Frequency Modulation Application in Music Radio Transmission
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Muhammad MehdiFrequency Modulation Application in Music Radio Transmission
Uploaded by
Muhammad MehdiFrequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation Application in Music
Radio Transmission
Electromagnetism:
Electric an magnetic field regenerates each other
Electro magnetic radiation
• Interrelated electric and magnetic fields traveling through space
• All electromagnetic radiation travels at c = 3× 108 m/s in vacuum –
the cosmic speed limit!
– real number is 299792458.0 m/s exactly
Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation:
• AM and FM radio waves (including TV signals)
• Cell phone communication links
• Microwaves
• Infrared radiation
• Light
• X-rays
• Gamma rays
• What distinguishes these from one another?
Wavelength (Frequency)
Generation of Radio Waves:
• Accelerating charges radiate EM energy
• If charges oscillate back and forth, get time-varying fields
Polarization of Radio Waves
Transmitting E
antenna
B
Reception of Radio Waves:
Receiving antenna works best when ‘tuned’
to the wavelength of the signal, and has
proper polarization
Electrons in antenna are “jiggled”
by passage of electromagnetic wave
E
B
Optimum antenna length is λ /4: one-quarter wavelength
Encoding Information on Radio Waves:
• What quantities characterize a radio wave?
• Two common ways to carry analog information with radio waves
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM): “static free”
FM Band:
• The term 'FM band' is effectively shorthand for 'frequency band in
which FM is used for broadcasting'. This term can upset purists
because it conflates a modulation scheme with a range of frequencies.
• The term 'VHF' (Very High Frequency) was previously in common
use in Europe. 'UKW,' which stands for Ultrakurzwellen (ultra short
wave) in German is still widely used in Germany, as is 'UKV'
(Ultrakortvåg) in Sweden
FM Broadcast Band Standard:
• Throughout the world, the broadcast band falls within the VHF part of
the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some
portion thereof, with few exceptions:
• In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc
countries, the older 65-74 MHz band is also used. Assigned
frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred
to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. In
those countries the 87.5-108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR
band.
• In Japan, the band 76-90 MHz is used.
Broadband Standard:
• The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned
nominal centre frequency) is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In
most of the Americas and the Caribbean, only odd multiples are used.
In some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples
are used. In Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other
unusual and obsolete standards in some countries, including 0.001,
0.01, 0.03, 0.074, 0.5, and 0.3 MHz.
FM Radio
Frequency Modulation (FM) uses changes in the wave’s
frequency to convey information
pressure modulation (sound)
electromagnetic wave
modulation
FM Radio in Practice
Spans 87.8 MHz to 108.0 MHz in 200 kHz intervals
101 possible stations
example: 91X runs from 91.0–91.2 MHz (centered at 91.1)
Nominally uses 150 kHz around center
75 kHz on each side
30 kHz for L + R (mono) → 15 kHz audio capability
30 kHz offset for stereo difference signal (L - R)
Again: figure exaggerated
75 kHz from band center, modulation is > 1000 times slower
than carrier, so many cycles go by before frequency
noticeably changes
AM vs FM
• FM is not inherently higher frequency than AM
– these are just choices
– aviation band is 108–136 MHz uses AM technique
• Besides the greater bandwidth (leading to stereo and higher audio
frequencies), FM is superior in immunity to environmental influences
– there are lots of ways to interfere with an EM-wave’s amplitude
• pass under a bridge
• re-orient the antenna
– no natural processes interfere with the frequency
• FM still works in the face of amplitude foolery
Frequency Allocation
Converting back to sound: FM
More sophisticated
need to compare instantaneous frequency to that of a
reference source
then produce a voltage proportional to the difference
Compute L = [(L+R) + (L-R)]/2; R = [(L+R) - (L-R)]/2
amplify the L and R voltages to send to speakers
Amplification is common to both schemes
intrinsic signal is far too weak to drive speaker
FM Applications:
Broadcasting
• FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity
broadcasts of music and speech. Normal (analog) TV sound is also
broadcast using FM. A narrow band form is used for voice
communications. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called
wide-FM, or W-FM.