RELATIVE CLAUSE

PREPARED BY MR. MEYPHALLA OUDOM

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CLAUSE
What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words that consists of a subject and a
predicate.
There are two major types of clauses:
 Independent clauses
 Dependent clauses

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INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
An independent clause, also called a main clause, is like a
sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate and can
stand alone like a sentence.
Examples:
• She died last week
• He likes her.
• They hate each other.
• I eat pizza.

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DEPENDENT CLAUSES
A dependent clause, also called subordinate clause, has a
subject and a verb but, unlike a dependent clause, it cannot
stand alone as a sentence. These clauses include adverb
clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses.
Example:
• because I am in love.
• that you lent me.
• who is over there.
• where I was born.
• whom I love.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 An adjective clause also call “Relative clause” is a
subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a noun phrase.
 An adjective clause can be Restrictive (defining) or Non-
restrictive (non-defining) Clause.
Example:
• The man who is smoking is the murderer
• Fast food, which most people love, is not very healthy at all.
• My uncle, who is a farmer, lives in the countryside.
• The man who is standing there is a secret agent.
• The writer who won the Nobel Prize is from Colombia.

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HOW TO USE
RELATIVE CLAUSES?
 They are used to provide extra information. This information
can either:
 define something (restrictive or defining clause),
Example:
The girl who is standing there is a world champion in karate.
 or provide unnecessary, but interesting information (non-
restrictive or non-defining clause).
Example:
Michael Jackson, who was a famous singer, died of an overdose.

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RESTRICTIVE
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. Restrictive (identifying or defining) relative clauses give
detailed necessary information. They are not put between
commas.
Ex: I know the man who is standing there.
2. These clauses are often used in definitions.
Ex: A novelist is someone who writes novels.
3. Object pronouns in these clauses can be omitted
(dropped.)
Ex: The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is from New York.

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 NON-RESTRICTIVE
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non- restrictive (non-identifying or non- defining) relative
clauses give interesting additional information which is not
necessary to the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are put
between commas.
Ex: Martin Luther king, who was known for his fight for the civil
rights, was assassinated in 1968.
Note: In non restrictive relative clauses:
1. who/which may not be replaced with that.
Ex: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT: Jim, that we met yesterday, is very nice.
2. Object relative pronouns cannot be dropped.
Ex: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT: Jim,we met yesterday, is very nice.
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INTRODUCE TO
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Relative clauses can be introduced by:
 A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.

Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."

 A relative adverb: where, why and when.

Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."

 None of them.

Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"

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 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 who - subject or object pronoun for people
Ex: They caught the lady who killed her baby.
 'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left
out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
Ex: I have a friend whose cat is annoying.
 which - subject or object pronoun
Ex: I read the book which is on the table.
I visited the town which you told me about.
 which - referring to a whole sentence
Ex: They were unsuccessful which is disappointing.
 whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-
restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)
Ex: The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.
 that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in
restrictive relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
Ex: I like the vase that is over there.

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RELATIVE ADVERBS
 where - referring to a place
Ex: The restaurant where I usually have dinner is nice.
 when - referring to a time
Ex: There are times when I feel so lonely.
 why - referring to a reason
Ex: This is why she refused the offer.

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 SUBJECT PRONOUN OR
OBJECT PRONOUN?
 You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as follows:
 If the relative pronoun is not followed by a noun or pronoun, it is
a subject pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted
(dropped.)
Example:
The apple which is lying on the table is sweet.
The teacher who lives next door is nice.
 If the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative
pronoun is an object pronoun. Object relative pronouns can be
omitted (dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses.
Example:
The film (which) we watched yesterday was fantastic.
The writer (who/whom) we met last weekend is very famous

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