LABORATORY REPORT

General Anatomy I

Javier, Jenny Bee

Leosala, Ronalyn Layla
Lagarto, Iryn

GROUP 3 SECTION B
SCAPULA
Superior angle
Medial border

Articular surface of
the clavicle Serratus anterior

Coracobrachialis Subscapularis
Glenoid fossa
Subscapular fossa
Deltoid
Inferior angle
Acromion

Infraglenoid
tubercle Lateral border

Capsule of shoulder joint

Rhomboid minor

Medial border Long head of triceps

Rhomboid major
Teres minor
Infraspinous fossa
Lateral border
Teres major

Infraspinatus Inferior angle

Latissimus dorsi
 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (SCAPULA):

Superior angle - (of the scapula) is a structural feature on the scapula bone (also known as the
shoulder blade or shoulder bone). The superior angle of the scapula is also known as
the medial angle of the scapula.

Coracobrachialis muscle - is found at the upper and medial part of the arm. Originating from
the scapula and inserting into the humerus, this muscle allows you to flex and adduct
the arm. In addition, it also stabilizes the joint itself.

Deltoid - is attached by tendons to the skeleton at the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder
blade), and humerus (upper arm bone).

Glenoid fossa - The glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa of scapula is a part of the shoulder. It is a
shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula.
It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is
broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.

Acromion - is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade). Together with the coracoid
process it extends laterally over the shoulder joint. The acromion is a continuation of
the scapular spine, and hooks over anteriorly. It articulates with the clavicle (collar
bone) to form the acromioclavicular joint.

Infraglenoid tubercle - is the part of the scapula from which the long head of the triceps
brachii originates. The infraglenoid tubercle is a tubercle located on the lateral part of
the scapula, inferior to (below) the glenoid cavity.

Medial border - is also known as the vertebral border of the scapula, the "internal border of
the scapula" and sometimes as the "base (of the scapula)". It is a structural feature on
the scapula bone (also known as the shoulder blade or shoulder bone).

Serratus anterior - is a muscle that originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side
of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the
scapula. It also acts to pull the scapula forward around the thorax.

Subscapular fossa - (of the scapula) is a structural feature on the scapula bone (also known as
the shoulder blade or shoulder bone). The subscapular fossa of the scapula bone is: the
concave depression ("fossa" = "shallow depression") located on the anterior = costal
surface of the scapula bone only.

Inferior angle - is the lowest part of the scapula and is covered by the latissimus dorsi muscle.
It moves forwards round the chest when the arm is abducted. The inferior angle is
formed by the union of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula.
Lateral border - is the thickest of the three borders of the scapula bone. It extends down from
the lower margin of the glenoid cavity all the way along the lateral edge of the scapula
to the inferior angle.

Rhomboid minor - is a small skeletal muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the
vertebrae of the spinal column. Located inferior to levator scapulae and superior to
rhomboid major, it acts together with the latter to keep the scapula pressed against the
thoracic wall.

Rhomboid major - is a skeletal muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the
vertebrae of the spinal column. In human anatomy, it acts together with the rhomboid
minor to keep the scapula pressed against thoracic wall and to retract the scapula
toward the vertebral column.

Infraspinous fossa - (of the scapula) is a structural feature on the scapula bone (also known
as the shoulder blade or shoulder bone) extends over a wide area covering most of the
lower two-thirds of the dorsal surface of the scapula bone, that is - most of the area
below the spine of scapula.

Capsule of shoulder joint - has a very loose joint capsule known as the articular capsule of
the humerus and this can sometimes allow the shoulder to dislocate. The long head of
the biceps brachii muscle travels inside the capsule from its attachment to the
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Long head of triceps - originates from the scapula and shoulder to insert at the elbow.

Teres minor - It connects the scapula to the humerus, along with the teres major and
infraspinatus muscles, which lie on either side and overlap the teres minor.

Teres major - muscle is one of several muscles that connect the scapula to the humerus.

Latissimus dorsi - crosses the inferior angle of the scapula.

 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (HUMERUS):

Greater tuberosity –is the prominent area of bone at the top of the humerus and is the
attachment for the two large, powerful rotator cuff muscles - supraspinatus and
infraspinatus.

Supraspinatus – (plural supraspinati) is a relatively small muscle of the upper back that runs
from the supraspinatous fossa superior portion of the scapula (shoulder blade) to the
greater tubercle of the humerus.

Coronoid fossa – Superior to the anterior portion of the trochlea is a small depression, the
coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the
forearm. It is directly adjacent to the radial fossa of the humerus.
Common flexor tendon – is a tendon that attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
(lower part of the bone of the upper arm that is near the elbow joint). It serves as the
upper attachment point for the superficial muscles of the front of the forearm.
Capitulum – is a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular
surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the
radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.

Brachialis – originates from the anterior surface of the distal half of the humerus, near the
insertion of the deltoid muscle, which it embraces by two angular processes.

Trochlea – is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates
with the trochlear notch on the ulna in the forearm.

Surgical neck – is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser
tubercle, and above the Deltoid Tuberosity. It is much more frequently fractured than
the anatomical neck of the humerus.

Lateral head of triceps – arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus, lateral and proximal
to the groove of the radial nerve, from the greater tubercle down to the region of the
lateral intermuscular septum.

Anatomic neck – is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body of the humerus.
It represents the fused epiphyseal plate.

Head – The upper part of the humerus bone (see diagram) consists of a large rounded part
that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone, and on the other side two
protrusions known as the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.

Capsule of the shoulder joint – has a very loose joint capsule known as the articular capsule
of the humerus and this can sometimes allow the shoulder to dislocate.

Anconeus – is a small triangular elbow muscle connecting the medial side of the ulna to the
lateral side of the humerus. It also functions to prevent the ulna and humerus from
pinching the elbow joint capsule when the arm is flexed and released.

Olecranon fossa – is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus,
superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon is received during
extension of the forearm.
RADIUS
Dorsal
tubercle

Bicipital Pronator
tuberosity tubercle
Head

Styloid process

Interosseous
Neck border

Ulnar notch
SHAFT
DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (RADIUS):

Head – has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for
articulation with the capitulum of the humerus.

Bicipital tuberosity – the rough eminence which is on the anterior inner aspect of the
neck of the radius and into which the tendon of the biceps is inserted.

Pronator tubercle – slight, roughened area on the middle of the convex lateral aspect of
the shaft of the radius, to which the pronator teres (muscle) is attached (inserted).

Dorsal tubercle – is a bony prominence located at the distal end of the radius, palpable on
the dorsum of the wrist.

Neck – near the elbow

Interosseous border – extends the length of the shaft and provides attachment for the
interosseous membrane connecting the radius and the ulna.

Styloid process – is a projection of bone on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone. It
extends obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection. The tendon of the
brachioradialis attaches at its base, and the radial collateral ligament of the wrist
attaches at its apex.

Shaft – The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than
below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward.

Ulnar notch – the articular surface for the ulna is called the ulnar notch (sigmoid cavity) of
the radius; it is in the distal radius, and is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates
with the head of the ulna forming the distal radioulnar joint.

DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (ULNA):

Styloid process – is found at distal end of the forearm, and projects from the medial and
back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end
affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist.

Coronoid process– is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the anterior

proximal portion of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of
considerable strength.

Olecranon process– is a feature of the ulna (a bone of the human forearm) and forms the
bony projection that extends behind the elbow joint.
Flexor digitorum profundus– is a muscle located in the forearm of humans that flexes the
fingers (also known as digits). It is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because it
acts on the hand while its muscle belly is located in the forearm.

Radial notch of ulna– (lesser sigmoid cavity) is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on
the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular
surface of the head of the radius.

ULNA

Radial notch
of ulna

Olecranon process
Styloid process

Coronoid process

Flexor digitorum
profundus
Radial notch
of ulna
MUSCLES OF ARM

Deltoid

Radial nerve
Brachialis

Brachioradialis
Triceps

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (MUSCLES OF THE ARM):

Triceps – thetriceps brachii (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle
on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It is the muscle principally
responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).

Radial nerve – is a nerve in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the
upper limb. It innervates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle
of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the
forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.
Flexor carpi ulnaris – muscle (FCU) is the most medial flexor muscles in the superficial
compartment of the forearm. It can adduct and flex the wrist at the same time; acts
in tandem with FCR to flex the wrist and with the extensor carpi ulnaris to adduct
the wrist.

Extensor carpi radialis longus – is a muscle that helps move the hand. It also facilitates
movement at the wrist. It is involved in extending and abducting the hand at the
wrist joint.

Deltoid – is a large muscle responsible for lifting the arm and giving the shoulder its range
of motion. It is located in the uppermost part of the arm, at the shoulder. Tendons
attach the deltoid to the collarbone, shoulder blade, and upper arm.

Brachialis – (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It
lies deeper than the biceps brachii, and makes up part of the floor of the region
known as the cubital fossa. The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion.

Brachioradialis – is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow. It is also
capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm.

Palmar aponeurosis - (palmar fascia) invests the muscles of the palm, and consists of
central, lateral, and medial portions.

Pronator quadratus - is a square shaped muscle on the distal forearm that acts to pronate
(turn so the palm faces downwards) the hand.

Extensor carpi radialis longus - is one of the five main muscles that control movements at
the wrist.

Pronator teres - is that, along with the pronator quadratus serves to pronate the forearm
(turning it so that the palm faces posteriorly when from the anatomical position).

Flexor digitorum superficialis - is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal
interphalangeal joints.
Flexor carpi ulnaris - is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct
(medial deviation) the hand.
Palmar longus - is a muscle that can be found partly in the forearm, wrist, and hand.
Flexor carpi radialis - is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and (radial)
abduct the hand.
Medial epicondyle of the humerus - is an epicondyle of the humerus bone of the upper
arm in humans. It is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is
directed slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position.
Medial head of triceps - is a powerful extensor muscle of the upper extremity.

Biceps brachii - is a bi-articular muscle, which means that it helps control the motion of
two different joints, the shoulder and the elbow.
BONES OF THE HAND

Ulna
Radius

Carpals

Metacarpals
Proximal phalanx

Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (BONES OF THE HAND):

Radius – is the one that articulates distally with the scaphoid and lunate.

Ulna – is not part of the wrist joint – it articulates with the radius, just proximal to the wrist
joint, at the distal radioulnar joint. It is prevented from articulating with the carpal
bones by a fibrocartilaginous ligament, called the articular disk, which lies over the
superior surface of the ulna.

Carpals – are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the
hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin carpus and the
Greek καρπό ς (karpó s), meaning "wrist".

Metacarpals – are long bones within the hand that are connected to the carpals, or wrist
bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The metacarpals together are referred
to as the 'metacarpus.' The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they
join to the wrist.

Phalanx or phalanges – it refers collectively to the digital (finger and toe) bones in the
hands and feet.

Proximal phalanx – is the bone in each toe closest to the metatarsal bone that connects to
the intermediate phalanx bone.

Middle Phalanx – also known as the intermediate phalanges, are bones located in the
fingers. Each intermediate phalanx connects to a proximal and distal phalanx. This
middle phalanx has two joints, and allows the finger to bend in two places. The
intermediate phalanges are unique to fingers. The thumb does not possess such a
bone, as it only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx.

Distal Phalanx – are the fingertips. This is why the term terminal phalanges may be
interchangeable with distal phalanges. These bones are unlike their counterparts in
the finger. Their main purpose involves supporting the sensitive flesh of the
fingertip, where a high number of nerve endings are situated.
BRACHIAL NERVES
 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (BRACHIAL NERVES):

Subclavian artery – or the right subclavian artery, carry oxygenated blood up to the brain
from the base of the neck and is located below the clavicle. It branches off the
brachiocephalic trunk.

Thoracoacromial artery – (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk that

arises from the second part of the axillary artery, its origin being generally
overlapped by the upper edge of the pectoralis minor.

Lateral thoracic artery – (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies
oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast.

Brachial artery – is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the
axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down
the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow.

Superior ulnar collateral artery – refers to a thin artery in the arm. It is also known as
the inferior profunda artery. It is located near the middle area in the arm.

Radial artery – is a major artery in the human forearm. It is close to the surface of the
underside of the forearm; when the palm of the hand is pointing upwards, so is the
radial artery. The radial artery supplies the arm and hand with oxygenated blood
from the lungs.

Anterior interosseous artery – (volar interosseous artery) is an artery in the forearm. It

is a branch of the common interosseous artery.

Ulnar artery – is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the
forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar
arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the
anterior and medial aspect of the wrist.
Digital arteries – are arteries that relate to fingers and toes.
 THORACIC WALL

Body of first
thoracic vertebra

Manubrium
Clavicle

Sternal angle

True ribs
(Ribs 1-7)

Sternum

Costal cartilage

Xiphoid process

Vertebrochondral
ribs
(8 , 9th and 10th
th

ribs)

Floating ribs
(11th and 12th ribs)
 DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS (THORACIC WALL):

Body of the first thoracic vertebra – is the first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the
body, an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the
upper half of the head of the second rib. The body is like that of a cervical vertebra,
being broad, concave, and lipped on either side.

Manubrium – the uppermost segment of the sternum of humans and many other
mammals that is a somewhat triangular flattened bone with anterolateral borders
which articulate with the clavicles.

Sternal angle – (also known as the angle of Louis or manubriosternal junction) is the
synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the
sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landmark in surface anatomy.

Sternum – or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It
connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to
protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.

Xiphoid process – the cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not
attached to any ribs, and gradually ossifies during adult life.

Floating ribs – refers to the two lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth rib pairs; so-called
because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage
of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a
cartilaginous tip.

Clavicle – or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade
and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on
the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.

True Ribs – The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and
are known as true ribs (or sternal ribs).

False ribs – the lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as
false ribs.

Costal cartilage – are segments of cartilage that connect the sternum to the ribs and help
to extend the ribs into a forward motion. This cartilage also contributes to elasticity
within the walls of the thorax, allowing the chest to expand during respiration.
There are twelve costal cartilage sections.

Vertebrochondral ribs – is any of the three false ribs that are located above the floating
ribs and that are attached to each other by costal cartilages.