Running head: GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 1

Neotectonics and Geomorphology of the Moss Beach area, California

Student name

University

Date:
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 2

Table of Contents
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................2

1.Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3

2. Geographical Setting...........................................................................................................................3

2.1 Pre-Cretaceous Rocks..............................................................................................................5

2.2 Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks......................................................................................................6

2.3 Rock Units.....................................................................................................................................7

3. A map of geomorphic features such as landslide scarps, landslide deposits, and sea cliff collapsed
structures.................................................................................................................................................8

3.1 Geomorphic Features.....................................................................................................................8

4. Discussion of the geological hazards in area.......................................................................................9

5. A topographic profile is illustrating the marine terraces in the area...................................................10

5.1 Bluff Retreat Estimate.................................................................................................................13

6. Structural analysis of the offshore folds including stereo-net plots of poles to bedding and orientation
of the fold axes......................................................................................................................................16

7. What is the relationship between the folds and strike-slip faulting?..................................................17

8. What is the rate of uplift as determined from terrace elevation, terrace age, and the sea level chart? 18

9. Why is uplift occulting in the area?...................................................................................................20

10. Summary and Conclusions..............................................................................................................21

References.............................................................................................................................................23
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 3

1. Introduction
The motivation behind this task was to incorporate a point by point geologic map of Moss

Beach, California. Ideally, this would yield hints not exclusively to the topographical structures

found in the area but additionally 'give knowledge into the occasions which made these

structures structure. Of extraordinary interest was the Bathtub, a structure, communicated in map

view, as a progression of concentric allegorical curves. This exertion was attempted to fulfill a

requirement for field and mapping succession for the Structural Geology class. The strategy

utilized in ordering our maps was plane table mapping with alidade and stadia pole.

2. Geographical Setting
The Moss Beach area is bound toward the southwest by the Seal Cove fault, an expansion

of the San Gregorio fault and toward the north by granitic rocks, which reach out along the

coastline. The Seal Cove weakness showed by widely disturbed mudstone and sandstone used to

be breathtakingly uncovered in the sea bluffs close to the way down to the beach. It compares

distinctive facies of the Purisima Formation. A major heap of rocks presently secures it.

However, it is uncovered in the wave-cut terrace during incredibly low tides. The Montara

Granite forms part of the Salinan square, which is accepted to have moved northward from

southern California along the San Andreas Fault. Restricted paleo magnetic data shows it might

have started considerably farther south in Guatemala (Brabb, Gramer, and Jones, 1998).

However, most specialists are unconvinced by this understanding.

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 4

Geographic map of the study area

Moss Beach Geomorphology and Structure

A topographical map with the primary structures recognized, with agent strikes and

plunges of sheet material and significant faults.

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Map indicating the connection of the examination area (flat lines) to significant structural

limits of the northern Santa Cruz Mountains. The slanting lined area in Palo Alto and part of the

Redwood Point quadrangles.

2.1 Pre-Cretaceous Rocks

The older rocks present in the map area are small pendants of metasedimentary rock in the

granitic rock of Montara Mountain. One pendant close to the south-focal ridge of the map area is

marble; different pendants, close to the south ridge of the map area in El Granada, comprise of

three focal points of schist and hornfels. No different pendants were found in the granitic rock
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 6

formation, although others might be available underneath the mantle of surficial stores.

Hemphill-Haley et al., (2019) connected the marble with the Paleozoic Gabilan Limestone in

Monterey County, a problematic relationship. By lacking analytic information, the pendants are

viewed as leftovers of a pre-cretaceous sedimentary unit.

2.2 Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks

Glen (1958) recognized eight gastropod and 23 pelecypod species just as Whale and

dolphin bones in the dregs. The stratigraphically least layers (the most established layers) had the

most 'bottomless fauna, while the most elevated layers (the most active layers) had the most

varied collection. This represents a change from high physical worry to a low natural pressure

condition. He inferred that the rocks of Koss Beach were stored in a shallow salty embayment

that got separated from the vast sea. The Montara Granite interruption from the Montara

Batholith prevails north of North Point. Collapsed and faulted marine residue and Quaternary '

terrace stores overwhelm the area south of North Point. A significant fault - the Seal Cove Fault

is available in the Southern part of the mapping area.

There has been a progression of 4 significant geologic occasions contributing to the general

topography of the Coast Ranges and the Foss Reach locale precisely. Early Cretaceous orogeny

recorded on the Salinan Block set apart by the interruption of plutons of the granitic -

transformative center complex e.g. the Fonterra rock. Assumed early Tertiary pushing brought

highest Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks into nearby contact with the geosynclinals

Franciscan rocks. It is a drawn-out Cenozoic strike-slip faulting of incredible uprooting along the

San Andreas Fault. Late Pliocene and Pleistocene collapse and faulting (Blake, Graymer and

Jones, 2000). These are then combined with the erosional and depositional process of the sea.
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 7

2.3 Rock Units

The mapping area units can be isolated into a few classes as per age and geologic nature.

The primary partition is made between the Montara Granite and the sedimentary marine units.

The Montara Granite is Upper Cretaceous in age and is of volcano’s starting point. There are two

profiles of Marine sedimentary stores - that north of Worth Point related to the Montara Granite

interruption and those souths of North Point related to the bath syncline. The two profiles of

units are Tertiary Age Pliocene Epoch in age, and likely could be contemporaneous (Simpson et

al., 1997). An immediate connection cannot be made for sure because of the absence of data.

Compositionally and, distinctively, they are practically equal.

The Montara Granite gets its name from Montara Mountain (recently referenced) and is of

a similar birthplace. It has been given the image Kugr representing Upper Cretaceous rock. The

rock is a substantial molten interruption with its base unexposed. Due to enduring, its surface is

hackly cracked. It is endured dim and has a mineral group comprising of quartz, plagioclase, K-

fight, biotite, and pyroxene. An increasingly appropriate name for this group, depending on the

level of the minerals present, maybe a granodiorite instead of pure rock. The Montara rock

Intrusion contact is hard to track down because of the cracking promotion faulting of the rock

and the sedimentary terrace stores brought about by the spacial interruption. It was not

experienced while mapping until Station C was set up.

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 8

3. A map of geomorphic features such as landslide scarps, landslide deposits, and sea cliff
collapsed structures.

3.1 Geomorphic Features

Geomorphic features related to the San Andreas Fault System in California (Pampeyan,

1994)

The most prominent scene includes that uncover the area of the San Andreas Fault, and

numerous other territorial faults, are structures that show proof of right-sidelong balance.

Different qualities incorporate compared bedrock types, linear scene features, springs, stream

examples, and regular catchment bowls with ponds (Pampeyan, 1994). Vertical elevate along

with the weakness (on one of the two sides) or bifurcating or echelon fault samples, collapsing,

and the different width and disintegration along a functioning and past-dynamic fault area can

make difficulties in finding and following a fault follow. Stream designs are frequently

uncovering; however, they should be checked by different lines of proof. The fault line is

regularly clouded by geography (for example, where a fault crosses slope inclines and stream
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 9

isolates), by ground spread, via avalanches and colluvium, or by surface disturbance from human

action.

4. Discussion of the geological hazards in the area

Fault Rupture - The site of the proposed home is found around 200 feet upper east of the

dynamic San Gregorio-Seal Cove Fault. As referenced before, the geologic maps inspected show

the hint of the weakness inclining in a northwest-southeast direction. The fault is not mapped at

the subject site on any of the maps explored, and there were no signs seen during our site

observation of faulting at the site (Jachens et al., 2002). Accordingly, a fault break is not relied

upon to affect the residence.

Ground Shaking - The site is situated in a functioning seismic area. Moderate to massive

seismic earthquakes are plausible along a few active faults in the more prominent Bay Area over

a 30 to 50-year plan life. In this way, strong ground shaking ought not to get out of the ordinary a

few times during the plan life of the turn of events, as is typical for destinations all through the

Bay Area. The upgrades ought to be planned and developed, keeping current earthquake

obstruction norms.

Differential Compaction - Differential compaction happens during moderate and enormous

seismic earthquakes when delicate or free, characteristic, or fill soils are densified and settle,

frequently unevenly over a site. The local soils experienced in the borings at the site are not

expected to be dependent upon critical differential compaction.

Secondary Ground Deformation - As noted over, the habitation site is found roughly 200

feet from the dynamic San Gregorio-Seal Cove Fault. During massive earthquakes with a focal

point and ground surface break near the site, there is potential for secondary ground faulting.

Secondary ground faults incorporate gaps, arbitrary ground breaks, and ground distorting not
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 10

straightforwardly identified with primary fault burst (Perg, Anderson and Finkel, 2001). This

kind of distortion has been noted to happen a few hundred feet or more from fundamental fault

follows. Potential harm related to this kind of disfigurement remembers breaking for pools,

sections, and in any event, building establishments because of arbitrary ground twists or

mutilations happening corresponding to the primary weakness follow.

Sea Bluff Retreat - Approximately 30 feet high sea bluffs are found 250 feet west of the

site. Properties situated along the bluff have been harmed by bluff retreat. One close by living

profile has been moved from its previous area contiguous the bluff. Bluff retreat rates averaging

a limit of 12 to 15 inches for each year have been accounted for in the site area. These rates have

been eased back by different incline security measures, such as tear rap and gunite profile. At the

traditionalist highest rate of 15 inches for each year and a separation of 250 feet, the proposed

living profile would be directly affected by the bluff retreat in roughly 200 years (Washburn,

Blisniuk and Missle, 2020). Since the site is found so distant from the precipices, as we would

see it, preceded with the disintegration of the bluffs will have a small effect on the proposed

habitation over a sensible plan life.

5. A topographic profile is illustrating the marine terraces in the area.

The site's topography is delineated, with a layer of marine terrace stores that overlays a

bedrock layer known as the Montara Quartz Diorite (JCP 1990). Assessment of slanted airborne

photography of the site chronicled by the California Coastal Records Project1 demonstrates the

sandy beach is occasional. During winter and spring months, photos show a rocky beach with

waves breaking at the base of the bedrock bluff. Moreover, the undertaking area is mapped as an

area of "low security" and named precarious bluff material with disintegration rate more
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 11

noteworthy than one foot for every year in a San Mateo County Geologic Hazards Map (San

Mateo County 1975).

Photo of the site on the beach looking north, demonstrating the separated topography of the

bluff (Simpson et al., 1997).

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 12

Photographs of the bluff top demonstrating substantial trash and fill at the highest point of

a functioning avalanche (left) and the changeability in the bluff ridge brought about by ravines

(right) (Simpson et al., 1997).

A few gaps were seen in the bluff top, demonstrating that the bluff ridge is in a precarious

geometry and is inclined to disappointment (left board, Figure 4). The gaps are likely an

aftereffect of the marine terrace store layer's excessively steep geometry layer, and characteristic

of the rambling idea of disintegration. The photograph on the privilege in Figure 4 shows the

crevasse found promptly north of the promontory inverse Lot D.

Rough geometry of beach and bluff (Simpson et al., 1997)

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 13

The blue line is found where we studied a profile over the bluff and beach. The rise of the

ridge of the bluff was estimated to be roughly 43 feet NAVD, with some changeability along the

shore. The marine terrace stores in this area stand practically vertical and are around 25 feet tall.

The height of the bedrock layer was around 18 feet NAVD, although it likewise differed along

the shore, and was roughly 7 feet over the highest point of the beach. A small "bench" was

shaped on the bedrock top as it broadens toward the sea from the base of the bluff. The bedrock

bench from the bluff toe shifted between around 5 feet and 15 feet along the shore, likely a

component of the relative introduction to waves breaking close to the bedrock and bluff

(Cochrane et al., 2014). The bench was not seen toward the north finish of the beach. This is

likely a result of the nearness of an enormous projection that stretches out into the surf area and

ensures the northern pocket of the beach from the bigger breaking waves. Rocks and huge

cobbles were seen in the surf area at around the low tide stage and along the beach.

5.1 Bluff Retreat Estimate

The projection of the future bluff retreat was finished utilizing a methodology originally

fixed by ESA and applied to a few investigations on California's bank. The strategy appraises the

expansion in the disintegration rate of the base or toe of the bluff as an element of the adjustment

in the TWL exceedance over the toe for future conditions. For this specific site and application,

the layered geography was evaluated utilizing a further advance and suspicions. A critical

suspicion in this investigation is that for a static sea level, the bedrock layer and the marine

terrace layer disintegrate at a similar rate. We accept that the bench between the ridge of the

bedrock and the bluff base is a consequence of variable wave introduction and is not relied upon

to change radically for a static sea level (Burnham, 1998). As sea-level changes, the base

disintegration rate of the bedrock will increase because of the adjustment in total water level
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 14

exceedance over the toe. The bedrock bench will increment because of the expanded effects of

waves on the marine terrace materials. In this way, we figured the quickened disintegration of

the bluff top as an element of the speeding up in the base disintegration at the toe of the bedrock,

and the expansion in the bench width between the bedrock ridge and the bluff (Bruns et al.,

2002). The figure below presents a schematic that shows the applied model of the bluff

disintegration for the site. X1 is the base disintegration separation of the toe of the bedrock for a

given period, and X2 is the absolute disintegration separation of the bluff ridge for a similar

period. Note that X2 is the aggregate of the base disintegration separation X1 and the bench

width adjustment.

A theoretical model of bluff erosion at the site (not to scale) (Bruns et al., 2002)

A structural cross-section with an explanation that justifies your interpretations and

describes the geologic system

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 15

(Bruns et al., 2002)

Sedimentary and molten rocks of the Franciscan Complex, the vast majority of which are

transformed somewhat, are the following most seasoned units in the map area. They structure the

storm cellar of the Pilarcitos and Moss Beach. They are viewed as Jurassic and Cretaceous in

age; however, no Jurassic file fossils are known from this area. In the Pilarcitos obstruct, the

predominant Franciscan units are greenstone and sandstone (graywacke), with a band of sheared

rock along the Pilarcitos Fault. Limestone, serpentinite, combination, chert, and glaucophane

schist, in diminishing request of wealth, likewise are available. Greenstone is the northern part of

the map area, to a great extent, agglomerate, stream breccia, and tuff; in the southern part of the

map area, greenstone is comprised of streams with or without pad structure. The greenstone unit

gives off an impression of being interbedded with graywacke. However, the structure might be

more perplexing than as portrayed by Lawson (1914). In Moss Beach, the sheared rock of the

Franciscan Complex is the predominant unit. It contains structural incorporations of greenstone,

graywacke, glaucophane schist, and chert dissipated about arbitrarily. Along the east ridge of the
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 16

sheared-rock unit, intelligible collections of cherts, graywacke, and combination are available;

along its southwest ridge, the sheared rock unit is secured by serpentinite.

The cellar rock of the La Honda and Pigeon Point squares is granitic; however, it is so

unavoidably breaking that sound hand examples represent the unit is hard to get. Restricted aplite

and pegmatite barriers are normal, and in a couple of spots, buff-enduring rhyolite dams as wide

as 2 ft. are available (Simpson et al., 1997). The granitic rock of Montara Mountain has been

differently called rock, quartz diorite, granodiorite, and tonalite. In any case, most specialists

concur that the proportion of potassium feldspar to plagioclase changes within this pluton.

6. Structural analysis of the offshore folds including stereo-net plots of poles to bedding and
orientation of the fold axes
There have been two known developments along the Seal Cove Fault, one preceding

collapsing of the sedimentary beds and one after which uprooted the overlying marine terrace.

Both moved the southern square up relative - toward the northern square. Late work

demonstrates that the fault is as yet dynamic, and a significant part of the area is viewed as

precarious (Leighton, 1971). The predominant fundamental element of the mapped area is the

Bathtub, a syncline dunging I.O., N31W. It is communicated geologically within the flowing

extent by safe aggregate ribs (Perg, Anderson and Finkel, 2001). The overlap is equal to the

layers, to a great extent; keep up their thickness from appendage to appendage. In any case, the

down-plunge profile uncovers the overlap's asymmetry (the upper east appendage plunges about

20°to 30", not exactly the southwest appendage). Because of the asymmetry, the pivot hub does

not resemble the pattern of the dive. Of the data about the syncline and its sedimentary character

was assembled from the more open upper east appendage. The layers are capability collapsed

generally, however examples of jointing, shearing, and faulting likewise went with collapsing

(Washburn, Blisniuk and Missel, 2020). Push faults in sand/siltstone beds have been mapped at
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 17

the Moss beach, which relates to the pivot hub hint. These faults strike generally corresponding

to the overlay pivot follow and are doubtlessly a consequence of hub pressure in collapsing.

Periodic low-ridge push faults show up somewhere else in the less skillful units, likely identified

with worry in collapsing.

Moss Beach Syncline

7. What is the relationship between the folds and strike-slip faulting?

Shear areas, breaking and faulting the bedding of the sand/siltstone layers promptly

underneath the contact with the overlying granule rich units, seem to show slippage of the layers

during collapsing. As the layers collapsed, they slipped past one another; ‘frictional drag brought

about sheer disappointment in the less capable sand/siltstone units. A few long joints drifting

roughly Perpendicular to the overlap pivot likewise describe the Bathtub's upper east appendage.

These almost vertical joints are best uncovered in the more skilled layers; however, they can be

followed through the bedding succession. The pattern of the joints is, to some degree, baffling. If

the joints are identified with deformational pressure and if the collapsing is an aftereffect of

pressure opposite to the overlay pivot, one would regularly expect faults at around a 45" ridge as
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 18

indicated by a basic pressure model. Their current pattern demonstrates that something different

might be going on.

It is difficult to utilize a basic pressure model given constrained data. The joints may

mirror some other kind of faulting not related directly to the collapsing occurrence. The joints are

carrying on along the lines of a small pressure model, which suggests the pressure is not opposed

to the overlap hub. It gets important to clarify the overlapping shape as a result of both pressure

and cooperation with the necessary granitic cellar.

8. What is the rate of uplift as determined from terrace elevation, terrace age, and the sea
level chart?
Elevations of marine terraces along the western shore of the PRP show that crustal uplift

rates are higher toward the southern end, coming to ~1 m/ka close to Moss Beach. Quantitative

estimations of geomorphic qualities are predictable with the perception of southward expanding

rates. Although the PRP seems to have been gradually elevating during the more significant part

of the previous 1–2 Ma, during the past ~300 ky uplift of the southern end, it seems to have

quickened as a contractional area in the coastal area south of the landmass has moved northward.

Other than a ~M5 quake brought about by development on a converse weakness west of Moss

Beach, this investigation is the main reported proof of contractional disfigurement related to this

part of the San Andreas Fault. Results infer that converse faults in the district have been dynamic

during the previous 80 ky and that their seismic earthquake potential should be researched.
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 19

A) Inner-ridge Elevations of terraces as an element of separation along the coast, estimated

from the WVT transect. B) Sample terrace flight and the relationship between foundation

Elevations and sea level

Elevations of more seasoned terrace inner ridges are less precise because the dregs spread

has been generally disintegrated from higher terrace levels, and the bedrock stages themselves

are usually dissolved. A particular case is the WVT transect, where the 34-m-thick dregs spread

covers terrace level 3. The external and inner ridges of this terrace were evident in the dissolved

valley near the transect, and Elevations could be estimated with more sureness. On some terrace

levels, adjustments were applied where the stage is secured by vegetation and soil. The saved

stages are exceptionally limited (b80 m wide), and the revision has a vulnerability of ±1 m. A

large portion of the higher terraces have uncovered stage surfaces, and it was conceivable to

gauge the inner ridge rise straightforwardly. These rises are the least qualities because the

measure of disintegration is dubious. For instance, terrace level 9 on the WVT transect has an
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 20

inner ridge height lower than the external ridge rise. We gauge the vulnerability of ±5 m for the

higher terrace levels.

Although wave-cut stages are made during stable sea level low stands just as high stands,

the low-stand stages are currently lowered, and we can expect that the uncovered stages were

made during high stands. Since past high stands arrived at unexpected Elevations compared to

the present high stand, we utilized evaluations of past sea level rises to decide the measure of

elevating. In order to ascertain the complete vertical removal of a marine stage, the height of the

past eustatic sea level must be deducted from the current rise of the terrace if the past level was

higher than today and included from the current rise it the past level was lower than today. The

record of paleo-sea levels is muddled by differential frigid hydro-isostatic reactions of Earth's

crust.

9. Why is uplift occulting in the area?

Since uplifted marine terraces are best saved on the Moss Beach syncline's eastern

appendage, we concentrated our investigations on terraces inclining the western flank of

Inverness Ridge. Marine terraces structure along developing coastlines by the cooperation

between glacioeustatically controlled sea-level changes and structural uplift. They comprise of a

bedrock stage etched by wave activity during times of stable relative sea level and overlain by

surficial residue. Stages are cut when the rate of sea-level ascent surpasses or rises to the uplift

rate during interstadial or interglacial sea-level ascents and resultant sea-level high stands. When

the planet enters a frigid period, sea level falls; in the meantime, local uplift proceeds, and the

stage gets deserted (Grove and Niemi, 1999). When sea level ascents again during the following

interglacial period, molding a wave-cut stage starts once more. Another stage is formed beneath

the elevated and relinquished stages. This cycle kept during the Pleistocene Epoch, profiles, or
GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 21

"flights" of terraces framed along developing coastlines around the globe, for example, in New

Zealand southern Italy and Patagonia. Terrace flights found along the Pacific coast have been

utilized widely to comprehend the area's uplift history. However, they have not been recently

learned at Moss Beach.

Since marine terraces are formed at a known datum (sea level), trips of elevated terraces

can be utilized as strain checks if the uplift can be estimated. The terrace stages can be dated

(Jachens et al., 2002). The marine terraces currently uncovered ashore were framed at high sea-

level stands. They can correspond to the marine oxygen isotope (MIS) record, which is a

component of sea temperature and ice volume. It fills in as an intermediary for the worldwide sea

level. Uranium-profile dating of carbonate from tropical coral reefs and lone corals in terrace

dregs has been utilized to give raised paleo-sea level high stands and relate terrace trips with the

MIS record. At Moss Beach, we estimated the rise of wave-cut stages and assessed the periods of

the surfaces (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2005). Uplift rates were then

determined by separating the measure of vertical dislodging by the age after rectification for the

paleo-sea level.

10. Summary and Conclusions

The Moss Beach area is the aftereffect of a progression of fascinating geologic occasions.

Given the mapping area's translations, the first occasion was the disintegration of the Montara

Granite by wave activity, yielding a planed-off surface. Further, disintegration made the surface

lopsided. This surface was then overlain by sand and rock. It is very conceivable that the process

of disintegration could have occurred for a long time. The sand and rock stores were compacted

and established to form an indurated rock. Some physical processes, for example, faulting, then

made these residues delicately inclined and collapsed.

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 22

Further disintegration occurred when there was a difference in the sea level concerning the

land, which permitted the arranging off/statement process grouping to happen once more. The

present overlying terrace stores are illustrative of this last profile, which has created terraced

tallness of 20 feet. Waves are causing the disintegration of the rocks creating another wave-cut

terrace. The Seal Cove Fault, a trademark highlight of the area, is as yet thought to be a

functioning weakness. It is possible to imagine that this whole succession could be replicated

today - the grouping of inclining, collapsing, faulting, disintegration, and affidavit,

GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 23

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GEOLOGY CAPSTONE 25

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Department of Geology, San Jose State University.