economy of India. India is the third largest producer
of coal in the world, with production of 676 MT in FY 2018. It has the fifth largest estimated coal reserve in the
world, standing at 319 BT, and ranks fourth in terms of Iron ore production globally. In FY 2018, production of
iron ore stood at 210 MT. In spite of these staggering dimensions, however, mining in India has not achieved the
optimal potential yet.

The mining jobs of today are very different from the mining jobs of the past. For centuries people dug pits with
simple tools. But massive advances in technology have opened up new avenues in mining technology to exploit
the mineral resources optimally with safety and sustainability. There is a significant scope for new mining capac-
ities in iron ore, bauxite, coal, gold and other minerals. Many of these potentials lie in the adopting of improved
mining technology.

The aim of this conference is to bring together all categories of mineral industry professionals, academicians, re-
searchers, scientists and enthusiasts, from all parts of the country, to present, showcase, review, discuss, and con-
template recent advances and innovations in mining technology. It will also provide an opportunity for strength-
ening professional networks. Without doubt, this conference will present an opportunity for a reflection on the
past approaches to mining, and provide opportunities for national discussion on the future directions of creativity
and innovation in the evolution of mining technology.

Dr. Mahesh Shriwas

Convenor (RAMT 2019)
 CONTENTS

RAMT 2019
PROGRAMME
PAPERS PRESENTATION

Session Details
Session I Blasting - I
Session II Rock Mechanics and Ground Control
Session III Mine Environment and Ventilation - I
Session IV Rock Abrasion and Strength
Session V Mine Environment
Session VI Mine Safety and Risk Assessment
Session VII Coal Mining Technology
Session VIII Mine Environment and Ventilation - II
Session IX Rock Slope Stability and Whole Body Vibration
Session X Surface Mining
Session XI Automation in Mining
Session XII Blasting-II
Session XIII Miscellaneous
Session XIV Geology
 RAMT 2019

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Sri J. R. Chaudhary, Controller of Mines, IBM, Bengaluru

Sri. Binay Pandey, Sr. Vice President, JSW Steel Ltd. Bengaluru
Dr. H. S. Venkatesh, Director, NIRM, Bengaluru
Dr. Prabhakar Sangurmath, Executive Director, HGML, Hutti
Dr. B. S. Sastry, Professor, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. D. C. Panigrahi, Professor, IIT Dhanbad
Dr. Debasis Deb, Professor, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Piyush Rai, Professor, IIT Varanasi
Dr. N. C. Dey, Professor, IIEST, Shibpur
Dr. V. R. Sastry, Professor, NIT, Surathkal
Dr. V. M. S. R. Murthy, Professor, IIT Dhanbad
Dr. Dheeraj Kumar, Professor, IIT Dhanbad
Dr. I. L. Muthreja, Professor, VNIT, Nagpur
Dr. B. C. Prabhakar, Professor, Bengaluru University
Dr. Srikant Annavarappu, Director, Master Geotech Services Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur
Dr. Syed Arif, Principal, Dr. T. T. I. T., Kolar Gold Field
Dr. Pankaj Dewangan, Associate Professor, NIT Raipur
Sri. B. C. Ramegowda, Mines Manager, BMIL Chikkaballapur

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Dr. B. K. Pal, Professor, NIT Rourkela

Dr. Manoj Pradhan, Professor, NIT Raipur
Dr. Amrendra Kumar, Associate Professor, IIT Varanasi
Dr. Sanjay Palei, Associate Professor, IIT Varanasi
Dr. D. P. Mishra, Associate Professor, IIT Dhanbad
Dr. Abhiram Verma, Associate Professor, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Manjunath A, Associate Professor, AIT, Bengaluru
Dr. Anup Tripathi, Assistant Professor, NIT Surathkal
Dr. Bijay Kunar, Assistant Professor, NIT Surathkal
Dr. Hemant Kumar, Assistant Professor, IIT Dhanbad
Dr. Ashish Kumar Dash, Assistant Professor, NIT Raipur
Prof. P. Balamadeswaran, Assistant Professor, Anna University, Chennai
 PATRONS

Shri B. Premnath Reddy, Founder Chairman, Acharya Institutes

Mrs. B. Shalini Reddy, Executive Director, Acharya Institutes
Shri B. M. Reddy, Chairman, JMJ Education Society, Executive Advisory
Dr. Diwakar Goli, Campus Director, Acharya Institutes
Shri C. B. M. Bhooshan, Executive Secretary, Chairman, Acharya Institutes
Dr. Prakash M. R., Principal, Acharya Institute of Technology
Organizing Committee
Dr. Manas Mukhopadhyay, HOD, Programme Chair
Dr. Manjunath A. Associate Professor, Member
Prof. Raja S. Assistant Professor, Member
Prof. K. Sandeep Reddy. Assistant Professor, Member
Prof. Sudarshan Bellamkondi. Assistant Professor, Member
Prof. Chandrasekhar C. Assistant Professor, Member

EDITOR

Dr. Singam Jayanthu, Professor, NIT Rourkela

 PAPER PRESENTATION
SESSION 1 – BLASTING - I
 KEYNOTE PAPER: ROCK BLASTING IN SURFACE
MINES – CHALLENGES, POSSIBILITIES & FUTURE
PROSPECTIVES

DR. PIYUSH RAI

Rock blasting is the most crucial operation in any surface mines. It exerts tremendous impact on the downstream
mining operations. In the field, a plethora of challenges are being faced by blasting engineers. A basic under-
standing of rock blasting parameters vis-à-vis nature of rock mass needs to be distinctly understood to overcome
the challenges. Furthermore, the current trends and future perspectives also need to be understood to holistically
address to the concerns of rock blasting in the surface mines. In this light, the current paper outlines challenges,
possibilities and future trends in the area of rock blasting in surface mines.

Professor and Head, Department of Mining Engineering, I.I.T. Varanasi, India

Email: prai.min@itbhu.ac.in

A SUMMARY ON EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GEOTECHNICAL

PARAMETERS OF ROCK ON BLASTING

DESH DEEPAK1, PROF. A.K. MISHRA2, DR. H.K. VERMA3, SHANKAR KUMAR4

Blasting is the controlled use of explosives to break rock for excavation in mining, quarrying and civil engineering
etc. Blasting is most economical method used for fragmenting rocks masses. So, for the better use of explosive in
blasting requires a better study of rocks so that the maximum amount of energy is used for fragmentation of rock
mass and the safety of the nearby structures is also improved. This paper studies about the various geotechnical
parameters of rocks which should be taken into consideration while choosing explosives for different type of
rocks. Various geotechnical parameters and its effect on blasting has been studied by different researchers has
been discussed in this paper. The geotechnical parameters which most significantly affect the blasting perfor-
mance are UCS, P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, GSI, RQD, Q index, modulus, density of rock, cohesion and
angle of internal friction.

Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
1,2,4

3
Sr. Scientist, CIMFR Regional Centre CBRI Campus, Roorkee
Email: desh.deepak039@gmail.com1, arvindmishra@iitism.ac.in2, drharsh77@gmail.com3,
shankar729@rediffmail.com4
INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF STEMMING ON BLAST
PERFORMANCE IN UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS

MANISH D. UTTARWAR1, DEVENDAR MARAM2

Blasting in an underground mine produces potentially harmful elastic stress waves that propagate down the
walls and back of the entry. Stemming may be used to maximize the effectiveness of an explosive at the face
and minimize the magnitude of the elastic waves that propagate down the entry and also reduce unnecessary
discharge. Stemming is necessary to stop the explosive energy from escaping through the upper part of blast
holes in underground mines. This paper discusses the performance of the blasting with different stemming mate-
rials and the role of stemming on blasting. A series of small-scale tests were conducted with different stemming
materials on Fly Ash Brick (FAB) with a detonator to investigate the effect of stemming material on blast perfor-
mance. The types of stemming materials used were drill cuttings, moist clay, Fly Ash-Clay Mixture, Sand -Clay
Mixture and Sand. The Parameters like fragmentation, air overpressure, ground vibrations data generated for
each blast model were observed. For each stemming material used, the above parameters were measured
and compared the stemming material performances for all the blast trials. The performance of each stemming is
observed and analyzed for underground excavations. The study revealed that the quality and type of stemming
material significantly influences the blasting performance. Hence, the quality and type of stemming material must
be considered in designing blast rounds. The results indicated that the Sand was the best stemming material that
can be effectively improving blasting and mining efficiency for all situations.

1Professor and Head, Department of Mining Engineering, R C E R T, Chandrapur - 442403(MS)

2Sr. Lecturer, Department of Mining Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic Kothagudem, Telangana.
Email: udmanish1@rediffmail.com1, maram.devendar@gmail.com2

USE OF LOW STRENGTH BULK TO IMPROVE ADVANCE RATES

IN SOFT ROCKS AT KAYAD MINES

ANUJ GUPTA1 AND VIVEK SINHA2

For an efficient blast, drilling as well as choice of explosive plays a crucial role. When blasting blasting massive
rocks, effective strain wave energy is the most important performance property of an explosive. In closely fis-
sured rocks, effective heave energy is the most important property. With the use of bulk explosive in underground
mines, there is a flexibility to adjust explosive energy thereby altering the effective energy and VOD’s as per rock
mass conditions. This paper discusses the case of Kayad mines (Hindustan Zinc Limited) where advance rate
was an issue in highly fractured and flaky rock mass (UCS ranging from 25 to 50 MPa). Previously such faces
were charged with high energy bulk explosive (Effective Energy 2.08MJ/kg) which showed excessive crushing
nearby cut area and improper ejection of rock mass thereby leading to low advance. To improve advance rates
trails were conducted varying the density of bulk explosive. During the trails it was observed that reducing the
explosive energy (Effective Energy 1.77MJ/kg), reduced excessive crushing and provided effective ejection
which resulted in improving advance rates from 85% to 93%.

Technical Services Specialist, Orica (India)

1,2

Email: anuj.gupta@orica.com1, vivek.sinha@orica.com2

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BLAST VIBRATION SENSORS
AT LOW FREQUENCY EXCITATION

SOUMILY GHOSH1, KAUSHIK DEY1 AND SAMIR KUMAR PAL1

Measurement of ground vibration due to blasting is a mandatory practice for Indian surface mines. Three dom-
inant sensors namely Piezoelectric accelerometers (PA), Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) acceler-
ometer and electro-magnetic Geophone are, in general, used to measure the oscillation of the ground and thus
record information related to the parameters associated with ground vibration. A controlled laboratory vibration-
al analysis is carried out with the help of shaker table using MEMS based accelerometer and electro-magnetic
based Geophone at excitation signals of 3 Hz, 10 Hz, 30 Hz frequencies. Deviation in the sensors’ response in
these frequencies is studied along with statistical analysis. The results revealed that the sensors responded proper-
ly above a certain frequency of excitation signal. At lower frequency, the response of the sensors is found incon-
sistent and affected with noise. For all the sensors improved responses are observed with increasing frequency
and peak amplitudes. Irrespective of various input amplitude velocities, the sensitivity remained constant for
each fixed frequency, however increase with increasing frequencies proportionately. On regression, geophone
proved to be better than MEMS accelerometer.

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Ben-
gal, India
Email: soumilyghosh92@gmail.com

A REVIEW OF IMAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES USED FOR

MEASURING BLAST FRAGMENTATION

SURYAJYOTI NANDA1, DR. H.K. NAIK2

Fragmentation is the process of breaking of solid in-situ rock mass into several smaller pieces which are being
excavated or moved by material handling equipment. It is the major concern of any blasting operation. Informa-
tion on the degree and size distribution of fragments within a blasted rock mass is essential for efficient loading,
transport, crushing and milling operations. Therefore, the ability to make accurate predictions of the fragment
size is essential. This paper discusses the growing interest in developing more reliable quantitative methods to
characterize the size distribution of blasted rock in both surface and underground mines. The results of such work
can form important input for blast design optimization and mine production control. The evolution and nature of
image analysis techniques applied to the photography of blasted material are reviewed.

M.Tech Dual Degree Student of Mining Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela,
1

Associate Professor of Mining Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
2
 SESSION 2– ROCK
MECHANICS AND
GROUND CONTROL
 KEYNOTE PAPER: NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND
EVALUATION OF ROOF BOLTS IN
CONTINUOUS MINER PANEL

TEJESWARAN K M1,1, CH. S. N. MURTHY1, B.M.KUNAR1

Mechanization plays a very important role to increase coal production from underground mines in India. Con-
tinuous miner technology is the one of the widely used and successful mechanization in bord and pillar working.
The continuous miner (CM) has to operate in wider galleries for its easy maneuverability. As width and height of
the gallery increases, induced stresses will increases. Hence, it is important task for the management to ensure the
safety of people and workings, while working with continuous miner. Roof bolt as support system will ensure the
safety roof and smooth maneuverability of machinery in the wider gallery. The behaviour of the roof bolts mainly
depends upon the parameters like roof RMR, width of the gallery, depth of the working and number of bolts in
each row. By using FLAC 3D software, the axial load developed in the bolt is predicted for different roof RMR,
gallery widths, depths of working and number of bolts in each row. It is observed that for RMR 40, when depth
is 400m and gallery width is 7m, the axial load in the bolt reached 75% and whereas when depth is 100m and
gallery width is 4m, the axial load is only 10% of the actual bolt capacity during development stage. The axial
load decreases as the roof RMR increases.
Keywords: Continuous miner, Roof bolts, Axial load, Numerical modeling, FLAC3D, Safety

1,1
M.Tech (R) Student, Department of Mining Engineering, NITK, Surathkal
1
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, NITK, Surathkal
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, NITK, Surathkal
1,1
tejeswarankm@gmail.com, 1chsn58@gmail.com, 1bkunar@gmail.com

UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES AND GEO-MECHANICS OF

LONGWALL FACE INSTABILITY

SUNNY MURMU1*, G. BUDI2

1RESEARCH SCHOLAR, 2ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Longwall method of mining renders for full face mechanization, utilizing high rated coal cutting machines and
large capacity powered supports to provide safety in the working face area. The percentage of extraction of ore
is greater than any other form of mining method. However, this innovative technique is yet to take its full accepta-
bility in the Indian coal mining industry. The prime reason being the experiences of several catastrophic failures
at the working face in some coalmines. This article aims to identify, enumerate and elucidate the geo-mechanics
of the causes responsible for the aforementioned face failures. As a result, it will lead to a better understanding
of the role of these prominent factors impetus to longwall face instability

Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad-826004,

1, 2

Email: sunny.murmu1@gmail.com, anandbudi@gmail.com

 RECENT ADVANCES IN MONITORING OF STRATA BEHAV-
IOUR AND GOAF ATMOSPHERE IN BLASTING GALLERY
METHOD

SINGAM JAYANTHU

Although during last three decades, Blastign Gallery method was applied with limited success in BCCL, ECL etc
mines and better performance was recorded in SCCL mines but was declared as not suitable method due to
strata control and fire problems. Recently with the advances in strata control techniques and goaf atmosphere
control by inert gas, thi technique is reintroduced in a typical underground coal mine in India. This paper pre-
sents recent advances in study of strata behaviour in thick seams extracted by Blasting Gallery (BG) method of
underground mining. After few years of discontinuance of blasting gallery method due to spontaneous heating
and loss of considerable coal in goaf, the mehtod was reintroduced in typical underground mine – GDK-11
of SCCL. Salient results of strata monitoring along with evaluaiton of goaf atmosphere are presented besides
few cases of strata monitoring studied over three decades by the first author. Compilation of performance of
all the BG workings in various mines of Godavari Valley coalfield would also be useful for understanding the
caving behavior and strata mechanics at different stages of extraction with due regard to optimization of panel
size, area of extraction etc. so as to minimize the chances of fire and spontaneous heating of coal. Overview of
performance of previous BG panels at GDK 10, and cavability of roof indicated that in near future, BG panels
may be planned with panel sizes of about 120x120 m, so that the major fall with adequate span may occur at
an area of about 8000 m2. This size of panel may minimize the chances of premature sealing/closure of panels
reducing chances of fires/spontaneous heating in subsequent BG panels besides goaf treatment with inert gas.
Different ratios related to evaluation of goaf atmosphere shows different status in which Graham’s ratio (GR),
Young’s ratio (YR), Jones and trickett ratio (JTR) and CO/CO2 Ratio shows no sign of heating, active fire, coal
dust explosion and no sign of heating respectively indicating the need of further evaluation of the ratios with
meticulous monitoring of goaf atmosphere through various continuous gas real time monitoring systems including
Wireless sensor communication systems for understanding the status of fire.

Professor, Department of mining Engineering, NIT, Rourkela,

Email: sjayanthu@nitrkl.ac.in, sjayanthu@yahoo.com
 AN OVERVIEW ON THE PASTE BACKFILL
DESIGN PARAMETERS

VISHAL BABU GUGGARI1, HEMANT KUMAR2, G BUDI3

The filling has been used more or less throughout the history of mining. It is used to fill underground voids where
the ore has been extracted, either to provide a working platform from which the next slice of ore can be extracted
or to support the adjacent rocks in deep mines. The type of fill used depends on its application. This paper is an
overview of the paste backfill to fill large voids created by the mining operation, concerns with backfill design
parameters emphasis on internal pressure development, required strength and mix optimisation.

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad

123

Email: vishal29111991@gmail.com1, hemant@iitism.ac.in2, anandbudi@iitism.ac.in3

REVIEW OF SLOPE MONITORING IN MINES USING

ADVANCED SENSORS AND DATA ANALYSIS APPROACHES

SINGH.S.K1, CHAKRAVARTY DEBASHISH1

Slope stability plays an important role in mining industry because any excavation for mining operation changes
the existing stress conditions, which in turn may lead to instability or eventually failure of slope. These slope failures
cause loss of production, life and property damage. The researchers all over the globe are continuously looking
for methods which are robust as well as reliable for monitoring the stability of slopes, since there is an increasing
need for application of advanced technology in this area. This paper focuses on one such method in monitoring
the slope whether it is a mine bench, an overburden dump slope, tailings dam slope etc. using advanced sensors
and analyzing the data. The interpretation of stability of the slope has been compared to conventional methods
of slope monitoring which cannot be relied upon especially during extreme conditions. The method discussed in
the paper uses optical imaging and advanced remote sensors to capture data with high accuracy even under
extreme conditions thus eliminating the drawbacks of the conventional method. Data collected using the sensors
are pre-processed and post-processed through which information regarding maximum likelihood of failure sur-
face or point is determined, deformation rate and also the probability of such occurrences can be estimated.
These advanced techniques may prove very useful in future especially because of the absence of human error
while capturing the field data. Thus, in this paper the scope of further work in the area of remote sensing has been
presented.

1
Indian Institute Of Technology, Kharagpur
Email: sk.74064@gmail.com, dc@iitkgp.ac.in
 DUMP PROFILE MONITORING IN AN OPEN
CAST MINE USING 3D TERRESTRIAL LASER
SCANNER: A CASE STUDY

SHIVAM SHARMAA*, DHEERAJ KUMARB, GAUTAM BANDOPADHYAYC, AND

VIKAS BAJPAIC

Rapid population growth leads to increase in energy demand. In India, coal is a primary source of energy and
used in nearly 56% of total energy production. Approximately 90% of India’s coal is produced from opencast
mining, where dump profile stability is a crucial issue because of the non-availability of land for proper storage
of dump. To ensure continuous and safe mining operation a systematic profile monitoring method is needed. The
present study used a RIEGL VZ-2000i 3D terrestrial laser scanning system to monitor the dump profile of Daher-
nangi patch in Mahagama of Rajamahal open cast project in Godda district of Jharkhand. The result of present
study point out that the 3D terrestrial laser scanning can provide a high quality point cloud data having multiple
attributes and high precision which can be used for the study of deformation monitoring of dump profile quickly
and accurately.

a
Remote sensing and GIS lab, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School
of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004, India
b
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004, India
cMeaTech Solutions LLP, Kolkata-700010, India
Email:ss27gec@gmail.com,dheeraj@dkumar.org, gautam.bando@meatechsolutions.com
vikas.bajpai@meatechsolutions.com
 SESSION 3 – MINE
ENVIRONMENT AND
VENTILATION -I
KEYNOTE PAPER: METHANE LAYERING AND ITS CONTROL
IN HIGHLY GASSY UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

DR. D. P. MISHRA

Methane layering is a critical issue in gassy underground coal mines. It can lead to methane explosion and
trigger massive coal dust explosion. Therefore, breaking of methane layering and dispersing methane to a saf-
er level in underground coal mines are of primary importance. Different methods are used to break methane
layering in underground coal mines; however, rapidly diluting methane to a safer concentration through ade-
quate ventilation is regarded as a good safety practice to abate explosion risk arising from methane layering.
Three-dimensional CFD simulations were performed to examine the effectiveness of different methods for break-
ing methane layering in tailgate near the longwall face of a retreating longwall panel. The case of Moonidih
Colliery of BCCL, a degree III gassy mine, was considered for the study. The effect of hurdle sheet placed at the
roof and floor on methane layer breaking was studied. The study revealed that ventilation plays a significant role
on methane dispersion. However, hurdle sheets can also be used effectively for breaking methane layering in
underground coal mines.

Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Dhanbad

Email: dpmishra@iitism.ac.in

METHANE DRAINAGE PRIOR TO MINING-AN OVERVIEW

ASMITA BAISHYA1, SURAJ KUMAR VERMA1, DEVI PRASAD MISHRA1, DURGA

CHARAN PANIGRAHI1, R. M. BHATTACHERJEE1, PATITAPABAN SAHU1, RAJEEV
UPADHYAY2

Methane is a highly inflammable gas and responsible for causing explosion hazard in underground coal mines.
Emission of methane into underground coal mine environment primarily depends on the methane content of
coal seams. The gassy underground coal mines in India face lots of difficulty in operating the mines because of
explosion threat and bear a huge coal production loss due to the release of high concentration of methane than
its stipulated safe limit. Under this scenario, capturing of methane by pre-mining methane drainage is a recourse,
which not only enables safe mining, but also lends an additional source of clean energy. Methane drainage is a
technique commonly used to capture methane gas at high purity from its source before it is released into the mine
atmosphere. This forms an integral technique that provides an additional source of clean energy and ensures
mines safety by eliminating the risk of explosion hazard caused due to emission of high concentration of methane
gas. This paper discusses about the various methane drainage techniques adopted in underground coal mines
and their advantages in terms of providing a source of clean energy, ensuring mines safety and environmental
protection.

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
2
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
Corresponding Author: Dr. Devi Prasad Mishra, Ph.D., E-mail: dpmishra@iitism.ac.in1*
GLOBAL UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION EXPERI-
ENCE AND INDIAN INITIATIVE

N. N. SIRDESAI1,*, S. PANCHAL1, A. KUMAR1, A. GUPTA1, T. P. VISHNOLIYA1

The ever-growing gap between energy demand and supply can be bridged with the use of novel energy sourc-
es that are equally environmentally sustainable. So far, the Indian energy demands have been largely fulfilled
by conventionally mined coal. With the depletion of near-earth economical reserves, there is a need to mine
deeper deposits to sustain the energy demands. Coal resources that do not match the operational requirements
of conventional mining methods are termed un-mineable and uneconomical. Novel mining method such as un-
derground coal gasification (UCG) has gained extensive global popularity due to its ability of extracting the en-
ergy component of such un-mineable coal resources with little harm to the environment. Despite these worldwide
interests and extensive background field trials, the actual development of the process in India has been slow due
to several inherent concerns. This study illustrates the various challenges which have been encountered globally
and their relevance with Indian initiative.

Keywords: coal; gasification; subsidence; groundwater

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra
440010, India
* Corresponding author: nikhil.sirdesai@gmail.com

ADSORPTION ISOTHERM STUDY ON INDIAN

COAL SAMPLE

JAI PRAKASH MEENA1 SUJEET BHARTI1, BASANTA KUMAR PRUSTY 2, SAMIR

KUMAR DAS3

Adsorption isotherm is an important feature of coal reservoirs. Adsorbed natural gas accounts for 20-85% of the
total coalbed methane gas. Understanding adsorption behaviour of methane in coal is essential for predicting
the gas reserve and evaluating reservoir potential. This paper aims to understanding the methane adsorption
behaviour of coal samples. Adsorption experiments have been conducted for coal of two different seams with
the help of water bath experimental set up. These experiments are conducted on collected coal samples at a
temperature of 400C and in the pressure range of 10-40 bar. The methane adsorption data are applied and
verified to test applicability of Langmuir isotherm model. It has been observed that the experimental adsorption
data are very well correlated by the Langmuir model with R2 value of 0.9477 for coal of seam1 and 0.9711
for coal of seam2. This is found to be in agreement with results of previous researchers on the ability of Langmuir
model to describe adsorption of methane on a variety of coal.
Keywords: adsorption, isotherm, coalbed methane, Langmuir, natural gas, reservoir potential.

1
Research Scholar, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur,
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur,
3
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur,
e-mail: jaiprakash1920@gmail.com1; sujeetiit@gmail.com1, bkprusty@mining.iitkgp.ac.in2, drsamirkumardas@
mining.iitkgp.ac.in3
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MINE AIR COOLING SYSTEMS:
CASE STUDY OF AN INDIAN COAL MINE USING DIFFERENT
COOLING STRATEGIES

J. S. SRIVATSAN1 * AND SASTRY B. S.2

Underground mines are the future of the Indian mining industry. India has 143 billion tonnes of proven coal re-
serve up to depth of 1200m. The combination of tropical climate and geothermal heat in deeper mines (>450m)
results in wet bulb temperature greater than 32⁰C in working places. This is an adverse condition for workers as
well as machines and air cooling becomes inevitable to have a safe and productive working place. Surface
Bulk Air Cooling systems (BAC), underground BAC with surface refrigeration plant and underground BAC with
underground refrigeration plant are the widely used mine air cooling systems. In this paper, the challenges of
these mine air cooling systems (with respect to positional efficiency, water reticulation, water head and pipe
insulation) are analyzed using a case study of an Indian Coal mine and solutions are proposed. The concepts
of underground BAC with chilled water transported through insulated pipeline in boreholes, use of ice slurry in
place of chilled water to reduce the flowrate and pumping cost, vortex tubes that only use available compressed
air for cooling sensitive machine components, mobile spot coolers and the role of monitoring and control systems
for efficient operations are also discussed.

1
Research Scholar, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India
2
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India
* Corresponding Author: srivatsan@iitkgp.ac.in

RELATIVE COMPARISON OF WET KATA COOLING POWER

PREDICTION MODELS BY REGRESSING OBSERVED
VS. PREDICTED DATA

ADITYA PANDEY 1 * B S SASTRY2

Wet kata cooling power (WKCP) measured from a kata thermometer is a well-known heat index in mining
industries. Although over the years several researchers proposed different heat indices and indicated many
shortcomings of kata thermometer, it is still being used in many countries, especially in the South African gold
mining industry, mainly because of its simplicity and rapidity. A new prediction model is proposed based on 170
measurements taken in the low-speed wind tunnel for the thermodynamic parameters such as dry-bulb temper-
ature (Td), wet-bulb temperature (Tw), pressure (P), and wind speed (v). This paper also presents a comparative
analysis of the newly developed empirical expression for WKCP, and some of the more prevalent empirical ex-
pressions with the measured WKCP. The evaluation of models are based on regression of observed vs predicted
values and testing for the significance of slope = 1 and intercept = 0. The comparative analysis is also comple-
mented by decomposing the square sum of predictive error through calculating Theil’s partial inequality coef-
ficients. The study shows that the proposed model has the lowest root mean square deviation (RMSD) among
other prediction models under study. Theil’s coefficients also showed that most of the errors in predictions, by the
proposed model, are due to unexplained variance (97%), and not due to bias or slope misleading.

1
Research Scholar, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India
2
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India
Email: aditya05bit@iitkgp.ac.in1*
SESSION 4 – ROCK
ABRASION AND
STRENGTH
KEYNOTE PAPER: ROCK-HEAT INTERACTION: RELEVANCE
TO MINING AND GEOTECHNICAL INDUSTRY

N. N. SIRDESAI1,*

Change in the physico-mechanical response of rocks, under varying pressure, temperature and saturation con-
ditions, can be attributed to the mineralogical and morphological variations. Structures that are designed and
developed in mining and geotechnical industry should take into consideration the effect of pressure (in-situ and
cyclic loads), temperature (geothermal gradient, accidents) and saturation (pore-water pressure and ground-
water level). This study focusses mainly on the interaction of rocks with temperature. Several mining process
such as in-situ coal gasification require high-temperature conditions for successful operation, whereas similar
instances of fire are avoided in conventional coal mining. Similarly, interaction of heat can be found in instances
of accidents in tunnels and monuments. The deteriorative effect of this interaction have been analyzed using so-
phisticated experimental techniques and several physico-mechanical correlations have been achieved, that can
be used for predicting the nature of rock and its response when exposed to high temperatures.

Keywords: in-situ coal gasification; temperature; mechanical; damage.

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra
440010, India
* Corresponding author: nikhil.sirdesai@gmail.com

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ROCK ABRASIVITY AND ITS

IMPACT ON TBM CUTTER DISKS DURING TUNNELING IN
VARIOUS ROCK FORMATIONS

N. N. SIRDESAI1,*, A. ARAVIND1, S. PANCHAL1, N. R. THOTE1

With the introduction of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), the rate of development and construction of tunnels has
increased across the world. Breakdowns, repairs and replacements that occur in a TBM have to be addressed
within the tunnel. Of the several components within a TBM, the cutting-picks within the cutter-head undergo
maximum wear and tear, thereby requiring periodic replacements. In order to optimize the consumption of cut-
ter-picks, it is important to analyze the forces involved on the cutter and the properties that govern rock-cutter
interactions. One such property is the abrasivity, which can be determined by CERCHAR abrasivity index (CAI)
tests. Research suggests that the value of CAI is largely dependent on the mineralogical, physical and mechan-
ical properties of rocks. Therefore, this study aims to perform experimental analysis of the various properties and
their corresponding effects on granite and to determine the respective changes in CAI.

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra
440010, India
* Corresponding author: nikhil.sirdesai@gmail.com
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
(MODE I) OF SANDSTONE BY SCB TEST

SARBARTHA SARKAR1, RAKESH KUMAR2, V.M.S.R. MURTHY3

Fracture mechanics of brittle materials has significance for safe and economic designing of various structures
in rock. The study of fracture toughness delivers an insight of minimum required stress for propagation of any
pre-existing crack in any material. In this study, sandstone is gathered from Kusunda mine (BCCL) and fracture
toughness (Mode I) is determined using Semi-circular bend (SCB) test. These tests are performed by changing
the notch length (16, 18, 20, 22 mm). Moreover, based on fracture toughness, fracture energy is also calculated.
This method is popular as the preparation of sample is easier compared to other methods. The calculated fracture
toughness is compared with the literatures and found to be in order.

Key Words: Mode I Fracture Toughness, Semi-circular bend (SCB), Sandstone

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad

123

Email: sarkar.sarbartha@gmail.com1, rakeshkumar@iitism.ac.in2

vmsrmurthy@iitism.ac.in3

DESIGN OF SUPPORT IN SQUEEZING

GROUND CONDITIONS

B. GANDHI1, N. N. SIRDESAI1,*, N. R. THOTE1

Squeezing ground condition refers to weak strata which, under high stress conditions, behaves plastically result-
ing in large displacements along the tunnel profile. Tunneling in such rock conditions requires in-depth knowl-
edge of the strata behavior along with a detailed support design and installation plan. Optimization of support
design is one of the key parameters that determine the efficiency and economics of any tunneling operation. A
stable supporting plan can be developed by analyzing the ground-reaction-curve (GRC) and the support-reac-
tion-curve (SRC). This paper uses the Kishanganga Head Race Tunnel (HRT) project as a case study to develop a
support design for tunnels excavated using 6.2 m diameter double-shield-universal (DSU) tunnel boring machine
(TBM). The total length of the project is 23.4 km and a 6.2 m diameter circular tunnel has been constructed with-
in varied rock formation. The squeezing sections along the tunnel have been numerically simulated using finite
difference method (FDM). The convergence confinement method (CCM) has been used to compare the values
obtained from the FLAC2D because the selected case study is hydrostatic stress condition.
Keywords: Squeezing; TBM; finite difference; convergence-confinement

1
Department of Mining Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
*
Corresponding author: nikhil.sirdesai@gmail.com
 RAPID LOADING SYSTEMS

S. SUBRAMANYAM

As scales of mining go up the fruits will come only with efficient dispatch systems which are reliable can be
traced by RFID methods and accurate verified loads to ensure optimum utilization of carrier and also scalability
whenever larger carriers are available. Generally depending on location of mines either wagon loading or truck
loading is done. It is therefore necessary to use most effective systems which are environmentally friendly and
take up large scale accurate loading depending on load cells and not volumetric means and designed depend-
ing on flow characteristics of the mineral to be dispatched. We need to incorporate the rapid loading systems.

Advisor, ESSAE Digitronics and Paranthaman Rock Drills

Email: sathyasubra@gmail.com

RECENT ADVANCEMENT AND TRENDS ON INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY IN MINING INDUSTRY
RAJA

DR. T.T.I.T. KGF

The legacy control and information technology (IT) systems, and data architecture of mining companies need
a comprehensive transformation. In particular, much of the value creation in mining will shift from how well the
operation moves material to how well it collects, analysis, and acts on information to move productivity with a
potential indeed sizable economic impact world-wide in 2025 to 17% of projected cost Base. Believing that
the Mining industry is at an inflection point, in which Digital IT technologies have the potential to unlock new
ways of managing analytics and complex mining tasks and enhancing productivity. Mining companies must be
able to get the systems-integration skill set right to maximize value creation. Mining has always been marked by
uncertainty and variability. The next-era is evitable, with right-investment for a better future navigation in solving
the Information proximity solution.

Email: j.raja7858@gmail.com
 SESSION 5
MINE ENVIRONMENT
KEYNOTE PAPER: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MINING
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTAL
CLEARANCE PROCEDURE

DR. MANISH JAIN

This paper focuses on various rules regulation and environmental clearance procedures of mining project along
with various environmental issues with reference to various environmental quality parameters and best practices.
It also discusses new draft EIA Notification 2019.

Associate Professor, Department of Environment Science and Engineering, IIT Dhanbad

Email: manish@iitism.ac.in

KEYNOTE PAPER: MINING &

ENVIRONMENT – RECENT TRENDS

DR. ANAND KULKARNI

India has huge mineral resources. Thus the mining industry is a very important industry in India. Moreover, in India
this sector is facing several challenges, which are: (a) Massive investment required in exploration and the up-gra-
dation of technology, (b) Mitigation of environmental degradation due to mining (c) Adoption of environment
friendly technology. (d) Tackling of social issues like displacement of the population and economic disparities in
mining areas. (e) Rehabilitation of closed and abandoned mine sites. The Government, at both central and the
state level, has to address these issues by formulating appropriate policies and effectively implementing them for
the overall development of the sector which is environmentally sustainable.

Email: dravk1309@gmail.com
PHYTOREMEDIATION CAPABILITY OF GOLD FROM MINE
TAILINGS - A REVIEW

KULSHRESTH SINGH AND MD. MIRAJUL ISLAM,

Phytoremediation is a novel approach for scavenging heavy metals from contaminated soil by using metallo-
phytes through bioaccumulation. The gold metal uptake by plants is attributed with its binding to S and N con-
taining functional groups of biomolecules by the formation of covalent bonds (Pearson, 1966). The addition of
lixiviates e.g. NH4SCN, (NH4)2S2O3 into soil matrix chelate Au(0) and convert it into Au(I) or Au(II), to make
it soluble and easily bioavailable for plants (Anderson et al., 2003, 2005; Merchant, 1998). The Au uptake of
57mg/kg was achieved by Brassica juncea in the pot experiment (Anderson et al., 1999 b) while 0.779kg/ha
was achieved by Daucus carota in field trials (Msuya et al., 2000).

Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah
–711103, West Bengal, India
Email: kispf02@gmail.com

IMPACTS OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN KORBA DISTRICT,

CHHATTISGARH

DR. N. BALASUBRAMANYA[1], SUSHMA. R[2]

Mining is an art of extracting ore and their products from the Earth in the form of metals that are essential for the
human kind & society. However, there are several impacts of mining on environment, human health. The present
work is attempted to study the impacts of mining in Korba district, Chhattisgarh, India, on various aspects like
changes in agricultural area, mining area, water bodies and residential area for over a large period of time from
1929 to 2018. Also, detailed studies were carried out on the quality status of air, groundwater & surface water of
the district. It is observed that forest area reduced for 70% to 28%, mining area has almost increased from 0% in
1929 to 16.7% by the end of 2009. Close to 40% of groundwater is found to be unfit for consumption with WQI
(Water Quality Index) values exceeding 80. Hasdeo river passing through the district is found to be totally unfit
for consumption with WQI values reaching as high as 250, indicating that the water is highly polluted by mining
activities. The ambient air quality has reached unhealthy to hazardous state with the AQI values reaching as high
as 350. It is also interesting to read (TOI, 14/04/2019) that mining in the district would result in fragmentation of
170,000 hectares of pristine forest and render unparalleled ecological damage

Professor, Civil Engineering Department AIT, Bangalore-560107.

[1]

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore-
[2]

560054
Email: balasubramanyan@acharya.ac.in, sushma.ce.et@msruas.ac.in
 PERFORMANCE OF VETIVER GRASS
(CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIODES)
ON MANGANESE ORE MINE WASTE DUMP SLOPE

RUPESH KUMAR SAHU

Vetiver grass also known as Chrysopogon zizaniodes, is a perennial grass of Poaceac family from India. In
western and northern India, it is popularly known as Khus. Vetiver grass has been cultivated in many tropical and
subtropical regions of the world for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation, and embankment stabiliza-
tion. In this paper the effect of Vetiver grass on chemical properties like pH value, organic matter content & heavy
metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu & Ni) of dump spoil have been investigated. Samples were collected on
bench slope of waste dump. The chemical characterization of mine spoil revealed that plantation of vetiver grass
on waste dump slope, acidity of mine spoil decreased & organic matter content increased and the root matrix
of vetiver grass is accumulator of heavy metals. The chemical characterization of mine spoil also revealed that
waste dump spoil is polluted by heavy metals (As, Cr, Mn & Ni). The Vetiver grass can be used for remediation
and restoration of manganese ore mine spoil.

Department of Mining Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Email: rupeshkumarsahu000@gmail.com

FLY ASH – PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

MANISH KUMAR JAIN*, DEEPJYOTI CHAKRABORTY**

Fly ash is the finely divided residue that results from the combustion of pulverized coal and is transported from the
combustion chamber by exhaust gases. In India, studies have been carried out towards management of fly ash
(FA) disposal and utilization of total power generated in India, about 70% is produced by thermal power plants
(TPPs). With a 70 billion tonnes coal reserve, majority of TPPs (84%) are run on coal3and rest on gas (13%) and
oil (3%). About 260 million tonnes (MT) of coal (65% of annual coal produced in India) is being used by TPPs.
Presently over 112 MT of fly ash is being generated by TPPs as a byproduct of coal combustion. [10]

*Associate professor, **M.Tech. Student

Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
Email: manish@iitism.ac.in*
 SESSION 6
SAFETY AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
KEYNOTE PAPER: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EVALUATE
EFFICACY OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT AND ERGO-STRESS
FACTOR’S VULNERABILITY ON SELECTIVE UNDERGROUND
COAL MINERS

DR. NETAI CHANDRA DEY

In appropriately designed workstation, the worker should be able to maintain a correct and comfortable body
posture. This is important because an uncomfortable work posture can cause a variety of problems, such as:
back injury; development or aggravation of RSIs (Repetitive Strain Index); and circulatory problems in the legs
and other parts of the body
A general thumb rule is to consider body size information, such as height, when choosing and adjusting worksta-
tions. Above all, workstations must be adjusted so that the worker is comfortable.
Continuous stress on certain muscles in the body as a result of prolonged posture or repetitive movement leads
to localized muscle fatigue. As a result the posture cannot be maintained continuously. The main causes of these
problems are:
•poorly designed seating;
•standing for long periods;
•reaching too far;
•inadequate lighting forcing the worker to get too close to the work.

Ergonomic assessment of latest machines including design of operators cabin/seat should be such that oper-
ators do not find any interruption in their vision and can remain free from any strain. Detailed ergonomic study
is recommended to design the work technique along with concept of developing comfort zone during work.
Proper substantiation of the job in respect of work load and occupational stress is required to diminish job-strain
of workers and operators. Work-Rest Scheduling should be introduced for better efficiency and job comfort and
Humanizing Work and Work Environment (HWWE)

Department of Mining Engineering, IIEST Kolkata, Email: ncdey@mining.iiests.ac.in

AN OVERVIEW ON ERGONOMICS AND ITS APPLICATION
IN MINING INDUSTRY

S.VIKRAM1, P. S. PAUL2 & R. M. BHATTACHARJEE2

In India, the performance of underground mining mainly depends on miner’s efficiency because basic operations
like drilling, dressing, timbering and tramming are still done manually in various awkward positions due to which
miner’s has to undergo lot of stress along with extreme conditions such as high temperature, high humidity, noise,
noxious gases, vibration, dust, etc. By which gradual development of fatigue and workload on miners will cause
various occupational health and muscular-skeletal diseases which affect their health and the overall productivity
of the mine. In this paper, we discuss about ergonomics and how its application will help in increasing the miner’s
safety, health and makes mining industry accident free.

Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004, India

Email:sakinalavickram@gmail.com, drpspaul@gmail.com, rmbhattacharjee@iitism.ac.in

APPLICATION OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS

FOR TROUBLE SHOOTING IN MECHANIZED
MINING OPERATION

NETAI CHANDRA DEY(1)SHIBAJIDEY(2)

In Indian mining industry, the use of mining machineries are gradually increasing so does the human factors and
ergonomics related issues in day to day mining operation. In recent decades, it is observed that the cases of fa-
tigue related issues, workload strain, environmental issues and most importantly increasing absenteeism amongst
the underground heavy earth moving machineries (HEMM) like side discharge loader and load haul dumper
operator have been found common in almost every subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (CIL). It is pertinent to
note that the current Coal Mine Regulation (CMR) 2017 has also given significant importance not only on the
operator’s seat or cabin but also on their occupational stress and strain (Refer provisions 126 and 215 of CMR
2017). Accordingly, designing of seat and cabin for Indian machine (HEMMs) operators should be given utmost
emphasis. In recent past, various research outcomes of the studies on occupational stress and effect of mining
environment on miner’s health have drawn the attention of many ergonomist and engineers towards the miner’s
efficiency, safety and health during mining operation.

Professor(Mining); Doctoral Scholar –Dept. of Mining Engineering., IIEST Shibpur

Email: ncdey@mining.iiests.ac.in
AN OVERVIEW ON ERGONOMICS AND ITS APPLICATION
IN MINING INDUSTRY

S.VIKRAM1, P. S. PAUL2 & R. M. BHATTACHARJEE2

In India, the performance of underground mining mainly depends on miner’s efficiency because basic operations
like drilling, dressing, timbering and tramming are still done manually in various awkward positions due to which
miner’s has to undergo lot of stress along with extreme conditions such as high temperature, high humidity, noise,
noxious gases, vibration, dust, etc. By which gradual development of fatigue and workload on miners will cause
various occupational health and muscular-skeletal diseases which affect their health and the overall productivity
of the mine. In this paper, we discuss about ergonomics and how its application will help in increasing the miner’s
safety, health and makes mining industry accident free.

Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004, India

Email:sakinalavickram@gmail.com, drpspaul@gmail.com, rmbhattacharjee@iitism.ac.in

RISK ASSESSMENT OF AN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE – A

CASE STUDY

G.P. KHANNA

Mining is a hazardous profession associated with the unpredictable forces of nature. As a result, the mining in-
dustry continue to be associated with a huge number of accidents, injuries and health hazards. Mine disasters,
cause high levels of fatalities and in most cases the mine stops it`s production within a short time due to occur-
rence of the disasters. Global dynamics of the technological changes create a need for modern approaches
while evaluating and analyzing the risk in the mining industry. With systematic identification, assessment/evalua-
tion and elimination or reduction of hazards in mining operation, the risk can be reduced to an acceptable level.
This paper refers to the role of risk management processes in particular WRAC (Workplace Risk Assessment and
Control) method to control the risk of roof falls in an underground coal mine by preparing strata management
plan and it`s effective implementation.

Sr. Manager, Western Coal Fields Limited, Nagpur

Email: gpkhanna@yahoo.in
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS IN COAL
MINES : AN ANOVA APPROACH

DR. B. M. KUNAR

Mining industry play a major role in growth of the economy of the country. Due to high production target safety
in mining industry is a major concern. In open pit coal mining long high wall, big machineries, and explosives etc.
are the major concern of safety. Similarly in underground coal mining ground movement, transportation machin-
ery, explosives, electricity, dust gas and other combustible material etc. are the major concern. This study con-
sidered 11 years (2005-2015) fatalities data of the coal mine (open pit & underground) for the analysis (DGMS
standard note, 2016). The collected data were coded into man, machine and environment according to their
uses. The study result will be directly applied to the industry to control the occurrences of accident by studying
different factors to the occurrences of accident due to man, machine and environment. In mining it is possible to
prevent industrial accidents and the result of industrial accidents such as death, physical disability and financial
loss by implementing risk analysis in advance.

Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surath-
kal-575025, India
Email: bkunar@nitk.edu.in

ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY DECISION MAKING

ENVIRONMENT IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

CHANDRA SHEKHAR SINGH*

Decisions are primarily aimed at changing the present set of conditions of any workplace to a desired or a
better set of conditions. With increasing complexity of the socio-technical system, such as an underground coal
mines, better understanding of the process of decision making, its limitations and factors influencing the quality
of decisions is of paramount importance. This paper will analyze the decision-making environment in respect
of emergency entry in underground coal mines emerging out of potential coal mine fire and/or explosion and
different factors that influence quality of decision. Further, the paper will use reports of inquiry of few coal mine
disasters that occurred in the past.

Mining Engineer, Coal India Limited, Kolkata

Email: cshw20@gmail.com
 SESSION 7
COAL MINING TECHNOLOGY
KEYNOTE PAPER: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTION FOR ECONOM-
IC, SAFE AND THE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE COAL MINING IN
INDIA

PROF. M.P DIKSHIT,

Coal Mining in India dates back to 1774 when first started commercial coal mining was at Narainkuri village
near Raniganj (W.B). Safety, a major concern has to be in-built in the system for benefit of the employees and
organization. At the situation, selection of technology has to be safe, economic and sustainable in the days to
come. The objective is well achievable by up-gradation of technology and adoption of appropriate advanced
coal mining practices in opencast and underground operations as being practiced in major coal producing
countries in the globe. Both safety and the techno-economics can be well attended by advanced technology
adoption in our country on the geo-mining environment prevailing there and technology adoption suiting to the
site conditions. There is no option than technology up-gradation in mining operation for safe and productive coal
mining. The various advanced technologies for safe, economic, sustainable coal mining in India is dealt in the
paper with operational experiences.

Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

Email: dikshit1955@gmail.com

REMOTE TECHNOLOGY IN LONGWALL

MINING OPERATIONS
P. SATHAIAH1 MURALI V2, 1GENERAL MANAGER, SCCL
2
ADDITIONAL MANAGER,

The mining industry in India is a significant contributor to the economy of India. India is the third largest producer
of coal in the world. It has the fifth largest estimated coal reserve in the world. It ranks fourth in terms of iron ore
production globally. In spite of these staggering dimensions, however, mining in India has not achieved the op-
timal potential yet.
The mining jobs of today are very different from the mining jobs of the past. For centuries, people dug pits with
simple tools. But massive advances in technology have opened up new avenues in mining technology to exploit
the mineral resources optimally with safety and sustainability. There is a significant scope for new mining capac-
ities. Many of these potentials lie in the adopting of improved mining technology.
Robots will transform almost every industry and service sector, particularly in the area of mining sector where
safety and efficiency are the main issues. The application of remote technology, although very limited in current
mining operations around the world, has far reaching potential for the mining industry. Robotic devices powered
by artificial intelligence can perform a wide range of mining operations. Robots can take on any form but some
are made to resemble humans in appearance.
In earlier Longwall faces, all the operations were manually operated. But in recent Longwall faces, most of the
operations including operation of outbye coal conveying system can be done remotely thereby reducing the
exposure of persons to danger resulting improvement in safety. This paper presents details of operations being
carried out by Remote Technology in Longwall unit including outbye coal conveying system at Adriyala Longwall
Project.
Keywords: Longwall, Robotics, Conveyors, Underground, Shearer, AFC

Email: gm_pp@scclmines.com1, v2.murali@gmail.com2

WONGAWILLI METHOD OF UNDERGROUND WORKING
VIRGIN COAL BLOCKS WITH CONTINUOUS MINER.

DR. M. S. VENKATA RAMAYYA *

Underground methods of working coal are mostly by Bord and Pillar and Longwall. Bord and Pillar involves
drilling, blasting, supporting, loading and transport of coal from various working places. Mechanized Longwall
has concentrated workings and avoids drilling and blasting whereas loading and transport after cutting coal
with Shearer or Coal Plough is by Armored face conveyor and belt conveyors. Supports in faces in Bord and
Pillar is mostly by roof bolting and a combination of hydraulic props whereas in Longwall this is done by Powered
roof supports. Longwall requires clean property to develop and extract panel as long as possible (2-5 KM) and
wider (200-300m) for economical winning of coal.
Between Bord and Pillar and Mechanized Longwall, Continuous Miner extraction methods are employed for
higher production than Bord and Pillar but lesser than Mechanized Longwall Mining. Continuous Miner extrac-
tion has many methods of extraction and also place changing method to enable introduction of mechanized
roof bolters.
Wongawilli is a method of development and extraction of virgin coal blocks with 750-1000m long and 75-90m
wide panels. This method is initially used in Wongawilli seam and Wongwilli Colliery in Wollongong Area of
NSW, Australia. The method deploys two or three Mobile breaker Supports as goaf edge supports in addition
to roof bolting. This paper deals with Wongawilli method of extraction and proposes it as a suitable method for
Indian underground coal mining for small virgin coal blocks which are not economical with mechanized long-
wall, mining which is capital intensive.

Professor in Mining , Malla Reddy Engineering College ( Autonomous), Dulapalli Maisammaguda- Hydera-
bad-500100
Email Mail: vr.musunuri@gmail.com

STRAIGHT LINE OF EXTRACTION OF A THICK SEAM WITH

B&P METHOD DEPLOYING CONTINUOUS MINER (CM)
TECHNOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF VK-7 INCLINE.

K. NAGABHUSHANA REDDY1, M S GNANA SUNDARAM2, M. KANAKAIAH3

Faster rate of extraction with utmost safety, conservation of coal deposits and maximizing the percentage of ex-
traction is the need of the day. As a solution to the twin problems of slow rate of extraction and low percentage
of extraction, Continuous Miner technology emerged as a viable alternative mining method for deeper deposits.
Straight line of extraction appears to have definite advantages over the diagonal line of extraction by which the
depillaring panels can be extracted safely due to faster rate of extraction.

Straight line of extraction is more economical and percentage of extraction is also high.

Singareni Collieries Company Limited

Email: mekala.kanakaiah@gmail.com3, iso_crp@scclmines.com
CHALLENGES IN LIGNITE EXCAVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCEMENT IN NLCIL LIGNITE MINE- II

R. SRINIVASA RAGHAVAN1, VIJAYKUMAR V BHALKE2

NLCIL, Lignite Mine-II is the biggest mine among the Neyveli Lignite Mines having a Mining Lease Area more
than 41 km2 and produced 126.30 lakh tonnes of lignite and 812 lakh m3 of overburden in the financial year
2018-19. Mine-II is having five Overburden Benches and one Lignite Bench with the average stripping ratio of
1:6.5 (tons/m3).
Lignite Bench consists of Production System and Supply System. The Production System includes 3 Bucket Wheel
Excavators (BWE), 2 Mobile Transfer Conveyors (MTC), 8 Conveyors (NL1 to NL8) and 1 Stacker. The Supply
System includes 2 Reclaimers, 2 Bucket Wheel Excavators, 1 Mobile Transfer Conveyors and 7 Conveyors (R1
to R4, CC1, CC2, C1). Moreover, during the last quarter of the every financial year 1 or 2 BWE are also added
in Production System to achieve the targets successfully. Lignite Bench System of Mine-II tackles effectively both
in Production System by excavating the required quantity of lignite and stacks in Bunker and in Supply System by
continuously feeding the lignite to Thermal Power Station - II (7 * 210 MW) and its Expansion (2 * 250 MW).
Such a huge System has undergone tremendous changes in the manner of working taking SAFETY as its highest
priority and at the same time meeting the targets against the difficult geological and hydrologic conditions such
as higher depth of lignite about 130 m from the surface, presence of marcasite, high pressure aquifer, etc.

1
Chief Manager / Mine-II, 2 Chief Manager / Mine-II,
1,2
NLC INDIA LIMITED
E-mail: nlcrags@yahoo.com

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON AVAILABILITY OF

CONTINUOUS MINER IN MASS PRODUCTION BASED
UNDERGROUND MINING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA.

SUMIT BANERJEE1, PROF. N.C.DEY2

Coal is a major source of energy globally; underground mining is the only economical technique to produce coal
from deeper seams. Continuous Miner (CM) is one of the most effective underground coal production machine,
dedicated for the purpose of continuous mass production of coal from deeper seams. In this paper a compara-
tive analysis on availability of different subsystems of two CMs is depicted and effect of the maintenance strategy
on subsystem availability and overall productivity is discussed. The study depicts that though the availability of the
subsystems of CM of Mine –A is higher as compared to CM of Mine-B, the productivity shows inverse trends.
The observation depicted that the maintenance strategy adopted in both the mines needs modification to intro-
duce a new optimized preventive maintenance programme. This strategic preventive maintenance programme
should consider optimized combination of working time and maintenance time. Consequently, maintenance
programme will lead to better machine health, performance, availability and overall improved productivity.

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur

1
: Research Scholar, 2: Professor
Email: sumit.banerjee92@yahoo.com
 SESSION 8
MINE ENVIRONMENT AND
VENTILATION-II
 KEYNOTE PAPER: STONE DUST REQUIREMENT FOR
INERTIZING COAL DUST

DR. D. P. MISHRA

Coal dust explosion constitutes an ever-present hazard in underground coal mines. The mining regulations in
different countries have made rock dusting mandatory for suppressing coal dust explosions in underground
coal mines. The requirement of rock dust inertant for suppressing coal dust explosions depends on coal dust
characteristics, type of rock dust used and its properties and the dynamics involved in the explosion process.
In view of this, the effects of important parameters, such as, dust particle size, dust concentration and dust-dis-
persion-air pressure on rock dust inertant requirement for suppressing coal dust explosion were studied using a
Godbert-Greenwald (GG) furnace. The inertant requirement generally increased with decrease in the coal dust
size and increase in the rock dust particle size. While the minimum proportion of rock dust required to inert the
coal dust explosion was determined 90% for the finest size coal dust (< 38 µm), it was determined 72% for mine
size coal dust (< 850 µm). The optimal coal dust concentration that causes violent explosion was determined
427 g/m3. Inertant requirement increased with increase in dust-dispersion-air pressure up to 62 kPa.

Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, IIT Dhanbad

Email: dpmishra@iitism.ac.in

DIESEL-OPERATED MAN-RIDING VEHICLE AND LOAD HAUL

DUMPER DPM DISPERSION

RAMAKRISHNA MORLA1, SHIVAKUMAR KAREKAL1 AND AJIT GODBOLE1

MAHESH SHRIWAS2

Diesel-operated man-riding vehicle and Load Haul Dumpers (LHD) are commonly used in underground mines.
These vehicles are used to minimize the miners’ travel time between working sections and loading operations. An
inevitable side effect of using these diesel-operated vehicles is the generation and dispersion of diesel particulate
matter (DPM). This is an urgent concern, because DPM is known to be a carcinogenic agent that can have a
serious adverse effect on the miners’ health after prolonged exposure. This paper presents DPM flow patterns of
LHD and man-riding vehicles using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling studies.

1
School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia, 2522.
2
Department of Mining Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Email
IMPROVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND METAL MINE AIR
QUALITY AND HUMAN FACTORS THROUGH PLANTATION

CHANDRASEKHAR C, PARTHEEBAN, PUSHPANATHAN, PUGAZENTHI,

KISHOR S.

In underground metal mines, impure gases are only flushed out from the environment in order to purify the envi-
ronment, so when impure gases enters the outer atmosphere it will creates very polluted environment, because
in order to overcome this difficulties the plantation can be done in the underground metal mines. The particu-
lar plants have the capability to absorb the poisonous and toxic gases in the underground environment with
help of artificial lights. The major advantage of the plants is it will absorb the poisonous and toxic gases, it will
release the oxygen which must need for the human while working in the underground environment.

REAL TIME MONITORING AND CONTROLLING OF

UNDERGROUND COAL MINE ENVIRONMENT AND
VENTILATION

PRAVEEN RAMESH , MUTHAZHAGAN NARAYANASWAMY1,

SRIVATSA DATTATREYA BHAT1, RAJANI KUMAR VASUDEV REDDY1,
MANAS MUKHOPADHYAV , RAJA SABAPATHY

Underground environment plays an important role for safety and productivity in coal mines. The numerous envi-
ronmental issues such as gas outburst, coal bump, methane emission, other toxic gases and coal dust can make
mine and miners unsafe. In this paper, an attempt has been made to monitor the underground mine atmosphere in
real time using sensors. The monitoring of environmental parameters includes gases, dust, temperature and mois-
ture content in underground mine. In this paper, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) has been used to detect
the number of persons and machineries depending on that ventilation is provided. The quantity of air is controlled
through the fan and controlling the dust concentration with help of sprinkling system.
Keywords: Ventilation on Demand, Real time monitoring of gases, Underground coal mine, Dust Suppression

Department of Mining Engineering, AIT, Bangalore

Email: miningmuthu1995@gmail.com
 SESSION 9
SLOPE STABILITY
KEYNOTE PAPER: SLOPE STABILITY STUDIES IN AN OPEN
PIT MINE

S KUMAR REDDY, T AMRITH RENALDY, S S MEENA, AY BHARATH KUMAR AND

A. RAJAN BABU

The value of open pit mining operation is primarily driven by ore verses waste strip ratio. The less waste to move
to extract ore, the higher the revenue that open pit mine generates. Open pit slope geometry (or slope angles) is
at the core of mine design, it is determined based on rock mechanics principles. Mine design at a mine project
study stage is based on the information available at the time the study is carried out. It is recognized that during
this stage there is usually limited detail of the overall rock mass available and that it is necessary to make a num-
ber of assumptions. As mine develops and new geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological data is being
collected and performance of existing excavations is analyzed, it is necessary to re-evaluate design assumptions
and, if required, modify the initial design to safely increase mine value and de-risk long term production profile.
The slope stability studies in an open pit mine provide ground engineering support to achieve mine production
targets and identify opportunities to improve geotechnical aspect of mine design and timely advice the mine
management on the need to change the mine design and/or mine plan to address the geotechnical risks.
A case study of an opencast coal mine is being operated by Singareni Colleries Company Limited (SCCL)
is located at Peddapalli District of Telangana State is discussed in this paper. Based on geotechnical studies,
recommendations for bench parameters and final pit slope stability related to disturbed area of the south side
high-wall slopes of the mine results presented in this paper.

National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM), Bengaluru

kumarsandireddy@gmail.com

ASSESSMENT OF STABILITY OF HIGH WALLS OF

A GRANITE QUARRY

T. AMRITH RENALDY, A. Y. BHARATH KUMAR*, S. S. MEENA, S K REDDY,

A RAJAN BABU

A Granite Company is involved in quarrying of dimensional stone granite blocks since about 20 years or so.
They are one of the leading producers of granite blocks and their products are traded under the commercial
name Black galaxy. The quarry is located at Chimakurthy about 30 km from Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. The
gabbro-anorthosite plutons dyke formations forms the main body for block extraction. At present, the quarry is
operating at a depth of about 70m below ground level. With a recovery of about 8 to 10%, the quarry produces
a volume of 300m3 saleable blocks per month. High walls along the final pit boundary have been formed over
a period of time due to the quarrying activity. The high walls have not been protected or stabilized and is now
posing a severe threat for safe operations and also to continue the extraction at further depths. Scientific studies
were conducted to achieve optimum production and to fulfil the statutory requirements related to quarrying
activities with scientific & eco-friendly quarrying methods and to assess the stability of high walls of the Granite
Quarry. This paper provides details of field investigations and recommendations for the optimum production,
overall quarry layout and slope stability.

National Institute of Rcok Mechanics, Bangalore

Corresponding Email *: 044bharath@gmail.com
 ROCK SLOPE STABILITY AND MONITORING

RAKESH R. D.1, DR. ANUP KUMAR TRIPATHI2*

Mining activities affect stress conditions within slopes thereby making them susceptible to deform over a period
of time. Slope stability analysis is important in all engineering projects involving slopes, either natural or man-
made. A slope failure in a working area can lead to significant economic losses and has immense impact on
safety of personnel. The aim of the study described in this paper is to analyse and monitor the stability of slopes
by comparing the factor of safety obtained through the Slide Software. In the case of temporary slopes, the only
way by which the slope failure can be prevented is through reducing the slope angle. In such cases, this tech-
nique provides additional volume of material to be excavated and the additional cost likely to be incurred from it
varies with the slope angle. Also, proper monitoring shall be carried out using various monitoring instruments such
as tiltmeters, inclinometers, etc. Numerical modelling is a very versatile tool and enables us to simulate failure
behaviour in deforming materials. Finally, the relation between factor of safety and berm width is analysed in this
paper and various suitable monitoring methods are suggested.

National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka

Email: rakeshrdoddamani@gmail.com1
Corresponding author email: anuptripathitech@gmail.com2*

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MINE DUMP

SLOPES – A CASE STUDY

ADICHERLA SHRAVAN KUMAR1, GNANANANDH BUDI2

In the world, India ranks third in total coal production and higher rate of production is from the Opencast mines.
The increase in demand of coal leads to opening of many opencast mines to fulfill the demand. By the opencast
coal mining a large volume of overburden is excavated which is to be dumped outside the mine in a convenient
place termed as external dump. The stability of dump plays a vital role in the design, safety, economics and
operation of any opencast project. The main issue of the dumping is its slope stability. Different parameters like
cohesion, density, friction angle, slope height and slope angle affect the slope stability.
In this paper, a case study is done by the use of Numerical Modelling Software to analyze the stability of dump
slope by varying different parameters that affect the stability of slope. At last, the stability of dump slope has been
evaluated and suggestions were made based on the numerical analysis.

1
PG Student, Dept of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad,
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
Email: shravankumar.adicherla@gmail.com1, anandbudi@iitism.ac.in2
A STUDY ON WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE OF HEAVY
EARTH-MOVING MACHINERIES OPERATORS IN A COAL MINE

DHANJEE KUMAR CHAUDHARY1*, VIVEKANANDA KUMAR1,

SANJAY KUMAR PALEI1, N. C. KARMAKAR1

Heavy earth-moving machineries (HEMMs) operators of mining are exposed to Whole-Body

Vibrations (WBV) and shocks during the various working cycles. WBV has been recognized as an important
health hazard both for off-road and on-road vehicle operators. The HEMM operators in mining, agriculture and
transportation industries are exposed to WBV as aninevitable part of their occupation, and they are likely to suf-
fer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Determination and prediction of health risk due to WBV of HEMMs
at the various operational conditions is the main goal of this study. For this purpose, the impact of WBV on 38
operators including dumpers, shovels and drills of an opencast coal mine have\ been carried out. Measurement
and evaluation of health risks were performed according to the ISO standard 2631-1(1997). It is observed that
HEMM operators of the mine are exposed to high level of WBV and shocks according to exposure limit sug-
gested in ISO 2631-1(1997). Based on daily r.m.s. exposure, A(8),50% operators are above the high health
risk and 7.9% operators are at moderate health risk. However, based on vibration dose value, VDV(8), 55.3%
operators are at high health risk and 10.5% operators are at moderate health risk. Therefore, the operators sustain
risk of adverse health effect, especially MSDs. This study reveals that transport vehicle (dumper) operators are
highly exposed to WBV compared to the non-transport vehicle (such as drill and shovel) operators. The shock
component is also highest among dumper operators.

Department of Mining Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi – 221005, India.
Email: dhanjee_geobhu@yahoo.co.in
WHOLE BODY VIBRATION ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY EARTH
MOVING MACHINE OPERATORS IN A CHROMITE MINE IN
INDIA

R. UPADHYAY1, KAMLESH KUMAR2

This paper focuses on a Chromite mine located in eastern part of India to assess the WBV exposure of HEMM
operators. In this pilot study, analysis of vibration exposure for HEMM’s machine such as dumper, shovel, drill,
and loader are presented. Further two operators were considered for each of the machine type. This work in-
volved the measurement of various vibration parameters such as frequency weighted RMS acceleration, Crest
factor (CF) and Vibration dose value (VDV) in x, y and z directions for HEMM operators and the results are com-
pared with the ISO 2631-1:1997 standards. The results reveal that for both the dumper operators, RMS accel-
erations in the dominant axis (awz) and daily dosage exceeds the lower limit (0.45 m s) of ISO 2631-1 (1997),
indicating moderate health risk. For both the operators, value of Crest Factor exceeds 9 in all three directions of
measurement which shows the operators are subjected to shock component of vibration. VDV (8) exceeds the
higher limit (17 m s-1.75) of ISO 2631-1:1997 for both the operators which indicates the dumper operators ex-
perience high health risk due to shock component of the vibration. The frequency weighted RMS accelerations in
all the three axes (awx, awy, awz) and daily dosage, measured as A (8), for the shovel operators do not exceed
the ISO 2631-1 lower limit (0.45 m s-2). For both the shovel operators CF exceeds 9 in all three directions of
measurement. VDV (8) does not exceed the lower limit (8.5 m s-1.75) of ISO 2631-1:1997. WBV exposure in
terms of RMS accelerations (awx, awy, awz) for none of the drill operators exceeded the ISO 2631-1 lower limit
(0.45 m s-2). This shows that none of the drill operators in the study have health risk on the basis of RMS acceler-
ation. The daily dosage (frequency weighted RMS acceleration along the dominant axis over an 8 h work shift)
also do not exceed the ISO 2631-1 lower limit. The exposure to vibration resulting in shock (quantified by crest
factor, CF) is found to be high. VDV(8) remain within the lower limit (8.5 m s-1.75) of ISO 2631-1:1997. RMS
accelerations along all the three axes (awx, awy, awz) and A(8) values largely remain within the ISO 2631-1
lower limit (0.45 m s-2) except for one cycle of measurement for one of the loader operator . However, for both
the loader operators CF exceeded 9. VDV(8) exceed the lower limit (8.5 m s-1.75) of ISO 2631-1:1997 for one
operator and in all other cases it remain below the lower limit. Inferences drawn in this study can help the Mine
management to increase the health and safety of HEMMs operators in mine.

1
Research Scholar, 2Junior Technical Superintendent
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India 721302
Email: 1upadhyay.rahul143@gmail.com, 2kamleshkumar9@gmail.com
 SESSION 10
SURFACE MINING
KEYNOTE PAPER: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING
BY SURFACE MINES – INDIAN SCENARIO

PROF. G. K. PRADHAN

Mining has an important role in the economic development/GDP of any nation and in meeting the day to day
needs of the population. In our quest for better living, mankind had evolved all techniques and method of extract-
ing ores/minerals (both fuel and non-fuel) from the core of the mother earth. When we talk of India, we had a rich
history of exploitation and extraction of ores and minerals right since the days of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Professor & Dean, Faculty of Engineering &Technology, AKS University Satana

Email: gkpradhan58@gmail.com

REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION OF ROPE SHOVELS IN OPENCAST MINES.
1
GANTI PRAFUL KUMAR AND 2PROF. H.K.NAIK
1
M.TECH STUDENT, 2ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Rope shovels are the most expensive of excavating equipment at the mine site and it’s operated safely, efficient-
ly and economically. In order to achieve high production and productivity of heavy earth moving machines in
opencast mines, it is necessary to have high % availability and % utilization % performance % over all equipment
effectiveness. This study of rope shovel scheduled maintenance of rope shovel like shift hours, working hours,
monthly hours, idle hours etc. in the field scale is essential. In this contest, calculation of operating cost & per-
formance of rope shovel operation in various methods has been done. Rope shovel that is considered for an
AC Electrical upgrade is fully analysed to determine the machines maximum potential productivity. This assess-
ment includes review of current rope shovel scheduled maintenance of rope shovel, methods of speed control,
Ward-Leonard speed control, Regenerative breaking of DC motor productivity practices, which will allow us
to take full advantage of the AC 182M model system. The AC 182M Model System has a fully integrated on-
line system and chopper drive use in regenerative braking which is discussed in this paper. Surface mining like
SINGARENI COLLIRIES LIMITED (SCCL) with higher coal production targets calls for systems to remove large
volume of overburden in shortest possible time where the coal production is mined by opencast mining methods.
PLC technology is used to increase the production of mines. In this paper these points are discussed in detail.

Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela,

Email: prapulpatel18@gmail.com, hknaik@nitrkl.ac.in
 GEOLOGICAL RESOURCE MODELLING AND MINE
PLANNING OF A SURFACE LIMESTONE
DEPOSIT USING SURPAC

MANAS MALLICK Assistant Professor

As the mines are growing bigger the need for the advancement has also increased. The computer aided mine
planning and design techniques has come as an advantage for mining industry. This project aims to exhibit the
implementation of computer aided mine planning and design techniques in mining industry which gives more
accuracy and reliability of mine plan. Opencast mine planning is a multi-parameter optimization problem which
requires simultaneous solution. This project emphasis on the optimized planning of limestone mine where the ore
is categorized into lithologies on the basis of percentage of Ca present. It uses software such as SURPAC for
geological modelling, block modelling, ore reserve estimation using geostatistical module and pit design. The
estimation is done using Kriging which shows that the percentage of Ca varies from 22 % to 34% which helps in
determining the minable ore. It also aims at the optimization of Various techno-economic parameters which play
vital role in mine planning and design aspects.

Department of Mining Engineering, BIT Sindri, Jharkhand

Email: mallick.manas2@gmail.com

AN OVERVIEW OF HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND ITS

MAINTENANCE IN GOA OPENCAST MINE -A CASE STUDY

D. K. BHAGAT1, YOGITA KARKHANIS2

Well designed and maintained haul roads are the key to minimizing truck haulage on-road hazards and costs,
as well as increasing productivity. However in practice due regard is not given to design to design and mainte-
nance of haul roads for desired performance, Poorly designed and built roads exhibit high rolling resistance-a
1% increase in rolling resistance can typically reduce the speed on ramp by as much as 10%-And on the flat
by up to 26% By carefully managing haul roads efficiency can be improved and cost per ton hauled can be
reduced. The more safe and efficient haulage systems have been parallel by the need to maximize haulage
hazards, both health and safety perspective. While improved mine haul road design does indeed reduce haul-
age accidents. The main design parameters are width and length of road, curves and super elevation, grades of
road, drainage and rolling resistance.
In this paper we tried to provide an overview of haul road design parameters and also suggested suitable mod-
ifications in haul road parameters which are used in Goan opencast mines by optimizing the present methods so
as to improve the productivity of dumpers and mine in general.

Assistant Professor, Mining Engineering Department

1,2

Goa College of Engineering, Framagudi

Email: dkbhagat199@gmail.com1
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF BEST PRACTICES OF RECLAMATION
FROM LARGE SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS

VIMAL SRIVASTAVA1, ASHISH RANJAN KUMAR2

1
COAL INDIA LIMITED, SINGRAULI, INDIA

Coal fired thermal power plants fed by large surface coal mines are the mainstay of power generation of India
and support the base load. These projects boost local economy and provide for numerous direct and indirect
jobs depending on the extent of mechanization. However, planned closure of mining operations usually leads
to a systematic reduction in required manpower. This paper critically examines some of the consequences of
closure of large mining operations worldwide and the remedial measures adopted to minimize the impacts on
the mine closure and reclamation events on the environment and the employees.

2
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
Email: vimalsrivastava9534@gmail.com1, ashish.kumar@uky.edu2

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC CHARGE USED FOR

LOOSENING OF DIFFERENT HARD ROCKS FOUND IN
ODISHA

ABINASH PARIDA1, SOUMYA RANJAN MALLICK2

Production capacity of open cast mines has been increased to meet the growing demand of Ores and Coal in
Odisha. But Mining Companies are facing a lot of problem during excavation of Ores and Coal exist beneath
the earth surface by rock blasting, as they have limited knowledge on explosive consumption resulting in improp-
er fragmentation, noise, ground vibration, fly rock, back break and over break etc. Rock breaks into small pieces
when explosive energy matches or exceeds rock energy. The rock energy is directly related to rock mass proper-
ties such as Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Shear Strength, Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus and Pois-
son’s Ratio etc. and explosive energy is directly related to density and velocity of detonation. In this paper, rock
energy is correlated with explosive energy to determine explosive quantity required to break different hard rocks

Department of Mining Engineering, Government College of Engineering Keonjhar, Odisha

1,2

Email: mallicksoumyaranjan@gmail.com2
EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATE ENERGY RESOURCES FOR
COMBATING UNPRECEDENTED FUEL DEMAND – A REVIEW

RADHIKA K.N.1 PAVANA, H.J.2 AND TEJAS, K.3

Fuel, globally has become an integral part of the man’s living and the demand is going up exponentially. Since
1800, the overall global fossil fuel consumption has gone up 1300 times. With an increase at such an alarming
rate, the oil, natural gas and coal is expected to exhaust in 53, 54, 110 years respectively says a study from the
Energy and Resource Institute, Delhi. Simultaneously, the counter effect of fossil fuel consumption is global warm-
ing, yet another threat for sustenance of earth. Thus, it’s time for looking out for alternate source of energy. The
largest contributor for global warming is automobiles run on fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to target this source first.
The developed countries like France, has already declared that their country will run only on electrical vehicles
by 2030 and India too, wants to join this race. The global leading producers of lithium include Congo in Africa
and Latin American countries such as Argentina, Bolivia and Chile which are often termed as the lithium triangle
and in India, there are very limited resources. According to auto industry estimates, India may require 350,000
tonnes of lithium annually and thus, in the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the possible
mineralization in Karnataka. Lithium being the first alkali metal, is observed primarily in endogenic deposits and
are associated with granitic magmas. Lithium ores are formed during post magmatic processes at relatively high
temperatures (250 - 500°C) and at depths of the order of 1.5-7km. The naturally available lithium bearing
minerals include, spodumene [LiAl(SiO3)2], Petallite [LiAlSi4O10], Lepidolite [K(Li,Al)3(Al,Si,Rb)4O10(F,OH)2],
Amblygonite [(Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH)] etc which are found in hard rocks like pegmatite. The secondary sources
include brines and clay minerals. Since, Karnataka is a hard rock terrain with peninsular gneissic complex being
the major litho unit, a detailed investigation for lithium bearing pegmatites in the state has to be initiated.
Alternatively, many developed countries like United States of America is also looking out for using hydrogen as a
new ecofriendly fuel. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier in part because it can be produced from different
and abundant resources, including fossil, nuclear, and renewables. Using hydrogen, particularly for our trans-
portation needs, will reduce the dependence on fossil fuel globally and the threat of climate change can also be
abated. Thus, the authors call for a detailed investigation of rerouting the energy demand with alternatives for the
sustainable development and management of energy resources.
Keywords: Alternate Energy resource, Global Warming, Fossil Fuels, Lithium, Pegmatite

1
Dept. of Civil Engg., East West Institute of Technology, Bangalore
2
Geoscientist, IndiGEO Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore
3
Dept. of Civil Engg., Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Corresponding author: tejas.indian@gmail.com
 SESSION 11
INNOVATION IN MINING
KEYNOTE PAPER: WHY INNOVATION IS REQUIRED IN MIN-
ING INDUSTRY?

DR. SRIKANT ANNAVARAPPU

The mining industry is languishing behind the other secondary industries in terms of application of innovative
technologies for improving safety and productivity in the mines. While the implementation of various important
measures in mine safety has drastically reduced the number of accidents and fatalities in Indian mines, there have
been few improvements which have led to changes in productivity in the mines. The challenges of inadequate
exploration and difficult
bureaucratic regimes have also led to low reserves to production ratios, which has resulted in a low contribution
to the National GDP. The importance of the industry is thus being eroded as it is seen as a minor contributor to the
nation’s growth. The attractiveness of the industry is constantly reducing resulting in poorer quality of manpower at
various levels, while the brighter minds and more able persons are being attracted towards the gleaming towers
of the IT industry.

Mining is a core industry which can have a massive domino effect impacting several stakeholders and triggering
various downstream economic activities thereby creating a multiplier effect on the economy. This growth in im-
portance can only be developed and sustained by the judicious use of appropriate innovations to help improve
the image of the industry and improve the quality manpower engaged in the industry. To begin with, these inno-
vations can help reduce the hours spent in collecting and analyzing critical data at all stages of mining so that
more informed decisions can be taken to address the needs of the industry.
This paper presents a few innovations that are already in vogue around the world and which are in the pipeline
for adoption in some of the Indian mines. The effect of these innovations on safety and productivity are highlight-
ed and critical comments are presented on the need to foster greater emphasis on such developments for the
sustained growth of the industry in India.

Director, Master Geotech Services Pvt. Limited, Nagpur

Email: mgsrikant@gmail.com
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MINING
INDUSTRY – AN AURA OF MINING

R. SRINIVASAN1 AND P. BALAMADESWARAN2

Mining is an important industrial and economic sector that plays a major role in the economic development
of a country and provides many employment opportunities. During the past decade, with the enhancement of
digital technology and big-data hype, there have been many discussions around how to digitalise a mine. The
autonomous technologies provide many economic benefits to the mining industry through cost reduction, pro-
ductivity improvement, reduction in exposure of workers to hazardous conditions, continuous production, and
improved safety. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gaining prominence in many industries so why should the industrial
workforce be any different? While there has been a phenomenal amount of change made to employee safety
in recent years, from improvements in safety requirements to new tools, the hazardous workplace is ready to be
transformed yet again with the development of AI-based industrial safety technologies. In an industry such as
mining where improving efficiency and productivity is crucial to profitability, even small improvements in yields,
speed and efficiency can make an extraordinary impact. Mining companies basically produce interchangea-
ble commodities. This paper discusses the current and upcoming generation status of AI, machine learning, and
autonomous technologies implementation in the mining industry, challenges resulting from these technologies,
strategies to overcome these challenges, and questions for future research.

1
Scholar, 2Faculty, Department of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy Campus,
Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamilnadu.
Email: balamadeswaran@gmail.com

EVALUATION OF EQUIVALENT WIDTH BASED ON NUMERI-

CAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

PRUDHVI RAJU GADEPAKA, DR. ASHOK JAISWAL

The strength of a pillar is one of the most important criteria to be considered in pillar designing. Based on empir-
ical and numerical formulas states that the strength of a pillar depends on various parameters. In this paper the
author considered the effect of shape on pillar strength mainly the equivalent width of a rectangular pillars. In this
paper an attempt has been made to establish the equivalent width (We) of a rectangular pillar from the strength
equation and proposed a new equivalent width equation (We = (2 x L/(W+L))a x W) from numerical simulation
techniques. In simulation process the author developed various rectangular pillars and determine its strength.
These results are compared with the square pillar. Based on the analysis equivalent width (We) has been arrived.
One can consider the proposed equivalent width equation for the calculation of strength of a rectangular pillar.

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi

Email: prudhvirajug.min17@itbhu.ac.in
 SHORT-TERM MINE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING
WITH STOCKPILING: CHALLENGES AND
A PROSPECTIVE SOLUTION

PRANJAL PATHAK1, JAI PRAKASH MEENA1, BISWAJIT SAMANTA2

Short-term production scheduling is carried out on shorter scales of months, weeks or days with a horizon of
less than one to two years. It models the mining operations in greater detail than long or medium-term planning
problems. The short-term production scheduling problem typically aims to meet the quality and quantity targets of
production in each period subject to the technical and operational constraints of the mine. Generally, the short-
term production scheduling problems are modelled as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations.
While it is common to model stockpiles in short-term production scheduling models, their modelling introduces
non-linearity in the problem formulation. A common approach to tackle this issue of non-linearity is to linearize the
problem formulation by discretizing stockpiles into a number of sub-stockpiles. In this paper, the computational
challenges and practical viability associated with the approach of discretizing stockpiles have been outlined.
Also, the advantages of heuristics to handle this issue has also been shown.

1Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

2Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Email: pranjal9920@gmail.com1

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MINING INDUSTRY:

A TRIBOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

MUTHU KUMAR M

In the mining industry, each process such as earthmoving, minerals involves repeated, and often severe, me-
chanical surface interactions between metals, and between metals and abrasive materials. Due to the nature of
ores as an abrasive, the mechanical components undergo a substantial amount of wear and friction during the
minerals processing operations. From the consumption of energy point of view, a significant amount of energy is
expended to overcome frictional forces and wear loss in the operation of all earthmoving, mining, and minerals
processing machinery. This paper presents an overview of energy consumption in the mining industry due to fric-
tion and wear from a tribological perspective. Total energy consumption of global mining activities is estimated to
be more than 6% of the total global energy consumption. In that, about 40% of the consumed energy in mineral
mining is used for overcoming friction. In addition, about 3% of CO2 emissions globally in mineral mining due to
friction and wear. With an introduction of low friction and high wear resistant coatings in mineral mining equip-
ment, the consumption of energy could be reduced by almost 30%.

Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,

Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560107.
Email: muthukumarm@acharya.ac.in
 AUCTION –ACTION - REACTION

RAKESH M.M

Various independent mining lobbies throughout the country was first opposing the auction process of lease grant
anticipating that the auction route is not the best alternative to a first-come-first-served approach. However, as of
now, 53 potential mineral blocks have successfully auctioned for 7 different minerals in 9 states. Similarly, with
respect to coal, nearly about 90 leases have been allotted, vested or operated under designated custodian in
8 states. So, the early anticipation of the mining lobbies is nowhere proved. Judiciary has played a major role in
introducing the auction process for grant of lease.
Every auction asks and answers the basic questions: who should get the items and at what prices? Auctions are
a competitive, formal, and transparent method of assignment. Clear rules are established for the auction process.
Transparency benefits both the bidders and the country. It mitigates potential corruption and encourages com-
petition through a fair and open process. A primary advantage of an auction is its tendency to assign the blocks
or lease to those best able to use them. This is accomplished by competition among the bidders.

Assistant Manager – Mines, JSW Steel Ltd, Toranagallu, Karnataka

Email: rakesh.mathad@jsw.in

MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINING LEASES

IN TELANGANA STATE- CURRENT SCENARIO
AND APPROACH FOR THE FUTURE

P. RAMESH CHANDRA PHANI

The state of Telangana is endowed with a variety of metallic, non-metallic and industrial mineral resources.
Despite possessing promising geological milieu that can host multiple commodities in the state, current mining
activity is limited to very few commodities. The hidden mineral wealth of the state indeed requires systematic in-
vestigations to generate factual data for making policy and future plans, to attract major investements from public
and private sectors. Currently ~112 mining leases are in force in the state, which is negligible when viewed from a
geological perspective. This paper presents a synthesis to encapsulate the status of reconnaissance, prospecting
and exploration licenses along with active mining permits in the state with an approach for the future.

Keywords: Mineral wealth, Prospecting, Exploration, Mining, Mining leases, Quarry leases, Telangana.

Senior Subject Matter Expert (Mining),

Cyient Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana.
Email: phaniprc@gmail.com
SESSION 12
BLASTING-II
 KEYNOTE PAPER: DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS BASED
FRAGALYST SOFTWARE

AVATAR KUMAR RAINA

Fragmentation is the process of breaking of solid in-situ rock mass into several smaller pieces which are being
excavated or moved by material handling equipment. It is the major concern of any blasting operation. Informa-
tion on the degree and size distribution of fragments within a blasted rock mass is essential for efficient loading,
transport, crushing and milling operations. Therefore, the ability to make accurate predictions of the fragment
size is essential. This paper discusses the growing interest in developing more reliable quantitative methods to
characterize the size distribution of blasted rock in both surface and underground mines. The results of such work
can form important input for blast design optimization and mine production control. The evolution and nature of
image analysis techniques applied to the photography of blasted material are reviewed.

Assistant Manager – Mines, JSW Steel Ltd, Toranagallu, Karnataka

Email: rakesh.mathad@jsw.in

RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN DRILLING AND BLASTING

MOUSTAPHA KEBE1

Blasting is the most inefficient activity in mining operation. Mainly because the rock are not homogeneous but
highly heterogeneous in nature. In which they vary in their physical nature as well as their chemical composition.
The use of adequate and reliable method in dealing with such operation has always been the main goal for
every blaster. The development, advancement and utilization of innovative technology are very important for the
mining industry in general and Drilling and Blasting in particular, in order to minimize the risk and optimize the
safe side of the operation. That’s why in order to improve the performance of drilling and blasting the quest to the
latest technology is the common goal for all the modern mining companies.

1
Student, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Email: kademoustaphakebe4@gmail.com1
 EFFECTS OF EXCAVATION-GEOMETRY ON
BLAST-GEOMETRY WITH REFERENCE TO BLAST
HOLE DIAMETER AND BENCH HEIGHT

SRIKANT VAIRAGARE1*, MANISH UTTARWAR2

The objective of this research was to investigate the most appropriate blast hole diameters with reference to
the prevailing bench heights for coal mines and other excavation jobs based on the correlation. To achieve this
objective, field observations and data collection were carried out at different coal mines in Telangana, India.
Based on the analysis of the data, reconsideration of hole diameter for blasting operations is suggested. A new
model for estimating hole diameter for blasting operations is developed based on multiple regression methods.
The measured variables that are used as independent ones (regressors) and included in the model development
are hole depth (H), burden (B), and spacing (S). The hole depth and spacing were found to be statistically sig-
nificant and were included in the final model. Though the burden was included in the final model, its effect was
statistical less significance.
This research could help mining, civil and blasting professionals to accurately design blasting operations and
develop effective strategies to mitigate various hazards associated with blasting

1
Managing Director, Uttam Blastech, Hyderabad
2
Formerly Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra
*Corresponding author email: srikant@uttamblastech.com

RECENT ADVANCES IN ROCK BLASTING TECHNOLOGY

OF MINING

MITHILESH KUMAR RAJAK1

Mining industries produce the basic raw materials for various categories of industries contributing to the econo-
my of the country as well the global economy directly or indirectly. Immense technologies have been invented
over the times and implemented in mining industries in order for making the processes more economic, safe,
and sustainable of which rock blasting has taken the place of heart of entire mining operations which aims to
fulfill the expectation of extracting maximum at minimum cost of mining thereby maximizing the profits. This critical
operation affects the cost of all the downstream processes like loading, hauling, crushing and milling. The recent
advancement in rock blasting technology has aimed at maximizing the utilization of explosives energy in rock
breaking in order to attain maximum pull, power factor, and quality fragmentation. Recent introduction of elec-
tronic delay detonators in blasting technology has enabled proper burden relieve to obtain the desired profile
of blasted muck which improved the efficiency of loading equipment. Incorporation of all the recent and refined
blasting related technology has improved the production and productivity of underground coal mines with qual-
ity fragmentation and also enabled to excavate high bench large surface blast with improved fragmentation
thereby reducing the cost of downstream processes.

1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mining Engineering, AMET University Chennai
Email: bkmithilesh@gmail.com1
SOLUTION OF SOME COMMON BLASTING PROBLEMS IN
LAND DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE WORK

RAJESH SONKAR1

This paper will present a description of several Blasting problems associated with Land development and infra-
structure work. Blasting is associated continually to recur with desirable and undesirable results. Suggestions are
offered for handling undesirable results (problems) so as to mitigate or eliminate their impacts on ongoing and
future infrastructure projects. The problems discussed involve selected aspects of controlled blasting, pre-splitting
of bench slopes, oversized rocks in excavations and quarries, design and excavation of benches, blast effects,
and seismic data processing. The suggested solutions require a better understanding of geology, rock me-
chanics, seismology, explosives and involves teamwork between all parties, the work designers, specification
writers, explosives users, and those who monitor blasting effects. This article is geared to provide basic practical
knowledge about civil explosives, blast physics, rock properties, construction blast design, controlled blasting
techniques, ground vibration, and air blast exposures. The examples selected for discussion reflect actual experi-
ences on real projects. However, neither the projects nor the individuals involved are identified by name.

1
PhD (Mining), Research Scholar, National Institute of Technology, Raipur
Email: rajeshsonkariocl@gmail.com

LITERATURE REVIEW ON SENSOR BASED SORTING IN

MINING

RAJ BABEL

Ore Sorting involves the appraisal of individual particles and the rejection of those particles that do not warrant
further treatment. Most sorters need a 3:1 or 2:1 ratio between the largest and smallest particle to be efficient.
Once the particles have been properly prepared for sorting, they must be presented to the sensor. To operate
efficiently, the sensor must be able to analyses each single particle. The current development in the primary raw
materials sector shows that the mining industry has to face a situation of declining ore grades and increasingly
complicated ore types. To efficiently and sustainably exploit and process such ores, new innovative approaches
are required.
Sensor-based sorting is one feasible option to address these challenges. Dry processing of minerals is increas-
ingly attractive in a mining environment where water is a scarce commodity. Sensor-based sorting has the po-
tential to perform dry separation of ore from gangue at an early stage of the processing, also helping to reduce
energy consumption due to downstream crushing. In order to develop a sensor-based sorting process, selection
of a suitable sensor is of critical importance.

Student, Dept. of Mining, Acharya Institute of technology, Bangalore

Email: raj.babel1@gmail.com
 SESSION
MISCELLANEOUS
ASSESSMENT OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE IN
AN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE

TARUN VERMA, CHARCHIT JAIN

This study characterized whole-body vibration exposures in a set of vehicles that operate in a degree-I under-
ground coal mine. Several representative samples collected for Full-shift continuous whole-body vibration meas-
urements. These measurements were taken using a 5th generation i-pod and a whole body vibration monitoring
equipment on longwall package, continuous miner package, load haul dumpers and side dump loader, belt
conveyor junction points along with methanometer. Findings showed that high level of whole-body vibration
exposures in some of the equipment. Some of the results also indicated that the level of the whole- vibration ex-
posure is almost negligible in some of the machinery.

Email: tverma.min@itbhu.ac.in

APPLICATION OF TUNNEL BORING MACHINE FOR THE

CONSTRUCTION OF KALKAJI TO VASANT VIHAR DMRC
TUNNEL- DELHI, INDIA

SURAJ DESHMUKH, A.K.RAINA, R. VAJRE

Advancement in underground space technology leads more economical way of tunneling by tunnel boring
machine (TBM) instead of adopting conventional drilling and blasting method (DBM). Mechanical excavation
is particularly advantageous for tunneling in congested metropolitan cities like Delhi, which Reduce surface
disturbance, increase miners safety, creates less vibration etc. A metro tunnel from Kalkaji to Vasant vihar was
excavated to improve the long distance connectivity and reduce ground traffic which is one of the main issue
arising in Delhi. The geotechnical investigation includes total No. of 64 bore holes logged at the depth of 40-
50 meters by Rotary/Shell and Auger drilling technology. The lab investigation includes RQD, UCS, hardness,
porosity, special penetration test, moisture content, shear test, consolidation test, permeability test and density
test with the help of core samples recovered. The lab investigation report accepts the fact that geologically the
phase contains highly weathered, silt and rocky strata ranging from soft to medium hard rock. The number of
EPB TBM’s includes THI, Herrenknecht and OMC etc., used for excavating the weathered, medium hard rock
conditions. The lab, physico mechanical test correlates with TBM running parameters gives complete review of
tunneling rates achieved.

CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Unit 1 (Mining Tech) 17/C telangkhedi civil lines Nagpur
Maharashtra 440001
Email id. Suraj.deshmukh.ji@gmail.com
 EXPLOSIVES CHEMISTRY & ENERGY OXYGEN BALANCE

RAVICHANDRAN

Explosives Chemistry primarily constitutes explosives energy the ultimate yield of the Explosives energy during the
detonation breaking the rock in the blasting process.

Alfred Nobel, a Swedish Inventor, known for inventing dynamite set a breakthrough in the chemistry of explo-
sives, creating a new benchmark ., until it was out of another discovery of an explosion and fire accident of Am-
monium Nitrate in Texas [1947], emerged as new explosive substance widely replacing dynamite and making
Ammonium Nitrate fuel with various additives as a dominant Chemistry of explosives, emerging as the new dy-
namite of the century. The original dynamite itself out of use, ANFO combining with emulsion has set an enduring
acceptance in the years to come, the advancement in Science, Explosive Chemistry and Technology, Initiating
Systems of Explosives & Accessories have highly augured the effectiveness and efficiency of Ammonium Nitrate
Fuel Oil (ANFO) as the new dynamite.

Managing Director, Arrow Mining Technologies Pvt. Limited, Mumbai

Email: arrowsdirect@gmail.com1

ROOF FALL ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS IN INDIAN UNDER-

GROUND COAL MINES USING TWO SAMPLE T-TEST

P.Y. DHEKNE1, KAMLESH SAHU2

Roof fall is a one of the most important hazards associated with underground coal mines because it crucially
affects financial and human losses. Roof fall is an inborn hazard in the mining operations. Roof fall is one of the
major causes of fatal, serious and minor injuries in the underground mines in India because it is generally unpre-
dictable due to the associated uncertainties. These uncertainties may be arise from geological, stress conditions
and mine environment which make the control of roof fall hazards difficult in underground coal mines. The most
effective method for coping with uncertainties in roof fall hazards is the use of risk assessment techniques. The
components of risk, which are the probability of roof fall and consequences of roof fall hazard are identified and
quantified by the accidents analysis technique. Risk assessment technique can be utilized as a most efficient tool
to reduce consequences of roof fall and it has been widely accepted in the mining industry. This paper attempts
to predict the severities of roof fall accidents based on some contributing parameters such as width of gallery,
height of working, distance from the face, type of support, time elapsed after blasting, depth of cover, age of the
fatal worker, type of working shift, method of working and thickness of fall etc. using T-Test analysis.

1
Professor, 2Student, Dept. of Mining Engineering, NIT Raipur, India
Email: pdhekne@nitrr.ac.in1, kamlesh12397sahu@gmail.com
 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MINING EQUIPMENT

K. Y. JAMTSHO, S.LAIDA, S.LHENDUP, T. RINZIN, M. SHRIWAS

In the mining industry there are millions of employees and the turnover of the mining industry is in the billions. The
machines which are employed are the backbone of the industry and the life of the machine must be taken into
consideration. The reliability of machinery is essential particularly, in production process since the breakdown
of any machine would cause an unpredictable loss or damage. The reliability of a piece of equipment is an
indication of its dependability or worthiness. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the reliability of
various surface mining equipment from the data collected from few mines. From the data analysis carried out, the
area of focus is highlighted so as to increase the reliability and in turn to increase the production.

Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Corresponding Author: tempar619@gmail.com

ASSESSMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TOWARDS

SPONTANEOUS HEATING OF COALS FROM LOWER
HORIZON OF JHARIA COALFIELD

NEERAJYADAW

The auto oxidation of coal ultimately leads to spontaneous combustion which is the major root cause for the dis-
astrous of coal mine. It is a slow process and the heat evolved is carried away by air. This process of self-heating
of coal or other carbonaceous material resulting eventually in its ignition is termed as “spontaneous heating” or
“auto oxidation”. The auto oxidation of coal is a complex physico-chemical process which is accompanied by
the absorption of oxygen, formation of coal oxygen complexes and their decomposition leading to the liberation
of heat. Therefore, the assessment for this combustion is very much necessary. It depends upon different charac-
teristics and properties of coal. The spontaneous heating susceptibility of different coals varies over a wide range
and it is important to assess their degree of proneness for taking preventive measures against the occurrence of
fires to avoid loss of lives and property. A proper assessment of the spontaneous heating susceptibility of coal
needs to be done so that mine operators are notified well in advance and plan the working properly. The intrinsic
properties as well as susceptibility indices of coal samples have historically been considered to be prediction of
self-heating liability. The study deals with the assessment of various parameters of coal by proximate analysis and
tendency of coal towards spontaneous heating was determined by Crossing Point Temperature. The determina-
tion of susceptibility of coals to spontaneous heating and their classification is essential to plan the production
activities and optimize coal mine production within the incubation period.

Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering

BIT Sindri, Dhanbad
Email id: neerajyadaw@gmail.com, neerajyadaw@hotmail.co.uk
SESSION
GEOLOGY
 KEYNOTE PAPER: LOCAL INDICATORS IN SOME
MINERALIZED TRACTS OF KARNATAKA

DR. PRABHAKAR

Professor, Department of Geology, Bengaluru University

KEYNOTE PAPER: SUGGESTIONS TO THE HIGH LEVEL

COMMITTEE ON MINES AND MINERALS

VASUDEV V. N.