CIV5304: Design of Structural Elements III: Engr DR Nuruddeen Muhammad Musa
CIV5304: Design of Structural Elements III: Engr DR Nuruddeen Muhammad Musa
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Design of Two-Way Slab
• The main reinforcement for two-way slab are designed in two
directions which are x-direction and y-direction.
• This condition occur when the slab are supported at four side of the
beams or walls and the ratio of long span to short span is equal or
less than 2.
• Bending moment and shear force of two-way slab are depend on
Ly/Lx ratio and support condition either simply supported or end
restraint.
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Design of Two-Way Slab
Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
• If the slab consist of one panel and end support are not restrained, (the slab and
beam are not connected monolithically) the slab are classify as two-way simply
supported slab.
• •When simply-supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion
at the corners, and to prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments
per unit width are given by the following equations:
Where;
αsx, αsy = moment coefficient from Table 3.13 (BS8110:1:1997).
n = design load (kN/m2)
Lx= short span (m)
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
After obtaining the moments,
1. Find k
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
2. Check for Shear resistance
Find shear force V,
The design shear stress v at any cross-section should be calculated from
Code provides :
a. that In no case should v exceed 0.8fcu or 5 N/mm2, whichever is the lesser
b. v should not be greater than vc for a slab thickness less than 200mm
c. If v is greater than vc shear reinforcement must be provided in slab thickness more
than 200mm
d. vc =
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
3. Check for Deflection
Determine the span/effective depth ratio from the Table
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
3. Check for Deflection: Find modification factor
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
3. Check for Deflection:
The allowable span-to-effective depth ratio is the basic ratio multiplied by the
modification factor for tension reinforcement multiplied by the modification factor
for compression reinforcement. This value should be greater than the actual span/d
ratio for the slab to be satisfactory with respect to deflection.
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Design of Two-Way Slab
…..Two-Way Simply Supported Slab Example
A slab in an office building measuring 5 m×7.5 m is simply supported at
the edges with no provision to resist torsion at the corners or to hold
the corners down. The slab is assumed initially to be 200 mm thick. The
total dead load including self-weight, screed, finishes, partitions,
services etc. is 6.2 kN/m2. The imposed load is 2.5 kN/m2. Design the
slab using grade 25 concrete and grade 410 reinforcement.
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Design of Two-Way Slab
Two-Way Restrained Slab
• If the slabs consist more than one panel or corner of the slab are prevent against
lifting it is define as two-way restrained slab.
• This condition occur when the slabs are connected monolithically with support.
• The design bending moment of two-way restrained slab can be calculated as
follows;
Where;
βsx, βsy= moment coefficient from Table 3.14 (BS8110:1:1997)
n = design load (kN/m2)
Lx= short span (m)
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Design of Two-Way Slab
……Two-Way Restrained Slab
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Design of Two-Way Slab
……Two-Way Restrained Slab
• Bending moment of two-way restrained slab depends on the ratio of Ly/Lx and
continuity of slab edges.
• There are 9 cases of slab edge continuity that may exist as shown in figure below.
• The design shear force of two-way restrained slab can be calculated as follows;
Where;
βvx, βvy= moment coefficient from Table 3.15 (BS8110:1:1997)
n = design load (kN/m2)
Lx= short span (m)
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Design of Two-Way Slab
……Two-Way Restrained Slab
• Cases of Two-Way
• Restrained Slab
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Design of Two-Way Slab
……Two-Way Restrained Slab
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Design of Two-Way Slab
……Two-Way Restrained Slab
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Design of Two-Way Slab
After obtaining the moments,
1. Find k
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Design of Two-Way Slab
2. Check for Shear resistance
Find shear force V,
The design shear stress v at any cross-section should be calculated from
Code provides :
a. that In no case should v exceed 0.8fcu or 5 N/mm2, whichever is the lesser
b. v should not be greater than vc for a slab thickness less than 200mm
c. If v is greater than vc shear reinforcement must be provided in slab thickness
more than 200mm
d. vc =
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Design of Two-Way Slab
3. Check for Deflection
Determine the span/effective depth ratio from the Table
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Design of Two-Way Slab
3. Check for Deflection: Find modification factor
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Design of Two-Way Slab
3. Check for Deflection:
The allowable span-to-effective depth ratio is the basic ratio multiplied by the
modification factor for tension reinforcement multiplied by the modification factor
for compression reinforcement. This value should be greater than the actual span/d
ratio for the slab to be satisfactory with respect to deflection.
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Design of Two-Way Slab
Two-Way Restrained Slab Example 1
The Figure below show a general arrangement of first floor plan for a
residential building. It consists of restrained slabs poured monolithically
with the beams. Design the slab. Use fcu = 25N/mm2 and fy =410
N/mm2.
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Design of Two-Way Slab
Two-Way Restrained Slab Example 2
Design of cantilever slab supporting a balcony of a residential building.
It has a span of 1.5m. Use fcu = 25N/mm2 and fy =410 N/mm2.
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Design of Ribbed Slab
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Design of Ribbed Slab
Ribbed slabs are more economical than solid slabs for long spans with relatively light loads.
They may be constructed in a variety of ways as discussed in BS8110: Part 1, section 3.6.
Two principal methods of construction are
1. ribbed slabs without permanent blocks
2. ribbed slabs with permanent hollow or solid blocks
The topping or concrete floor panels between ribs may or may not be considered to
contribute to the strength of the slab. The hollow or solid blocks may also be counted in
assessing the strength using rules given in the code.
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Design of Ribbed Slab
Ribbed slab proportions
Proportions for ribbed slabs without permanent blocks are set out in
section 3.6 of the code. The main requirements are as follows:
1. The centres of ribs should not exceed 1.5 m;
2. The depth of ribs excluding topping should not exceed four times
their average width;
3. The minimum rib width should be determined by consideration of
cover, bar spacing and fire resistance. Referring to Fig. 3.2 in the code,
the minimum rib width is 125 mm;
4. The thickness of structural topping or flange should not be less than
50 mm or one tenth of the clear distance between ribs (Table 3.18 in
the code).
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Design of Ribbed Slab
Design procedure and reinforcement
(a) Shear forces and moments
Shear forces and moments for continuous slabs can be obtained by
analysis as set out for solid slabs.
(b) Design for moment and moment reinforcement
The mid-span section is designed as a T-beam with flange width equal
to the distance between ribs. The support section is designed as a
rectangular beam. The slab may be made solid near the support to
increase shear resistance. Moment reinforcement consisting of one or
more bars is provided in the top and bottom of the ribs. If appropriate,
bars can be curtailed in a similar way to bars insolid slabs.
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Design of Ribbed Slab
(c) Shear resistance and shear reinforcement
The design shear stress is given in clause 3.6.4.2 by
v=V/bvd
where V is the ultimate shear force on a width of slab equal to the distance between ribs,
bv is the average width of a rib and d is the effective depth.
• In no case should the maximum shear stress v exceed 0.8fcu1/2 or 5 N/mm2.
• No shear reinforcement is required when v is less than the value of vc given in Table 3.9
of the code. Shear reinforcement is required when v exceeds vc.
(d) Reinforcement in the topping
The code states in clause 3.6.6.2 that fabric with a cross-sectional area of not less than
0.12% of the area of the topping in each direction should be provided. The spacing of wires
should not exceed one-half the centre-to-centre distance of the ribs.
• Deflection
The deflection can be checked using the span-to-effective depth rules given in the code.
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Design of Ribbed Slab
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Design of Ribbed Slab
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