System:

Triple-effect evaporation of 8% by weight sugar solution to a concentrated to 45% solution

Solute is Sucrose

Forward-feed

Steam being used : 120 oC (saturation temperature) and 200 kPa

At last effect: 14.1 kPa (vapor space pressure)

BPR of solution (oC) = 6.22x2 + 1.78x; x- sugar solution weight fraction

Feed rate = 18 500 kg/h

Feed temperature = 27 oC

Heat capacity, cp (kJ/kg-K) = ; x- sugar solution weight fraction

Over-all heat transfer coefficients:

U1 = 3110 W/m2-K

U2 = 1879 W/m2-K

U3 = 1201 W/m2-K

Assumptions:

Negligible heat of solution

Same surface area for each effect

Equal amount of vaporized for each effect

P3 = 14.1 kPa
V1 V2 V3
T1 T2 T3

F = 18 500 kg/h
XF = 0.08
TF = 27 oC

Ts1 Ts2 Ts3

TS1 = 120 0C
PS1 = 205 kPa
S=? x1 x2 x3 = 0.45
T1 T2 T3 = 0.08
L1 L2 L3 = 27 oC
From steam table:

@ 14.1 kPa

T1sat = 52.6938 0C

@ Effect #3:

BPR of solution (oC) = 6.22x2 + 1.78x

= 6.22 (0.45)2 +1.78 (0.45)

= 2.0606 0C

BPR = T – TS

BPR3 = T3 – TS3

T3 = BPR3 + TS3

= 2.0606 0C + 52.6938 0C

= 54.7544 0C

OMB:

F = L3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)

18500 kg/h = L3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)

Solute Balance:

FxF = L3x3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)(xv)

(18500 kg/h)(0.08) = L3(0.45) + (V1 + V2 + V3)(0)

L3 = 3288.8889 kg/h

Total amount of vaporized :

(V1 + V2 + V3) = (18500 kg/h) – L3

= (18500 kg/h) – (3288.8889 kg/h)

(V1 + V2 + V3) = 15211.1111 kg/h

With the assumption of equal amount of vaporized for each effect:

(V1 + V2 + V3) = 15211.1111 kg/h

15211.1111 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
V1 = V2 = V3 =
3

= 5070. 3704 kg/h

OMB @ Effect #1:

F = V1 + L1

18500 kg/h = 5070. 3704 kg/h + L1

L1 = 13429.6296 kg/h

OMB @ Effect #2:

L1 = V2 + L2

13429.6296 kg/h = 5070. 3704 kg/h + L2

L2 = 8359.2592 kg/h

OMB @ Effect #3:

L2 = V3 + L3

8359.2592 kg/h = 5070. 3704 kg/h + L3

L3 = 3288.8889 kg/h

Solute Balance @ Effect #1:

FxF = L1x1

(18500 kg/h)(0.08) = (13429.6296 kg/h)(x1)

x1 = 0.1102

Solute Balance @ Effect #2:

L1x1 = L2x2

(13429.6296 kg/h)(0.1102) = (8359.2592 kg/h)(x2)

x2 = 0.1770

Solute Balance @ Effect#3:

L2x2 = L3x3
(8359.2592 kg/h)( 0.1770) = (3288.8889 kg/h)(x3)

x3 = 0.4498

BPR @ each effect:

BPR = 6.22x2 + 1.78x

BPR1 = 6.22(x1)2 + 1.78x1

= 6.22(0.1102)2 + 1.78(0.1102)

= 0.2717 0C

BPR2 = 6.22(x2)2 + 1.78x2

= 6.22(0.1770)2 + 1.78(0.1770)

= 0.5099 0C

BPR3 = 6.22(x3)2 + 1.78x3

= 6.22(0.45)2 + 1.78(0.45)

= 2.0606 0C

∑ ∆T = TS1 – T3 sat – (BPR1 + BPR2 + BPR3)

= 120 oC - 52.6938 0C – (0.2717 0C + 0.5099 0C + 2.0606 0C)

= 64.464 C0

1
𝑈1
∆T1 = (∑ ∆T) ( 1 1 1 )
+ +
𝑈1 𝑈2 𝑈3

1
𝑤
3110 2
𝑚 −𝐾
= (64.464 K) ( 1 1 1 )
𝑤 + 𝑤 + 𝑤
3110 2 1879 2 1201 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

= 12.2914 K
1
𝑈2
∆T2 = (∑ ∆T)( 1 1 1 )
+ +
𝑈1 𝑈2 𝑈3

1
𝑤
1879 2
𝑚 −𝐾
= (64.464 K) ( 1 1 1 )
𝑤 + 𝑤 + 𝑤
3110 2 1879 2 1201 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

= 20.3439 K
 1
𝑈3
∆T3 = (∑ ∆T)( 1 1 1 )
+ +
𝑈1 𝑈2 𝑈3

1
𝑤
1201 2
𝑚 −𝐾
= (64.464 K) ( 1 1 1 )
𝑤 + 𝑤 + 𝑤
3110 2 1879 2 1201 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

= 31.8287 K

T1 = TS1 - ∆T1

= (120 - 12.2914) 0C

= 107.7086 0C

T2 = T1 – BPR1 - ∆T2

= (107.7086 - 0.2717 – 20.3439) 0C

= 87.0930C

TS2 = T1 –BPR1

= (107.7086 - 0.2717) 0C

= 107.4369 0C

T3 = T2 - BPR2 - ∆T3

= (87.093 - 0.5099 - 31.8287) 0C

= 54.7544 0C

TS3 = T2 –BPR2

= (87.093 - 0.5099) 0C

= 86.5831 0C

Effect #1 TS1 =120 0C T1 = 107.7086 0C

Effect #2 TS2 = 107.4369 0C T2 = 87.0930C
Effect #3 TS3 = 86.5831 0C T3 = 54.7544 0C

Condenser TS4 =52.6938 0C

Heat Capacity of the liquid:

cp = 4.19 – 2.35x
 @ Feed:

cpF = 4.19 – 2.35xF

= 4.19 -2.35 (0.08)

= 4.002 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #1:
cp1 = 4.19 – 2.35x1
= 4.19 – 2.35(0.1102)

= 3.9310 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #2:

cp2 = 4.19 – 2.35x2

= 4.19 – 2.35(0.1770)

= 3.7741 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #3:

cp3 = 4.19 – 2.35x3

= 4.19 – 2.35(0.45)

= 3.1325 kJ/kg-K

From steam table, enthalpy (H) of the vapor streams are as follows: (relative to water at 0 ºC as a
datum )

@ Effect #1:
H1 = Hs2 + 1.884 BPR1
= 2687.38 kJ/kg + 1.884(0.2717)
= 2687. 8919 kJ/kg
s1 = HS1 – hs1
= 2706.23 kJ/kg - 503.813 kJ/kg
= 2202.417 kJ/kg
@ Effect #2:
H2 = Hs3 + 1.884 BPR2
= 2654.06kJ/kg + 1.884(0.5099)
 = 2655.0207 kJ/kg
s2 = HS1 – hs2
= 2706.23 kJ/kg - 450.522kJ/kg
= 2255. 708 kJ/kg
@ Effect #3:
H3 = Hs4 + 1.884 BPR3
= 2595.99 kJ/kg + 1.884(2.0606)
= 2599.8722 kJ/kg
s3 = HS2 – hs3
= 2687.38 kJ/kg – 362.602 kJ/kg
= 2324.778 kJ/kg

Using 00C reference temperature,

Heat Balance @ Effect#1:

FcpF (TF – 0) + Ss1 = L1cp1(T1 –0) + V1H1
(18500)(4.002)(27) + S(2202.417) = L1(3.9310)( 107.7086) + V1(2687. 8919) eq. 1
Heat Balance @ Effect#2:
L1cp1 (T1 – 0) + V1s2 = L2cp2 (T2 – 0) + V2H2
L1(3.9310)( 107.7086) + V1(2255. 708) = L2(3.7741)( 87.093) + V2(2655.0207); V2 = L1 - L2 ; V1 = F – L1
L1(3.9310)( 107.7086) + (18500 - L1)(2255. 708) = L2(3.7741)( 87.093) + (L1 - L2)(2655.0207) eq. 2

Heat Balance @ Effect#3:

L2cp2 (T2 – 0) + V2s3 = L3cp3 (T3 – 0) + V3H3
L2(3.7741)( 87.093) + (L1 - L2)( 2324.778) = (3288.8889)( 3.1325)(54.7544) + V3(2599.8722); V3 =L2 – L3
L2(3.7741)( 87.093) + (L1 - L2)( 2324.778) = (3288.8889)( 3.1325)(54.7544) + (L2 –3288.8889)(2599.8722)
Solving simultaneously,
L1 = 13826.2464 kg/h
L2 = 8731.4958 kg/h
V1 = F – L1
= 18500 kg/h - 13826.2464 kg/h
= 4673.7536 kg/h
V2 = L1 - L2
 = 13826.2464 kg/h - 8731.4958 kg/h

= 5094.7506 kg/h
V3 =L2 – L3
= 8731.4958 kg/h - 3288.8889 kg/h
= 5442.6069 kg/h
S = 7454.3617 kg/h

q in each effect:
q1 = Ss1
= (7454.3617 kg/h)(1h/3600s)(2202.417 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 4.56 x 106 W
q2 = V1s2
= (4673.7536 kg/h) )(1h/3600s)(2255. 708 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 2.93 x 106 W
q3 = V3s3
= (5442.6069 kg/h) )(1h/3600s)( 2324.778 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 3.51 x 106 W

Area of each effect:

𝑞1
A1 =
𝑈1 ∆𝑇1

4.56 𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(3110 )(12.2914K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 119.2897 m2
𝑞2
A2 =
𝑈2 ∆𝑇2

2.93 𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(1879 )(20.3439K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 76.6490 m2
𝑞3
A3 =
𝑈3 ∆𝑇3

3.51𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(1201 )(31.8287K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 91.8217 m2
 𝐴1 +𝐴2 +𝐴3
Amean =
3
(119.2897+76.6490+91.8217)𝑚2
=
3

= 95.9201 m2
% Error
A1 = 119.2897 m2 24.0254
A2 = 76.6490 m2 20.3081
A3 = 91.8217 m2 4.2727

2ND ITERATION:
Using
L1 = 13826.2464 kg/h

L2 = 8731.4958 kg/h
L3 = 3288.8889 kg/h

Solute Balance @ Effect #1:

FxF = L1x1

(18500 kg/h)(0.08) = (13826.2464 kg/h)(x1)

x1 = 0.1070

Solute Balance @ Effect #2:

L1x1 = L2x2

(13826.2464 kg/h)( 0.1070) = (8731.4958 kg/h)(x2)

x2 = 0.1694

Solute Balance @ Effect#3:

L2x2 = L3x3

(8731.4958 kg/h)(0.1694) = (3288.8889 kg/h)(x3)

x3 = 0.45

BPR in each effect:

BPR = 6.22x2 + 1.78x

BPR1 = 6.22(x1)2 + 1.78x1

= 6.22(0.1070)2 + 1.78(0.1070)

= 0.2617 0C

BPR2 = 6.22(x2)2 + 1.78x2

= 6.22(0.1694)2 + 1.78(0.1694)

= 0.48 0C

BPR3 = 6.22(x3)2 + 1.78x3

= 6.22(0.45)2 + 1.78(0.45)

= 2.0606 0C
∑ ∆T = TS1 – T3 sat – (BPR1 + BPR2 + BPR3)

= 120 oC - 52.6938 0C – (0.2617 0C + 0.48 0C + 2.0606 0C)

= 64.5039 C0

𝐴1
∆T1’ = (∆T1) ( )
𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

119.2897 𝑚2
= (12.2914 0C) ( )
96.1817 𝑚2

= 15.2445 0C
𝐴2
∆T2’ = (∆T2) ( )
𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

76.6490 𝑚2
= (20.3439 0C) ( )
96.1817 𝑚2

= 16.2124 0C
𝐴3
∆T3’ = (∆T3) ( )
𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

92.6065 𝑚2
= (31.8287 0C) ( )
96.1817 𝑚2

= 30.6456 0C

∑ ∆𝑇 = 15.2445 0C + 16.2124 0C + 30.6456 0C

= 62.1035 0C

T1 = TS1 - ∆T1
 = (120 - 15.2445) 0C

= 104.7555 0C

T2 = T1 – BPR1 - ∆T2

= (104.7555 - 0.2617– 16.2124 0C) 0C

= 88.2814 0C

TS2 = T1 –BPR1

= (104.7555 - 0.2617) 0C

= 104.4938 0C

T3 = T2 - BPR2 - ∆T3

= (88.2814 - 0.48 - 30.6456) 0C

= 57.1558 0C

TS3 = T2 –BPR2

= (88.2814 - 0.48) 0C

= 87.8014 0C

Effect #1 TS1 =120 0C T1 = 104.7555 0C

Effect #2 TS2 = 104.4938 0C T2 = 88.2814 0C

Effect #3 TS3 = 87.8014 0C T3 = 57.1558 0C

Heat Capacity of the liquid:

cp = 4.19 – 2.35x

@ Feed:

cpF = 4.19 – 2.35xF

= 4.19 -2.35 (0.08)

= 4.002 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #1:
cp1 = 4.19 – 2.35x1
= 4.19 – 2.35(0.1070)
 = 3.9386 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #2:

cp2 = 4.19 – 2.35x2

= 4.19 – 2.35(0.1694)

= 3.7919 kJ/kg-K

@ Effect #3:

cp3 = 4.19 – 2.35x3

= 4.19 – 2.35(0.45)

= 3.1325 kJ/kg-K

From steam table, enthalpy (H) of the vapor streams are as follows: (relative to water at 0 ºC as a
datum )

@ Effect #1:
H1 = Hs2 + 1.884 BPR1
= 2682.82 kJ/kg + 1.884(0.2617)

= 2683. 3130 kJ/kg

s1 = HS1 – hs1
= 2706.23 kJ/kg - 503.813 kJ/kg
= 2202.417 kJ/kg
@ Effect #2:
H2 = Hs3 + 1.884 BPR2
= 2656.06 kJ/kg + 1.884(0.48)

= 2656.9643 kJ/kg
s2 = HS1 – hs2
= 2706.23 kJ/kg - 438.076kJ/kg
= 2268.154 kJ/kg
@ Effect #3:
H3 = Hs4 + 1.884 BPR3
= 2595.99 kJ/kg + 1.884(2.0606)
= 2599.8722 kJ/kg
s3 = HS2 – hs3
= 2682.82 kJ/kg - 367.723 kJ/kg
= 2315.097 kJ/kg

Using 00C reference temperature,

Heat Balance @ Effect#1:

FcpF (TF – 0) + Ss1 = L1cp1(T1 –0) + V1H1
(18500)(4.002)(27) + S(2202.417) = L1(3.9386)(104.7555) + V1(2683. 3130)
Heat Balance @ Effect#2:
L1cp1 (T1 – 0) + V1s2 = L2cp2 (T2 – 0) + V2H2
L1(3.9386)(104.7555) + V1(2268.154) = L2(3.7919)( 88.2814) + V2(2656.9643); V2 = L1 - L2 ; V1 = F – L1
L1(3.9386)(104.7555) + (18500 – L1)(2268.154) = L2(3.7919)( 88.2814) + (L1 - L2)(2656.9643)

Heat Balance @ Effect#3:

L2cp2 (T2 – 0) + V2s3 = L3cp3 (T3 – 0) + V3H3
L2(3.7919)( 88.2814) + (L1 - L2)( 2324.778) = (3288.8889)( 3.1325)( 57.1558) + V3(2599.8722); V3 =L2 – L3

L2(3.7919)( 88.2814)+(L1 - L2)( 2324.778) = (3288.8889)( 3.1325)( 57.1558)+(L2-3288.8889)(2599.8722)

Solving simultaneously,
L1 = 14694.7266 kg/h
L2 = 9177.5116 kg/h
V1 = F – L1
= 18500 kg/h - 14694.7266 kg/h
= 3805.2734 kg/h
V2 = L1 - L2
= 14694.7266 kg/h - 9177.5116 kg/h
= 5517.215 kg/h
V3 =L2 – L3
= 9177.5116 kg/h - 3288.8889 kg/h
= 5888.6227 kg/h
S = 6481.3512 kg/h

q in each effect:
q1 = Ss1
= (6481.3512 kg/h)(1h/3600s)(2202.417 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 3.97 x 106 W
q2 = V1s2
= (3805.2734 kg/h)(1h/3600s)(2268.154 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 2.40 x 106 W
q3 = V3s3
= (5888.6227 kg/h)(1h/3600s)(2315.097 kJ/kg)(1000J/1kJ)
= 3.39 x 106 W

Area of each effect:

𝑞1
A1 =
𝑈1 ∆𝑇1

3.97 𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(3110 )(15.2455K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 83.7314 m2
𝑞2
A2 =
𝑈2 ∆𝑇2

2.40 𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(1879 )(16.6456K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 76.7335 m2
𝑞3
A3 =
𝑈3 ∆𝑇3

3.39𝑥 106 𝑊
= 𝑊
(1201 )(30.6456K)
𝑚2 −𝐾

= 92.1061 m2

𝐴1 +𝐴2 +𝐴3
Amean =
3
(83.7314+76.7335+92.4023)𝑚2
=
3

= 84.1903 m2
% Error
A1 = 83.7314 m2 0.5451
A2 = 76.7335 m2 8.8571
A3 = 92.1061 m2 9.4023
SUMMARY OF RESULTS:
Stream L1 L2 L3 V1 V2 V3 S
Flow
Rate 14694.7266 9177.5116 3288.8889 3805.2734 5517.215 5888.6227 6481.3512
(kg/h)