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Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

1) An image is represented by f(x,y) and pixels are denoted by lowercase letters like p and q. The 4-neighbors and 8-neighbors of a pixel p are defined by their coordinates. 2) There are different types of adjacency between pixels - 4-adjacency, 8-adjacency, and mixed adjacency. Connected components and regions are also defined based on adjacency. 3) Distances between pixels p and q can be measured using the Euclidean distance, D4 distance, or D8 distance based on their coordinate differences. These distances define neighborhoods around each pixel.

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712 views4 pages

Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

1) An image is represented by f(x,y) and pixels are denoted by lowercase letters like p and q. The 4-neighbors and 8-neighbors of a pixel p are defined by their coordinates. 2) There are different types of adjacency between pixels - 4-adjacency, 8-adjacency, and mixed adjacency. Connected components and regions are also defined based on adjacency. 3) Distances between pixels p and q can be measured using the Euclidean distance, D4 distance, or D8 distance based on their coordinate differences. These distances define neighborhoods around each pixel.

Uploaded by

Krishanu Modak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some Basic Relationships between Pixels

An image is denoted by f(x, y). When referring to a particular pixel, we use


lowercase letters, such as p and q.

I)Neighbors of a Pixel

1. A pixel p at coordinates (x, y) has four horizontal and vertical neighbors whose
coordinates are given by

2. This set of pixels, called the 4-neighbors of p, is denoted by N4(p). Each pixel is a
unit distance from (x, y), and some of the neighbor locations of p lie outside the
digital image if (x, y) is on the border of the image.

3. The four diagonal neighbors of p have coordinates

and are denoted by ND(p). These points, together with the 4-neighbors, are called
the 8-neighbors of p, denoted by N8(p). As before, some of the neighbor locations
in ND(p) and N8(p) fail outside the image if (x, y) is on the border of the image.

II) Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries

1. Let V be the set of intensity values used to define adjacency. In a binary image, V
= {1} if we are referring to adjacency of pixels with value 1. In a gray-scale
image, the idea is the same, but set V typically contains more elements. We
consider three types of adjacency:
2. Mixed adjacency is introduced to eliminate the ambiguities that often arise when
8-adjacency is used. For example, consider the pixel arrangement shown in Fig.
2.25(a) for V = {1}. The three pixels at the top of Fig. 2.25(b) show multiple
(ambiguous) 8-adjacency, as indicated by the dashed lines. This ambiguity is
removed by using m-adjacency, as shown in Fig. 2.25(c).

(a) (b) (c)

(a)An arrangement of pixels


(b)Pixels that are 8-adjacent (adjacency is shown by dashed-lines; not the
ambiguity) (c)m-adjacency

3. Let S represent a subset of pixels in an image. For any pixel p in S, the set of
pixels that are connected to it in S is called a connected component of S. If it only
has one connected component, then set S is called a connected set.

4. Let R be a subset of pixels in an image. We call R a region of the image if R is a


connected set. Two regions, Ri and Rj are said to be adjacent if their union forms a
connected set. Regions that are not adjacent are said to be disjoint. For the
definition to make sense, the type of adjacency used must be specified. For
example, the two regions (of 1s) in Fig. (d) are adjacent only if 8-adjacency is
used.

(d)

(d) Two regions (of 1s) that are adjacent if 8-adjecency is used.

5. The boundary of a region R is the set of points that are adjacent to points in the
complement of R. Here again, we must specify the connectivity being used to
define adjacency. For example, the point circled in Fig. 2.25(e) is not a member of
the border of the 1-valued region if 4-connectivity is used between the region and
its background.
(e)

(e) The circled point is part of the boundary of the 1-valued pixels only if 8-
adjacency between the region and background is used.

6. The preceding definition sometimes is referred to as the inner border of the


region to distinguish it from its outer border, which is the corresponding border in
the background. For instance, the inner border of the 1-valued region in Fig.
2.25(f) is the region itself. This border does not satisfy the definition of a closed
path given earlier.

(f)

(f) The inner boundary of the 1-valued region does not form a closed path, but its outer
boundary does.

III) Distance Measures

1. For pixels p, q, and z, with coordinates (x, y), (s, t), and (v, w), respectively, D is a
distance function or metric if

2. The Euclidean distance between p and q is defined as


For this distance measure, the pixels having a distance less than or equal to some
value r from (x, y) are the points contained in a disk of radius r centered at (x, y).

3. The D4 distance (called the city-block distance) between p and q is defined as

4. In this case, the pixels having a D4 distance from (x, y) less than or equal to some
value r form a diamond centered at (x, y). For example, the pixels with
D4 distance ≤ 2 from (x, y) (the center point) form the following contours of
constant distance:

The pixels with D4 = 1 are the 4-neighbors of (x, y).

5. The D8 distance (called the chessboard distance) between p and q is defined as

6. In this case, the pixels with D8 distance from (x, y) less than or equal to some
value r form a square centered at (x,y). For example, the pixels with D8 distance ≤
2 from (x, y) (the center point) form the following contours of constant distance:

7. The pixels with D8 = 1 are the 8-neighbors of (x, y). Note that the D4 and D8
distances between p and q are independent of any paths that might exist between
the points because these distances involve only the coordinates of the points.

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