RESULTS

Frequency 50 GHz
Mesh view
Contour plot E-Field (25 GHz)
Contour plot E-Field (50 GHz)
Vector plot E-Field (25 GHz)
Vector plot H-Field (25 GHz)
Travelling wave E-Field (25 GHz) (Contour Plot)
Travelling wave E-Field (50 GHz) (Contour Plot)
Frequency 67 GHz
Mesh view
Vector plot E-Field (33.5 GHz)
Vector plot H-Field (67 GHz)
Standing Wave E-Field (33.5 GHz)
Standing Wave E-Field (67 GHz)
Travelling wave (33.5 GHz)
Travelling wave (67 GHz)
DISCUSSION
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) preview tool for 3D EM simulation of
electrically large structure. This software help engineers to design engaged in areas such as
automotive, aerospace and defense ad emc in terms of structure size. Its main area of usage will
be solving of structures much larger than 20 wavelength and is of particular interest because of
its ability to deal with dielectric loses. CST is one of the two largest suppliers of electromagnetic
simulation software and has continuously enhanced its position as market and technology leader
in 3D Time Domain simulation.

The CST STUDIO SUITE™ comprises CST’s 3d EM simulation tolls the renowned CST
MICROWAVE STUDIO® for high frequency applications, CST EM STUDIO™ for low
frequency and statics and CST PARTICLE STUDIO™ for charged particle dynamic and is
rounded off with CST DESIGN STUDIO™ for synthesis and circuit simulation. All programs
are accessible through CST DESIGN ENVIROMNET™ which facilitates coupled simulation.

The word dipole has several different meanings depending on the audience and context in
which it is used. In this text it will be assumed that a dipole is an antenna that is a resonant 1/2
wave in length. The word "dipole" being derived from the word "di", meaning double and the
word "polo", meaning electric (or magnetic) pivot. Therefore, a dipole has 2 electric poles (at the
ends) of opposite polarity at any given instance. A dipole can be fed with RF energy anywhere
along its length although center feed is the most common followed by end feed.
 Dipoles are very easy to construct and they are guaranteed to work, even if they must be
installed at low heights. They are independent of ground by nature and therefore require NO
ground to properly function as an antenna. If fed in the center, no matching network is usually
needed since the impedance is very close to that of standard 50 ohm coaxial cable although the
impedance does very slightly with the height above the ground.
Some variants of the common dipole are the end-fed half-wave antennas such as the End-
Fed Zepp (originally strung behind Zepplin airships), and the VHF J-Pole which simply uses a
transmission line transformer instead of a tuned circuit to match the coax to the high impedance
at the end of a dipole.
A dipole antenna is a type of wire category of antennas an antenna that can be made by a
simple wire, for transmitting or receiving radio frequency energy. These antennas are the
simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view, the current amplitude on such an
antenna decreases uniformly from maximum at the center to zero at the ends.
A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant
position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite direction to
the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference between two waves
traveling in opposite directions. In the second case, for waves of equal amplitude traveling in
opposing directions, there is on average no net propagation of energy. Standing waves in
resonators are one cause of the phenomenon called resonance. As the frequency is higher, the
standing wave is smaller. A mechanical wave is a disturbance which is created by a vibrating
object and subsequently travels through a medium from one location to another, transporting
energy as it moves. The mechanism by which a mechanical wave propagates itself through a
medium involves particle interaction; one particle applies a push or pull on its adjacent neighbor,
causing a displacement of that neighbor from the equilibrium or rest position. As a wave is
observed traveling through a medium, a crest is seen moving along from particle to particle. This
crest is followed by a trough which is in turn followed by the next crest. In fact, one would
observe a distinct wave pattern (in the form of a sine wave) traveling through the medium. This
sine wave pattern continues to move in uninterrupted fashion until it encounters another wave
along the medium or until it encounters a boundary with another medium. This type of wave
pattern which is seen traveling through a medium is sometimes referred to as a traveling wave.
They are inversely proportional to each other. The higher the frequency, the travelling wave also
can be high. They are directly proportional. When the frequency is high, the physically of the
electromagnetic force (emf) become bigger. So, the nucleus attraction is weak.
After completed this experiment, we found that the result before and after modified is
different. Before we modified the frequency, the pattern of the electric and magnetic field is
bigger than the pattern after modified the frequency. We can see the details of the pattern if we
change the frequency.
QUIZ:

1) E-Field and H-Field in standing wave and traveling wave

H-field is magnetic fields surrounds magnetic materials and electric currents and are detected by
the force they exert on other magnetic materials and moving electric charges. The magnetic field,
at a given point, is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a
vector field. While the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying
magnetic filed has a property called an electric field. This electric field exerts a force on other
electrically charged objects. The concept of an electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday.

2) Example of application of EM theory

i) Radar system
ii) Satellite communication system
iii) Radio communication
iv) Antenna

3) Relationship between electric field intensity, E and Electric flux density, D

4) Relationship between magnetic field intensity, H and magnetic flux density, D

Upon the completion of this experiment, it can be concluded that the experiment that we
understood on electromagnetic fields. We also can compare between the standing wave (open
termination) and traveling wave (matched load termination).
We also know how design simple dipole antenna using CST Microwave Studio
Simulation Software. Once the dipole being design and run correctly using CST Microwave
Studio, we observe the 3D electric field intensity, E and magnetic field intensity, H, we also are
exposed to the simulation software as a preparation for advanced user during final project.
In this experiment, we also can compare standing wave (open termination) and travelling wave
(matched load termination) with successfully.
Computer Simulation Technology, CST is useful to analyze and visualized the
application of Electromagnetic theories are accurately. We can conclude that all objectives that
have in this experiment are achieves with successful and CST Microwave Studio Simulation
Software can be use as good as we can.