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F3 Pragmatics

The document contains a student's answers to various questions about pragmatics. In question 6.7, the student analyzes whether given utterances are performative or not based on criteria like whether the verb can be performed through speaking and whether the subject is the speaker. In question 6.8, the student performs a locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary analysis of an utterance. In questions 7.10 and 7.11, the student classifies utterances as different types of speech acts like directives, representatives, and pseudo-directives based on their form and function.

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Chencel Kaur Sandhu
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250 views3 pages

F3 Pragmatics

The document contains a student's answers to various questions about pragmatics. In question 6.7, the student analyzes whether given utterances are performative or not based on criteria like whether the verb can be performed through speaking and whether the subject is the speaker. In question 6.8, the student performs a locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary analysis of an utterance. In questions 7.10 and 7.11, the student classifies utterances as different types of speech acts like directives, representatives, and pseudo-directives based on their form and function.

Uploaded by

Chencel Kaur Sandhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name : Chencel Kaur

NIM : 162211211015
Class : EE8N1
Subject: Pragmatics

FORMATIVE 3
QUESTION 6.7

Decide whether each of the utterances below is performative, and if not, why not.
(a) You congratulate me.
(b) I envy you.
(c) I command you to put out that cigarette.
(d) I warned you not to go.
(e) Put your toys away!
(f) We convince everyone with our arguments.

ANSWER 6.7

(a) No. The verb is performative but the subject is not in the first person. You hereby
congratulate me sounds distinctly odd.
(b) No. The speaker can’t envy someone simply by speaking. So, envy is not a
performative verb. Note the oddity of I hereby envy you.
(c) Yes. The verb is performative since it is possible to give an order by speaking. The
subject is the speaker. The verb is in the simple present tense. I hereby command
you to put out that cigarette sounds stilted but not odd.
(d) No. The verb is performative but it is in the past tense. Note the oddity of I hereby
warned you not to go.
(e) No. The verb is not performative. You can’t put toys away by speaking. The ‘hereby’
test produces: Hereby put your toys away.
(f) No. The subject is in the first person and the verb is in the simple present tense. But,
while convincing can be done by speaking, it is not under the control of the speaker
and is therefore not a performative verb. Note the oddity of We hereby convince
everyone with our arguments.

QUESTION 6.8

Using the locution, illocution, perlocution analysis in the discussion following Exercise. 6.3,
analyse Steve’s utterance.
Jane : You’ve interrupted me again!
Steve : I was rude.

ANSWER 6.8

Locution : Steve uttered the words, I was rude which can be semantically paraphrased
as “I was ill-mannered”, with I referring to Steve.
Illocution : Steve performed the act of apologizing to Jane for having interrupted her.
Perlocution : Jane accepted Steve’s apology.
QUESTION 7.10
In exercises 7.2 and 7.3 you were asked to identify the speech acts of the second speakers
using the categories in Table 1. Now go back and do the same thing for the first speakers’
utterances.

ANSWER 7.10

In Exercise 7.2:

(a) Coco’s sick is a surface representative. But it could be taken as a ‘hint’ for Steve to take
her to the vet, making it an indirect directive.

(b) What’s the weather like in Dallas? seems to be a true rogative.

(c) The garage is a mess is a representative.

In Exercise 7.3:

(d) You’ve thrown away the paper is a representative, but in this context it seems to be
functioning more specifically as an accusation. Dave seems to have drawn this inference
since he then apologizes.

(e) A likely analysis here is that I got a new Nintendo game is a statement (a kind of
representative), perhaps with an element of boasting.

QUESTION 7.11

An utterance that looks superficially like a directive because of its imperative form, but is
indirectly realizing another type of speech act, is sometimes called a PSEUDO-DIRECTIVE.
Label each of the following utterances as direct directive, indirect directive or pseudo-
directive. For a pseudo-directive state the true illocutionary force. Give your reasons in each
case, making use of the felicity condition framework.

(a) Mother to child: Please pick up your clothes.


(b) Mother to child: You haven't made your bed!
(c) Speaker has just been thanked: Don't mention it.

ANSWER 7.11

(a) Based on the sentence, the utterance of the mother shows that the mother wants the child
to pick up his/her clothes. Although the statement includes the polite addition of please,
but it is still a direct directive. It has an imperative structure and it fulfils the felicity
conditions for a directive. The speaker has the right to make this request, and the child is
capable of carrying it out. The requested action is not something that has already happened
or would happen anyway. The action is desirable to the speaker.

(b) Based on the sentence, it is an indirect directive. It is a surface representative (declarative


structure) but violates a key felicity condition for representatives: a representative should
state information that is not already known to the hearer. Note that the statement about
making the bed mentions an act that is desirable to the speaker and which has not
happened yet, two key felicity conditions for a directive. Note also that the other conditions
for a directive are also fulfilled.

(c) Based on the sentence, it is a pseudo-directive. Although it has an imperative form,


the ‘directed’ act is potentially much more desirable for the hearer than the speaker.
And besides, there is no use directing someone not to do an act which they have just
done. In fact, we recognize this as a common alternative to You’re welcome (an
expressive).

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