Scribd
Upload
62 views23 pages

Power in AC Circuits: EEE 3 Lecture 8

Power in AC circuits can be described using complex power (S), which has real (P) and reactive (Q) components. P is the real or active power consumed, Q is the reactive power that flows back and forth from inductive and capacitive elements. Apparent power (S) is the total power flow and is equal to P^2 + Q^2. Power factor is the ratio of real to apparent power and indicates how efficiently power is being used. A power factor correction device such as a capacitor can improve power factor by reducing the reactive power.

Uploaded by

No One
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views23 pages

Power in AC Circuits: EEE 3 Lecture 8

Power in AC circuits can be described using complex power (S), which has real (P) and reactive (Q) components. P is the real or active power consumed, Q is the reactive power that flows back and forth from inductive and capacitive elements. Apparent power (S) is the total power flow and is equal to P^2 + Q^2. Power factor is the ratio of real to apparent power and indicates how efficiently power is being used. A power factor correction device such as a capacitor can improve power factor by reducing the reactive power.

Uploaded by

No One
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Power In AC Circuits

EEE 3 Lecture 8
Objectives
• Define, differentiate, and calculate the
• real,
• reactive, and
• apparent powers
consumed or generated by circuit elements.
Outline
• Power in DC vs Power in AC
• Complex Power
• Instantaneous Power
• Real, Reactive, and Apparent Power
• Power factor
• Power Triangle
DC vs. AC: Power supplied by source

PDC: 12.5 W PAC: 100+j32


Complex Power
➢Definition: The product of the phasor voltage and the
conjugate of the phasor current. Its magnitude is called the
Apparent Power.

• Symbol:
• Units: Magnitude is in Volt-Amperes (VA)
• Real part is called Active Power (in Watts)
• Imaginary part is called Reactive Power (in VARs)
Complex Power

Converting to rectangular-coordinate form:

The complex power has real (active power) and imaginary


(reactive power) components.
Apparent Power
➢ Definition: The product of the effective values of the
voltage and current. It is also known as the Volt-Ampere.
• Magnitude of the complex power

• Symbol: VA or S
• Units: Volt-Amperes (VA)
Real Power or Active Power
➢ Definition: The time average of the instantaneous power.
The power converted to useful work or heat.

P = VI cos(θ𝑉 − θ𝐼 )
• Symbol: P
• Units: Watts
• Real power = power consumed by a resistance

• Real power consumed is the time-average of instantaneous power


consumed.
• Real power generated is the time average of instantaneous power
generated.
Reactive Power
➢ Definition: The imaginary part of the complex power. It
represents the power (or energy) alternately stored
and released by the capacitors and inductors
present in the circuit.

• Symbol: Q
• Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive (VARs)
Special Cases
Circuit Element

+ _

Consumed
Circuit Element
Real Reactive Apparent
Resistor VI 0 VI

Inductor 0 VI VI

Capacitor 0 -VI VI
Power Factor
• Definition: The ratio of the real power and apparent power.

Power Factor Angle


• Definition: Angle separating the complex power phasor from
the real power (x-axis)
Power Factor
• Power factor can be stated as either “lead” or “lag”

• Power factor lagging (e.g. 0.8 pf lag):


• inductive load
• current lags the voltage
• reactive power is positive

• Power factor leading (e.g. 0.85 pf lead):


• capacitive load
• current leads the voltage
• reactive power is negative

• If power factor is 1.0, the load is purely resistive, i.e. the


complex power is equal to the real/active power.
Currents and Complex Power
Given a voltage at the reference angle, VS=5/0O Volts

Inductive circuits: Only inductors or inductor-resistor


• The current, IS, of the circuit lags VS, say 1/–30O Amps.
• The complex power will be:

S =VSIS* = (5/0O)(1/–30O)*
= 5/+30O VA
= 4.3 Watts + j2.5 VARs
• Power factor is “lag”
Currents and Complex Power
Given a voltage at the reference angle, VS=5/0O Volts

Capacitive circuits: Only capacitors or capacitor-resistor


• The current, IS, of the circuit leads VS, say 1/+30O Amps.
• The complex power will be:

S = VSIS* = (5/0O)(1/+30O)*
= 5/–30O VA
= 4.3 Watts – j2.5 VARs
• Power factor is “lead”
The Power Triangle
Right triangle used for frequency-domain power calculations.

Im

VA

Q
S

Re

P
Announcements
• Practice set to be released this weekend
• Submit with the problem set
• Exam 3 (problem set)
• Tentative release: week of April 29 (UVLE)
• Submission: next meeting right after the exam, 8:30AM (submit upon
entering the room)
• Compre exam/finals
• Sometime in the finals week
• For those who have missed an exam OR who wants to replace their
lowest exam (please notify me if you are taking the exam)
• Will cover all topics
5 0.5H
Homework: Given
vs=100cos10t volts + iX
is=10cos(10t+30 ) v
o
.01F is
s 10
amps. Find iX using -
the Thevenin
equivalent circuit
as seen by the 10Ω
resistor.
Example 1:
• A certain appliance with the equivalent circuit as shown is
supplied from a 220-V AC source through a wire with a 0.5-
Ohm resistance and 3.06-mH inductance.
• Find the real and reactive power consumed by the appliance.
• Find the daily energy consumed in kWh if the appliance run for
8-hours a day.
0.5 3.06 mH
Appliance
+ iS(t) 7.5
vS(t)
- 12.854 mH

Ans: 3630 W; 2346 Vars ; 29.04 kWh


Example 2:
A small industrial shop has the following connected load:
Load L1: Induction motor 2kW, 0.85 pf lag
Load L2: Electric Heater 3kW, 1.0 pf
Load L3: Lighting Load 500W, 0.9 pf lag
Load L4: Outlets 1kW, 0.95 pf lag
The voltage across the load is 220 V RMS. Find the current
through each load and the total current supplied to the shop.
Power saving device:

Without power
saving device:

With power
saving device:
Power Factor Correction
A single-phase source delivers 100kW to a load operating at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the reactive power to be
delivered by a capacitor connected in parallel with the load in
order to raise the power factor to 0.95 lagging.
Power Factor Correction
Basically, the power saving device is a power factor corrector.
✓ Reduces the apparent power
✓ Reduces the source current magnitude (I=S/V)

So it is technically a power saving device?


⨯ As residential customers, we are only charged for our kW
consumption
⨯ As can be seen from the power triangle, the real power (in
kW) did not change
⨯ So, no savings for us (and additional expense if you bought
the power saving device)
Summary
• Complex Power
= VI* = P + jQ = S∠θ = P cos θ + jQ sin θ
• Power Factor
𝑃
pf = = cos θ
𝑆
• Power Triangle Im

VA

Re

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy