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2nd Semster - Lec04 - Introduction To Total Station PDF

The document provides an introduction to total stations, which are electronic devices that integrate an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It describes the components and functions of total stations, and how they are used to measure distances, angles, and coordinates. The document also provides examples of how total stations measure distance and includes potential exam questions.

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177 views13 pages

2nd Semster - Lec04 - Introduction To Total Station PDF

The document provides an introduction to total stations, which are electronic devices that integrate an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It describes the components and functions of total stations, and how they are used to measure distances, angles, and coordinates. The document also provides examples of how total stations measure distance and includes potential exam questions.

Uploaded by

Dakheel maleko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Total Station

© 2017 Dr. Sarhat M Adam


BSc in civil Engineering
Msc in Geodetic Surveying
PhD in Engineering Surveying & Space Geodesy
Note – The techniques shown in these slides are considered common
knowledge to surveyors. Figures in the slides may be the authors own work or
extracted from Instrument’s Users Manuals, Surveying by Duhok universities
staff and their materials, author's own Surveying, or various internet image
sources.
What is Total Station (TS)
 The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point. Robotic total stations allow the
operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control.
Component of Total Station
 Electronic Theodolite
 EDM
 Onboard micro processor
 Data Collector (built-in or separate) Range, up to 5400m
 Data Storage (internal, memory card, or USB)
 Prism or Reflector
 Radio connector (robotic TS)
How it works
 EDM emit signals toward reflector and signals reflected back to
EDM. The slop distance is measured using phase variation

 Distance doesn’t measured from travel time.


 Instead, an EDM uses the signal structure and determines
the phase shift.
 The phase difference can be measured by analogue or digital
methods
How it works
 The EDM signal has a sinusoidal wave form.

 wave repeats 360°, full cycle equals to wavelength λ.


How it works
 Different wavelengths at different frequencies
 They related by c speed of light.
C=λ.f
 Wavelength is a known as EDM generated it at a specific
frequency.
 Signal leaves at 0° phase, goes thru N number of full
phases.
 Returns to the EDM at some angle between 0° and 360°
creating a partial wavelength, P
How it works
 The total distance is (Nλ + p).

 Assume the wavelength in previous fig is 2m and the full cycles


are 10.
So (10 *2m + 82.51081°/360 *2)/2 =10.229m
Examples
 EDM can't determine it how many full wavelengths
occurred along the distance. So how does it resolve?
 By decreasing the frequency by a factor of 10, increases
the λ by same amount.
 The partial λ give the next higher distance digit.

 Example
λ, ft p, ft dist, ft
10.00 ft 3.69 3.69
100.0 ft 53.7 53.69
1000. ft 454 453.69
10,000 ft 8450 8453.69
Total Station’s Capabilities
 Average of multiple angles.
 Average of multiple distance.
 Horizontal distance.
 Distance between any two points.
 Elevation of objects and
 All the three coordinates of the observed points.
 Deformation monitoring to sub-millimetre accuracies. using
high-precision EDM, such as the Mekometer ME5000. This
instrument has a range of 8 km and an accuracy of ±0.2 mm
±0.2ppm of the distance measured ignoring unmodelled
refraction effects.
Total Station Functions
 Data collector or notebook will record, calculate, and even
manipulate field data automatically.
 It records the slope distance, horizontal and vertical angles from
the total station and can perform numerous calculations.
 Main menu of the notebook or data collector is made up of:

 Function menu
 Survey menu
 COGO menu
 Road menu
 Level menu
Possible exam questions
 Theodolite is more accurate than compass, accuracy of compass is not better
than 30’. (TRUE or FALSE)
 Coordinate measurement possible with theodolite using the intersection
technique. Minimum of two points and computations required. (TRUE or
FALSE).
 With brief explanation check whether the instrument in the figure below is FL
or FR.
 Digital or Electronic theodolite display angles directly on
the screen. (TRUE or FALSE).
 Total station in addition to angle measurement can also observe
distances accurately and quickly. (TRUE or FALSE).
 List possible components of Total station.
 Describe briefly how total station measure coordinates.
 With the aid of graphs, explain how Theodolite can be used in coordinate
measurements.
Possible exam questions
 How an operator can eliminates blunders and instrumental errors in the
measured angle by use of Theodolite or Total station.
 Double centering eliminates blunders and instrumental errors , and increase
accuracy of the measured angle. (TRUE or FLASE)
 ‘face left’ (FL), an observer looking through the eyepiece of the telescope
would have the vertical circle on the right-hand side of his/her face. T or F
 List four of Total stations’ capabilities.
References
 http://www.prc68.com/I/Theodolite.html

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