Lecture - 7: Figure 8.1 Two-Lane Highway Cross Section, With Ditches
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Ahmed AlmayaliLecture - 7: Figure 8.1 Two-Lane Highway Cross Section, With Ditches
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Ahmed AlmayaliLecture -7
Figure 8.1 Two-lane highway cross section, with ditches.
Figure 8.2 Two-lane highway cross section, curbed.
Figure 8.3 Divided highway cross section, depressed median, with ditches.
Figure 8.4 Divided highway cross section, raised median, curbed.
Cross- section elements are:
1- Pavement surface types:
The selection of pavement type is based on : Traffic volume and composition ,
soil characteristics , availability of materials , performance of pavements in the
area , weather and cost.
1- high type pavement: such as asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete;
2- Low type: such as stabilized surface, loose gravel and earth work.
2- Pavement cross-slope:
Cross-slope in almost highway is crown slope otherwise may be sloped to inside
or outside depending on the drainage requirements.
3- Width of lane and number of lanes:
4-Curbs :
4-1 General Consideration
4-2 Curb Configuration
Curb configuration include both vertical and sloping curbs. Figure 5. Illustrates
several curb configurations that are commonly used. A curb may be designed as
a separate or integrally with pavement. vertical and sloping curb designs may
include gutter , forming a combination curb and gutter section .
Figure 8.5 Typical highway curbs
4-3 Curb Placement
4-4 Guide Rail (by Sheet and Column)
Used at hazard positions
1- At high fill section with height greater
than 3 m.
2- At steep grade
3- At Sharp curvature.
4- Sudden change in alignment
5- Restricted sight environment (foggy).
6- Near rivers and lakes with lateral clearance smaller than 10-15 m
5-Shoulder:
Usage of shoulder:
6-Medians:
7-Drainage Channel and Side Slopes:
7-1 General Considerations
7-2 Drainage
Highway drainage facilities carry water across the right-of-way and remove
stormwater from the roadway itself. Drainage facilities includes bridges, culverts,
channels , curbs ,gutters and various types of drains.
Figure 8.6 Culvert under roadway
7-3 Drainage Channel
7-4 Side Slopes:
Side slopes should be designed to enhance roadway stability and to
provide a reasonable opportunity for recovery for an out-of-control vehicle. Three
regions of the roadside are important to reducing the potential for loss of control for
vehicles that runoff the road , the top of the slope (hinge point) , the foreslope and the
toe of the slope (the intersection of the foreslope with level ground or with a backslope
, forming a ditch) . Foreslope and backslope combination the channel (width:
1.2-2.4 m), can be selected to produce cross sections can be safety traversed
by an unrestrained vehicle occupant. Figure shows these three regions.
Figure 8.6 Designation of roadside regions
8-Outer Separation
The one-lane and one way frontage road with parking illustrated in figure (8.7) and
raised and curbed outer separation creates a buffer between through traffic and
local traffic and provides a refuge for pedestrians.
Figure 8.7 : Frontage road in business area with narrow outer
separation
9-Sidewalk
Sidewalks along city streets are often justified by pedestrian concentration such
as residential area ,schools ,business and industrial plants.
The cross slope f sidewalk is not permitted to exceed 2% . On long bridges
(greater than) , a single walkway may provide.
10-Right of way:
In major highway, the right of way may reach 100m .In general cases the right of
way depends on:
1- Number and width of lanes , shoulder
2- width of medians;
3- cost of lane construction and operation;
4- Location (urban or rural).
5- Outer separation
6- Sidewalk
7- Side slope
Application:
Calculate the right of way of rural divided four-lane highway has depressed median
and it is constructed on embankment. The median width is 4.0 m , embankment height
is 6m , lane width is 3.5 m ,shoulder width is 2. 60 m and side slope is 1:3 (V:H)?