Scribd
Upload
93 views5 pages

Urolithiasis: Objective of Report Include

This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (kidney stones). It defines urolithiasis and describes the mechanisms of stone formation. Risk factors include gender, ethnicity, family history, medical conditions, diet, and medications. Signs and symptoms include pain and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves medical tests like urinalysis, CT scans, and ultrasounds. Treatment focuses on pain relief, hydration, antibiotics if infection is present. Small stones may pass spontaneously, while larger stones may require lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove the stone. Preventing dehydration through adequate water intake can help prevent kidney stones.

Uploaded by

aaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
93 views5 pages

Urolithiasis: Objective of Report Include

This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (kidney stones). It defines urolithiasis and describes the mechanisms of stone formation. Risk factors include gender, ethnicity, family history, medical conditions, diet, and medications. Signs and symptoms include pain and blood in the urine. Diagnosis involves medical tests like urinalysis, CT scans, and ultrasounds. Treatment focuses on pain relief, hydration, antibiotics if infection is present. Small stones may pass spontaneously, while larger stones may require lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove the stone. Preventing dehydration through adequate water intake can help prevent kidney stones.

Uploaded by

aaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Urolithiasis

‫باشراف الدكتور نعمه الهيتي‬

‫ انمار ستار سعد فياض‬: ‫اعداد الطالب‬

Objective of report include:


 Defention

 Mechanism of stone Formation

 Risk factor

 Signs and symptoms

the investigations and diagnosis

 mangment of urolithiasis

 kidney stone prevention

 Reference
Defention
Urolithiasis : (also known as Nephrolithiasis)The process of forming stones in the
urinary tract (kidney, bladder, and/or urethra ).
Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen,
flank, or groin. Kidney stones occur in 1 in 20 people at some time in their life.

Mechanism of stone Formation

The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or


increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate,
urate, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. When the balance of these
compounds changes, kidney stones may form. The stones form in the urine
collecting area (the pelvis) of the kidney and may range in size from tiny to
staghorn stones the size of the renal pelvis itself.
Risk factor
“ The risk of urolithiasis increases as a result of any factor that leads urinary stasis due to a
reduction or obstruction of urinary flow.”

Certain risk factors contribute to a higher incidence of stone formation, including:

 Gender: men excrete less citrate and more calcium than women, which is thought to be
linked to higher incidence
 Ethnic background: individuals with a Native American, African or Israeli background
are more likely to be affected.
 Family history: some families have a tendency to produce excess mucoprotein in the
urinary system, which can promote stone formation.
 Medical history: some health conditions are associated with a raised risk of stone
formation, including intestinal disease, recurrent urinary tract infections and cystinuria.
 Diet: dehydration or reduced fluid intake may increase the risk of stone formation, in
addition to increased consumption of sodium, oxalate, fat, protein, sugar, unrefined
carbohydrates and vitamin C.
 Medications: some medication such as ephedrine, guaifenesin, thiazide, indinavir and
allopurinol may lead to the development of stones.

Signs and symptoms


Many kidney stones are painless until they travel from the kidney, down the ureter, and into
the bladder. Depending on the size of the stone, movement of the stone through the urinary
tract can cause severe pain (usually of sudden onset, very severe and colicky (intermittent),
not improved by changes in position, radiating from the back, down the flank, and into the
groin).
. Those who have kidney stones may see blood in their urine.

the investigations and diagnosis


The diagnosis of urolithiasis involves a medical history and a physical examination and
excluding other possible causes of abdominal pain and associated symptoms. appropriate
tests that help to diagnose calculi and make the appropriate treatment decisions. This may
include:

 Urine culture and urinalysis to reveal signs of hematuria, pyuria, infection and acidity.
 Complete blood count tests to detect elevated white blood cells indicative of infection.
 Intravenous pyelography (IVP) to identify the size and location of the stone and its
effect on the urinary flow.
 Computed tomography (CT) scan to visualize urinary tract and any obstructions such
as in acute renal colic.
 X-ray imaging to identify the size and location of the stone.
 Renal ultrasound to screen for stones and detect obstruction in the urinary system.

mangment of urolithiasis
Treatment includes relief of pain, hydration and, if there is concurrent urinary infection,
antibiotics.
The majority of stones pass spontaneously within 48 hours.
some stones may not. There are several factors which influence the ability to pass a stone.
These include the size of the person, prior stone passage, prostate enlargement, pregnancy,
and the size of the stone. A 4 mm stone has an 80% chance of passage while a 5 mm stone
has a 20% chance.
However, If a stone does not pass, certain procedures (usually by a urology specialist doctor)
may be needed as:
 Lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break a kidney stone into smaller
pieces that can be more easily expelled from the body.
 percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a procedure in which a kidney stone is removed via a
small incision in the skin
 kidney stone may also be removed with a ureteroscope, an instrument that is advanced
up through the urethra and bladder to the ureter

  kidney stones prevention

The best way to avoid kidney stones is to prevent the most common cause – Dehydration.
You are adequately hydrated when your urine is clear. Most people require between 8 to 10
glasses of water per day. Avoid grapefruit juice which is linked to the development of kidney
stones.

Refrence :
1. https://www.onhealth.com/content/1/kidney_stones
2. Worcester EM, Coe FL; Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2363(10):954-63.
3. Renal or ureteric colic - acute; NICE CKS, April 2015 (UK access only)
4. Wood HM, Shoskes DA; The role of nanobacteria in urologic disease. World J Urol. 2006 Feb24(1):51-4. Epub
2006 Jan 10.
5. Shiekh FA, Khullar M, Singh SK; Lithogenesis: induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria. Urol Res. 2006
Feb34(1):53-7. Epub 2006 Jan 20.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy