Semiconductores de Banda de Valencia Ancha

(Wide Band Gap Semiconductors)

Francisco Javier Quinga Nasimba
Facultad de Ingenieria Eléctrica y Electrónica
Escuela Politécnica Nacional
Quito, Ecuador
francisco.quinga@epn.edu.ec

Abstract—This document is a work about B. Units

Index Terms—component, formatting, style, styling, insert • Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units
are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary
I. I NTRODUCTION units (in parentheses). An exception would be the use of
English units as identifiers in trade, such as “3.5-inch disk
This document is a model and instructions for LATEX. Please drive”.
observe the conference page limits. • Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current
in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often
leads to confusion because equations do not balance
II. E ASE OF U SE dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state
the units for each quantity that you use in an equation.
A. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
• Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units:
The IEEEtran class file is used to format your paper and “Wb/m2 ” or “webers per square meter”, not “webers/m2 ”.
style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and Spell out units when they appear in text: “. . . a few
text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may henries”, not “. . . a few H”.
note peculiarities. For example, the head margin measures • Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”. Use
proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and “cm3 ”, not “cc”.)
others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your
paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an C. Equations
independent document. Please do not revise any of the current Number equations consecutively. To make your equations
designations. more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp
function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols
for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a
III. P REPARE YOUR PAPER B EFORE S TYLING
long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate
Before you begin to format your paper, first write and equations with commas or periods when they are part of a
save the content as a separate text file. Complete all content sentence, as in:
and organizational editing before formatting. Please note sec- a+b=γ (1)
tions III-A–III-E below for more information on proofreading, Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined
spelling and grammar. before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not
Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a
has been formatted and styled. Do not number text heads— sentence: “Equation (1) is . . .”
LATEX will do that for you.
D. LATEX-Specific Advice
A. Abbreviations and Acronyms Please use “soft” (e.g., \eqref{Eq}) cross references
instead of “hard” references (e.g., (1)). That will make it
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are possible to combine sections, add equations, or change the
used in the text, even after they have been defined in the order of figures or citations without having to go through the
abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, ac, dc, file line by line.
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations Please don’t use the {eqnarray} equation environ-
in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. ment. Use {align} or {IEEEeqnarray} instead. The
{eqnarray} environment leaves unsightly spaces around
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this. relation symbols.
 Please note that the {subequations} environment in An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].
LATEX will increment the main equation counter even when
there are no equation numbers displayed. If you forget that, F. Authors and Affiliations
you might write an article in which the equation numbers skip The class file is designed for, but not limited to, six
from (17) to (20), causing the copy editors to wonder if you’ve authors. A minimum of one author is required for all confer-
discovered a new method of counting. ence articles. Author names should be listed starting from left
BIBTEX does not work by magic. It doesn’t get the biblio- to right and then moving down to the next line. This is the
graphic data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use BIBTEX author sequence that will be used in future citations and by
to produce a bibliography you must send the .bib files. indexing services. Names should not be listed in columns nor
LATEX can’t read your mind. If you assign the same label to group by affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as
a subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments
been cross referenced as Table IV-B3. of the same organization).
LATEX does not have precognitive abilities. If you put a
\label command before the command that updates the G. Identify the Headings
counter it’s supposed to be using, the label will pick up the last Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the
counter to be cross referenced instead. In particular, a \label reader through your paper. There are two types: component
command should not go before the caption of a figure or a heads and text heads.
table. Component heads identify the different components of
Do not use \nonumber inside the {array} environment. your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other.
It will not stop equation numbers inside {array} (there Examples include Acknowledgments and References and, for
won’t be any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure
number in the surrounding equation. caption” for your Figure captions, and “table head” for your
table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you
E. Some Common Mistakes to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style
• The word “data” is plural, not singular. provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from
• The subscript for the permeability of vacuum µ0 , and the text.
other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical
formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”. basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head
• In American English, commas, semicolons, periods, ques- because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this
tion and exclamation marks are located within quotation one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next
marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and,
such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no
are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to highlight subheads should be introduced.
a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of
the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase or statement H. Figures and Tables
at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and
closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them
is punctuated within the parentheses.) in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span
• A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”. The across both columns. Figure captions should be below the
word alternatively is preferred to the word “alternately” figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
(unless you really mean something that alternates). figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the
• Do not use the word “essentially” to mean “approxi- abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.
mately” or “effectively”.
• In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can accurately TABLE I
replace the word “using”, capitalize the “u”; if not, keep TABLE T YPE S TYLES
using lower-cased. Table Table Column Head
• Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead
“affect” and “effect”, “complement” and “compliment”, copy More table copya
a Sample of a Table footnote.
“discreet” and “discrete”, “principal” and “principle”.
• Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.
• The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to the Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure
word it modifies, usually without a hyphen. labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when
• There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an
“et al.”. example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or “Magnetiza-
• The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the abbrevi- tion, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the label, present
ation “e.g.” means “for example”. them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In
 IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for compos-
ing and formatting conference papers. Please ensure that all
template text is removed from your conference paper prior to
submission to the conference. Failure to remove the template
text from your paper may result in your paper not being
published.

Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption.

the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization

{A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label axes with a ratio of
quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K)”,
not “Temperature/K”.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted
expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .”. Instead, try
“R. B. G. thanks. . .”. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the
unnumbered footnote on the first page.
R EFERENCES
Please number citations consecutively within brackets [1].
The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply
to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use “Ref. [3]”
or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence:
“Reference [3] was the first . . .”
Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the ac-
tual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was
cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list.
Use letters for table footnotes.
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names;
do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been published,
even if they have been submitted for publication, should be
cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for
publication should be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only
the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and
element symbols.
For papers published in translation journals, please give the
English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language
citation [6].
R EFERENCES
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol.
2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New
York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE
Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th
Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: Univer-
sity Science, 1989.