FLUID MECHANICS

FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS PUMP, COMPRESSOR PUMP, COMPRESSOR AND
(Incompressible flow) AND PIPE EQUATIONS PIPE EQUATIONS (Continued)
Bernoulli’s equation Economic pipe diameter Suction specific speed (S)
1/ 6
) (1/ ρ2 ) ⎤⎥
1/ 2
⎡10 ⋅ PC ⋅ m˙ 3f 4 / π
( S = N ⋅ Q 3/ 4
2

D econ = ⎢⎢ ⎥
(NPSH )
CC ⋅ PP
Diffusers and sudden expansions: ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Specific diameter (Ds)
Pump power output (Q at full capacity) (Compressors)
0.25
Friction heating in a pipe D s = D ⋅ H0.5
kW = H ⋅ Q ⋅ ρ / 3.670 × 10 5 Q
(Laminar flow of Newtonian fluids)
(H in N·m/kg; Q in m3/h; ρ in kg/m3)
Flow coefficient (φ)
kW = H ⋅ Q / 3.599 × 10 6 (Compressors)

Torricelli’s equation (H in Pa; Q in m3/h)

φ= Q
(For flow from the bottom of a vessel) 3
N ⋅D3
hp = H ⋅ Q ⋅ s / 3.960 × 10
V2 = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h (H in lbf·ft/lbm; Q in gal/min) Pressure coefficient (ψ)
(Compressors)

Pressure-depth relationship hp = H ⋅ Q / 1.714 × 10 3 ψ = H

(Constant density) (H in lbf /in.2; Q in gal/min) N 2 ⋅ D2
(
P2 − P1 = − ρ ⋅ g z 2 − z 1 ) Net positive suction head* Nomenclature
(Be sure to convert pressure units to head)
atm atmospheric pressure
Reynolds number (NPSH)A = hss – hfs – p A area
D ⋅V ⋅ ρ BHP brake horsepower, hp
Re = For an existing installation:
c speed of sound
µ (NPSH)A = atm + hgs – p + hvs CC capital charge constant, 1/yr
Friction factor (f ) *To avoid cavitation, (NPSH)A ≥ (NPSH)R D diameter
D0 diameter at the pipe wall
1 = −4 log⎡ 0.27 ε + 7 / Re 0.9 ⎤

f ⎢⎣ D ( ) ⎥⎦ Head-flow relationship (pumps) f friction factor

friction heating per unit mass
Re > 4,000 (Q2 )2 = h2 g gravity constant

(Q1)2 h1
h head
Mach number hfs suction friction head
hgs gage reading at the suction flange
M = V/c Specific speed (Ns)** of a pump
0.5 hss static suction head
Speed of sound N s = N ⋅ 0Q.75 hvs velocity head at point of gage
H attachment
⎛ ⎞
c = ⎜K ⎟ (Q in gal/min; H in ft·lbf /lbm) H total dynamic head
⎝ ρ⎠ K
•
bulk modulus
**For compressors, H is adiabatic head m mass flowrate
M Mach number
(NPSH)A available net positive suction head
The Affinity Laws (pumps) (NPSH)R required net positive suction head
N impeller rotational speed, rpm
Constant impeller dia. Constant impeller speed p vapor pressure
(D = impeller dia.) P pressure
PC pumping cost constant, $/(hp·yr)
Capacity Q1 N1 Q1 D1
= = PP purchase price constant,
Q2 N 2 Q 2 D2 $/[in. (dia.) · ft (of length)]
Q volumetric flowrate
Head H1
=
( )
N1
2
h1
=
( )
D1
2 Re
s
Reynolds number
specific gravity
H2 N2 ( )2 h2 D2( )2 V
z
velocity
position in the direction opposite
that of gravity
Break BHP1
=
N1( )3 BHP1
=
P1 ( )3 ε pipe roughness
horsepower µ
BHP2 N2( )3 BHP2 P2 ( )3 ρ
fluid viscosity
density

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