Mobile Networks and Applications (2019) 24:248–258

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-018-1205-x

Data Transmission Using IoT in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks in Smart

City Congestion
Muhammad Asim Saleem 1 & Zhou Shijie 1 & Abida Sharif 2

Published online: 10 January 2019

# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Development of Internet of Things (IoT) enables smart city advancement throughout the world. Increasing number of vehicles
has brought focus on road safety precautions and in-vehicle communication. This is the right time to focus on the development of
new applications and services for vehicular environments. The Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are an interesting range of
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) where the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and vehicle roadways transmission is possible. The
V2V scheme is fresh by combining Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth and other all sorts of communication standards. An
immense number of nodes working with these networks and due to their immense displacements, the analysis is prevailing
regarding the possibility of routing standards. The estimation of conventional routing standards for MANETs illustrates that their
behaviors are minimal in VANETs. The intention is to make use of mediators for routing with an effort to address the before
described issues. The mediators are accountable for gathering data related to routing and identifying the optimal paths for
forwarding information packets. The routing scheme is based on group routing standards and data cluster framework for locating
the best possible routes. In this paper, we analyze smart cities vehicle communication development by implementing IoT. We also
discuss the ways to minimize the limitations connected to IoT deployment and implementation in smart city environment using
multi mediator scheme.

Keywords VANET . Smart City . Network congestion . Internet of things . Routing

1 Introduction While the majority of the people, say around 70% prefer to
move to urban cities by year 2024 [2]. Therefore, urbanization
Internet of Things (IoT) is a methodology where pervasive will play a major role on people’s living style and communi-
presence in the network of a variety of objects which are able cation in the smart cities. Massive extension of city borders
to work together along with other objects to achieve new goals due to the increase in the number of residents will create an
[1]. The goal of IoT is to enable technology to be connected expansion of city limits by acquiring spaces to develop smart
universally applying any path and service. cities with a large population. By year 2025, there is an ex-
According to a recent research, by year 2020 there will be pectation of developing 30 megacities globally, where 60% is
greater demand for Megacity corridors and branded cities. from in developing countries [2].
The result is the ermergance of smart cities which include
special features like Smart Planning, Smart Buildings, Smart
* Muhammad Asim Saleem Economy, Smart Energy, Smart Mobility, Smart Governance,
asim.saleem1@hotmail.com Smart Information Communication and Technology, and
* Zhou Shijie Smart Citizens. We can expect around 40 smart cities globally
sjzhou@uestc.edu.cn by year 2025 as shown in Fig. 1.
With this massive transition towards smart cities, proficient
Abida Sharif
abidashareef@ymail.com
developments are required for improving efficiency, enhanc-
ing operational competences and reducing organization ex-
1
School of Information and Software Engineering, University of penses. The VANET is an interesting domain prevailing in
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China MANETs which comprises of autonomous nodes namely
2
School of Computer Science, University of Electronic Science and the vehicles that are continuously displacing with elevated
Technology of China, Chengdu, China speed. Hence, these vehicles are used to transmit with other
Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258 249

Fig. 1 Smart IoT for Various

Applications

nodes with the help of wireless associations. The vehicular ad The path organization in VANET mandatorily requires net-
hoc networks permit the vehicles to evade issues by consider- work process allocation because each and every node has the
ing any preferred activities or by watching the drivers i.e. ability to perform as a router. It needs synchronization among
during mishaps in roadways or main road, and distress mes- the nodes for communicating data. It might resume
sage might be dispersed to notify all the other vehicles. In performing usually during faults in one or more than a node
order to accomplish transmission and broadcasting data, the and it might be brilliant to select the optimal paths and respond
VANET networks are independent of infrastructure. The rapidly which might happen like altering transmission
framework of VANETs comprises three classes such as a ve- environments.
hicle to VANET, a vehicle to the framework and hybrid frame- However, due to the recurrent displacement of the autono-
work [3]. mous node, the topology of VANET is normally active.
The key applications of VANET offer security and relief for Furthermore, restricted memory, altering environments, quick
traveler aiding the drivers on roadways Fig. 2 by awaiting modifications in topology, recurrent breakdowns and band-
risky organization of congestion flows, unsighted passage widths allowed for the routing standards for the autonomous
and traffic avoidance, permitting them to transmit with other networks becomes unsuitable for this kind of autonomous
vehicles and based on internet sources and so the traveler networks. Hence it is mandatory to design a fresh routing
could download songs, transmit emails, gazing streaming standard for VANETs which is different from the conventional
movies and could chitchat online [4]. routing standards [5].

Fig. 2 Communication between

V2V and V2R
250 Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258

The multi-mediator systems consider the features of syn- transportation, wayside advertisement, and online amuse-
chronization, independence, broadcast, and brilliance which ments. Wireless nodes can be diversified as mobile units
are basically focused on scattered and autonomous environ- and roadside units in VANET. Fixed wireless nodes
ments shown in Fig. 3. As a result, the routing standards are installed adjacent to the roads supplying connection to
based on the scheme which is suitable for addressing the the Internet are roadside units. Generally, the sensors
above-described issues. which are provided by Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
The multi-mediator scheme is employed in vehicular ad are roadside units. This results in two types of wireless
hoc networks. A mediator scheme is planned for handling communications in VANETs, vehicle to vehicle (V2V)
the situations and to assemble all the background data which communications and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) com-
further is employed for optimizing transmission, minimizing munications. In V2V communication, communication be-
congestion within the networks and to locate the optimal tween vehicles occursin ad-hoc mode and urgent situations
paths. The selection of mediator scheme is employed along are transmitted efficiently.
with fresh routing standard in VANETs which is inspired by On the contrary, vehicles contact the Internet and commu-
the features of mediators like brilliance, independence, and nicate with their respective nodes in V2I. In vehicular ad hoc
displacements. Definitely, it could be employed to consider- networks, the routing standards are categorized into diverse
able minimize the transmission expenses especially the re- classes as topology based routing standards, location-based
moval of duplications by displacing the gathered data by a routing, group-based routing, geo cast routing standards along
mediator employed within each and every cluster. with relay based routing standards. The topology based
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. We discuss routing standards make use of the data which prevails within
related work in Section 2, and recapitulate traffic characteris- the network in order to carry out the routing of data. These are
tics of the proposed approach of IoT enabled routing tech- further categorized into reactive, proactive and hybrid stan-
niques in Section 3. We elaborate the problem analysis of dards. The proactive protocol technique allows an autono-
multi mediator scheme in Section 4, The Result and perfor- mous node to preserve paths to the other nodes and revises
mance analysis is discussed in Section 5 and concluding the its routing table [6]. The reactive protocol does not require
paper with a discussion on future research works in Section 6. verifying and revises its routing table and it preserves the
prevailing paths. The hybrid routing standards attempt to lo-
cate the best possible cooperation among the proactive and
2 Literature survey reactive routing standards [7].
The location based routing standards comprise a catego-
In the current scenario, VANETs significance has increased ry of routing schemes which distributes the possessions
due to the development of new proposals like smart vehicle employing geography based location data for choosing

Fig. 3 Multi mediator approach

Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258 251

the subsequent frontward hops. The relay-based routing All the above discussed schemes illustrate that the
standards are commonly employed in vehicular ad hoc net- grouping enhances the performance of VANETs and could
works for distributing congestion, climate,and tragedy be made use in diverse applications [11]. Diverse grouping
along with traffic conditions among the vehicles and dis- schemes are designed for effective grouping schemes in
seminating announcements and messages [8]. The broad- VANETs where diverse features like entropy, routing vehi-
casts are employed for messages which are required to be cle and number of adjacent nodes for accomplishing
disseminated to the vehicles which are nearby outside the grouping vehicles within the demanding regions are need-
variety of communication range i.e. during the usage of ed. Inter-vehicle transmission network routines for group-
multi-hops shown in Fig. 4. ing [12] is designing vehicle displacements. An adjustable
The geography-based routing schemes are employed in association conscious routing was designed in VANETs for
VANETs for disseminating the packets from origin to the re- selecting the best possible routes for gathering information
maining nodes within the mentioned area. Fundamentally it is from different areas. This displacement aware information
the position based multicast routing with an intention to con- broadcasting standard for VANETs is to minimize the over-
struct an implicit area based on the forthcoming calculation of all loads among the origin and target [12].
the autonomous nodes within the network [9]. For group Therefore these grouping schemes do not resolve the
based routing standards the network is split into smaller sec- issues in VANETs and path intelligence. Furthermore, the
tions termed as groups. The key intention of grouping is to preference of optimal route is not only addressed by dis-
locate an organized set of groups. placement of vehicles, concentration, and routes. Because
The VANETs holds outstanding network aspects which of node displacements in VANETs, the spine has to be
differentiate it from rest of the autonomous networks like consistently rebuilt episodically in order to analyze the
immensely autonomous topology. The foretold features de- significance of scattered, adjustable and brilliance. This
pict that the prevailing MANET based routing standards the major reason for the mediator to become more promis-
face disputes during locating consistent paths for directing ing features in VANETs. The mediator based analysis is
messages in VANETs. The topology based routing stan- employed for analyzing the behavior by considering di-
dards experience preliminary path identification operations verse standards such as node sharing, the ratio of associa-
and utilizes maximum bandwidth for episodic topology tions, group head episodes, association protection, and
based revisions [10]. Moreover, major setbacks of message communication. The framework of VANET is
geography-based routing are network segmentation and based on the groups planned by autonomous mediator by
poor adjacent nodes which might block the appropriate generating a fresh grouping with the aid of autonomous
dissemination of information thus making them inappro- mediators prevailing in VANETs. Therefore the analysis
priate for security-based applications in VANETs. is based on the vehicles where the group considers all the
choices of the other vehicles where the topology modifica-
tion related choices are not applicable.
All these inspirations analyzed based on the setbacks gath-
ered from the prevailing schemes are based on the mediator
based schemes where the intention is to design a reasonably
effortless, minimal overheads and adjustable routing schemes
in VANETs.

3 Proposed framework

The intention is to make use of mediators for routing with

an effort to address the before described issues. The medi-
ators are accountable for gathering data related to routing
and identifying the optimal paths for forwarding informa-
tion packets. The routing scheme is based on group routing
standards and data cluster framework for locating the best
possible routes. Each and every cluster makes use of these
features which are precise to the framework and the data
could be demonstrated within the groups among the medi-
ators. VANETs are regarded as framework based data and
Fig. 4 Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks any related data which is employed to differentiate the
252 Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258

conditions of a node like a route for displacements, posi- d exy n ¼ TR exy n−TS exy n ð2Þ
tion and attention [13].
In order to improve the persuade of immediate delay
3.1 Local QoS estimation of smartroad segment values, we operate sequential negotiations and the average
postponement in a given time interval T is shown in eq. (3)
In VANET environment is a two different lane transporta-
tion segment state, the poignant vehicles have passing con-


∑N rev d exy n
tacts with one to another in a different direction. These d exy ¼ n¼1 ð3Þ
N rev
vehicle contacts can be used to develop the connectivity.
Vehicle link maintained the distance x among any two suc- Where.
cessive vehicles in a track satisfies x < R == x > R (where
R - communication range), but the vehicles drifting in the Nrev the No. of arriving packets during T interval.
different path can viaduct this gap Based on above re- In accumulation, the delay time segment [12] difference on
marks, the connectivity prospect pc(exy) of the road trans- exy over time period T is given as in eq. (4)
portation segment exy between the connection Ix and con-
nection Iy is shown as in eq. (1) Architecture of VANET


2
equipped with RSU shown in Fig. 5.
∑Nn¼1
rev
d exy n−d exy
dv exy ¼ ð4Þ
N rev

Nc
pc exy ¼ ð1Þ
N total

Where.
3.3 Packet delivery ratio

Nc the number of simulation trials in road segment Packet delivery ratio (PDR) shows the effectiveness and con-
between Ii and Ij is fully associated, sistency of a deliberate routing protocol, and it is defined
Ntotal is the No. of simulation trials during the time period T successful packet received by the destinations from the source
[14]. terminal who sent the packets sources. We can express the
above values it as follows in eq. (5)
3.2 Delay time segment

N rev
As a vital measure of QoS, the delay time segment cannot pdr exy ¼ ð5Þ
N snd
directly replicate existing transmission channels loads, vehi-
cles density time segment and vehicles allocation over a high-
Where.
way segment. Here, we let TS(exy)n be the time instantaneous
of a packet n sent by the connection Ix, and TR(exy)n denotes Nsnd and Nrev the No. of sent and received packets from
the time instant of this packet received at the connection Iy the source.
[15]. The forwarding delay time segment [12] of the above The Time interval T
packet from end to end the road segment exy between Ix and Iy Nsnd PR-T where PR represents the periodic
can be plagiaristic as in eq. (2). packet sending rate.

Fig. 5 Architecture of VANET

equipped with RSU
Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258 253

4 Framework for mediator selection 4.2 Selection of framework mediator

The confined framework represents the fact that each and A node is chosen as framework mediator which holds the
every node within the network and its adjacent nodes to maximum adjacent nodes which distribute the similar frame-
begin with mediators. Each and every mediator accom- work data for gathering the framework data and aiding in
plishes its jobs in synchronization with other mediators. group arrangement scheme. Each and every node employs
Simply the mediator identifies the transmission and gathers an adjacent table which hoards the framework data regarding
framework based data for routing. The mediator is termed its adjacent node like their ID and their framework related
as framework based mediator. Moreover, with a diversity information. The adjacent node is preserved by episodically
of routes are prevailing for advancing the information for relaying HELLO messages [17]. A HELLO message holds an
which it is needed for the mediator to measure diverse ID, displacement, and count.
features of the routing techniques for evaluating them and
choosing the most suitable one to select the optimal
groups. This mediator is termed as an optimal mediator
[16]. The intention of the mediator is not only to associate
with the groups symbolized by a mediator termed as me-
diator group head but also to optimize transmission among
them with the help of framework-based gathered data.
Moreover, for forwarding information packets, it is
necessary for a mediator for identifying optimal paths
termed as mediators i.e. mediators for paths which hoard
all the distance among the adjacent node within the clus-
ters and offers a limited topology which is symbolized by
a hierarchy which stands as a root for group head media-
tor as represented in Fig. 6. For achieving the complete
4.3 Group head mediator selection
goals initially, it is mandatory to choose the below-stated
mediators.
For selecting the group head termed as mediator based group
heads it is needed to take into account, the number of nodes a
group head could hold, preferably the communication energy,
4.1 Mediator selection displacements and battery energy of the nodes. Therefore due
to the displacements of nodes, the mediator group head selec-
The grouping provides immense profits to vehicular ad hoc
tion scheme is interrupted for a long time period for minimiz-
networks. Therefore for planning precise applications, it is
ing the transmission expenses.
mandatory to analyze the plans carefully for arranging the
A node is selected by framework mediator to become a
groups within the network.
group head in case its load is higher than any of its adjacent
node loads. The load is estimated as in eq. (6)

LðnÞ ¼ Δ  EðnÞ þ φ  Δ  DðnÞ þ λ  ðnÞ ð6Þ

Where E(n) represents the extent of reverence for each and

every nodein the group head could hold preferably. Based on
the scheme D(n) is the aggregation of all the nodes in eq. (7)

 0 
D
Nn ε P ¼ ð7Þ
Md ≤Mr

Here ‘M’ represents the center of the group and ‘r’ repre-
sents the circumference. The cluster is represented as a circle.
Based on the applications this precise pre-requisites for the
number of nodes within the groups or its physical size might A(n) represents the aggregation of all the distances between
possibly portray a significant role in its processes. its adjacent nodes.
254 Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258

Fig. 6 Over all Frameworks

D(n) represents the displacements which are the average ey represents the extent between the group heady and
speed for each and every node for its prevailing time optimal mediator 2.
interval ‘I’.

4.5 Router mediator selection

4.4 Best possible mediator selection
The nodes are regularly scattered across the groups and the
For reducing the messages and traffic the message has to be average number of hops for the group head mediator escala-
transmitted to the significant groups. The optimal mediator is tion. It is needed to identify the optimal paths and to preserve a
the vehicle which could hear diverse vehicles to the overlie
groups which prevail. The optimal mediator is chosen by a
group (ex, ey) of the group head mediators which is prevailing Table 1 Average packet loss
within the distance divided into it shown in eq. (8)
Vehicles Mediator Scheme Conventional MAC

10 0 0
DistanceMediator ¼ Max ex ; ey ð8Þ
15 0.02 0.45
20 0.04 0.48
Here.
25 0.08 0.49
ex represents the extent between the group headx and 30 0.09 0.52
optimal mediator 1.
Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258 255

Average Packet Loss 0.6 10

Throughput
0.5

(Mbits/s)
Probability
0.4 5 Proposed
0.3 Proposed Scheme
Scheme Conventiona
0.2 0
Conventional l MAC
0.1 10 15 20 25 30
MAC
0 Number of Vehicles
10 15 20 25 30 Fig. 8 Throughput
Average Inter Vehicle Distance
Fig. 7 Average packet loss (Mediator Scheme) & Step 2:

– Gathering Framework based Data

confined topology the election of a path must take into ac- – gather data based on BHELLO^ messages
count the node displacements [18, 19]. The key intention of – based on episodic relay
the scheme is to choose route mediator in a way that the paths
are consistent over an episodic time. The node is selected by & Step 3:
group head mediator as the router mediator which has the
utmost connectivity. – Cluster Arrangement
For each and every time interval ‘I’ a node ‘N’ regards its – arrange clusters by choosing framework mediator
prevailing adjacent nodes which are prevailing during the pre- – initially, framework mediator relays message
vailing time interval (I – 1) and appends 1 to the value related – message, holds a list of adjacent nodes, position,and ID of
to them. There are two probable conditions [20]. framework mediator
An adjacent node emerges and maintains a value 1. – followed by selection of group heads
An adjacent node vanishes and its related value is 0. – message is relayed regarding election
Each and every time the connectivity of ‘n’ is the aggrega- – it holds list of adjacent nodes, ID, position and ID of
tion of values [21] related with each of their adjacent nodes. group heads
– optimization is performed group head mediator must relay
– it holds optimal mediator ID, mediator ID, group head ID
4.5.1 Mediator Selection Algorithm
and group head mediator
Based on the previous approach the scheme as adjacent node
& Step 4:
identification, gathering framework data, cluster arrangement,
and network routing.
– Routing
– nodes and links are represented based on hierarchy
& Step 1:
– root is the group head mediator
– for arranging and preserving the hierarchy mediator sub-
– Identifying Adjacent Nodes
stitutes episodic messages
– employ adjacent node table
– it holds ID, mediator ID, root ID and Parent ID and dis-
– where all the data regarding ‘n’ are stored
tance of nodes from the root,
– adjacent node table is revised episodically using
– the message is communicated to 1 hop and hoarded by a
BHELLO^ messages
router mediator
– followed by ACK

Table 2 Throughput Table 3 Average packet loss probability

Vehicles Mediator Scheme Conventional MAC Vehicles Mediator Scheme Conventional MAC

10 2 2 10 0 0
15 4 3.5 15 0.05 0.1
20 5.5 5 20 0.1 0.15
25 7 6 25 0.12 0.25
30 8.5 5.5 30 0.25 0.35
256 Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258

Throughput (Mbits/s)
Average Packet Loss 0.4 10
8
0.3
Probability
6 Proposed
0.2 Proposed
Scheme 4 Scheme
0.1 2 Conventiona
Conventiona
l MAC 0 l MAC
0 10 15 20 25 30
10 15 20 25 30
Number of Vehicles
Number of Vehicles
Fig. 10 Throughput Vs Nodes
Fig. 9 Average packet loss probability

– it is forwarded to group head for predicting optimal the throughput improves initially and then reduces instead
path. increasing continuously with ‘n’.
Table 3 and Fig. 9 depicts the average packet loss occur-
rences for different cluster sizes where the incoming rate of
packets λ is 50, 100, 250 packets/s. The estimation is per-
formed against the conventional MAC scheme during under-
5 Results and performance analysis sized ‘n’ where for the proposed scheme packet loss improves
with the size of ‘n’ where the density of congestion is ‘λ’.
There are various tools used for mediator simulation of net-
Table 4 and Fig. 10 reveals the outcomes of the system
work traffic. In our work, we used VANET MobiSim-1.1 and
above the cluster size ‘n’ in next of kin to Fig. 5. More com-
Ns-2.35 to generate the vehicular trace file for network simu-
monly the outcomes startlingly escalate and then reduce along
lation and simulate network connection between nodes re-
with the increase of group size ‘n’. Before arriving at terminal
spectively and Sumo tool is used for the diagrammatic graph-
the maximum increased packet arrival rate is ‘λ’ which leads
ical representation of network figs. [22].
to an increased expansion in provisions of throughput soon
From Table 1 and Fig. 7 it is evident that the packet failure
subsequent to outcomes of the system gets reduced rapidly
occurrence in VANET network of size ‘n’ vehicles and inter-
with the escalation of ‘n’ for increased arrival rate of packets.
vehicle distances. The outcomes of the analysis are designed
using lines along with the outcomes of simulation and the
conventional MAC prototypes are plotted and are evaluated.
The outcomes reveal that size [23] of the groups escalates the 6 Conclusion
occurrences of the packet losses escalate greatly. Moreover,
with the escalation in inter-vehicledistances, the packet loss Internet of Things in Vehicles (IoT-V) is developing as glob-
also increases because of the acquired signal potency at the ally varied vehicular networks. The emerging concept of the
group head. associated Internet in smart transportation system is the basis
Table 2 and Fig. 8 reveals the outcome of the cluster in of IoT - V. The two main objectives of IoT - V include com-
terms of its size. It is evident that the fresh prototype is equal puterization of various security and competence features in
to the outcomes of the analysis. It is, on the other hand, eval- vehicles and commercialization of vehicular networks. In this
uated against the conventional MAC scheme precisely when paper, the fundamental routing standards for vehicular ad hoc
‘n’ is undersized. During the increase in ‘n’ the faults in phys- networks might adjust them to the autonomously altering
ical decoding increases and the conventional MAC scheme transmitting conditions and recurrent breakages. Based on
deviates from the outcomes of the analysis. It is clear that the analysis the intention is to validate the feasibilities to em-
ploy the mediator scheme as a brilliant solution for improving
Table 4 Throughput Vs Nodes the routing schemes. The focus is to design a multi-mediator
scheme for carrying out routing in VANETs. This fresh
Vehicles Mediator Scheme Conventional MAC
routing scheme is based on four mediators synchronized in
10 2 1 locating optimal routes and in minimizing the traffic within
15 4 2 the network. In fact, the designed scheme is a section of wide
20 6 2.5 scheme where the schemes required to be executed. In the
25 6.5 4 future, we propose an efficient hybrid clustering scheme for
30 8 5 data delivery using IoT enabled vehicular ad hoc networks in
smart city traffic congestion.
Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258 257

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Veh Technol PP(99):1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2798662 Universi ty of Agricult ure ,
10. Anandakumar H, Umamaheswari K (2017) An Efficient Optimized Faisalabad, Pakistan and MS
Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks using Cooperative Information Technology Degree
Spectrum sensing. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing:1–8. from Government College
https://doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2017.1364931 University of Faisalabad,
11. Khayamy M, Chaoui H (2018) Efficient PMSM Inverter-Based Pakistan in 2017. Currently, he is
Drive for Vehicular Transportation Systems. IEEE Trans Veh enrolled in Ph.D. in the School of
Technol PP(99):1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2798359 Information and Software
12. Ucar S, Ergen SC, Ozkasap O (2016) Multihop-Cluster-Based Engineering, University of
IEEE 802.11p and LTE Hybrid Architecture for VANET Safety Electronic Science and
Message Dissemination. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 65(4):2621– Technology, China. His research interests include Data Mining, Smart
2636. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2421277 Cities, IOTs and Network Technology.
13. Ji J, Khajepour A, Melek WW, Huang Y (2017) Path Planning and
Tracking for Vehicle Collision Avoidance Based on Model
Predictive Control With Multiconstraints. IEEE Trans Veh
Technol 66(2):952–964. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.
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258 Mobile Netw Appl (2019) 24:248–258

Shijie Zhou received the Ph.D. Abida Sharif received her B.S de-
degree in computer science and gree in Electronic Engineering
technology from University of from the University of
Electronic Science and C O M S AT S I n s t i t u t e o f
Technology of China (UESTC) Te c h n o l o g y, A b b o t t a b a d ,
in 2004. He is currently a Pakistan, in 2010, and M.S. in
Professor with the School of Electrical Engineering from
Information and Software C O M S AT S I n s t i t u t e o f
Engineering, UESTC. His re- Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,
search interests include communi- in 2012. She is currently enrolled
cation and computer networks, in Ph.D. in the department of
Traffic Simulation, and Artificial Computer Science and
Intelligence. Engineering, University of
Electronic Science and
Technology (UESTC), Chengdu,
China. Her research interests include, smart cities, IoTs and block chain.