Appendix

Geochronology in Myanmar (1964–2017)

M. J. CROW1* & KHIN ZAW2

1
28A Lenton Road, The Park, Nottingham NG7 1DT, UK
2
CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania,
Private Bag 126, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
*Correspondence: mcrow73517@aol.com

This Appendix summarizes the published isotopic age data for zircon crystals analysed is significant. The greater the number
Myanmar up to early 2017. It is intended as a resource for geo- of the zircons analysed, the more precise is the age quoted.
scientists to stimulate future investigations. A variety of age Advances in instrumentation capable of determining the iso-
dating methods have been applied in Myanmar since the tope and trace-element chemistry of individual zircon crystals
mid-1960s, when Searle & Ba Than Haq (1964) published has enabled zircons to be used for a variety of scientific pur-
ages of rocks from the Mogok area data based on their uranium poses besides age dating. For example, the model age εHf cal-
contents. During the 1970s the K–Ar and Rb–Sr methods were culated from the ratio 176Hf/177Hf found in zircons gives an
applied to date biotite, muscovite and amphibole and aggre- insight into the time when a basement protolith formed from
gates of these minerals (‘whole-rock method’), mainly of gra- which a granite-forming melt is generated. A new use of zircons
nitic rocks. In the K–Ar dating method the original sample is to discriminate the metallogenic fertility of granitoids. This
was split into two halves. One half of the sample was analysed development is of particular interest for future exploration for
for K and the second half of the sample for Ar. Ideally the K–Ar Cu–Au and for Sn–W deposits in Myanmar, where zircon
isotope data document the closure temperatures when the mag- suites in many granitoids have not been studied and where
matic minerals stabilized, such as biotite (250–350°C), musco- pairs of magmatic belts of different ages rich in Cu–Au and
vite (300–400°C) and hornblende (450–500°C), the results in Sn–W are present. A study of isotopes in zircons by Gardiner
being used to date the solidification of an igneous rock. et al. (2017) found that zircons in granitoids from a Cu–Au-rich
In practice K–Ar age data were often ambiguous due to reset- magmatic arc in Myanmar had juvenile εHf values (+7.6 to
ting of the magmatic Ar and K isotope system by later tectonic +11.5) and mantle-like δ18O (5.2–5.5‰) compared to zircons
and metasomatic events. However, it was found that the iso- from a tin-rich magmatic arc with low εHf values (−7 to −13)
topes of Rb and Sr in magmatic minerals were more stable and heavier δ18O (6.2–7.7‰).
and not so affected by later events. Dating of intrusion of Studies of zircon suites in sediments have been used to date
magma could be derived from the linear plot of the ratios of sediments. In large sample suites of detrital zircons, the ages
87
Sr/86Sr v. 87Rb/86Sr from a collection of related igneous of the youngest zircons date the deposition of the sediment
rock types from a locality to plot an ‘isochron age’. In addition, unit. Dating of detrital zircon suites in sediments has been
the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios gave an indication of the source of an most successfully applied to Tertiary formations, and has
igneous rock. 87Sr/86Sr ratios less than 0.705 suggested a man- also given insight into the source area of the sediment through
tle origin, while higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicated crustal con- inspection of the age spectra of the detrital zircon population.
taminations of some nature. Studies of ages of detrital zircons in river sediments have also
The analysis of Rb and Sr isotopes, major oxides and trace been made to reconstruct the evolution of drainage networks
elements of a suite of granitic samples collected in 1977 by during the Cenozoic.
R. B. Beckinsale was described by Cobbing et al. (1992); An advantage of the Ar–Ar dating method compared to the
however, many of the Rb–Sr isochron ages of the granitoid K–Ar method is that no duplicate splitting of mineral samples
intrusions had large time errors. Such time errors can be signifi- is required to determine K and Ar values. Instead, a single min-
cantly reduced by the measurement of the Pb and U isotopes in eral sample is placed in a nuclear reactor and subjected to
igneous zircons, which have a magmatic closure temperature of intense neutron bombardment which converts 39K to 39Ar.
about 800°C. Zircons are a particularly favourable mineral for The ratios of the isotopes of argon (40Ar and 39Ar) date the clo-
isotopic dating studies because of their unique capacity for sure temperatures of metamorphic and igneous events. In
chemical durability. This durability means zircons can survive Myanmar, minerals including muscovite, biotite, phlogopite,
high-grade metamorphism, crustal recycling, subduction and amphibole, glaucophane and jadeite have been dated using
wet-melting events. the Ar–Ar method. The ‘isochron age’ is usually quoted, and
The U–Pb isotopes of zircons from selected granitoids in inspection of the sequence of the ‘plateau ages’ gives an indica-
Beckinsale’s suite were analysed by Pickard et al. in 1996 tion of the thermal history of a sample.
and published in Barley et al. (2003), among the first of many Radiation damage in U-bearing minerals is shown by the
zircon and a few monazite (closure temperature 720–750°C) presence of fission tracks, the numbers of which are related to
isotopic age studies. As Phanerozoic zircons contain minor the age of a sample. In Myanmar, fission track age data is
quantities of the isotope 207Pb, the ages quoted are based on mostly for apatite, in which the closure temperature for fission
the more reliable 206Pb/238U results, although some studies pre- track formation is about 120°C; there are a few results for zircon
fer 207Pb/206Pb ages. In addition to dating the final magmatic (fission track closure temperature of 200–310°C) and for titan-
consolidation, the ages measured in the concentric growth ite (closure temperature 500–670°C). Apatite has also been
rims in igneous zircons permit reconstruction of magmatic his- investigated using the U–Th/He method in which the forma-
tories and ages of protoliths. In zircon dating the number of tion of fission tracks has a closure temperature of 75 ± 5°C.
From: BARBER, A. J., KHIN ZAW & CROW, M. J. (eds) 2017. Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics.
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 48, 713–759, https://doi.org/10.1144/M48.32
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved.
For permissions: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/permissions. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics
 714
Table A1. Detrital zircon ages for Mesozoic and Palaeozoic sediments on the Shan Plateau and Shan Scarps areas (Fig. A1)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma)
analysed)

Upper Triassic– Fine-grained sandstones 20° 49.028′ N, LA-ICP-MS 214.7 ± 5.9 (maximum Cai et al. (2017) Major age populations: 350–200,
206
Lower Jurassic (2012M74) (zircons n = 152), 96° 25′ 6.315′ Pb/238U < 1000 Ma deposition age) 200–1700, 500–400 Ma
(2012M75) (zircons n = 78) E
207
Loi-an Group near (2012M84) (zircons n = 155) 20° 39.057′ N, Pb/206Pb > 1000 Ma Minor age population: 1250–700 Ma;
Kalaw Total of 452 acceptable ages 96° 35.602′ E max deposition age of 215 ± 6 Ma
gives robust constraint on time of
collision of Sibumasu with the
Indochina Block

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

207
Permian Argillite from near Mawchi Mine Pb corrected 206Pb/238U 292 (youngest age) Aung Zaw Myint Youngest zircon age indicates that
(zircon xenocryst) et al. (2017) the Mawchi Group argillite was
deposited in the Sakmarian
(Permian)
207
Mawchi Group Argillite from near Mawchi Mine Pb corrected 206Pb/238U Aung Zaw Myint Other zircon xenocrysts: 292, 321,
(zircon xenocrysts) et al. (2017) 350, 449, 468 and 1165 Ma
Carboniferous Fine-grained sandstones 20° 45′ 07″ N, LA-ICP-MS 469.5 ± 3.7 (maximum Cai et al. (2017) Major age populations: 571–417,
206
(2012M87) (zircons n = 127) 96° 17′ 59.8″ E Pb/238U < 1000 Ma deposition age) 1000–800, 1261–1023 Ma
207
Mergui Group west of (2012M88) (zircons n = 183) 20° 45′.173′ N, Pb/206Pb > 1000 Ma Minor age population:
Kalaw Total of 310 usable ages 96° 17.649′ E 3625–1500 Ma
Upper Silurian Medium-grained sandstones 20° 43′ 20.5″ N, LA-ICP-MS 464.8 ± 3.7 (maximum Cai et al. (2017) Major age populations: 567–470
206
(2012M80) (zircons n = 179) 97° 14′ 25.3″ E Pb/238U < 1000 Ma deposition age) and 982–887 Ma
Total of 279 acceptable ages
207
Namshim Formation (2012M81) (zircons n = 100) Near Taunggyi Pb/206Pb > 1000 Ma Minor age population:
2463–2405 Ma; additional ages
scattered between 2399–1001 and
3620–2601 Ma
Late Ordovician Siltstone (2012M79) 20° 44.195′ N, LA-ICP-MS 495.4 ± 3.7 (maximum Cai et al. (2017) Major age peak at 936 Ma
206
(zircons n = 169) Total of 96° 51.428′ E Pb/238U < 1000 Ma deposition age)
141 acceptable ages.
207
Nan-on Formation, Near Kalaw Pb/206Pb > 1000 Ma Subordinate age populations at 548,
Pindaya Group 1168 and 1705 Ma
Table A2. Isotopic ages and data for intrusions in the north and south Shan States (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau Isochron Total Φ age Mean track length 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon Zircon References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age age age (Ma) (µm) (T) εHf δ18O
analysed)

Shan States (North)

Tawng Peng (Taung Peng)
Granite Rb–Sr errorchron 340 ± 34 Mitchell et al. Apparent age
(1977)
Dolerite Mile post 71 K–Ar whole rock 834 ± 15 Mitchell et al.
Kyaukme- (1977)
Namhsam road
Diorite 982 ± 20 Mitchell et al.
(1977)
Coarse foliated pegmatitic 22° 59″ N, K–Ar biotite 156 ± 3 0.7916 Brook & Snelling
granite (8276A) 97° 7′ E (1976)
Coarse foliated pegmatitic 22° 59′ N, K–Ar K-feldspar 253 ± 5 Brook & Snelling
granite (8276A) 97° 7′ E (1976)
Coarse foliated pegmatitic K–Ar Biotite 156 ± 3 0.792 Brook & Snelling
granite (8276B) (1976)
Coarse foliated pegmatitic 22° 59′ N, K–Ar K-feldspar 140 ± 3 Brook & Snelling
granite (8276B) 97° 7′ E (1976)
Crushed foliated granite K–Ar plagioclase 142 ± 3 0.8423 Brook & Snelling

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
(8276C) (1976)
Crushed foliated granite 22° 59′ N, K–Ar K-feldspar 44 ± 1 Brook & Snelling
(8276C) 97° 7′ E (1976)
Granites (2 samples) 22° 59′ N, Rb–Sr errorchron 341 ± 17 5.6 0.739 Brook & Snelling 2-point errorchron
97° 7′ E (1976)
Dolerite (8276E) 22° 59″ N, K–Ar whole rock 834 ± 15 Brook & Snelling
97° 7′ E (1976)
Diorite (8276F) 22° 59″ N, K–Ar whole rock 982 ± 20 Brook & Snelling
97° 7′ E (1976)
Bawdwin Mine
Rhyolite and volcanoclastic 23° 7′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 212 ± 4 0.75532 ± 0.0016 Lenz & Müller Triassic age indicates
sediments; intense 97° 18′ E (1981) later Sr
sericitization homogenization of
Late Cambrian rocks.
Shan States (South)
Kyaing Tong Granite
Granite (MY55) (zircons 21.3639° N, U–Pb concordia 219.3 ± 1.3 1 c. −10.5 Gardiner et al.
n = 8) 99.62167° E (2015)
Granite (MY56) (zircons 21.29222° N, U–Pb concordia 220.1 ± 1.1 0.66 c. −12.4 Gardiner et al. Kyaing Tong granite
n = 10) 99.57417° E (2015) within northern
extension of Main
Range Granites
Plot of εHf v. inferred
crystallization ages
for MY55 and MY56
(zircons n = 18)
Biotite granite (53221B) 21° 27.238′ N, Apatite fission 20.4 ± 1.2 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n 26) (elevation 99° 39.883′ E track
800 m)
Biotite granite (53221A) 21° 27.238′ N, Apatite fission 21.3 ± 0.6 13.97 ± 0.08 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 10) (elevation 99° 39.883′ E track (n = 257)
800 m)
Biotite granite (53221A) 21° 27.238′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 20.7 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 3) 99° 39.883′ E He method
40
Biotite granite (53221A) 21° 27.238′ N, Ar/39Ar biotite 101.6 ± 1.1 Myo Min (2007)
99° 39.883′ E

715
(Continued )
 716
Table A2. Isotopic ages and data for intrusions in the north and south Shan States (Fig. A2) (Continued )

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau Isochron Total Φ age Mean track length 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon Zircon References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age age age (Ma) (µm) (T) εHf δ18O
analysed)

Biotite granite (53226B) 21° 16.871′ N, 99° Apatite fission 20.0 ± 0.9 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 63) (elevation 33.797′ E track
820 m)
40
Granite (53265A) 21° 00.297′ N, 99° Ar/39Ar biotite 208.0 ± 2.4 7.4 208.1 ± 2.5 219.7 ± 2.6 208.0 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/36Ar age of 306 ±
48.956′ E ± 2.4 68 Ma
Biotite granite (53232A) 21° 00.297′ N, 99° Apatite fission 46.8 ± 1.2 13.19 ± 0.09 (n = 250) Myo Min (2007)

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

(apatite n = 10) (elevation 48.956′ E track
906 m)
Biotite granite (53232A) 21° 00.297′ N, 99° Apatite (U-Th)/ 33.2 ± 4.8 ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 7) 48.956′ E He method 1σ
Sandstone (53233B) (apatite 21° 00.019′ N, 99° Apatite fission 24.0 ± 1.3 Myo Min (2007)
n = 47) (elevation 752 m) 50.064′ E track
Subvolcanic rock (53235B) 20° 59.424′ N, 99° Apatite fission 27.6 ± 1.5 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 71) (elevation 51.009′ E track
679 m)
Gabbro (53236B) (apatite 20° 42.971′ N, 100° Apatite fission 16.7 ± 0.6 14.26 ± 0.17 (n = 70) Myo Min (2007)
n = 88) (elevation 424 m) 04.877′ E track
Gabbro (53236B) (apatite 20° 42.971′ N, 100° Apatite (U–Th)/ 15.3 ± 2.9 ± Myo Min (2007)
n = 11) 04.877′ E He method 1σ
Mong Kan Noi
Altered biotite granite 20° 35′ N, 98° 45′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 214 ± 1.5 Than Htun et al.
(zircon) (2014)
Tachileik Granite
Undeformed granite (MY53) 20.561473° N, U–Pb concordia 265.8 ± 2.1 1.9 c. −9.6 Gardiner et al. Tachiliek granite
(zircons n = 9) 99.9771 (2015) suggested to be part
97° E of Sukhothai
Volcanic Arc.
Granite (SP-11) 20° 25.324′ N, 99° Ar–Ar biotite c. 90–110 Myo Min (2007)
18.166′ E
Table A3. Isotopic ages and data from the Mon and Taninthayi areas, southern Myanmar covering the Early Cretaceous ‘Tin Belt’ and the Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene Tin Belt of the ‘Inner Arc’ (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD 87

Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon Zircon Zircon References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) (T) (2σ) δ18O Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu*
analysed) (1σ) (1σ)

Mawpalaw Biotite granite (E4) (zircons 15° 45′ 35″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 121.3 ± 1.1 1.2 Mi Paik & Khin
Taung n = 15) samples from SE 97° 50′ 35″ E Zaw (2014),
part of Wekami village. Mi Paik (2017)
Thanbyuzayat Tin-bearing pegmatitic dyke 15° 45′ 29″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 106.8 ± 1.6 Mi Paik & Khin Age of hydrothermal
Township (Q3) (12 zircons analysed) 97° 49′ E Zaw (2014), pegmatitic tin
Mi Paik (2017) mineralization is
taken as the
youngest zircon age
Sample from eastern part of Zircon xenocryst ages
Kyaikkazan Taung 400–450 Ma
Garnet-bearing muscovite 15° 48′ 46″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 118.9 ± 2.9 0.032 Mi Paik (2017) Cluster of zircon
biotite granite (Q7) 97° 47′ 01″ E xenocryst ages
(zircons n = 4) c. 450 Ma
Quartz microdiorite (R6) 15° 46′ 6″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 113.2 ± 1.6 1.05 Mi Paik (2017)

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
(zircons n = 4), sample 97° 48′ 5″ E
from near Yemangan
Chaung
Close to Dawei Granite (MY37) (zircons 14.19844° N, IMS 1280 ion 69.5 ± 1.0 1.9 Gardiner et al. Intersection with
tin district n = 11 with 19 analyses; 98.11549° E microprobe (2016) concordia curve
n − 4 zircons with U > interpreted to reflect
500 ppm) magmatic
crystallization age
Granite (MY37) (zircons 14.19844° N, Weighted ave 70 ± 13 2.5 Gardiner et al. Age considered in
204
n = 11 with 19 analyses; 98.11549° E Pb (2016) close accord with
n = 14 data points) corrected above concordia age
207
Pb/206Pb
age
Dawei Biotite + plagioclase + 14° 16′ 32″ N, U–Pb 75.6 ± 8.8 (2σ) c. −10.4 ± 1.1 6.3 ± 0.3 4.2 ± 0.9 0.03 ± 0.9 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY71) 98° 15′ 37″ E (2017)
Taungphila Monzogranite (TPL07) 14° 14′ 23″ N, LA-ICP-MS 68.8 ± 1.0 0.1 0.996029 c. −11 c. −10 to −12 Jiang et al. (2017) A-type granite derived
(zircons n = 15) 98° 20′ 48″ E from partial melting
of meta-igneous
rocks in
Palaeo-proterozoic
crust
Hermyingyi Alkali feldspar aplite stock Rb–Sr isochron 59.5 ± 1.4 0.727 ± 10 Lehmann & Analyst: P. Muller
Mahawat (pers. comm. 1988)
(1989)
(Hermyingi Medium–fine-grained 14° 14′ N, 98° 21′ E Rb–Sr isochron 59 ± 2 0.2 0.7350 ± 0.0077 Cobbing et al.
Mine) leucocratic mesogranites (1992)
(040A-K)
238
Granite (LB 040B) (8 14° 15 N, 98° 26′ E U–Pb SHRIMP 61.7 ± 1.3 0.78 Pickard et al. U/206Pb older cores
analyses of 6 Type-2 (1996) = rim ages of 69 ± 1
zircons) and 100 ± 2 Ma

(Continued )

717
Table A3. Isotopic ages and data from the Mon and Taninthayi areas, southern Myanmar covering the Early Cretaceous ‘Tin Belt’ and the Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene Tin Belt of the ‘Inner Arc’ (Fig. A2) (Continued )

718
Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon Zircon Zircon References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) (T) (2σ) δ18O Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu*
analysed) (1σ) (1σ)

Granite (HMG06) (zircons 14° 14′ 47″ N, LA-ICP-MS 70.0 ± 0.4 0.9 1.395437 c. −11.1 c. −10.8 to Jiang et al. (2017) A-type granite derived
n = 19) 98° 20′ 51″ E −12.4 from partial melting
of meta-igneous
rocks in
palaeo-Proterozoic
crust with an
average TDM2 age
of 1772 Ma
(11 samples)
Dawei Granite (MY34) (zircons 14.1079° N, IMS 1280 ion 62.3 ± 0.6 2.1 Gardiner et al. Regression line
n = 18 with 20 analyses; 98.2146° E microprobe (2016) intersection with
19 analyses gave concordia gave
regression line) magmatic
crystallization age
207
Granite (MY34) (zircons 14.1079° N, Pb corrected 65.3 Gardiner et al. Zircon xenocryst
238
n = 1 xenocryst) 98.2146° E U/206U (2016) inherited age
age
207

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Granite (MY34) (zircons 14.1079° N, Pb corrected 65.4 Gardiner et al. Zircon xenocryst
238
n = 1 xenocryst) 98.2146° E U/206U (2016) inherited age
age
Dawei Biotite + plagioclase + 14° 8′15″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 64.1 ± 1.6 (2σ) c. −7.0 ± 1.0 6.6 ± 0.3 16.9 ± 98 0.21 ± 0.1 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY72) 98° 7′ 6″ E ion (2017)
microprobe
Tawmore Porphyritic biotite granite 14° 05′ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 58.73 ± 0.54 Su Su Hlaing et al.
Taung 98° 12′ E (2014)
Biotite granite 14° 05′ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 60.52 ± 0.75 Su Su Hlaing et al.
98° 12′ E (2014)
Auk Bok Medium to coarse ineq mafic 13° 48′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 35 ± 34 0.4 0.7083 ± 0.0003 Cobbing et al.
primary texture granite and 97° 45.3′ E (1992)
K-feldspar leucogranite
(038B-K)
(LB 0381) (12 analyses of SHRIMP U–Pb 52.1 ± 0.6 0.84 Pickard et al. Zircon populations at
9 light-grey zircons) (1996) 81.1 ± 4.3, 71.1 ± 3
and 58.1 ± 4.5 Ma
(12 analyses of 8 white SHRIMP U–Pb 49.7 ± 0.5 0.56 Pickard et al. Youngest stage of
zircons) (1996) zircon growth gives
time of granite
emplacement
Maingy Island Very coarse inequigranular 13° 48.9′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 45 ± 2 0.5 0.7104 ± 0.0003 Cobbing et al.
pink primary texture 97° 46.3 E (1992)
granite (036A-D)
Biotite + plagioclase + 13° 40′ 12″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 58.5 ± 0.5 (2σ) c. −13 ± 1.2 7.1 ± 0.3 46.7 ± 8.1 0.24 ± 0.1 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY73) 98° 23′ 00″ E ion (2017)
microprobe
Biotite + plagioclase + 13° 34′ 05″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 58.7 ± 0.6 (2σ) ≈−9.4 ± 1.1 7.2 ± 0.3 13.5 ± 41 0.20 ± 0.0 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY74) 98° 25′ 13″ E ion (2017)
microprobe
Myeik Biotite + plagioclase + 12° 41′ 31″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 72.1 ± 1.3 (2σ) c. −10.3 ± 1.4 7.7 ± 0.3 32.8 ± 44 0.07 ± 0.0 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY75) 98° 44′ 12″ E ion (2017)
microprobe
 204
Quarry just Granite (MY76) (zircons 12.29362° N, Pb corrected 75.3 ± 7.7 1.8 Gardiner et al. Interpreted as age of
207
north of n = 10, 14 analyses; some 98.41553° E Pb/206Pb (2016) magmatic
Myeik zircons with age crystallization
U > 35 000 ppm)
Biotite + plagioclase + 12° 29′ 36″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 75.3 ± 7.7 (2σ) c. −10.2 ± 3.4 6.2 ± 0.3 0.82 ± 3.7 0.04 ± 0.1 Gardiner et al.
K-feldspar granite (MY76) 98° 41′ 55″ E ion (2017)
microprobe
Parker & Coarse ineq. K-feldspar 12° 29.2′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 94 ± 14 3.8 0.7108 ± 0.0008 Cobbing et al.
Trotter B megacrystic grey granite 98° 9.1′ E (1992)
and primary texture granite
(LB008, LB009A-D)
High Island Coarse inequigranular 11° 56.9′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 46 ± 16 3.8 0.7156 ± 0.0009 Cobbing et al.
K-feldspar megacrystic 98° 9.1′ E (1992)
grey granite (LB034,
LB034A-C)
Yadanabon Granite (MY-YAD) (zircons 11.1745° N, IMS 1280 ion 50.3 ± 0.6 1.3 Gardiner et al.
granite n = 14, 12 analyses; 5 data 99.16098° E microprobe (2016)
(Yadanabon points used and12 data
Mine) points with U > 2000 ppm
excluded)
Pulo Baleigh Medium-grained 11° N, 98° 16.4′E Rb–Sr isochron 51 ± 13 2.1 0.7152 ± 0.0005 Cobbing et al.
inequigranular grey (1992)

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
primary texture granite
(LB024A-B, LB025A,
LB028, LB028A)
Davis Island Coarse inequigranular grey 10° 25.5′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 57 ± 4 0.1 0.7091 ± 0.0004 Cobbing et al.
primary texture granite 98° 25.45′ E (1992)
(030 – 030K)
206
Kawsong Coarse inequigranular to 10° 7′ 30″ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 82 ± 1.4 2.04 Pickard et al. U/238Pb inherited
K-feldspar megacrystic 98° 43′ 38″ E (1996) zircon ages: 662,
primary texture granite 762, 1217, 1491 Ma
(LB 032A) (zircons
n = 22)

719
 720
Table A4. Isotopic ages and data from the Shan Scarps area between Singu, Mandalay and Phaungdaw (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf δ13C References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma) (T)
analysed)

40
Singu Plateau Potassic alkali trachy-basalt c. 22° 37′ N, K–40Ar whole rock 0.28 ± 0.02 Bertrand et al. (1998) Samples collected from the SW and
(MY96-158) (average of 96° 2′ E SE borders of the Singu Plateau
2 determinations) on both sides of the Sagaing
Fault
40
Basalts Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.25 ± 0.01 Bertrand et al. (1998)
(MY97-35)
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt 0.29 ± 0.01
(MY97-35)
40
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.44 ± 0.05 Bertrand et al. (1998) (atmos. contam.)
(MY97-36)
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt 0.46 ± 0.05
(MY97-36)
40
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.36 ± 0.02 Bertrand et al. (1998) According to Maury et al. (2004)
(MY97-37) the Singu alkaline mafic
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt 0.40 ± 0.02 basaltic trachyandesites derive
(MY97-37) from the melting of deep
40
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.26 ± 0.01 Bertrand et al. (1998) enriched intraplate-type mantle
(MY97-38) magma
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt 0.27 ± 0.02
(MY97-38)
40
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.31 ± 0.02 Bertrand et al. (1998) Bertrand et al. (1999) concluded

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

(MY97-39) that the elliptical shape of the
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt 0.30 ± 0.01 Singu Plateau basalt outcrop
(MY97-39) suggested that the velocity of
40
Potassic alkali trachy-basalt K–40Ar whole rock 0.29 ± 0.02 Bertrand et al. (1998) the movement of the Sagaing
(MY97-40) Fault was between 10 ± 1 and
23 ± 3 mm a−1
OIB-type alkali basalt c. +9 c. +3.7 Lee et al. (2010)
Alkali Basalt Suite Basalt (BUR-09-01A) 22° 37′ 17″ N, ICP-MS, 0.31 0.705628 c. +1 Lee et al. (2016) Interpreted as the product of partial
96° 2′ 02″ E MC-ICP-MS melting of the asthenosphere
Basalt (BUR09-01C) 22° 37′ 17″ N, ICP-MS, 0.31 0.706439 c. +1.1 Lee et al. (2016)
96° 2′ 2″ E MC-ICP-MS
Basalt (BUR-09-02A) 22° 37′ 5″ N, ICP-MS, 0.31 0.705884 c. +1.6 Lee et al. (2016)
96° 2′ 33″ E MC-ICP-MS
Basalt (BUR09-02B) 22° 37′ 5″ N, ICP-MS, 0.31 0.705628 c. +0.9 Lee et al. (2016) Lee et al. (2016) conclude that Late
96° 2′ 33″ E MC-ICP-MS Cenozoic volcanism in central
Myanmar was related to the
collision of india with Asia
which caused plate
reorganization, a transition from
oblique subduction to dextral
movement in the Miocene and
subsequent ‘rollback’ of
subducted Indian lithosphere in
the Quaternary. Arc volcanism
ceased c. 15 Ma and resumed
after a 10 Ma gap in the
Quaternary, with heterogeneous
compositions due to an
upwelling of the asthenosphere
that caused small-scale melting
of different domains in pre-
Miocene enriched lithospheric
mantle and asthenosphere
beneath central Myanmar.
Sedawgyi Biotite gneiss (D-1) 22° 21′ 9.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 491 ± 4 0.97 0.6503 −10.3 Mitchell et al. (2012) Magmatic age of granitic protolith
(zircon n = 28) 94° 56′ 47.1″ E
Granite dyke D-2) 22° 21′ 9.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 17.0 ± 0.3 2.3 0.7081 −8.4 Mitchell et al. (2012) Age of intrusion of dyke
(zircon n = 20) 94° 56′ 47.1″ E
Biotite gneiss (SDG-1) 22° 20.935′ N, Apatite fission track 11.2 ± 0.4 14.31 µm ± 0.1 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 310 96° 19.232′ E (n = 205)
(elevation 126 m)
40
Orthogneiss (SDG-1) 220 20.935′ N; Ar–39Ar biotite 19 ± 3 18.7 ± 0.5 Myo Min (2007) Orthogneiss in Mandalay–Mergui
960 19.232′ E Metmorphic Belt
 40
Granite gneiss (53123A) 22° 08.306′ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 21.5 ± 1.0 34 21.0 ± 0.6 22.2 ± 1.8 21.1 ± 0.6 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/39Ar age of 244 ± 200 Ma
96° 10.147′ E
K-feldspar biotite granite 22° 08.306′ N, Apatite fission track 14.4 ± 0.5 13.71 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(53123A) (apatite n = 51) 96° 10.147′ E 0.07 (n =
(elevation 120 m) 250)
Kyanigan Hills Biotite augen orthogneiss Massive outcrop north SHRIMP U–Pb 208Pb 170.11 ± 1.09 1.16 Barley et al. (2003) Magmatic age of orthogneiss
(UB055A) (zircon n = of Kyanigan village corrected protolith; same locality as
26) Kyanigan Quarry (below)
Biotite augen orthogneiss 22° 5′ 14″ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 208Pb 209.7 ± 4 1.84 Barley et al. (2003) Recrystallized relicts of older zircon
(UB055A) (zircons n = 2) 96° 09′ 13″ E corrected populations
Biotite augen orthogneiss SHRIMP U–Pb 208Pb 43.37 ± 0.80 1.33 Barley et al. (2003) Recrystallization during Eocene
(UB055A) (zircons n = 7) corrected high-grade metamorphism
Kyanigan Quarry K-feldspar augen granitic 22° 5′ 14″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 59.0 ± 1.0 0.98 Searle et al. (2007) Poorly constrained P, T of 680° C
gneiss (M4) n = 4 from 96° 09′ 13″ E at 4.9 ± 1.7 kbar early syn-
13 zircons collision event?
K-feldspar augen granitic LA-MC-ICP-MS 31–40 Searle et al. (2007) Represents overprinted
gneiss (M4) n = 15 from metamorphic event(s);
13 zircons cessation of monazite growth
recording high-grade
metamorphism is 31–34 Ma
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 27.1 ± 0.1 Searle et al. (2007) Probably mixtures of 24.5 Ma
leucogranite (M5) overgrowths with minor older
n = 1 xenotime components at c. 31–32 Ma
and c. 35 Ma, either from melts
source or inheritance
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 27.1 ± 1.0 Searle et al. (2007)
leucogranite (M5)
n = 1 monazite

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 31.2 ± 0.3 Searle et al. (2007) Likely presence of micro-inclusions
leucogranite (M5) of urananite in monazite
n = 1 monazite
Tourmaline quartz LA-MC-ICP-MS 24.5 ± 0.4 0.79 Searle et al. (2007) Interpreted as crystallization age
leucogranite (M5)
n = 8 monazite
Tourmaline quartz LA-MC-ICP-MS 24.5 ± 0.3 0.41 Searle et al. (2007) Confirmation of crystallization age;
leucogranite (M5) possible post-metamorphic age
n = 4 xenotime (Mitchell et al. 2012)
40
North of Mandalay Gneiss (MY96-156) 22° 4′ 99″ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 19.9 19.9 ± 0.3 21.3 ± 0.4 19.4 ± 0.3 Bertrand et al. (1999, north–south diachronism of Ar–Ar
96° 09′ 57″ E 2001) samples analysed and NNW–
SSE extension
40
Marble (MY96-161) 22° 0′ 03″ N, Ar–39Ar phlogophite 21.3 21.3 ± 0.5 20.5 ± 0.3 21.5 ± 0.6 Bertrand et al. (1999, Attributed to the northwards
96° 6′ 30″ E 2001) migration of the Eastern
Syntaxis related to the
indentation of India with
Eurasia
Granite (MD1) (apatite n = 7) 22° 00.520′ N, Apatite fission track 15.7 ± 0.9 13.36 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(elevation 134 m) 96° 06.333′ E 0.08 (n =
251)
Plateau gravel (53192A) 21° 59.531′ N, Apatite fission track 15.1 ± 0.5 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 18) 96° 58.953′ E
(elevation 90 m)
40
Sagaing Fault Zone Mica schist (MY96-150) 21° 56′ 29″ N, Ar–39Ar muscovite 16.6 16.6 ± 0.3 18.5 ± 0.4 15.3 ± 0.3 Bertrand et al. (1999) Complicated thermal history.
95° 58′ 49″ E
40
In Ayeyarwady river west Marble (MY96-151) 21° 56′ 30″ N, Ar–39Ar phlogopite 20.7 20.7 ± 0.3 21.9 ± 0.5 19.8 ± 0.3 Bertrand et al. (2001)
of Mandalay 95° 58′ 47″ E
Calcsilicate (SG-1) 21° 55.323′ N, Titanite fission track 17.5 ± 1.6 Myo Min (2007)
(titanite n − 8) 96° 59.626′ E
(elevation 188 m)
Calcsilicate (SG-1) 21° 55.323′ N, Apatite fission track 11.5 ± 0.4 12.68 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 13) 96° 59.626′ E 0.17 (n =
(elevation 188 m) 119)
Plateau gravel (53191A) 21° 54.523′ N, Apatite fission track 10.7 ± 0.4 13.47 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 19) 96° 58.973′ E 0.09 (n =
(elevation 142 m) 245)

(Continued)

721
Table A4. Isotopic ages and data from the Shan Scarps area between Singu, Mandalay and Phaungdaw (Fig. A2) (Continued )

722
Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf δ13C References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Mandalay Hill Monzonite (UB 055A) 21° 51′ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 43.8 ± 1.0 Pickard et al. (1996) Magmatic age; rounded rim zones
(4 rim analyses of 96° 10.6′ E suggests final growth during
3 zircons) metamorphism or reabsorption
or arrested growth
Monzonite (UB 055A) SHRIMP U–Pb 169.9 ± 1.6 0.97 Pickard et al. (1996) Alternating zones in zircons (Th/U
(22 analyses of 20 >1) giving dominant age
zircons) component probable igneous
growth period
Monzonite (UB 055A) SHRIMP U–Pb 150.6 ± 0.8 Pickard et al. (1996) Inherited igneous zircon population
(2 core analyses of 2 incorporated during crustal
zircons) anatexis; 208 ± 2 Ma is oldest
inherited age
Mandalay Hill Hornblende syenite (MH1) East side of Mandalay SHRIMP U–Pb 171 ± 2.05 4.17 Barley et al. (2003) Oscillatory zoned zircon cores
(zircons n = 16) Hill
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 167 ± 1.97 1.09 Barley et al. (2003) Peaks in oscillatory zoned zircon
(zircons n = 6) cores
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 175 ± 93 0.1 Barley et al. (2003) Peaks in oscillatory zoned zircon
(zircons n = 3) cores
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 181.05 ± 1.29 0.77 Barley et al. (2003) Peaks in oscillatory zoned zircon
(zircons n = 2) cores
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 47.25 ± 1.28 1.52 Barley et al. (2003) Rims with low Th (<100 ppm) and
n = 5 in 3 zircons low Th/U
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 33.11 ± 0.93 11.9 Barley et al. (2003) Rims with Th/U >0.1 and Th >100
n = 15 in 7 zircons ppm interpreted as late-stage

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

magmatic zircon growth
Hornblende syenite (MH1) SHRIMP U–Pb 30.9 ± 0.64 1.58 Barley et al. (2003)
(zircons n = 7)
40 39
Belin Quarry Marble (MY96-163) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/ Ar biotite 21.3 21.3 ± 0.9 24.0 ± 0.8 22.4 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (2001) Continuous laser heating on single
96° 7′ 23″ E grain
40
Marble (MY96-163) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/39Ar muscovite 22.6 ± 0.8 23.9 ± 0.8 22.4 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (2001) Continuous laser heating on single
96° 7′ 23″ E grain
40
Granite (MY96-164) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/39Ar biotite 22.3 ± 0.7 Bertrand et al. (2001) 100 mg of population mineral
96° 7′ 23″ E analysed by step heating
technique.
40
Granite (MY96-164) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/39Ar biotite 23.9 ± 0.6 Bertrand et al. (2001) 100 mg of population mineral
96° 7′ 23″ E analysed by step heating
technique
40
Foliated granite (MY96-165) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/39Ar biotite 22.7 22.7 ± 0.4 22.2 ± 0.4 23.0 ± 0.5 Bertrand et al. (2001) 100 mg of population mineral
96° 7′ 23″ E analysed by step heating
technique
40
Gneiss (MY96-166) 21° 41′ 16″ N, Ar/39Ar biotite 22.3 22.3 ± 0.4 22.1 ± 0.3 22.8 ± 0.4 Bertrand et al. (2001) 100 mg of population mineral
96° 7′ 23″ E analysed by step heating
technique
Belin Quarry Biotite granite dyke (M33) 21° 40′ 58″ N, ID-TIMS concordia 53.1 ± 0.2 0.93 Searle et al. (2007) Lower ages attributed to variable
(zircon n = 1) 96° 7′ 44″ E Pb loss in zircons and thorites
Biotite granite dyke (M33) ID-TIMS 207Pb/235Pb 54.1 ± 0.1 Searle et al. (2007)
(thorite n = 1)
Biotite granite dyke (M33) LA-MC-ICP-MS 59.5 ± 0.9 0.98 Searle et al. (2007) Concordia age; best estimate of
(zircons n = 5 out of magmatic crystallization of
7 analyses) dyke
Belin Quarry Flow banded dyke in hornfels 21° 40′ 40.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 44.8 ± 2.7 5.5 0.714 −7.5 Mitchell et al. (2012)
at east margin of MEC 96° 9′ 47.9″ E
granite (MEC1)
(zircons n = 5)
Banded pegmatitic granite 21° 40′ 57.2″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 45.9 ± 0.7 1.7 0.7161 −7.6 Mitchell et al. (2012)
dyke (Belin A) 96° 7′ 45.1″ E
(zircons n = 17)
Microdiorite dyke 21° 40′ 58.0″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 44.6 ± 0.5 0.32 0.7087 −9.5 Mitchell et al. (2012)
(10-BUR-36) 96° 7′ 45.0″ E
(zircons n = 18)
40
Schist (MY96-167) 21° 36′ 43″ N, K–39Ar muscovite 18.4 18.4 ± 0.3 17.8 ± 0.8 18.4 ± 0.4 Bertrand et al. Age of foliation
96° 8′ 56″ E (1999, 2001)
40
Schist (MY96-167) 21° 36′ 43″ N, K–39Ar muscovite 19.1 ± 0.5 Bertrand et al. 100 mg of population mineral
96° 8′ 56″ E (1999, 2001) analysed by step heating
technique
40
Schist (MY96-167) 21° 36′ 43″ N, K–39Ar muscovite 20.0 ± 0.5 Bertrand et al. 100 mg of population mineral
96° 8′ 56″ E (1999, 2001) analysed by step heating
technique
Kyaukse Augen gneiss (10-BUR-37) 21° 36′ 20″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 114 ± 3 0.36 Mitchell et al. (2012) Interpreted as intrusion age of
(zircons n = 6) near its 96° 9′ E gneiss protolith and minimum
discordant contact with age for metamorphism of schist
schists. host rocks
Kyaukse North Silliminite gneiss (M54) 21° 36′ 25″ N, ID-TIMS 29.3 ± 0.5 0.4 Searle et al. (2007) Lower intercept age; best estimate
(monazite n = 3) 96° 9′ 33″ E for the timing of the high-grade
metamorphism, estimated as
625 ± 25° C and 4.8 ± 0.9 kbar.

Kyaukse Hills Tourmaline 2 mica 21° 35′ 29″ N, ID-TIMS 40.2 ± 0.3 Searle et al. (2007)
leucogranite def. dyke 96° 8′ 59″ E
(M52) (monazite n = 2)
Tourmaline 2 mica ID-TIMS 38.1 ± 0.3 Searle et al. (2007) Time of subsequent metamorphism
leucogranite def. dyke of dyke
(M52) (monazite n = 1)
Tourmaline 2 mica LA-MC-ICP-MS 46.3 ± 0.6 2.7 Searle et al. (2007) Age of intrusion of dyke
leucogranite def. dyke
(M52) n = 8 from 10
monazites
Tourmaline 2 mica LA-MC-ICP-MS 39.1 ± 0.8 Searle et al. (2007) Time of subsequent metamorphism
leucogranite def. dyke of dyke
(M52) (monazite n = 2)
Tourmaline 2 mica LA-MC-ICP-MS c. 43 Searle et al. (2007) Spot analysis (mixture of 39 and
leucogranite def. dyke 45 Ma components)
(M52) (monazite n = 1)
Pyetoyo Taung Granite (7973A) 21° 14′ 10″ N, K–Ar biotite 58 ± 1 0.7229 Brook & Snelling Eocene disturbance
96° 16′ 45″ E (1976)
Granite (7973B) Neyaungga K–Ar biotite 51 ± 1 0.7154 Brook & Snelling

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
(1976)
Granite (7973B) Neyaungga K–Ar hornblende 82 ± 2 Brook & Snelling Best younger age limit of granite
(1976)
Thazi-Yinmabin area Biotite gneiss (52288A) 20° 54.985′ N, Titanite fission track 16.9 ± 1.5 Myo Min (2007)
(titanite n = 25) 96° 14.059 ′ E
(elevation = 247 m)
Biotite gneiss (52288A) 20° 54.985′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ He 16.8 ± 0.1 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 9) 96° 14.059′ E method
Biotite gneiss (52288A) 20° 54.985′ N, Apatite fission track 17.0 ± 0.6 13.14 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 24) 96° 14.059′ E 0.09 (n =
(elevation 247 m) 250)
Leucocratic garnet gneiss 20° 54.936′ N, Apatite fission track 9.6 ± 1.3 Myo Min (2007)
(53023A) (apatite n = 9) 96° 00.096′ E
(elevation 71 m)
Garnet hornblende gneiss 20° 54.936′ N, Apatite fission track 10.3 ± 0.3 Myo Min (2007)
(53023B) (apatite n = 62) 96° 00.096′ E
(elevation 71 m)
206
Road Kalaw Hornblende granodiorite 20° 48.25′ N, Pb/238U c. 120 Roger et al. (1999) Lower intercept; reverse discordia
(MY50) n = 4 zircon 96° 20.8′ E
fractions
Yepaung Hornblende granodiorite K–Ar hornblende 117 ± 4 Roger et al. (1999)
Zon (MY50)
(Yebokson)
Kyaukpan-o augen gneiss 20° 46′ 21.0″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 122 ± 2 1.2 0.7151 −8.8 Mitchell et al. (2012) Interpreted as crystallization age of
sheet (K2) (zircons n = 96° 17′ 09.4″ E the protolith; possibly a post-
19) 200 m north of K1. metamorphic granitic sill
40
Thazi area (MY97-25a) foliated granite 20° 45′ 03″ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 25.4 25.4 ± 0.9 30.0 ± 0.9 25.3 ± 0.9 Bertrand et al. (2001) Continuous laser heating on single
96° 13′ 58″ E grain.
40
(MY97-25b) foliated granite 20° 45′ 03″ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 24.2 24.2 ± 0.8 24.6 ± 0.8 23.2 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (2001) Continuous laser heating on two
96° 13′ 58″ E grains
40 39
(MY96-173) (Chloritic 20° 44′ 41″ N, Ar– Ar biotite 22.4 22.4 ± 0.9 21.2 ± 1.2 20.1 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (1999, Continuous laser heating on single
component) foliated 96° 13′ 07″ E 2001) grain
granite
Payangazu Yinmabin/Yebokson West 20° 44′ 54″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 128 ± 1 0.59 0.7099 −5.1 Mitchell et al. (2012)
Diorite (E) 96° 17′ 14″4" E
(zircons n = 23)

(Continued)

723
 724
Table A4. Isotopic ages and data from the Shan Scarps area between Singu, Mandalay and Phaungdaw (Fig. A2) (Continued )

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf δ13C References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Yebokson Kyaukpan-o porphyritic 20° 46′ 15.5″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 50.0 ± 0.6 1.6 0.7099 −7.8 Mitchell et al. (2012) Age of crystallization
biotite dacite dyke (K1) 96° 17′ 08.5″ E
(zircons n = 21)
Payangazu hb-bio dacite 20° 44′ 43.4″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 20.7 ± 0.3 1.3 0.7071 −6.5 Mitchell et al. (2012)
porphyry dyke (A8) 96° 14′ 00.7″ E
(zircons n = 16)
Payangazu hb-bio dacite 20° 44′ 26.2″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 20.7 ± 0.5 2.1 0.708 −7 Mitchell et al. (2012)
porphyry dyke (A10) 96° 13′ 27.2″ E
(zircons n = 19)
Payangazu hb-bio dacite 0.7087 −9.5 Mitchell et al. (2012)
porphyry dyke (A12)
Monbinzon–Taunggwa, Biotite granite 20.7298° N, 96.3037° LA-MC-ICP-MS 181.1 ± 1.9 Myat Thuza Soe &
Thazi and Pyawbwe (sample No. 17/16) E Khin Zaw (unpub.
townships data), Khin Zaw &
Higher Degree
Students (2014)
Diorite (sample No. 5/18) 20.7196° N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 124.90 ± 0.77 Myat Thuza Soe &
96.2795° E Khin Zaw (unpub.
data), Khin Zaw &
Higher Degree
Students (2014)
Diorite Between 20° 39′ N-20° LA-MC-ICP-MS 119.2 ± 1.7 Myat Thuza Soe &

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

44′ N; Khin Zaw (unpub.
96° 13′ E- data)
96° 18′ 30″ E
Hornblendite 20° 39–44′ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 125 Myat Thuza Soe &
96° 13–18′ 30″ E Khin Zaw (unpub.
data)
Rhyolite (sample No. IR-3) 20.7000° N; 96.2334° LA-MC-ICP-MS 106.88 ± 0.57 Myat Thuza Soe &
E Khin Zaw (unpub.
data), Khin Zaw &
Higher Degree
Students (2014)
Protolith age of banded 20° 39–44′ N, LA-MC-ICP MS 490.9 ± 3.2 Myat Thuza Soe &
biotite gneiss 96° 13–18′ 30″ E Khin Zaw (unpub.
data)
Leucogneiss 20° 39–44′ N, LA-MC-ICP MS 183.2 ± 1.9 Myat Thuza Soe &
96° 13–18′ 30″ E Khin Zaw (unpub.
data)
Shwebinbon Diorite (zircons) 20° 39′ 56″ N, LA-MC-ICP MS 119 ± 1.1 Khin Zaw, Wai Phyo &
96° 27′ 57″ E Tin Aung Myint
(unpub. data)
Khin Zaw et al. (2017)
Thazi–Yinmabin area Gabbro (52286A) 20° 44.988′ N, Titanite fission track 16.3 ± 1.5 Myo Min (2007)
(titanite n = 16) 96° 17.026′ E
(elevation 319 m)
Augen gneiss (522810B) 20° 44.890′ N, Titanite fission track 17.8 ± 1.6 Myo Min (2007)
(titanite n = 14) 96° 12.962′ E
(elevation 218 m)
Augen gneiss (522810B) 20° 44.890′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 16.7 ± 0.7 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 7) 96° 12.962′ E He method
Augen gneiss (522810B) 20° 44.890′ N, Apatite fission track 17.9 ± 0.5 13.71 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 23) 96° 12.962′ E 0.07 (n =
(elevation 218 m) 250)
Gneiss (52289B) 20° 44.525′ N, Titanite fission track 17.2 ± 1.6 Myo Min (2007)
(titanite n = 25) 96° 13.269′ E
(elevation 235 m)
Gneiss (52289B) 20° 44.525′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/He 15.9 ± 0.3 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 6) 96° 13.269′ E method
Gneiss (52289B) 20° 44.525′ N, Apatite fission track 16.4 ± 0.6 13.58 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 13) 96° 13.269′ E 0.07 (n =
(elevation 235 m) 250)
Granodiorite (52283D) 20° 38.757′ N, Apatite fission track 17.9 ± 0.7 13.28 µm ± Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 59) 96° 21.781′ E 0.17 (n =
(elevation 313 m) 157)
Yebokson B Biotite hornblende 20° 37′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 149 ± 21 0.2 0.7099 ± 0.0005 Cobbing et al. (1992)
granodiorite (065A-D) 96° 14′ E
Yebokson B Biotite-hornblende 20° 37′ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 118 ± 1.7 0.4 Pickard et al. (1996) Magmatic age; Type 2 zircons,
granodiorite (UB 065B) 96° 14′ E clear, colourless faceted rims
(7 analyses of 6 zircons) on Type 1 zircon cores
Biotite-hornblende SHRIMP U–Pb 124.9 ± 1.4 4.94 Pickard et al. (1996) Older period of zircon growth Type
granodiorite (UB 065B) 1 zircons clear, colourless
(18 analyses of 18 equant and subrounded;
zircons) inherited component
Inherited zircons spot ages of 151 ±
2 and 2621 ± 8 Ma
Yebokson B Med. gr. primary texture 20° 35.4′ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 123.50 ± 0.89 2.63 Barley et al. (2003)
hb-bio granodiorite 96° 3.25′ E
(UB065B)
(n = 40 from 35 zircons)
207
Med. gr. primary texture Pb/206Pb 2621 ± 8 Barley et al. (2003) Archaean core (spot 14-1) (204Pb
hb-bio granodiorite corrected) with Cretaceous-age
(UB065B) zircon core rim
Med. gr. primary texture SHRIMP U–Pb 121.12 ± 0.89 1.14 Barley et al. (2003) Most likely age of granitoid
hb-bio granodiorite emplacement (13 Type 2 and
(UB065B) 3 Type 1 zircons)
(n = 17 from 16 zircons)
Med. gr. primary texture SHRIMP U–Pb 125.46 ± 0.73 0.78 Barley et al. (2003) Slightly older period of growth for
hb-bio granodiorite Type 1 zircons.
(UB065B) (zircons n =
20)
Phelun Chaung Primary texture granodiorite 20° 35.4′ N, Rb-Sr isochron 80 ± 82 3.2 0.7115 ± 0.0015 Cobbing et al. (1992)
(062C-G) 96° 19.4′ E
40
Ar–39Ar biotite 40
Ar/39Ar age of 276 ± 35 Ma

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
Yamethin Granite (SP-11) 20° 25.324′ N, 44.5 ± 1.5 0.9 44.2 ± 0.2 45.5 ± 1.0 43.8 ± 0.8 Myo Min (2007)
96° 18.166′ E
Modi Taung gold mine Dyke cross-cutting 20° 20′ 53″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 95 ± 30 Traynor et al. (2015) Pyrite in veins has δ34 range +1.3
mineralization (zircons), 96° 24′ 21″ E to + 4.75 ppm
approximate sample
location
Dyke cross-cutting LA-MC-ICP-MS 49 ± 1 Traynor et al. (2015) Lower age boundary for orogenic
mineralization (zircons) gold mineralization
Sedo Granite (A) (zircon
population 2 n = 6)
Sedo granite Sedo Granite (A) (zircon 20° 19′ 43″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 48.8 ± 0.9 0.7107 −7.5 Mitchell et al. (2012) Age of crystallization of granite;
population 1 n = 13) 96° 19′ 50″ E United Nations (1978a)
reported
Sn–W–quartz veins on east
margin of granite
Sedo Granite (A) (zircon 20° 19′ 43″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 53.8 ± 0.8 Mitchell et al. (2012) Age appears to include inherited
population 2 n = 6) 96° 19′ 50″ E zircons
Nattaung Quarry Undeformed dyke of 20° 16′ 40.9″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 71.8 ± 0.5 0.7177 −7.1 Mitchell et al. (2012)
Nattaung granite 96° 15′ 34.8″ E
(zircons n = 12)
Guwa Chaung Granite (067A-E) 20° N, Rb–Sr isochron 22 ± 7 0.5 0.7157 ± 0.0007 Cobbing et al. (1992)
96° 21′ E
Biotite granite 19° 57′ 48″ N, K–Ar whole rock 24.5 ± 1 United Nations (1978a)
(94A/5 732 118) 96° 16′ 48″ E
Augen gneiss 19° 52′ 35″ N, K–Ar biotite 29.1 ± 1.1 United Nations (1978a)
(95/A/5 653 003) 96° 21′ 32″ E
Yezin Biotite Granite (65.23) 19° 45′ 46″ N, K–Ar biotite 27 ± 1 Brook & Snelling
96° 18′ 45″ E (1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (8095B) 19° 44′ 30″ N, K–Ar biotite 57 ± 1 0.799 Brook & Snelling
95° 36′ 30″ E (1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (8095B) K–Ar muscovite 53 ± 1 0.799 Brook & Snelling
(1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (8095A,B,F,G) 19° 43′ 00″ N, Rb–Sr isochron 56 ± 2 3 0.7170 ± 0.002 Brook & Snelling
96° 36′ 35″ E (1976)
Nancho Group Biotite schist (8095D) 19° 36′ 50″ N, K–Ar biotite 135 ± 3 Brook & Snelling Nancho Group is in fault contact
96° 32′ 30″ E (1976) with the Padatgyaung granite
Nancho Group Biotite schist (8095D) K–Ar muscovite 128 ± 3 Brook & Snelling
(1976)
Nancho Group Porph.Bio. Gneiss (8095E) 19° 42′ 45″ N, K–Ar biotite 55 ± 1 0.7272 Brook & Snelling Argon loss (Khin Zaw 1990)
96° 34′ 45″ E (1976)
Nancho Group Porph.Bio. Gneiss (8095E) K–Ar hornblende 185 ± 5 Brook & Snelling Min age metamorphism
(1976)

(Continued)

725
Table A4. Isotopic ages and data from the Shan Scarps area between Singu, Mandalay and Phaungdaw (Fig. A2) (Continued )

726
Lithology (sample number) Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf δ13C References Notes
(number of mineral grains (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Padatgyaung Granite (8095G) 19° 40′ 50″ N, K–Ar biotite 55 ± 1 0.7405 Brook & Snelling
95° 35′ 45″ E (1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (8095G) K–Ar K-feldspar 47 ± 1 Brook & Snelling Argon loss
(1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (micas from 3 sp.) 19° 40.77′ N, K–Ar micas ave 55 ± 0.5 Cobbing et al. (1992)
95° 35.7′ E
Padatgyaung Granite (8095F) 19° 39′ 10″ N, K–Ar biotite 55 ± 1 0.7226 Brook & Snelling
95° 35′ 30″ E (1976)
Padatgyaung Granite (8095F) K–Ar hornblende 45 ± 1 Brook & Snelling
(1976)
Yesin Dam Fine-grained equigranular 19° 15′ 46″ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 22.2 ± 0.3 1.13 Pickard et al. (1996) Mean magmatic age; 206Pb/238U
granite (UB 059D) 96° 18′ 45″ E zircon results of 44–7 Ma (n =
(7 analyses of 5 Type 1 4), 50–53 Ma (n = 3), and spot
zircons) ages of 62, 70, 204, 385, 404,
456, 543, and 802 (all ±1) Ma
Yesin Dam Late fg equigran. leuco. 19° 15′ 46″ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 22.64 ± 0.4 2.01 Barley et al. (2003) Spot analyses of Type 1 zircons
biotite syenogranite 96° 18′ 45″ E giving magmatic age
(UB 069D) (zircons n =
9)
Late fg equigran. leuco. SHRIMP U–Pb 46.23 ± 0.99 1.16 Barley et al. (2003) May measure late metamorphic
biotite syenogranite event
(UB 069D) (zircons n =
4)

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Late fg equigran. leuco. SHRIMP U–Pb 203–1249 Barley et al. (2003) Spot analyses of magmatic and
biotite syenogranite xenocrystic zircons
(UB 069D) zircons
Donshaw E of Toungoo Weakly fol. biotite 18° 57′ N, Convent. U–Pb 33.9 ± 0.2 Roger et al. (1999) Similar age to Mandalay Hill
syenogranite dyke 96° 39′ E (MH1)
(MY37) n = 8 zircon
fractions
Mawchi mine Biotite granite (BG) 18° 48′ N, 97° 10′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 42.72 ± 0.94 2 Aung Zaw Myint et al.
(zircons n = 12) (2017)
Tourmaline granite 18° 48′ N, 97° 10′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 44.6 ± 2.1 Aung Zaw Myint et al.
(zircons n = 6) (2017)
Tourmaline granite (TG) 18° 48′ N, 97° 10′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 43.71 ± 0.39 1.02 Aung Zaw Myint et al. Time of tin mineralization
(zircons n = 12) (2017)
40
Foliated granite (MY96-212) 17° 26′ 06″ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 25.9 25.9 ± 0.8 26.8 ± 0.8 25.2 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (1999, Continuous laser heating on single
97° 5′ 26″ E 2001) grain
Mokpalin Mokpalin quartz diorite dyke 17° 26′ 06″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 90.8 ± 0.8 0.89 0.7046 Mitchell et al. (2012)
(G) (zircons n = 23) 97° 5′ 26″ E
Kyaikhtiyo Fol. SW margin of 17° 25′ 39.8″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 63.3 ± 0.6 1.5 Mitchell et al. (2012)
Kyaikhtiyo granite (10- 96° 55′ 57.6″ E
BUR-27) (zircons n = 23)
40
Thaton area Foliated granite (MY96-213) 17° 25′ 20″ N, K–39Ar biotite 32.2 ± 0.9 Bertrand et al. (2001)
96° 4′ 40″ E
40
(MY96-213) 17° 24′ 10″ Nn K–39Ar feldspars 30.5 ± 0.9 Bertrand et al. (2001)
97° 5′ 5″ E
Payagyi Ancient Fortress Unit g-e charcoal (PYGP801) 17° 28′ N, 96° 30′ E 14
C radiocarbon age 940 ± 38 BP – 26 Wang et al. (2011) The wall of the sixteenth-century
Trench T-1 Unit e (top) charcoal 14
C radiocarbon age 965 ± 35 BP –28.4 Wang et al. (2011) fortress is displaced by about
(PYGP805) 6 m, implying a slip rate of the
Sagaing Fault of 11–18 cm a−1
Unit e charcoal (PYGP806) 14
C radiocarbon age 898 ± 38 BP –27.3 Wang et al. (2011)
Unit h-b1 charcoal 14
C radiocarbon age 980 ± 40 BP –27.8 Wang et al. (2011)
(PYGP807a)
Unit e charcoal (PYGP809) 14
C radiocarbon age 882 ± 38 BP – 27.3 Wang et al. (2011)
Unit e charcoal (PYGP810) 14
C radiocarbon age 922 ± 36 BP –28 Wang et al. (2011)
Unit e (bottom) charcoal 14
C radiocarbon age 2295 ± 80 BP –25 Wang et al. (2011)
(PYGP 811)
Unit b1-g charcoal 14
C radiocarbon age 969 ± 38 BP – 23.5 Wang et al. (2011)
(PYGP814)
14
Pit-1 Sediment (−15 cm) charcoal C radiocarbon age 4514 ± 76 BP
(PYGP104)
14
Sediment (−32 cm) organic C radiocarbon age
sediment (PYGP101a)
 206
Bilin Quarry Undeformed biotite granite c. 17° 10.7′ N, Pb/238U 48.5 ± 2.5 Roger et al. (1999) Lower intercept age; age range
(MY23) n = 6 zircon 97° 13.6′ E 47–53.3 Ma; upper intercept
fractions age of c. 900 Ma
40
Thaton area Foliated granite (MY96-217) 16° 51′ 31″ N, Ar–39Ar biotite 25.9 25.9 ± 0.5 25.5 ± 0.4 21.7 ± 0.7 Bertrand et al. (1999, 100 mg of population mineral
(chloritic component) 97° 21′ 30″ E 2001) analysed by step heating
technique
40
Foliated granite (MY97-219) 16° 51′ 15″ N, K–39Ar biotite 26.9 26.9 ± 1.0 30.7 ± 0.9 26.4 ± 1.1 Bertrand et al. (1999, Continuous laser heating on single
(chloritic component) 97° 21′ 38″ E 2001) grain
40
Foliated granite (MY96-222) 16° 46′ 13″ N, K–39Ar biotite 29.2 ± 0.7 Bertrand et al. (2001)
97° 23′ 37″ E
40
(MY96-222) 16° 46′ 13″ N, K–39Ar feldspars 34.2 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (2001)
97° 23′ 37″ E
40
(MY96-222) 16° 46′ 13″ N, K–39Ar feldspars 36.2 ± 0.8 Bertrand et al. (2001)
97° 23′ 37″ E
Phaungdaw Phaungdaw granite 16° 37′ N; LA-MC-ICP-MS 70.0 ± 0.9 1.15 Mitchell et al. (2012)
(10-BUR-37) 97° 28′ E
(zircons n = 19)
206
Mawlamyine Sheared C-S biotite c. 16° 29′ N, Pb/238U (mean age) 71.3 ± 0.5 Roger et al. (1999) Age range 70.7–71.7 Ma
orthogneiss (MY25) 97° 37′ E
n = 8 zircon fractions

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
727
Table A5. Isotopic ages and data from the Mogok Metamorphic Belt of the Mogok area (Fig. A2)

728
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr References Notes
number) (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma)
(number of mineral
grains analysed)

Mogok Metamorphic Belt

40
East of (MY98-KACHIN 11) 24° 22′ 08″ N, Ar–39Ar 15.8 15.8 ± 0.7 16.0 ± 0.5 15.6 ± 0.7 Bertrand et al.
Bhamo fault zone. 97° 24′ 40″ E biotite (2001)
Biotite granite (5373A) 24° 17.701′ N, Apatite fission 11.9 ± 0.4 14.18 ± 0.09 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 71) 97° 22.237′ E track (n = 246)
(elevation 158 m)
Late aplite granite gneiss 24° 14.125′ N, Apatite fission 14.6 ± 1.1 13.36 ± 0.13
(5371A) 97° 23.401′ E track (n = 152)
(apatite n − 23)
(elevation 178 m)
Hornblende granite 24° 14.125′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 11.8 ± 1.3 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(5371C) 97° 23.401′ E He method
(apatite n = 6)
Hornblende granite 24° 14.125′ N, Apatite fission 14.8 ± 0.5 13.97 ± 0.04 Myo Min (2007)
(5371C) 97° 23.401′ E track (n = 694)
(apatite n = 10)
(elevation 178 m)

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

40
Near border Granite dyke (5374A) 24° 05.521′ N, Ar–39Ar 16 ± 1 68 16.1 ± 0.4 17.2 ± 1.1 16.2 ± 0.4 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/39Ar age of
with China 97° 18.013′ E biotite 247 ± 200 Ma
Granite (5374A) (apatite 24° 05.521′ N, Apatite fission 10.0 ± 0.4 13.57 ± 0.13 Myo Min (2007)
n = 61) (elevation 97° 18.013′ E track (n = 85)
180)
Biotite granite (5374A) 24° 05.521′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 11.8 ± 0.9 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 6) 97° 18.013′ E He method
Garnet biotite gneiss 24° 00.908′ N, Apatite fission 12.3 ± 0.4 13.28 ± 0.09 Myo Min (2007)
(5368A) 97° 21.099′ E track (n = 287)
(apatite n = 35)
(elevation 361 m)
Muse area Muse K-feldspar granite 23° 54.376′ N, Apatite fission 10.6 ± 0.4 13.76 ± 0.25 Myo Min (2007) Pluton at NE end of
(53061A) 97° 48.433′ E track (n = 41) Tawnpeng batholith
(apatite n = 12)
(elevation 860m)
40
Near border Muse K-feldspar granite 23° 54.376′ N, Ar–39Ar c. 95–125 114.6 ± 1.1 Myo Min (2007) Pluton at NE end of
with (53061A) 97° 48.433′ E muscovite Tawnpeng batholith
China
Muse K-feldspar granite 23° 54.376′ N, Ar–Ar biotite c. 53; 57 ± 1 25 57.2 ± 0.8 51.3 ± 0.7 56.1 ± 0.4 Myo Min (2007)
(53061A) 97° 48.433′ E
Hornblende augen 23° 54.390′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 16.0 ± 0.6 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
gneiss (5366A) 97° 32.422′ E He method
(apatite n = 6)
Hornlende biotite 23° 54.390′ N, Titanite fission 17.6 ± 1.6 Myo Min (2007)
orthogneiss (5366A) 97° 32.422′ E track
(titanite n = 11)
(elevation 1022 m)
Hornlende biotite 23° 54.390′ N, Apatite fission 16.4 ± 0.6 14.12 ± 0.05 Myo Min (2007)
orthogneiss (5366A) 97° 32.422′ E track (n = 579)
(apatite n = 20)
(elevation 1022 m)
Hornlende biotite 23° 54.390′ N, Titanite fission 18.0 ± 1.6 Myo Min (2007)
orthogneiss (5366B) 97° 32.422′ E track
 (titanite n = 11)
(elevation 1022 m)
Hornlende biotite 23° 54.390′ N, Apatite fission 16.3 ± 0.6 14.03 ± 0.07 Myo Min (2007)
orthogneiss (5366B) 97° 32.422′ E track (n = 259)
(apatite n = 13)
(elevation 1022 m)
40
Hornlende biotite 23° 54.390′ N. Ar/39Ar 19 ± 2 2.3 18.6 ± 1.0 19.4 ± 1.3 18.7 ± 1.1 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/39Ar age of
orthogneiss (5366B) 97° 32.422′ E biotite 295 ± 28 Ma
Biotite gneiss (5364B) 23° 51.682′ N, Apatite fission 15.9 ± 0.6 13.74 ± 0.15 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 36) 97° 33.576′ E track (n = 127)
(elevation 793 m)
Biotite gneiss (5365A) 23° 51.486′ N, Apatite fission 16.1 ± 0.6 14.22 ± 0.07 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 8) 97° 33.771′ E track (n = 251)
(elevation 798 m)
Biotite gneiss (5364A) 23° 48.752′ N, Apatite fission 14.7 ± 0.5 13.77 ± 0.05 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 21) 97° 37.883′ E track (n = 614)
(elevation 763 m)
40
Paragneiss (5365A) 23° 48.752′ N, Ar/39Ar white 0.3 13.0 ± 2.3 13.0 ± 0.2 14.0 ± 3.3 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/39Ar age of
97° 37.883′ E mica 304 ± 16 Ma
40
Paragneiss (5365A) 23° 48.752′ N, Ar/39Ar 1.6 19.6 ± 0.8 20.7 ± 0.3 21.0 ± 0.9 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/39Ar age of
97° 37.883′ E biotite 286 ± 12 Ma
40
(MY98-MOGOK 26); 23° 48′ 50″ N, Ar–39Ar 19.1 19.1 ± 0.6 19.0 ± 0.6 18.7 ± 0.6 Bertrand et al. Samples date
north bank Nam-pai 97° 37′ 50″ E biotite (2001) metamorphism in

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
river near Mong-Iong Mogok area
40
(MY98-MOGOK26) Ar–39Ar 18.5 ± 0.7 GIAC (1999) 60% Ar cumulative
Mogok Metamorphics biotite
40
Mogok metamorphics Ar–39Ar 59.7 ± 1.7 GIAC (1999)
close to MOGOK26 biotite
Mogok Uranothoriante in Pb, Th, U ratios 15 Searle & Ba Than Determination by
District pegmatite associated Haq (1964) International Atomic
with alaskite Energy Agency
Mogok K–Ar 40 Maung Thein & Ba
Group phlogophite Than Haq (1969)
Gabbro (53113A) 23° 08.679′ N, Apatite fission 17.8 ± 1.7 13.69 ± 0.39 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 85) 96° 20.570′ E track (n = 15)
(elevation 261 m)
Biotite gneiss (53106A) 23° 06.053′ N, Apatite fission 14.5 ± 0.5 13.89 ± 0.08 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 32) 96° 08.958′ E track (n = 250)
(elevation 222 m)
Amphibolite (53115A) 22° 53.820′ N, Apatite fission 7.4 ± 0.3 14.28 ± 0.08 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite = 11) 96° 04.371′ E track (n = 250)
(elevation 345 m)
Amphibolite (53115A) 22° 53.820′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ 8.3 ± 0.2 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 9) 96° 04.371′ E He method
Momeik Granite (PED-23-64) 23° 05′ N, K–Ar biotite 15.1 ± 0.5 Damon (1966) Part of Kabaing
Granite 96° 45′E batholith complex,
quoted by Brook &
Snelling (1976) and
Maung Thein & Ba
Than Haq (unpub.
data 1964).
40
Mogok town (MY98-MOGOK 08); 23° 02′ 01″ N, Ar–39Ar 17.4 17.4 ± 0.6 16.9 ± 0.5 17.5 ± 1.4 Bertrand et al.
area east of Pyant-gyi 97° 24′ 40″ E biotite (2001)
40
(MY98-MOGOK 14) 22° 55′ 38″ N, Ar–39Ar 16.5 16.5 ± 0.6 16.6 ± 0.6 16.6 ± 0.6 Bertrand et al.
96° 30′ 43″ E biotite (2001)
40
(MY98-MOGOK 15) 22° 49′ 18″ N, Ar–39Ar 19.5 19.5 ± 0.1 19.1 ± 1.0 17.8 ± 0.9 Bertrand et al.

729
96° 36′ 11″ E biotite (2001)

(Continued )
Table A5. Isotopic ages and data from the Mogok Metamorphic Belt of the Mogok area (Fig. A2) (Continued )

730
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Plateau age Isochron Total age Φ Age Mean track ξ Age 87
Sr/86Sr References Notes
number) (Ma) age (Ma) length (Ma)
(number of mineral
grains analysed)

Mogok area Quartz syenite zircon 22° 56′ 28.2″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 30–45 Kyaw Thu (2007) Zircon cores have
rims 96° 29′ 43.5″ E Jurassic–Cretaceous
ages.
Foliated leucogranite 22° 56′ 32″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 467 ± 13 Kyaw Thu (2007) Possible error;
(LG1) zircon core 96° 28′ 8.5″ E Ordovician and Late
Triassic–Jurassic
results
(Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet, east LA-MC-ICP-MS 32–21 ± 1 Kyaw Thu (2007) Igneous age
of Mogok) zircon rim
Foliated augite–biotite 22° 58′ 18.4″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 129.8 ± 8.2 0.01 Kyaw Thu (2007)
granite (A-2) zircon 96° 28′ 8.5″ E
Painite sample (P1) from 22° 54′ 28.5″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 83 ± 4 Kyaw Thu (2007) Zircon core
contact of syenite and 96° 23′ 34.9″ E
marble
Ass. with ruby in LA-MC-ICP-MS 44 ± 4 Kyaw Thu (2007) Zircon rim
leucogranite matrix;

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Wet-Loo Mine.
LA-MC-ICP-MS 16.1 ± 0.5 Kyaw Thu (2007) Zircon rim; age of
contact
metamorphism
forming the painite
40
Mogok Gem Phlogophite associated Ar–39Ar 18.7 ± 0.2 to Garnier et al. (2011)
Stones with rubies phlogophite 17.1 ± 0.2
Zircon inclusions in LA-MC-ICP-MS 31–32 Khin Zaw et al.
metasomatic rubies (2010)
Kabaing Biotite granite (65.24) 22° 55′ 23″ N, K–Ar biotite 18 ± 0.5 Brook & Snelling Quoted by Brook &
Granite 96° 23′ E (1976) Snelling (1976) and
Maung Thein & Ba
Than Haq (unpub.
data 1964).
Granite (7958C) 22° 55′ 30″ N, K–Ar biotite 18 ± 0.4 0.7172 Brook & Snelling
96° 20′ E (1976)
Granite (PED-22-64) Kabaing K–Ar biotite 16.3 ± 0.6 Damon (1966)
40
Granite (MY98-03) 22° 55′ 06″ N, Ar–39Ar 15.8 ± 1.1 15.8 ± 1.1 14.3 ± 1.9 13.9 ± 1.1 Bertrand et al. Intrusion of Kabaing
96° 20′ 29″ E biotite (2001) Granite which
post-dates (chloritic
component) ductile
deformation in this
area
Medium-grained biotite 22.55190° N, ICP-MS 16.8 ± 0.5 1.9 Gardiner et al. Concordia intercept
granite (MY106) 96.20792° E (2016) gave magmatic
(zircons n = 17 of crystallization age of
which 13 used) granite
238
Medium-grained biotite U/206U 207Pb 46.2 ± 0.6 Gardiner et al. Inherited age
granite (MY106) corrected (2016)
(zircons n = 1)
238
Medium-grained biotite U/206U 207Pb 45.3 ± 0.6 Gardiner et al. Inherited age
granite (MY106) corrected (2016)
(zircons n = 1)
Thabeikkyin Biotite granite (7958A) 22° 51′ N, K–Ar biotite 17.5 ± 0.3 Brook & Snelling
Granite 96° 03′ E (1976)
Thabeikkyin Biotite gneiss (7958B) 22° 51′ N, K–Ar biotite 17 ± 0.3 Brook & Snelling
96° 3′ E (1976)
Sedawgyi Biotite gneiss (D-1) 22° 21′ 9.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 491 ± 4 0.97 0.6503 Mitchell et al. Magmatic age of
(zircon n = 28) 94′ 56′ 47.1″ E (2012) granitic protolith
Granite dyke D-2) 22′ 21′ 9.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 17.0 ± 0.3 2.3 0.7081 Mitchell et al. Age of intrusion of
(zircon n = 20) 94′ 56′ 47.1″ E (2012) dyke
Kyanigan Biotite augen orthogneiss Massive outcrop SHRIMP U–Pb 170.11 ± 1.16 Barley et al. (2003) Magmatic age of
208
Hills (UB055A) north of Pb 1.09 orthogneiss protolith;
(zircon n = 26) Kyanigan corrected same locality as
village Kyanigan Quarry
(below)
Biotite augen orthogneiss (22° 05′ 14″ N, SHRIMP U–Pb 209.7 ± 4 1.84 Barley et al. (2003) Recrystallized relics of
208
(UB055A) 96° 9′ 13″ E) Pb older zircon
(zircons n = 2) corrected populations
Biotite augen orthogneiss SHRIMP U–Pb 43.37 ± 0.80 1.33 Barley et al. (2003) Recrystallization during
208
(UB055A) (zircons n Pb Eocene high-grade
= 7) corrected metamorphism
Kyanigan K-feldspar augen granitic 22° 05′ 14″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 59.0 ± 1.0 0.98 Searle et al. (2007) Poorly constrained P, T
Quarry gneiss (M4) 96° 9′ 13″ E of 680°C at 4.9 ±
n = 4 from 13 zircons 1.7 kbar early

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
syn-collision event?
K-feldspar augen granitic LA-MC-ICP-MS 31–40 Searle et al. (2007) Represents overprinted
gneiss (M4) metamorphic event
n = 15 from 13 (s); cessation of
zircons monazite growth
recording high-grade
metamorphism is
31–34 Ma
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 27.1 ± 0.1 Searle et al. (2007) Probably mixtures of
leucogranite (M5) 24.5 Ma overgrowths
n = 1 xenotime with minor older
components at c. 31–
32 Ma and c. 35 Ma
either from melts
source or inheritance
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 27.1 ± 1.0 Searle et al. (2007)
leucogranite (M5)
n = 1 monazite
Tourmaline quartz ID-TIMS 31.2 ± 0.3 Searle et al. (2007) Likely presence of
leucogranite (M5) micro-inclusions of
n = 1 monazite urananite in monazite
Tourmaline quartz LA-MC-ICP-MS 24.5 ± 0.4 0.79 Searle et al. (2007) Interpreted as
leucogranite (M5) crystallization age
n = 8 monazite
Tourmaline quartz LA-MC-ICP-MS 24.5 ± 0.3 0.41 Searle et al. (2007) Confirmation of
leucogranite (M5) crystallization age;
n = 4 xenotime possible
post-metamorphic
age (Mitchell et al.
2012)

731
 732
Table A6. Isotopic ages and data for rocks from the Yarlung–Tsangpo Suture Zone in Myanmar and the border area with India, including the Andaman Islands (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating Age ± error MSWD Central age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon δ18O References Notes
(number of mineral grains method (Ma) (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Tagaung–Myitkyina Belt
Yarlung–Tsangpo Gabbro 13MD345 25° 38′ 24″ N, Weighted 172.8 ± 2.3 1.9 16.4 ± 1.0 5.1 ± 0.32 Liu et al. (2016) Interpreted to be the ages of
206
suture (zircons n = 18) 97° 28′ 53″ E Pb/238Pb intrusions in the ophiolite,
which is the continuation
in north Myanmar of the
Bangong–Nuliang
(Mesotethys) suture of
Tibet
(Neotethys suture) Diorite 13MD351 25° 38′ 24″ N, Weighted 171.6 ± 1.5 1.2 17.9 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 0.36 Liu et al. (2016)
206
(zircons n = 18) 97° 28′ 53″ E Pb/238Pb
Near Myitkina Diorite 13MD360 25° 38′ 24″ N, Weighted 173.0 ± 0.12 1.3 16.5 ± 1.0 5.02 ± 0.25 Liu et al. (2016)
206
(zircons n = 19) 97° 28′ 53″ E Pb/238Pb
Yarlung–Tsangpo Andesite basalt O9Y-40 25° 23′ 50″ N, LA-ICP-MS 166 ± 3 1.5 Yang et al.
suture (zircons n = 12) 97° 37′ 45″ E weighted (2012)
mean
(Neotethys suture) Leucogabbro O9-Y51 25° 23′ 58″ N, LA-ICP-MS 177.09 ± 0.75 3.3 Yang et al. Zircon core spot age range

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

(zircons n = 40) 97° 38′ 91″ E weighted (2012) 172 ± 1 to 182 ± 2 Ma
mean
NE of Myitkina Plagiogranite O9Y-55 25° 23′ 47″ N, LA-ICP-MS 176.25 ± 0.75 2.2 Yang et al. Zircon core spot age range
(zircons n = 34) 97° 39′ 46″ E weighted (2012) 172 ± 1 to 178 ± 2 Ma
mean
Olivine pyroxenite O9Y-76 25° 21′ 51.7″ N, LA-ICP-MS 171 ± 2 1.9 Yang et al. Age data for intrusions and
(zircons n = 15) 97° 45′ 31.8″ E weighted (2012) lavas in suture zone
mean
Olivine pyroxenite O9Y-76 LA-ICP-MS 43.74 ± 0.72 Yang et al.
(zircons n = 2 zircon rims) spot ages (2012)
Olivine pyroxenite O9Y-76 LA-ICP-MS 42.86 ± 0.68 Yang et al. Yang et al. (2012) also
(n = 1 zircon core) spot age (2012) discuss the possibility that
this suture zone is the
extension of the Bangong–
Nuliang (Mesotethys)
suture of Tibet in north
Myanmar
0.70367– c. +4 Yang et al.
0.70397 to +5.3 (2012)
Nagaland–Manipur Ophiolite
Plagiogranite MGA1 25° 9′ 50″ N, LA-ICP-MS 118.6 ± 1.2 0.58 Singh et al. These Early Cretaceous
(zircons n = 24) intruded 94° 28′ 20″ E (2017) oceanic plagiogranites
in serpentinized upper have trondhjemitic
mantle peridotites compositions,
metaluminous affinities
and had a subduction
component in their source
region.
Plagiogranite 8GA2 25° 0′ 20″ N, LA-ICP-MS 117.4 ± 1.6 0.56 Singh et al.
(zircons n = 24) intruded 94° 27′ 33″ E (2017)
in serpentinized upper
mantle peridotites
 Plagiogranite 8KM14 24° 20′ 25″ N, LA-ICP-MS 117.1 ± 1.3 1 Singh et al.
(zircons n = 24) intruded 94° 17′ 40″ E (2017)
in serpentinized upper
mantle peridotites
PlagiograniteMK5A 25° 17′ 50″ N, LA-ICP-MS 116.4 ± 2.2 0.52 Singh et al.
(zircons n = 9) intruded in 94° 15′ 59″ E (2017)
serpentinized upper mantle
peridotites
Chin Hills Ophiolite
Kalaymo Rodingite 13MD16 23° 31′ 46″ N, Weighted 126.6 ± 1.0 1.1 18.9 ± 1.9 5.66 ± 0.27 Liu et al. (2016) The zircons are magmatic, as
(zircons n = 18) pod in 94° 05′ 13″ E 206
Pb/238Pb they have high εHf and
serpentinite δO18 and pre-date the
hydration episode
Yarlung–Tsangpo Rodingite 13MD17 23° 31′ 46″ N, Weighted 125.8 ± 1.7 1.4 18.4 ± 0.9 5.72 ± 0.26 Liu et al. (2016) Kalaymo ophiolite formed in
206
suture (zircons n = 11) pod in 94° 5′ 13″ E Pb/238Pb Early Cretaceous.
serpentinite
Amphibolite 13MD42 22° 57′ 47″ N, Weighted 114.7 ± 1.4 1.9 14.2 ± 2.4 8.11 ± 0.27 Liu et al. (2016) Zircons formed in low-T
206
(zircons n = 14) 94° 1′ 09″ E Pb/238Pb metamorphic event
underlying the Kalaymo attributed to ophiolite
ophiolite (Webula massif ) emplacement. Ages
interpreted to be of

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
ophiolitic rocks formed at
a mid-oceanic ridge within
the continuation in central
Myanmar of the
Yarlung-Tsangpo suture
(Neotethys) of Tibet
East of Kennedy Gabbro’ (84K/4 342813); 21° 9′ 01″ N, K–Ar 158 ± 20 United Nations
Peak hornblende-bearing 94° 7′ 54″ E hornblende (1978b)
pegmatite associated with
harzburgites and
serpentinite sheets within
Paung Chaung Limestone
(c. 105 Ma)
Andaman Islands Trondhjemite intruded into 11° 42′ N, 92° 31′ E LA-ICP-MS 95 ± 2 3.7 Pedersen et al. Geochemistry is similar to
Andaman ophiolite (2010) plagiogranite and age is
time of ocean crust
sequence.
Chiriya Tapu, Las-141 (zircons n = 11)
South Andaman
South Andaman Plagiogranite (zircons) in c. 11° 42′ N, SHRIMP 93.6 ± 1.3 Sarma et al. Age of crystallization of
Island gabbro-unit of ophiolite 92° 31′ E weighted (2010) plagiogranite; ophiolite
mean older.
206
Pb/238U
Mithakhari Group Hope Town Conglomerate Hope Town quarry Apatite fission 57 ± 9 c. −7.2 Allen et al. Single population of typical
Formation (apatites) age to +3.1 (2007) volcanic sourced apatites
Hope Town Conglomerate Zircon fission 61 ± 2 Allen et al. Youngest of three
Formation (zircons) age (2007) populations; different
source are to apatites.
Deposition of Hope Town
Cgl. Fm. c. 60 Ma.
Provenance from a
volcanic arc.

(Continued )

733
 734
Table A6. Isotopic ages and data for rocks from the Yarlung–Tsangpo Suture Zone in Myanmar and the border area with India, including the Andaman Islands (Fig. A2) (Continued )

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating Age ± error MSWD Central age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon δ18O References Notes
(number of mineral grains method (Ma) (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Namunagarh Grit Formation Namunagarh quarry Apatite fission 40 ± 4 Allen et al.

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

(apatites, n = 24) age (2007)
Namunagarh Grit Fm. Chiriyatpatu Zircon fission 40 ± 3 Allen et al. Three provenance modes at
(zircons) age (2007) 40 ± 3, 91 ± 7 and 329 Ma
33 mica grains on one sample Detrital mica 70 Ma min Allen et al. Range 70 Ma to Archaean
Ar data age (2007)
Andaman Flysch Corbyn’s Cove Apatite and 35–40 Ma c. −11.1 Allen et al.
zircon to −8.2 (2007)
fission ages
Youngest 5 detrital zircons U–Pb 48 ± 5 Allen et al.
(2007)
60% of single grain analysis c. −5 to +5 Allen et al. Range typical of young
of apatites (2007) volcanic whole-rock
values
114 mica grain ages from 4 Detrital mica 30 Ma min Allen et al. Range 30 Ma to Proterozoic,
samples Ar data age (2007) 20 grains 30–60 Ma; 32
grains 60–80 Ma
Table A7. Isotopic ages and data from the Jade Mines Belt (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Weighted mean MSWD Isochron age MSWD Zircon References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) age (Ma) (Ma) εHf
mineral grains
analysed)

40
Jade Mines Belt or Phengites in eclogites, Ar–39Ar c. 80 Goffé et al. Eclogite-facies metamorphism
‘Jadeite Uplift’ blueschists, jadeitites (2002)
and amphibolites
40
Ar–39Ar c. 30 Goffé et al. Oligocene HP blueschist-facies
(2002) overprint
Sanhkamaw Group-I zircons (n = 17); 5.8 kg jadeite block SHRIMP U–Pb 163.2 ± 3.3 1.6 15.5–20.0 Shi et al. (2008, Interpreted as age of igneous
typical zoning, Na- from near Tawmaw 2009) (formation of igneous crust) and/
free Mg-silicate or hydrothermal (serpentinization
inclusions, highest U and/or rodingitization of oceanic
and Th values crust)
Group-II zircons (n = 9); SHRIMP U–Pb 146.5 ± 3.4 0.7 15.6–18.5 Shi et al. (2008, Interpreted as formation age of jadeite
bright zircons with 2009)
jadeite inclusions,

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
lower U and Th than
Group 1
Groups I and II zircons SHRIMP U–Pb 157.4 ± 3.8 3.6 15.8 Shi et al. (2008, High +ve zircon εHf values indicate
(n = 28) 2009) all zircons derived from rapid
reworking of very juvenile crust
Group-III zircon (n = 1); SHRIMP U–Pb 122.2 ± 4.8 Shi et al. (2008) Hydrothermal fluids derived from
lowest U and Th hydration of juvenile oceanic crust
values, in late veins plus dehydration of serpentine
cutting Group I, II minerals at greater depths
zircons
Guangzhou Jade Bean-green coloured LA-MC-ICP-MS 158 ± 2 1.4 Qiu et al. (2009) Metasomatic age of growth of jadeite
Market jadeite Jz0201 zircons
n = 16 (75 analyses)
Hpakant area Coarse jadeite BUR Z1 Hpakant town 25° 36′ N, SHRIMP-RG 160 ± 1 3 Yui et al. (2013) Zicons with oscillatory zones;
(zircons n = 15, 96° 18′ E inherited igneous zircons
Type I)
Samples from Coarse jadeite BUR Z1 SHRIMP-RG 77 ± 3 1.8 Yui et al. (2013) Zircons with heterogeneous patchy
local miner (zircons n = 3; texture; minimum age of jadeite
Type II) growth
Jadeitite + omphacite SHRIMP-RG 159 ± 1 2.1 Yui et al. (2013) Metasomatic/hydrothermal zircons;
BUR Z2 (zircons minimum age of zircon growth
n = 8; Type I)
Jadeitite + omphacite SHRIMP-RG 153–105 Yui et al. (2013) Incompletely crystallized zircons gave
BUR Z2 (zircons meaningless ages
n = 8; Type III)
40
Malinhkaaw Light green jadeite and 4 km NE Tawmaw; Ar–39Ar jadeite 123.9 ± 3.4 1.02 123.5 ± 8.6 Qi et al. (2013) Initial 40Ar/36Ar age 295.7 ± 5.7 Ma;
black amphibole rock 12 km NW Hpakant ridge is between splays of the
(X8-Jd) Sagaing fault
40
Light green jadeite and 25° 41′ 13″ N, Ar–39Ar 134.8 ± 1.4 0.36 134.5 ± 2.3 Qi et al. (2013) Initial 40Ar/36Ar age 299 ± 20 Ma
black amphibole rock 96° 15′ 28″ E amphibole
(X8-Amp-I)

(Continued )

735
 736
Table A7. Isotopic ages and data from the Jade Mines Belt (Fig. A2) (Continued )

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Weighted mean MSWD Isochron age MSWD Zircon References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) age (Ma) (Ma) εHf
mineral grains
analysed)

40
Light green jadeite and Ar–39Ar 92.7 ± 1.2 0.79 95.3 ± 2.6 Qi et al. (2013) Initial 40Ar/36Ar age 258 ± 33 Ma. Qi
black amphibole rock amphibole et al. (2013) concluded that the
(X8-Amp-II) jadeite studied formed during Early
Cretaceous (135 Ma) HP

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

metasomatism and also
experienced a Late Cretaceous HP
metasomatism (93 Ma). The
formation of Myanmar jadeite
involved multiple stages of
metasomatism.
40
Hpakant town Phengitic-muscovite-rich 3 km SW Hpakant Ar–39Ar phengitic (293.29 ± 10.96) 43.97 ± 1.22 2.67 44.54 ± 2.89 3.09 Shi et al. (2014) Domed plateau (9 steps) caused by >1
quartz schist (A4) muscovite recrystalllization; inverse isochron
age (same 9 steps) similar
40
(26° 36.9′ N, Phengitic-muscovite-rich 3 km SW Hpakant Ar–39Ar phengitic (286.91 ± 34.45) 44.75 ± 1.12 39.41 44.97 ± 1.32 45.52 Shi et al. (2014) Flat plateau (6 steps) indicates minor
95° 18.2′ E) quartz schist (A9) muscovite disturbance; inverse isochron age
(same 6 steps) similar age
40
Glaucophane-barroisite 5 km NW Hpakant Ar–39Ar (408.24 ± 200.39) 152.44 ± 1.52 0.64 151.64 ± 2.08 0.03 Shi et al. (2014) Upwards staircase spectrum (3 plateau
quartz schsit (P4) glaucophane- steps used); possible excess Ar so?
barroisite >1 phase present. 152 Ma
represents lower limit age of
glaucophane growth and blueschist
metamorphism. c. 45 Ma event
coeval with India–Eurasia
collision.
Table A8. Isotopic ages and data from the Katha–Gangaw Belt (Fig. A2)

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD ϕ Age Total fusion Weighted Isochron References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) (Ma) age mean age age

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
mineral grains analysed) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma)

Ridge 33 km SE Schist c. 24° 7.4′ N, Ar–Ar biotite 38.1 ± 1.1 GIAC (1999)
Banmauk 95° 54.4′ E
Kumon Ridge Schist c. 24° 23.2′ N, Ar–Ar muscovite 37.4 ± 1.2 GIAC (1999)
96° 14.8′ E
Schist Ar–Ar biotite 35.1 ± 1.1 GIAC (1999)
Katha Range Granite (MY97-63) c. 24° 41′ N, Ar–Ar biotite 32.2 ± 1.1 GIAC (1999)
96° 23.1′ E
40
Katha Metamorphics 24° 14.317′ N, Ar–39Ar muscovite 37 ± 1 7.3 37 ± 1 37.1 ± 0.7 38.5 ± 0.3 Myo Min (2007) 40
Ar/36Ar age of
White schist (5386A) 96° 11.420′ E 273 ± 36 Ma
Garnet–mica schist 24° 14.757′ N, Apatite fission track 15.5 ± 1.0 Myo Min (2007)
(5391A) 96° 14.934′ E
(apatite n = 18)
(elevation 264 m)

737
Table A9. Isotopic ages and data from the Central Valley, the Wuntho–Popa Arc and the Rakhine Coast (Fig. A2)

738
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD ϕ Age Mean track 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon δ18O Zircon Ce/ Zircon Eu/ References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) (Ma) length (T) Ce* (1σ) Eu* (1σ)
mineral grains (µm)
analysed)

Wuntho–Popa Leucogabbro (5398A) 24° 30′ 15′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ He 18.0 ± 0.3 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
arc (apatite n = 11) 95° 53′ 30″ E method
Leucogabbro (5398A) 24° 30′ 15′ N, Apatite fission track 20.4 ± 0.8 12.72 ± 0.13 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 41) 95° 53′ 30″ E (n = 162)
(elevation 212 m)
K-feldspar granite 24° 23.540′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ He 12.8 ± 1.8 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(5396A) (apatite n = 95° 51.135′ E method
9)
K-feldspar granite 24° 23.540′ N, Apatite fission track 18.4 ± 1.0 13.77 ± 0.11 Myo Min (2007)
(5396A) 95° 51.135′ E (n = 172)
(apatite n = 45)
(elevation 220 m)
Granodiorite (5395A) 24° 21.592′ N, Apatite (U–Th)/ He 11.8 ± 0.1 ± 1σ Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 7) 95° 57.730′ E method
Granodiorite (5395A) 24° 21.592′ N, Apatite fission track 20.0 ± 0.8 13.81 ± 0.08 Myo Min (2007)
(apatite n = 10) 95° 57.730′ E (n = 250)
(elevation 132 m)
Banmauk area Biotite–hornblende c. 24° 23′ N, K–Ar biotite 93.7 ± 3.4 United Nations
granodiorite 95° 51′ E (1978b)
Hornblende–biotite K–Ar biotite 97.8 ± 3.6 United Nations
granodiorite (1978b)
Banmauk Hornblende + biotite + 24° 24′ 46″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 102.1 ± 0.5 (2σ) 11.5 ± 1.2 5.2 ± 0.2 59.1 ± 21 0.24 ± 0.8 Gardiner et al.

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

plagioclase 95° 45′ 35″ E (2017)
granodiorite
(MY109)
Andesite (83P12341020) 24° 14′ 51″ N, K–Ar whole rock 70.7 ± 4.2 United Nations
95° 42′ 58″ E (1978b)
Andesite K–Ar 50.1 ± 2.5 United Nations
(1978b)
Diorite K–Ar 52.9 ± 2.3 United Nations
(1978b)
Granodiorite K–Ar 37.9 ± 1.3 United Nations
(1978b)
Hornblende biotite 24° 5′ 50″ N, 950 K–Ar biotite 97.8 ± 3.6 United Nations
granodiorite 32′ 06″ E (1978b)
(M/148/828)
Wuntho Hornblende biotite 23° 53′ 07″ N, K–Ar biotite 93.7 ± 3.4 United Nations
Batholith granodiorite 95° 31′ 15″ E (1978b)
Massif (M/57/137)
Hornblende + biotite + 24° 0′ 12″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 98.1 ± 0.47 7.6 ± 0.9 5.4 ± 0.3 124.6 ± 67 0.21 ± 0.0 Gardiner et al.
plagioclase 95° 27′ 56″ E (2017)
granodiorite
(MY149)
Fine-grained dark-grey 23° 49.7′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 79 ± 30 0.6 0.7047 ± Cobbing et al.
granitoid with no 95° 39.4′ E 0.0006 (1992)
hornblende (044A-D)
Kadet Chaung Coarse leucocratic 23° 37′ N; Rb–Sr isochron 90 ± 78 0.2 0.7052 ± Cobbing et al. Limited range of Rb/
biotite hornblende 95° 26′ E 0.0007 (1992) Sr values give a
granodiorite (041A-J) large error to a
statistically
excellent isochron
Khanza Au-mineralized U–Pb SHRIMP 94.3 ± 1.0 0.55 Pickard et al. Mean magmatic age
Chaung leucocratic biotite– (n = 12) (1996) from youngest
hornblende granite zircon population
(UB 041)
(29 spots from
24 zircons)
(UB 041) Pickard et al. Older zircon cores
(1996) and xenocrysts;
intermediate
stages in zircon
growth or mixed
ages of 177 ±
9 Ma (n = 5), 138
± 10 Ma (n = 8)
Auk Thitlaya Biotite trachyte 23° 42′ 56″ N, K–Ar biotite 32.2 ± 1.3 United Nations
hill 95° 37′ 10″ E (1978b)
Coarse biotite 23° 42′ N, 95° 30′ Rb–Sr isochron 110 ± 63 0.1 0.7055 ± Cobbing et al.
hornblende E 0.0004 (1992)
granodiorite (043A-
E)
Shangalon Granodiorite (UB 043D) U–Pb SHRIMP 38.5 ± 0.6 2.65 Pickard et al. Best estimate of
(zircons n = 18 (1996) magmatic age;
analyses of older zircon core
17 zircons) was 48.4 ± 1.2 Ma
Andesite (27/6550) c. 23° 41′ N, K–Ar whole rock 50.1 ± 2.5 United Nations Quoted in Mitchell
95° 31′ E (1978b) (1993)
East Quartz diorite in drill 23° 42′ N, 95° 30′ K–Ar muscovite 52.9 ± 2.3 United Nations
Shangalon core at Shangalon E (1978b)
porphyry copper
deposit
Shangalon Granodiorite in drill core K–Ar biotite 33.2 ± 1.3 United Nations
at Shangalon (1978b)
porphyry copper
deposit
Tonalite porphyry in K–Ar biotite 37.9 ± 1.4 United Nations
drill core at (1978b)
Shangalon porphyry
copper deposit
Medium-grained diorite 23.42025° N, IMS 1280 ion 40.0 ± .2 1.03 Gardiner et al. Magmatic age of
(MY145) 95.3127° E microprobe (2016) crystallization
(zircons n = 13; total
of 14 analyses on 10

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
grains.
207
Medium-grained diorite 23.42025° N, Pb spot age 42.5 ± 0.7 Gardiner et al. Inherited age
(MY145) 95.31277° E (2016)
(zircons n = 1).
Coarse leucocratic 23° 35′ N, Rb–Sr isochron 90 ± 78 0.2 0.7052 ± Cobbing et al. Limited range of Rb/
biotite hornblende 95° 36′ E 0.0007 (1992) Sr values give a
granodiorite (041A-J) large error to a
statistically
excellent isochron
Pickard et al. Mean magmatic age
(1996) from youngest
zircon population
Pickard et al. Older zircon cores
(1996) and xenocrysts;
intermediate
stages in zircon
growth or mixed
ages of 177 ±
9 Ma (n = 5), 138
± 10 Ma (n = 8)
Yingchun Granite (Y2-86) 23° 23.4′ N, LA-ICP-MS 103.5 ± 0.9 2 Zhang et al. (2017) Inherited or
pluton (zircons n = 25) 95° 8.75′ E xenocrystic cores
Well Y-2 n = 7 zircon spots
156–625 Ma
Yingchun Massive dark-grey 23° 17.3′ N, LA-ICP-MS 102.7 ± 0.81 0.23 Li et al. (2013)
pluton granular granodiorite 95° 8.75′ E
Well Y-1 Y1-84 from 2386 m
depth
(zircons n = 20)
Apatite fission sample Apatite fission track 22.7 ± 3 13.56 ± 1 Li et al. (2013) Rapid uplift and
from Y-1 granite (n = 133) exhumation
between 29 ± 1
and 20 ± 1 Ma
and slow uplift
since Pliocene
(4.2 ± 1 Ma)
Yingchun Bedrock diorite (Y3-84) 23° 12.18′ N, LA-ICP-MS 106.2 ± 1.0 2.6 Zhang et al. (2017) Inherited zircons (n =
pluton (zircons n = 26) 95° 8.75′ E 5) 217.9 ± 2.1 to
Well Y-3 820.1 ± 8.4 Ma
Yingbin Bedrock biotite granite 22° 42.27′ N, LA-ICP-MS 64.6 ± 1.0 3.6 Zhang et al. (2017) Crystallization age of
pluton YB1-84) 95° 7.24′ E granite using 33/
Well YB-1 (zircons n = 38 of 36 zircons with
206
which Pb/207Pb

739
ages between

(Continued )
Table A9. Isotopic ages and data from the Central Valley, the Wuntho–Popa Arc and the Rakhine Coast (Fig. A2) (Continued )

740
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD ϕ Age Mean track 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon δ18O Zircon Ce/ Zircon Eu/ References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) (Ma) length (T) Ce* (1σ) Eu* (1σ)
mineral grains (µm)
analysed)

n = 33 used for age 61.6 ± 1.6 and

date) 70.6 ± 1.9 Ma.
Inherited
206
Pb/207Pb ages:
229.3 ± 3.9 to
566.6 ± 9.4
(3 zircon cores),
994.4 ± 42.6,
1184.3 ± 67.6 Ma
Trachybasalt (M3A) 22° 21′ 51″ N, LA-ICP-MS 69.0 ± 2.6 5.9 Zhang et al. (2017) Crystallization age;
207
(zircons n = 19 of 95° 1′ 17″ E Pb/208Pb ages
which of 1132–1187
n = 8 near- (zircon spots n =
concordant 3), 64–812 Ma
population) (zircon spots n =
8)
Yingchun & I & S-type peraluminous 106–103; 69– c. +1.9 to Zhang et al. (2017) Magma derived from
Yingbin granitoids 64.5 +16.5 partial melting of
plutons (3 analysed samples) of juvenile crust
by depleted
mantle
Salingyi Salingyi diorite (Salin 22° 13′ 54.6″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 105.3 ± 1.7 2.3 0.704 c. +4.5 Mitchell et al.
A) (zircons n = 15) 94° 56′ 47.1″ E (2012)

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Hornblende + biotite + 21° 56′ 49″ N; Pb–U IMS 1280 98.3 ± 1.0 7.4 ± 1.7 5.5 ± 0.4 92.6 ± 22 0.22 ± 22 Gardiner et al.
plagioclase 950 05′ 32″ E (2017)
granodiorite
(MY151)
Diorite K–Ar hornblende 91 ± 1 United Nations
(1978b, c)
Salingyi Diorite K–Ar hornblende 106 ± 7 United Nations
(1978b, c)
Granite K–Ar biotite 103 ± 1 United Nations
(1978b, c)
Granites K–Ar 103 ± 4 Ahad (1980) Quoted by Khin Zaw
(1990)
Diorites K–Ar 106 ± 7 Ahad (1980)
Gabbros K–Ar 91 ± 11.8 Ahad (1980)
Andesite porphyry dyke, 22° 2′ 20″ N, LA-MC-ICPMS 13.6 ± 0.1 0.82 0.7046 c. +3.2 Mitchell et al. Approximate age of
138 m (SC034) 95° 2′ 35″ E (2012) Cu mineralization
(zircons n = 24)
Monywa Cu Hornblende + biotite + 22° 10′ 30″ N, U–Pb IMS 1280 99.8 ± 1.3 7.3 ± 1.4 5.4 ± 0.4 102.9 ± 105 0.19 ± 0.0 Gardiner et al.
Mine plagioclase 94° 58′ 05″ E (2017)
granodiorite
(MY150) (zircons)
Dacite dyke intruding U–Pb zircon 13.5 ± 0.2 Mitchell et al. S.L. Chen, pers.
‘Mine Pyroclastics’ (2012) comm.
(zircons)
Sabetaung Post-mineralization K–Ar 5.8 Kyaw Win & Determination made
South pit andesite porphyry Kirwin (1998) by Metal Mining
dyke Agency of Japan.
SW of Kyisintaung Sericite K–Ar 13 Kyaw Win & Kirwin
(1998)

Kyisintaung Sericite K–Ar 19 Kyaw Win &

pit Kirwin (1998)
Letpadaung Alunite Laser ablation Ar/Ar 19.7 Khin Zaw et al.
pit (2014b)
Letpadaung Absarokite MC-ICP-MS c. +3.6 c. +12.1 Lee et al. (2010) Quaternary volcanics
Monwya area High-Al basalt c. +3.0 c. +11.8 Lee et al. (2010) Quaternary volcanics
Basalt (B04-11-1) 22° 24′ 43″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704475 c. +3.1 Lee et al. (2016) Interpreted as the
95° 7′ 30″ E MS product of small-
degree melting
from an
amphibole
lherzolite in the
lithospheric
mantle
Monwya Basalt (B04-11-2) 22° 24′ 43″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704476 c. +3.0 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 7′ 30″ E MS
Calc-alkaline Basalt (B04-10-3) 22° 13′ 12″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.72 0.704415 c. +3.6 Lee et al. (2016)
Suite 95° 18′ E MS
Basalt (B04-10-4) 22° 13′ 12″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.72 0.704568 c. +3.5 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 18′ E MS
Alkali basalt Basalt (B04-10-5) 22° 13′ 12″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.72 ± 0.4 0.704384 c. +3.6 Lee et al. (2016)
Suite 95° 18′ E MS
Rhyolites LA-MC-ICP-MS 24–27 Knight (2012); Age range of
Khin Zaw et al. rhyolites in the
(2014b, 2017); Magyigon
Knight & Khin Formation; host
Zaw (2015) rocks to the Cu
mineralization at
Monya
Monwya Twin 30 m thick columnar c. 22° 20′ N, 40
K/40Ar whole rock 0.44 ± 0.12 Maury et al. (2004) Basalt flow erupted
Taung shoshonitic basalt 95° 2′ E before phraeto-
flow beneath magmatic stage;
hydromagmatic low degree of
breccias of Twin partial melting of
Taung maar (MY 97- a subduction-
45). modified mantle
87
Mt Popa Olivine–clinopyroxene c. 21° 50′ N, Mass spectrometry 0.70452 (n = Stephenson & Sr/86Sr ratios range
basalt, 96° 15′ E 8) Marshall (1984) between 0.70431
clinopyroxene– and 0.70401;
amphibole basalt, high-K calc-
basaltic andesite, alkaline suite of
latite and rhyodacite. subduction origin
40
Basaltic andesite (MY c. 21° 49′ N, K–40Ar whole rock 0.96 ± 0.17 Maury et al. (2004) Lavas range from

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
96-87) 95° 13′ E calc-alkaline to
potassic calc-
alkaline and
derive from partial
melting of a
subduction-
modified mantle
40
Calc-alkaline basalt c. 21° 50′ N, K–40Ar wck 0.80 ± 0.03 Maury et al. (2004)
(MY 96-90) 95° 12′ E
Hornblende–phyric K–Ar hornblende 4.30 ± 0.5 Cumming et al. Hornblende basaltic
basaltic andesite (2009) andesite overlies
hornblende basalt
and olivine–
hornblende basalt
foming main cone
at Mt Popa
Andesites K–Ar c. 13 Yang (2008)
40
High-K calc-alkaline K–40Ar c. 16–13 Lee et al. (2010) Mid-Miocene
(SiO2 = 53–62%) eruption stage
40
High-Al basalts K–40Ar <1 c. +3 to +2.1 c. +17.4 to Lee et al. (2010) Quaternary eruption
+10.7 stage.
High-K calc-alkaline 0.7045 c. +4 to +1 Yang et al. (2007)
suite
Andesite (BUR07-02) 20° 46′ 26″ N, MC-ICP-MS 13.3 ± 0.2 0.70512 c. +1.6 Lee et al. (2016) Age from Lee’s
95° 16′ 30″ E unpublished data
Mid Miocene Basaltic andesite 20° 46′ 12″ N, MC-ICP-MS c. 13.3 0.704979 c. +1.7 Lee et al. (2016)
Suite (BUR07-05) 95° 19′ 30″ E
Andesite (BUR07-09B) 20° 49′ 01″ N, MC-ICP-MS 13.3 ± 0.2 0.705051 c. +1.7 Lee et al. (2016) Age from Lee’s
95° 13′ 30″ E unpublished data
Andesite (BUR07-10B) 20° 54′ 07″ N, MC-ICP-MS 13.5 ± 0.2 0.705108 c. +1.6 Lee et al. (2016) Age from Lee’s
95° 11′ 20″ E unpublished data;
trace elements in
the Mid-Miocene
Suite indicate
minor
contamination by
continental crust
Basaltic andesite (B04- 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704448 c. +2.4 Lee et al. (2016) Lavas derived from
12-2) 95° 12′ 36″ E MS melting of
juvenile mantle
related to
subduction of

741
Indian lithosphere
beneath Asia

(Continued )
 742
Table A9. Isotopic ages and data from the Central Valley, the Wuntho–Popa Arc and the Rakhine Coast (Fig. A2) (Continued )

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD ϕ Age Mean track 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf Zircon δ18O Zircon Ce/ Zircon Eu/ References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) (Ma) length (T) Ce* (1σ) Eu* (1σ)
mineral grains (µm)
analysed)

Mt Popa Basaltic andesite (B04- 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704464 c. +2.7 Lee et al. (2016)
12-3) 95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Calc-alkaline Basalt (B04-12-4) 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704407 c. +2.5 Lee et al. (2016) Reference ages
Suite 95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Basalt (B04-12-5) 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704536 c. +2.2 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Basalt (B04-12-6) 200 54′ 40″ N; ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704549 c. +2.1 Lee et al. (2016)
950 12′ 56″ E MS
Basaltic andesite (B04- 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704495 c. +2.2 Lee et al. (2016)
12-7) 95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Basalt (B04-12-10) 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.70439 c. +2.9 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Basalt (B04-12-11) 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704324 c. +2.9 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 12′ 56″ E MS
Basalt (B04-12-12) 20° 54′ 40″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704392 c. +2.9 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 12′ 56″ E MS
(BUR-07-11) 20° 58′ 52″ N, MC-ICP-MS 0.15 ± 0.16 Lee’s unpublished
95° 14′ 31″ E data

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Basalt (BUR07-12) 20° 57′ 14″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704415 c. +3.0 Lee et al. (2016)
95° 13′ 01″ E MS
Basaltic andesite 20° 57′ 11″ N, ICP-MS, MC-ICP- 0.15 0.704642 c. +2.6 Lee et al. (2016)
(BUR07-13C) 95° 11′ 24″ E MS
Palaeosol on top of NE area of Popa Calibrated 14C age 2740–2640 BP Belousov et al. Latest period of
volcanic fan. volcanic pile (2012) volcanic activity
of Mt Popa was
early in the
Holocene
Mt Popa Top 10 cm of palaeosol North part of Popa Calibrated 14C age 8590–8400 BP A large-scale edifice
beneath debris volcanic pile collapse was
avalanche about 8000 BP
15 cm palaeosol beneath Calibrated 14C1 age 12820–12650 Mild volcanian
3 cm ash layer under BP eruptions of
above palaeosol. probable
vulcanican type
Rakhine Coast
West Lower Marine Terrace Radiocarbon 590–680 BP Than Tin Aung Lower terrace
Phayonkar 1–2 m above sea et al. (2008) emergence
Island level (coral remains n between AD 1585
= 4) and 1810
attributed to the
1762 Bay of
Bengal earthquake
(M = 8.8).
(Myengun Middle Marine Terrace c. 20° 00′ N, Radiocarbon 1245–1545 BP Middle terrace
Island) 4–6 m above sea 93° 6′ E emerged between
level (coral remains n AD 805 and 1229
= 3) due to an
earthquake of
magnitude >7
(2 profiles) Upper Marine Terrace Radiocarbon 2925–3420 BP Upper terrace
6–16 m above sea emerged between
level (coral remains n 1395 and 740 BC
= 4) due to an
earthquake of
magnitude >7.
Table A10. Detrital zircon age and isotope data for Mesozoic sediments in the Central Valley (Fig. A1)

Lithology (sample number) Location Dating Age ± error εNd References Notes
(number of mineral grains method (Ma) (T)
analysed)

Cretaceous
Amber Noije Zircons collected from the matrix 26° 15′ N, SIMS 102–108 Shi et al. (2012) Dacite and andesite clasts present
206
Bum hill surrounding (Group 1 96° 34′ E Pb/238U
zircons n = 6 interiors)
206
Hukawng Valley Amber in 1 m thick blue-grey Pb/238U 98.79 ± 0.62 c. +7.8 to +10.8 Shi et al. (2012) Maximum age of the burmite (amber) and a
volcaniclastic mudstones. concordia volcanic eruption in the Hukawng Valley
(Group 2 zircons n = 25)
Triassic
Pane Chaung Micaceous sandstone interbedded 23.25103° N, ICP-MS Ave of 3 youngest Sevastjanova Detrital zircons age ranges 3445 ± 52 to
Formation with shale (ISWB 42) 93.98612° E zircons is et al. (2016) 195 ± 4 Ma; 23–36% 1.4–0.7 Ma; 1–5%
(zircons n = 105) 199 ± 13 360–300 Ma (Carboniferous); 4–9%
Chin Hills near Micaceous sandstone interbedded 22.9812° N, (Min age of Pane 300–250 Ma (Permian); 5–12%
Kalaymio with shale (ISWB 57) 93.97023° E Chaung 25–200 Ma (Triassic), also Archean1–8%

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
(zircons n = 146) Formation) (>2.5 Ga except ISWB 10)
Chin Hills near Micaceous sandstone interbedded 20.84° N, Small no. of 2.1–1.4 Ga and 410–320 Ma
Mont Victoria with shale (ISWB 13) 94.086° E aged zircons present but no significant
(zircons n = 108) populations
Micaceous sandstone interbedded 20.98168° N, 29/39 volcanic? Zircons 100–80 Ma
with shale (ISWB 25) 94.1353° E (Cretaceous)
(zircons n = 114)
Micaceous sandstone interbedded 21.1514° N, Sevastjanova et al. (2016) conclude that the
with shale (ISWB 10) 94.1334° E weighted average age of the Pane Chaung
(zircons n = 74) Formation based on the three youngest
Thick-bedded yellow sandstone 20.85061° N, Ave of 3 youngest zircons is 119 ± 13 Ma, placing its
(ISWB 15) (zircons n = 113) 94.0865° E zircon 255 ± 7 deposition on the Triassic–Jurassic
boundary
Marlstone (ISWB 06) 20.84269° N, 81–97 age range The presence of Permian and Triassic
(zircons n = 39) 94.08665° E of volcanic zircons, apart from in ISWN15 (no
zircons Triassic volcanic zircons; weighted
average age of 3 youngest zircons is
255 ± 7 Ma) is argued to indicate that
West Burma was a part of SE Asia since
before the Mesozoic as Permian and
Triassic zircons are not known from the
West Australia Gondwana margin and
were likely derived from the SE Asia
Tin belt granitoids. Marlstone (SWB 05)
indicates calm-water deposition in
Cenomanian–Turonian accompanied
with volcanicity, which is difficult to
reconcile with a major continental
collision during the Cretaceous
(see Mitchell et al. 2012, 2015).

743
 744
Table A11. Detrital zircon ages and isotope data for Neogene and Palaeogene sediments in the Central Valley (Fig. A3)

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Total 87

Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) age (T)
mineral grains analysed)

Miocene– Feldspatho-litho- Nd isotopic c. −13 to −6 Licht et al.

Pliocene quartzose with analysis (2014)
metamorphic >
sedimentary > volcanic
lithics.
Pegu Group and Bulk rock εNd
Irrawaddy
Formation
Upper Miocene Western Central Basin
Uppermost Pegu Sandstone (BUR04) c. 60 km west of LA-MC-ICP-MS 24–3151 Liang et al. 47/52 zircons have
Group (zircons n = 62) Mandalay city (2008) Cretaceous–Palaeogene
ages; 24 zircons have
εHf values >+16
similar to the Gangdese

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

batholith in Tibet. Up
to Late Miocene the
Yarlung Tsangpo river
drained into the
Ayeyarwady River.
Middle Miocene Western Central Basin
Obogon Sandstone (Obogon) LA-MC-ICP-MS 31.1 ± 0.7 c. −2.2 Robinson Youngest zircon in
Formation et al. (2014) Obogon Formation
Eastern Central Myanmar
Basin
Lower Moza Sandstone (Lower Moza) 21° 39′ 20.38″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 32.9 ± 0.7 Robinson Minimum age of Moza
Formation (zircons n = 28) 95° 46′ 20.10″ E et al. (2014) Formation
Early Miocene
Taungtalon Sandstone (Taungtalon-1) 21° 38′ 25.69″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 29.7 ± 0.6 c. −7.9 and Robinson Minimum age of
Formation (zircons n = 44) 95° 48′ 11.12″ E +2.4 et al. (2014) Taungtalon Formation
Shwetaung Sandstone (Schwetaung- 21° 39′ 58.79″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 18.2 ± 0.3 c. +9.4 Robinson Minimum age of
Formation 1) (zircons n = 52) 95° 45′ 54.34″ E et al. (2014) Schwetaung Formation
Oligocene Western Central Myanmar
Basin
Padaung Sandstone (Padaung-2) 22° 6′ 40″ N, 94° LA-MC-ICP-MS 27.6 ± 1.4 Robinson Minimum age of Padaung
Formation (zircons n = 78) 58′ 38.70″ E et al. (2014) Formation
Padaung Sandstone (Padaung-3) 22° 5′ 56.60″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 33.8 ± 0.7 Robinson
Formation (zircons n = 63) 94° 59′ 45.90″ E et al. (2014)
Upper Eocene– Minbu sub-basin
Oligocene
Yaw, Shwezetaw, Feldspatho-quartzo-lithic Nd isotopic c. −9 to −2 Licht et al.
Padaung, with sedimentary > analysis; bulk (2014)
Okhintaung volcanic and rock εNd
formations metamorphic lithics
19 9, 6.5–2
Taungup–Prome Eocene flysch (M3), (M5 18° 38.37′ N, Apatite fission Zhang et al. Time–temperature models
road & M11) Cretaceous 94° 54′ E (AFT age) (2015) of AFT data suggest
metamorphics. Locality four major Cenozoic
M11 cooling epoisodes: Late
Oligocene; Early–
Middle Miocene; Late
Miocene; and
Pliocene–Pleistocene
Western thrust belt of 18° 46.05′ N, Apatite fission 28–13.5, Zhang et al.
Minbu Sub-basin (M20 95° 11.25′ E (AFT age) 7.5–3.5 (2015)
& M21); locality M21
(Miocene)
Eocene molasse (M20) 18° 38.07′ N, Apatite fission 25.5 ± 1.5
94° 58.5′ E (measured
age)
Late Eocene Eastern Central Myanmar
Basin
Upper Pondaung Sandstone (Pondaung-2) 22° 59′ 25.73″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 34.4 ± 0.9 Robinson
Formation (zircons n = 39) 95° 53′ 10.57″ E et al. (2014)
Middle Pondaung Sandstone (Pondaung-1) 22° 59′ 19.64″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 41.4 ± 0.9 c. +8.6 Robinson Maximum age of

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
Formation (zircons n = 61) 95° 52′ 52.32″ E et al. (2014) Pondaung Formation
Robinson et al. (2014)
conclude that Yarlung
Tsangpo–Ayeyarwady
river system was
established at least by
the Middle–Late
Eocene but became
disconnected in the
Early Miocene due to
deformation in the
Eastern Syntaxis. Tang
et al. (2012) conclude
Ayeyarwaddy river
may have developed
independently
Late Middle Eocene NE Minbu Sub-basin
Pondaung Tuffaceous bed Magneto- 37.4 Benammi
Formation, stratigraphic et al. (2002)
Upper Member age
Upper Eocene Minbu Sub-basin
Yaw Formation Coarse-grained samples 21° 43′ N, 94° 40′E Nd and Sr 0.708–0.714 c. −8 to −3 Licht et al. Family 3
and mudstones; Bahin isotopic bulk (2013)
township n = 2 analysis
Seikche North & South 21° 42′ N, 94° 42′ E
n=4
Late Middle Eocene
Pondaung Coarse-grained samples 21° 44′ N, 94° 37′ E 0.705–0.713 c. −4 to Licht et al. Family 1
Formation and mudstones n = 5 +0.5 (2013)

745
(Continued )
Table A11. Detrital zircon ages and isotope data for Neogene and Palaeogene sediments in the Central Valley (Fig. A3) (Continued )

746
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Total 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) age (T)
mineral grains analysed)

Nd and Sr
isotopic bulk
analysis
Upper Member Coarse-grained samples 21° 45′ N, 94° 50′ E Nd and Sr 0.714–0.718 c. −8 to −4 Licht et al. Family 2
and mudstones n = 6 isotopic bulk (2013)
analysis
Pondaung Ayoedawpon Taung 21° 45′ N, 94° 39′ E Zircon fission 38.8 ± 1.4 Tsubamoto Upper tuff is just over 1
Formation Claystone (Pk5 tuff track et al. (2009) m above the lower tuff
site, upper tuff band) band
Upper Member Ayoedawpon Taung Zircon fission 37.2 ± 1.3 Tsubamoto Lower tuff band is 1 m
Claystone Pk1 tuff site, track et al. (2002) above and 50 m distant
lower tuff band) from the primate
postcrania-bearing
horizon
Pk4 locality in 21° 45′ N, 94° 39′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 40.31 ± 0.65 1.6 Khin Zaw Richest deposit of

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Ayoedawpon Taung et al. terrestrial mammals in
Claystone (2014a) SE Asia
(n = 16 zircons)
Pk8 locality in 21° 45′ N, 94° 39′ E LA-MC-ICP-MS 40.22 ± 0.86 1.8 Khin Zaw Oldest U–Pb dated
Ayoedawpon Taung et al. anthropoid primates
Claystone (2014a)
(n = 12 zircons)
Middle Eocene
Tabyin and Feldspatho-quartzo lithic Nd isotopic c. −7 to + 1 Licht et al.
Pondaung with analysis (2013)
formations volcanic>sedimentary
and metamorphic
lithics
NW Chindwin basin
section east of the
Kabaw fault and west
of Kalewa
L. Miocene Pegu Sandstones and 23° 11′ 39.1″ N, Q-ICP-MS 16.8 (min c. −21.4 to Wang et al. Recycled orogen
group mudstones (25-4-2) 94° 17′ 27.2″ E age) +16.4 (2014) derivation
(zircons n = 100)
Sandstones and 22° 31′ 59.9″ N, Q-ICP-MS 28.5 (min c. −34.8 to Wang et al. Detrital zircon ages: 28–
mudstones (25-3-1) 94° 34′ 17.4″ E age) +14.7 (2014) 132, 188–197, 521–
(zircons n = 100) 596, 893–901, 970,
1260, 1896, 1943 Ma
Pondaung Sandstones (25-8-1) 23° 11′ 58.8″ N, Q-ICP-MS 42 (min c. +1.4 to Wang et al. Magmatic arc and
Formation (zircons n = 100) 94° 13′ 51.7″ E age) +16.6 (2014) recycled orogen
derivations
Sandstones (26-7-1) 23° 12′ 07.5″ N, Q-ICP-MS 47 (min c. −19.6 to Wang et al. Detrital zircon ages:
(zircons n = 100) 94° 13′ 21.6″ E age) +16 (2014) 47–215, 340–349,
503–684, 977–991,
 1124–1187, 1337,
1756. 2073, 3338,
3446 Ma
Tilin Formation Sandstones and 23° 12′ 20.6″ N, Q-ICP-MS 47 (min c. −18.6 to Wang et al. Recycled orogen
mudstones (26-5-3) 94° 12′ 23.3″ E age) +14.2 (2014) derivation; detrital
(zircons n = 100) zircon ages: 47–125,
200–249, 510–599,
636–697, 781–813,
1134–1190, 1234–
1266, 1598–1520 Ma
Paleocene
Paunggyi Sandstones & 23° 13′ 39.4″ N, Q-ICP-MS 69 (n = 2) c. +0.1 to Wang et al. Recycled orogen
Formation conglomerates (26-3-8) 94° 9′ 20.9″ E +14.9 (2014) derivation; detrital
(zircons n = 100) zircon ages: 69–114,
135, 230, 351, 1065,
1182 Ma
Sandstones and 23° 13′ 25.7″ N, Q-ICP-MS 54 (min c. −3.7 to Wang et al.
conglomerates (26-3-1) 94° 9′ 07.6″ E age) +15.5 (2014)
(zircons n = 100)
Upper Cretaceous Sandstones and minor 23° 13′ 39.3″ N, Q-ICP-MS 75 (n = 3) c. +3.2 to Wang et al. Magmatic arc and

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
Kabaw shales (26-1-5) 94° 7′ 25.5″ E +12.3 (2014) recycled orogen
Formation (zircons n = 100) derivations; detrital
zircon ages: 75–105,
213, 570, 674 Ma
Wang et al. (2014)
concluded that the
West Myanmar Arc
had a main magmatic
stage at 110–80 Ma
and a subordinate
magmatic stage at c.
70–40 Ma, the magma
being derived from a
juvenile source which
was simailar to the
Gangdese arc in Tibet
Early Middle Eocene
Southern c. 22° 08′ N,
Chindwin basin 94° 46′ E
Lower Member of Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 43.3 ± 4.4 Kyaw Linn Oo
Pondaung (PD-21/6) (min age) et al. (2015)
Formation (zircons n = 12)
2000 m of fluvial Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 99.51 ± 1.1 0.9 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak; 207Pb
sediments (PD-21/6) (intercept et al. (2015) corr. 100.4, 101.1,
(zircons n = 6) age) 103.8. 105.2, 203.7 Ma
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 46.9 ± 2.4 Kyaw Linn Oo
(PD-24/2) (min age) et al. (2015)
(zircons n = 12)
LA-ICP-MS 0.2

747
(Continued )
Table A11. Detrital zircon ages and isotope data for Neogene and Palaeogene sediments in the Central Valley (Fig. A3) (Continued )

748
Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Total 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) age (T)
mineral grains analysed)

Volcaniclastic sandstone 88.6 ± 1.6 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak; 207Pb
(PD 24/2) (intercept et al. (2015) corr. 99.8, 107.0,
(zircons n = 5) age) 117.5, 842.6 Ma
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 47.2 ± ? Kyaw Linn Oo
(PD-1/5) (min age) et al. (2015)
(zircons n = 12)
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 100.0 ± 1.2 0.85 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak; 207Pb
(PD-1/5) (intercept et al. (2015) corr. 503 Ma
(zircons n = 6) age)
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 51.6 ± 2.0 Kyaw Linn Oo
(PD-28/3) (min age) et al. (2015)
(zircons n = 12)
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 101.7 ± 1.1 0.71 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak; 207Pb
(PD- 28/3) (intercept et al. (2015) corr. 173.4, 628.1 Ma
(zircons n = 7) age)

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 65.1 ± 1,6 Kyaw Linn Oo
(PD-28/9) (min age) et al. (2015)
(zircons n = 12)
Volcaniclastic sandstone LA-ICP-MS 80.4 ± 1.8 0.99 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak; 207Pb
(PD-28//9) (intercept et al. (2015) corr. 132.1, 218.4,
(zircons n = 3) age) 435.0, 487.3,
1052.2 Ma.
Volcaniclastic sandstones LA-ICP-MS 47.75 ± 0.87 1.5 Kyaw Linn Oo Major detrital peak
(all samples) (intercept et al. (2015)
(zircons n = 6) age)
Middle Miocene
Rakhine Coastal Light-grey turbiditic 17° 59′ 37″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 32.8 ± 0.62 Tin Tin Naing 8 zircons >1200 Ma
Belt, sandstone (10TTN09) 94° 29′ 44″ E U–Pb (youngest et al. (2013)
Yenandaung (zircons n = 108) age)
Fromation
Lower Miocene
Leikkammaw Soft sandstone 19° 20′ 27″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 49.5 ± 1.44 c. −4.02 to Tin Tin Naing 2 zircons >1200 Ma
Formation (10TTN18) 93° 29′ 34″ E U–Pb (youngest +14.5 et al. (2013)
(zircons n = 52) age)
Oligocene
Yechangyi Medium-grained turbiditic 19° 52′ 55″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 28 ± 0.44 Tin Tin Naing 30 zircons >1200 Ma
Formation sandstone (10TTN16) 93° 12′ 05″ E U–Pb (youngest et al. (2013)
(zircons n = 162) age)
Yechangyi Medium-grained, yellow- 18° 0′ 11″ N LA-ICP-MS, 28.1 ± 0.43 c. −1.28 to Tin Tin Naing 4 zircons >1200 Ma.
Formation brown turbiditic 94° 26′ 14″ E U–Pb (youngest +11.82 et al. (2013)
sandstone (10TTN13) age)
(zircons n = 56)
Yechangyi Fine- to medium-grained 18° 54′ 01″ N, LAICP-MS, 36.2 ± 0.7 Tin Tin Naing 5 zircons >1200 Ma.
Formation turbiditic sandstone 93° 57′ 16″ E U–Pb (youngest et al. (2013)
(10TTN20) age)
(zircons n = 51)
Yechangyi Medium-grained, reddish- 18° 8′ 20″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 43.3 ± 1.24 c. −0.37 to Tin Tin Naing
Formation brown turbiditic 94° 26′ 37″ E U–Pb (youngest +14.4 et al. (2013)
sandstone (10TTN10) age)
(zircons n = 106)
Middle Eocene
Ngapali Formation Medium-grained dark- 18° 22′ 11″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 39.2 ± 1.06 c. +3.4 to Tin Tin Naing 1 zircon >1200 Ma
grey turbiditic 94° 23′ 01″ E U–Pb (youngest +14.0 et al. (2013)
sandstone (10TTN04) age)
(zircons n = 92)
Ngapali Formation Very coarse brownish- 18° 18′ 31″ N, LA-ICP-MS, 46 ± 0.63 c. −2.05 to Tin Tin Naing 3 zircons >1200 Ma.
grey to grey turbiditic 94° 19′ 38″ E U–Pb (youngest +14.8 et al. (2013)
sandstone (10TTN06) age)
(zircons n = 149)
Ngapali Formation Medium-grained, dark- 180 29′ 38″N; LA-ICP-MS, 238.3 ± 2.29 c. −26.5 to Tin Tin Naing
grey turbiditic 940 16′ 18″ U–Pb (youngest +8.3 et al. (2013)
sandstone (10TTN03) age)

APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY
(zircons n = 54)
Eocene Minwun Range-Schwebo basin
Male Formation Sandstone with sercite 23° 47′ 55″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS 48.7 ± 0.7 Khin Zaw
alteration in matrix is 95° 36′ 55″ E (2002,
host-rock to 2008);
Kyaukpatho gold Morley
mineralization (2016);
(zircons n = 10; Myint
youngest zircon age) Thein &
Maung
Maung
(2017)

749
 750
Table A12. Detrital zircon ages and isotope data for river sediments and bedrock sediments in Myanmar (Fig. A3)

Lithology (sample Location Dating method Age ± error MSWD Total age 87
Sr/86Sr εNd Zircon εHf References Notes
number) (number of (Ma) (T)
mineral grains
analysed)

Mekong river River sand (MK2) Triple point between U-Pb c. 210–230 c. −16.7 to −8 Bodet & Schärer Primary ages 2.0–1.9 Ga,
(zircons n = 47) Myanmar, Laos (2000) discordant zircons minimum
and Thailand ages 1.0–2.2 Ga; discordant
zircons 0.5–0.65 Ga;
concordant and discordant
zircons, 0.35–0.42 and
0.2–0.3 Ga
Salween river River sand (SAL1) 150 km north of U–Pb 70–170, 240–250 c. −11.9 to +5.7 Bodet & Schärer Zircon ages 2.45–2.17, 1.9,
(zircons n = 33) Moulmein (2000) 0.8–0.9; 0.4, 0.25.
Irrawaddy River sand (MY1) North of Mandalay U–Pb c. −14.1 to +13 Bodet & Schärer Zircon ages 1.4–1.0, 0.52, 0.12–
river (zircons n = 37) (2000) 0.1 Ga and 72, 50, 15–4 Ma
River loads Sandstone
petrography
Modern Litho-feldspathic- See Licht et al. Bulk-rock εNd c. −11 to −8 Licht et al. (2014) Source of sediment transported
Ayeyarwady quartzose with (2014) into the Central Myanmar
River metamorphic > basin since the Middle Eocene

M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

sedimentary > was the progressive denudation
volcanic lithics of the volcanic-plutonic arc to
the east. Study of Nd isotopes
trace-element geochemistry
and sandstone modal
compositions indicate that a
connection between the
Ayeyarwaddy river and
Tsangpo River (Tibet) was
unlikely before the Miocene.
Irrawaddy Modern sand and mud 18° 49′ 43.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS; 760 and 880 <55 (c. 89%) c. −8.3 Allen et al. (2008) Zircon fission track ages: 74% of
40
river (MY05-23A,B) 95° 12′ 19.7″ E Ar/39Ar samples have Tertiary age
sediment results
Neogene Medium-grained 20° 50′ 19.3″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS; 500– 2800; <150 <55 (c. c. −10.7 to Allen et al. (2008) Zircon fission track ages: major
bedrock sandstone and 92° 59′ 18.6″ E to 40
Ar/39Ar (15%); Youngest 100%) −12.2 Oligo-Miocene ages peaks;
sediments mudstone with 20° 5′ 50″ N, detrital zircon subordinate >200 and 60–
low-grade 92° 53′ 50.3″ E fission and U–Pb 150 Ma ages interpret the
metamorphic ages 6 Ma Neogene sediment source area
fragments of to have been the Himalayas
‘recycled orogen since 6 Ma
provenance’
Palaeogene Bedrock mustones, 18° 27′ 58.2″ N, LA-MC-ICP-MS Peaks: 42–60; 70– Unmicaceous c. −4 to −4.2 Allen et al. (2008) Zircon fission track ages have
bedrock and silts, sandstones 94° 17′ 29.5″ E to 150; 500–2800. Palaeogene and Cretaceous
river etc. are volcanic 17° 57′ 18.3″ N, Youngest detrital populations with minor
sediments lithic and of 94° 32′ 56.9″ E zircon fission and Palaeozoic inputs interpret the
‘magmatic arc’ U–Pb ages 37 Ma Palaeogene sediment sources
provenance; river to have been mainly the
samples have ‘Burmese Magmatic Arc’ with
variety of subordinate older crustal
provenances material derived from the
Burmese margin and possibly
the Himalaya Exhumation
since 37 Ma
 APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY 751

Much of the apatite fission track data in the Appendix Tables IMS: ionization mass spectrometer;
A1–A12 is taken from the unpublished thesis study by Myo TIMS: thermal-ionization mass spectrometer;
Min (2007). SIMS: secondary-ionization mass spectrometer;
The radiocarbon dating method has been used to date fossil SHRIMP: sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe;
corals in raised beaches. Radiocarbon dates of charcoal in sedi- LA-ICP-MS: laser-ablation ICP-MS.
ments at the Payangyi Fortress are used by Wang et al. (2011) to
date earthquake damage caused by horizontal displacements of A useful summary of dating methods of isotopes and their
the fortress walls as a result of movements of the Sagaing Fault. decay systems is given by Searle (2013) in appendices to his
In the accompanying Tables A1–A12, the abbreviations of accessible account of the Himalayan Orogeny.
the equipment used in the dating methods used are as follows: In the accompanying Tables A1–A12 the location of samples
in publications since about 2000 is from GPS (global posi-
ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; tioning system) satellite readings at the collection site. In earlier
ID-TIMS: isotopic dilution thermal-ionization mass accounts latitude and longitude have been read from topo-
spectrometer; graphic maps. The isotope data and the accompanying notes

Fig. A1. Detrital zircon locations in Palaeozoic

sediments (Table A1) and Mesozoic sediments
(Table A10).
752 M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Fig. A2. The areas of Myanmar covered by

Tables A2–9.

are summarized from the authors’ accounts, which should be The isotopic data, as summarized diagrammatically in Figures
consulted together with any accompanying Supplementary A4–A6, do raise a few issues currently being debated in Myan-
Publications when age data are being quoted. mar geology.
The uneven distribution of samples which have been isotopi-
cally analysed merits explanation: during the period in ques-
Brief discussion of the age data tion, there were problems regarding access to many areas in
Myanmar. Some resourceful geoscientists have persevered,
A comprehensive review of the isotopic data assembled in often under conditions of personal danger, to collect samples
Tables A1–A12 is not attempted here. Barber et al. (2017) and to untangle the ‘red tape’ governing the export of samples
have reviewed many aspects of the dating of the geology of to isotope dating laboratories outside Myanmar.
Myanmar and Khin Zaw (2017) has discussed the dating of The isotope data have been particularly effective in delineat-
mineral deposits. Elsewhere, isotopic data are discussed in con- ing details within the Late Mesozoic plutonic and volcanic arcs
text within the memoir chapters and in their reference sources. in Myanmar (Khin Zaw 1990; Cobbing et al. 1992), west and
 APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY 753

Fig. A3. Detrital zircon sample locations in the

Tertiary sediments of the Central Basin and
Indo-Myanmar Ranges (Table A11) and
locations of detrital zircon sample localities of
river sediments and bedrock samples
(Table A12).

east of the Sagaing Fault. The presence of a Jurassic Arc is Mitchell et al. 2012) are interspersed with granitic plutons
established only in the Mandalay area, while an Early Creta- and batholiths, some of which, as at Mawchi (Aung Zaw
ceous Arc was present both east and west of the Sagaing Myint et al. 2017) and Hermyingi (Jiang et al. 2017), are
Fault. Early Cretaceous volcanics in calderas associated with believed to be derived from the melting of meta-igneous bodies
this arc in the Neyaungga and Ye-ngan area (Garson et al. deep within the crust.
1976) remain to be isotopically dated. A relaxation in igneous activity during c. 40–30 Ma is
Inner and Outer arcs within the Late Cretaceous–Early attributed to the main collision phase of the Himalayan Orog-
Eocene magmatic episode can be recognized. West of the Saga- eny, in which Myanmar was on the eastern periphery. Magma-
ing Fault an Outer Arc is associated with volcanics (Fig. A4), tism was resumed in the Late Oligocene with the Outer
while east of the Sagaing Fault an Inner Arc is associated volcanic-plutonic arc associated with economic copper miner-
with Sn–W mineralization (Figs A5, A6) between 10°N and alization (Khin Zaw 2017). The south to north pivoted uplift
19°N. In Figure A5 leucogranites derived from the melting east of the Sagaing Fault since 30 Ma (Bertrand & Rangin
of metasediments deep within the crust (Searle et al. 2007; 2003) is documented by the Ar–Ar data of Bertrand et al.
754 M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Fig. A4. Isotope age data plotted against latitudes for the successive Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous–Late Eocene, Late Oligocene–Miocene and
Quaternary Outer Plutonic and Volcanic Arcs and for the ophiolitic rocks in the Yarlung–Tsangpo Suture Zone west of the Sagaing Fault. Also shown are

(2001) and the apatite fission data of Myo Min (2007). Apart shows that it was derived from, and so offshore of, the Indo-
from Monywa, Mount Popa and at Singu, the Quaternary vol- china Block during the Triassic.
canism in Myanmar has not been investigated isotopically. This conclusion has been challenged by Mitchell et al.
The isotopic history of the ophiolite bodies associated with (2015) who, without supporting isotopic evidence, suggested
the Yarlung–Tsangpo ophiolite in Myanmar are of great inter- that the Pane Chaung Formation was deposited as turbiditic
est, in particular the discussion of the significance of unstable flysch on the margin of a West Myanmar Mogok Foreland
metmict zircons in ophiolites (see Table A7; Shi et al. 2008, Block at the same time a part of the Gondwana supercontinent
2009; Yui et al. 2013). A Late Jurassic phase of hydrothermal attached to western Australia. According to Mitchell et al.
events and high-pressure metamorphism was followed by an (2015) this block collided with the Shan Plateau, which had
Early Cretaceous phase of intrusion of gabbroids into oceanic been accreted onto the Indochina Block since the Triassic
crust. A similar history of events is described by Xiong et al. along the Medial Myanmar Tectonic Zone, representing a for-
(2016) in the Zedang ophiolite in the Yarlung–Tsangpo ophio- mer Tethyan ocean basin which collapsed during the Creta-
lite of southern Tibet. Xiong et al. (2016) suggest that the ceous. However, in contrast to the Yarlung–Tsango suture in
Zedang ophiolite represents suprasubduction forearc oceanic Myanmar, ophiolite has yet to be found within the Medial
crust dating back to the Triassic. If a similar-aged oceanic fore- Myanmar Tectonic Zone. The absence of ophiolite in the
arc oceanic crust was present in western Myanmar, it would Medial Myanmar Tectonic Zone is explained by Ridd (2017)
explain why the mineralogy of the Pane Chaung Formation as caused by later strike-slip fault movements.
of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges (Sevastjanova et al. 2016) con- The isotopic dating of the detrital zircon suites in the
tains chromite, consistent with its deposition on an oceanic Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the Shan Plateau is at a preliminary
crust forearc basement. The detrital zircon suite in the Pane stage. A detrital zircon sample from the Mergui Group, a part
Chaung Formation (Sevastjanova et al. 2016; Table A10) of the Karen–Tenasserim Unit to the west of the Medial
 APPENDIX: GEOCHRONOLOGY 755

Fig. A5. Isotope age data for the Jurassic Plutonic Arc and the successive Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene, Late Oligocene–Miocene and
Quaternary Inner Plutonic and Volcanic Arcs east of the Sagaing Fault (Table A4) and the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (Table A5). Also shown are isotope
data from the Yarlung–Tsangpo Suture Zone (Table A8). Locations of Appendix tables shown in Figure A2.

Fig. A6. Isotope age data for the Early

Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene
‘Tin belts’ of the Inner Plutonic arcs
(Table A3) in the Taninthayi Peninsula. The
location of the isotope data covered in
Table A3 is shown in Figure A2.
756 M. J. CROW & KHIN ZAW

Myanmar Tectonic Zone, yielded a Middle Ordovician age of BROOK, M. & SNELLING, N.J. 1976. K/Ar and Rb/Sr age determina-
470 ± 4 Ma (Cai et al. 2017); this is very much older than tions on rocks and minerals from Burma. Institute of Geological
the accepted Carboniferous–Permian age (Ridd 2017) of this Sciences, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK, Isotope Geology Unit
largely unfossiliferous unit. In conclusion, this brief review Report 76/12.
of some of the issues currently being debated concerning CAI, F., DING, L., YAO, W., LASKOWSKI, A.K., XU, Q., ZHANG, J. & KYA-
ING SEIN 2017. Provenance and tectonic evolution of Lower Palae-
Myanmar geology shows that isotopic data are at the heart of
the discussion and resolution of these issues. ozoic–Upper Mesozoic strata from Sibumasu terrane, Myanmar.
Gondwana Research, 41, 325–336.
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