11/7/19

The Internet of Things:

Architecture and Applications
(ELEC423)

Dr Valerio Selis

V.Selis@liverpool.ac.uk

Survey results
Pyt hon: funct ions and classes

Pyt hon: working with files, date and time

Pyt hon: control flow and exception

Pyt hon: datatypes, operations and operators

Pyt hon scri pting

Linux: Shell script ing

Linux: Troubleshooting in Linux

Linux: Ownership and permissions

Linux: Environment and shell variables

Linux: Shell commands

00
. 0 % 1 0.0 0% 2 0.0 0% 3 0.0 0% 4 0.0 0% 5 0.0 0% 6 0.0 0% 7 0.0 0% 8 0.0 0% 9 0.0 0%

Response rate: 43%

Environment and Shell variables

Linux uses two types of dynamic values which affect
programs or processes’ behaviours:
• Environment variables: which are defined for the current
shell and can be used by child shells or processes
• Shell variables: which are available only for the shell in
which these were defined
By convention shell and environmental variables are
defined by using capital letters, e.g.:
• Environment variables:
export KEY=value
export KEY="value1 and value2"
export KEY=value1:value2
• Shell variables:
KEY=value or KEY="v1 and v2" or KEY=v1:v2

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Environment and Shell variables

Example of environment variable:
Shell Shell
~ $ export TEST="Hello" ~ $ echo $TEST
~ $ echo $TEST Hello
Hello ~ $ exit
~ $ bash exit
~ $

Example of shell variable:

Shell Shell
~ $ TEST="Hello" ~ $ echo $TEST
~ $ echo $TEST
Hello ~ $ exit
~ $ bash exit
~ $

?? Question
?
/

/bin /dev /home /media /proc /sbin /sys /usr

/boot /etc /lib /opt /root /srv /tmp /var

wpa_supplicant pi

wpa_supplicant.conf halloween.txt

$ ifconfig wlan0
wlan0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
inet6 fe80::a02b:f89d:3cee:8c77 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether b8:27:eb:00:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 9458 bytes 678102 (662.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 6200 bytes 1792703 (1.7 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

Answer
T="/"
Ls $t
-bash: Ls: command not found
bash
cat $T/ect/wpa_supplicant
cat: /ect/wpa_supplicant: No such file or directory
exit
cd
pwd
/home/pi
ls
halloween.txt
echo ~/pi/file.txt
/home/pi/pi/file.txt
ifconfig wlan0 | grep "inet"
inet 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
inet6 fe80::a02b:f89d:3cee:8c77 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
export T="~/"
bash
cat T/halloween.txt
cat: T/halloween.txt: No such file or directory
exit

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Shell scripting
Shebang followed by the interpreter
#!/bin/bash
# Print Hello World to the standard output Comment
echo "Hello World"
# Assign the output of the echo command to a variable
VARIABLE=$(echo "Hello World")
# Redirect the output of the echo command to a file
echo $VARIABLE > file.txt
# Ask the user to provide an input
echo "Provide an input: "
# Store the standard input value in the “input” variable
read input
# Show the given input
Double quotation
echo "The input given is: $input"

Use to access to the

value of the variable

Single vs Double Quotes

• Single quotes ('): this preserve the literal value of
each character
• Double quotes ("): similar to single quotes, but
with the exception of $, `, \ characters, where the
backslash indicate to use the literal value of the
following character
• Example1: pre-defined variable TEST="fun":
$ echo 'The content of TEST is $TEST'

The content of TEST is $TEST

$ echo "The content of TEST is $TEST"

The content of TEST is fun

Single vs Double Quotes

• Example2: execute a command:
$ echo 'ls `pwd`'
ls `pwd`
$ echo "ls `pwd`"
Desktop Documents Downloads MagPi
Music Pictures Public Templates Videos

• Example3: using the backslash: String is not terminated,

$ echo '\'' expecting the last '

>
$ echo "\""

"

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Single vs Double Quotes

• Example4: show double quote:
$ echo '"'
"
$ echo "\""
"

• Example5: show single quote: String is not terminated,

$ echo ''' expecting the last '

>
$ echo "'"

'

10

Question
echo '"'"'"'"'

??
?
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Answer

echo '"'"'"'"'

$ echo '"'"'"'"'

$ echo '"' "'" '"'

"'"

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Shell scripting Retrieve the number of

attributes
#!/bin/bash
# Check if a filename has been given in input
if [ $# != 1 ];then
echo "Usage: $0 file"
exit 1 Script name
fi
# Check if the file exists Exit with an error code
if [ ! -f $1 ];then
echo "No such file $1"
exit 1 Filename given in input
as first attribute
if
# Show and count the number of lines Initialise the line counter
lc=0
while read;do Built-in variable for the
echo "$REPLY" read command
lc=$[ $lc + 1 ]
done < $1 Same as
echo "The file $1 has $lc lines" lc=$((lc+1))
exit 0
Exit with a normal code

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Shell scripting Definition of the

wifi_info function
#!/bin/bash
wifi_info() {
essid=$(iwconfig $1 | grep "ESSID" | tr "\"" " " | awk '{print $5}')
bssid=$(iwconfig $1 | grep "Point" | awk '{print $6}')
echo "The AP name is $essid and its MAC address is $bssid" Pipe
}
# Check if a filename has been given in input
if [ $# != 2 ];then
echo "Usage: $0 <network type> <interface>"
echo " e.g.: $0 wifi wlan0"
exit 1
fi
# Show the arguments given in input
for arg in "$@";do
echo $arg
done
if [ "$1" = "wifi" ];then Retrieve the attributes
wifi_info $2 given in input
elif [ "$1" = "ethernet" ];then
echo "Sorry not implemented yet!"
else $ iwconfig wlan0
exit 1 wlan0 IEEE 802.11 ESSID:”eduroam"
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.437 GHz Access Point: 00:11:22:33:44:55
fi
Bit Rate=72.2 Mb/s Tx-Power=31 dBm
exit 0 Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:on
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0

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Shell scripting
Strings

• Basic operation with strings:

• Obtain the string length:
${#name}
• Convert the string as a list of words:
${name}
• Extract the substring of length (LEN) from a string starting
after a specified position (POS):
${name:$POS:$LEN}
The length is optional, if omitted, it will extract the
substring from POS to the end of the string.

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? Question
Create a shell script that uses the output from the
traceroute command, transform it to a list and,
print out the IP count and the IP address.
traceroute to google.com (216.58.211.174), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 192.168.43.1 (192.168.43.1) 2.366 ms 3.029 ms 3.128 ms
2 169.254.252.10 (169.254.252.10) 49.557 ms 49.822 ms 51.895 ms
3 172.16.220.1 (172.16.220.1) 51.596 ms 51.668 ms 51.371 ms
4 172.16.220.10 (172.16.220.10) 49.817 ms 40.445 ms 50.942 ms
5 dub08s01-in-f14.1e100.net (216.58.211.174) 50.580 ms 38.572 ms 37.716 ms

Example:
1 192.168.43.1
2 169.254.252.10

??
3 172.16.220.1
4 172.16.220.10
5 216.58.211.174

?
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Next class?

Today at 1 p.m. in the

Electrical Engineering &
Electronics Building,
ELEC402 PC lab
(Building 235).

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