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Notes On Contemporary World VH PDF

This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to globalization from the perspective of different academic theories. It discusses globalization as the increasing connections between people across large distances, facilitated by improvements in communication and transportation infrastructure. Several theories are summarized: 1) World-system theory views globalization as the expansion of capitalism across the globe. 2) World polity theory focuses on the global cultural and organizational environment states are embedded in. 3) World culture theory sees globalization as a process of increasing awareness of relationships within the global system, comprised of multiple interacting units. Key aspects of different theories are compared, such as their views on the homogeneity of global culture.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
304 views22 pages

Notes On Contemporary World VH PDF

This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to globalization from the perspective of different academic theories. It discusses globalization as the increasing connections between people across large distances, facilitated by improvements in communication and transportation infrastructure. Several theories are summarized: 1) World-system theory views globalization as the expansion of capitalism across the globe. 2) World polity theory focuses on the global cultural and organizational environment states are embedded in. 3) World culture theory sees globalization as a process of increasing awareness of relationships within the global system, comprised of multiple interacting units. Key aspects of different theories are compared, such as their views on the homogeneity of global culture.

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Jenny Rose Recto
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Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY


Bacoor City Campus
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor
 (046) 476-5029
cvsubacoor@cvsu.edu.ph

Department of Criminology
AY 2019-2020

Notes/Module in The Contemporary World


Prepared/Compiled by: Murven B. Abiadew

LESSON 1
Overview of Globalization
Globalization
 refers to the processes by which more people across large distances become connected in more and
different ways. They can become connected very simply by doing or experiencing the same sort of
thing.
 For example, Japanese cuisine "globalizes” when more people on different continents enjoy the
taste of the sushi. Since the nineteenth century soccer has become globalized as players and fans
in many countries took an interest in the game. Though many people lack access to good medicine,
parents around the world routinely decide to immunize their children against major diseases.
These are instances of diffusion: ways of thinking, acting, or feeling spread widely. Such diffusion
increased greatly in recent decades as the infrastructure for communication and transportation
improved dramatically, connecting groups, institutions, and countries in new ways.
 The spread of sushi involved not just a shared consumer experience; if American fishermen
dependent on a Japanese market as tuna caught off the US coast is sold and shipped overseas. In
soccer, the professional prospects of great players form South America depend on the demand from
European teams. The health of many children depends on breakthroughs in distant laboratories
and in intricate global system for dispensing medication; at the same time, the movement of people
around the globe also exposes people to new health risks. For good and ill, such links make more
people more interdependent These links are molded into new organizational forms as regional
institutions go global or new ones take shape on the world stage.
 For example, international law governs who can fish in coastal waters, and the World Trade
Organization handles disputes between members, including the United States and Japan. FIFA is
an international nongovernmental organization that sets the rules of soccer and organizes
campaign to address major tournaments such as World Cup. The World Health Organization, as
well as more informal networks of professionals and volunteers, organizes campaigns to address
major health threats.

The Forces of Globalization


Globalization is an interaction of people and primarily an economic process of integration which has
social and cultural aspects as well. Such institutions, which have emerged in many areas of human activity,
reflect increasingly common knowledge and awareness. Eating sushi, watching the World Cup, and getting a
hepatitis B shot involve elements of world culture the meaning of sushi, the application of the offside rule, or
the reason for immunization are known to consumers, fans, and patients regardless of their location. Even if
they do not know the larger structures, their everyday life is nevertheless embedded in a world culture that
transcends their village, town, or country, and that becomes part of individual and collective identities. As
people become more intricately connected to many others across large distances - not all people to the same
extent, of course - the world is becoming a "single place."
Globalization thus involves growing diffusion, expanding interdependence, transnational institutions,
and an emerging world culture and consciousness - all aspects of the connectedness at the heart of
globalization, all elements of the world society globalization is creating (Lechner, 2015).

Globalization
 The process by which capitalism expands across the globe as powerful economic actors seek profit
in global markets and impose their rules everywhere, a process often labeled “Neoliberalism."
 Though sometimes invoked by defenders of globalization, this is a critical definition that usually
serves to challenge the process it tries to capture.
 Through this lens, generic globalization looks a little different: the export of TV show formats as
cultural commodities is driven by media producers in core markets, Chinese workers making baby
products are exploited as nodes in a global commodity chain, and the World Cup has turned into a
marketing event for multinational shoe companies and an audition for players seeking professional
advancement.
 This lens filters out much of what the generic view includes but also sharpens the focus, in a way
that especially suits contemporary critics of capitalist market society.
The Meaning of Globalization to Different People
1. To a Korean Pentecostal missionary, it means a new opportunity to spread the faith and convert lost
souls abroad.
2. To a Dominican immigrant in the United States, it means growing new roots while staying deeply
involved in the home village.
3. To an Indian television viewer, it means sampling a variety of new shows, some adapted from foreign
formats.
4. To a Chinese apparel worker, it means a chance to escape rural poverty by cutting threads off
designer jeans.
5. To an American shoe company executive, it means managing a far-flung supply chain to get products
to stores.
6. To a Filipino global justice advocate, it means rules of the global game that favor the rich North over
the poor South.

Theories of Globalization
1. World-System Theory
 A perspective that globalization is essentially the expansion of the capitalist system around the
globe.
 At the time Marx was writing in the mid-nineteenth century, the world was becoming unified via
thickening networks of communication and economic exchange. A world economy, guided by
liberal philosophy with global aspirations, provided the framework for a single world that since has
grown more integrated and standardized. What happened in the mid-nineteenth century, he
suggests, was a phase in a centuries-old process. The capitalist world-system originated in the
sixteenth century, when European traders established enduring connections with Asia, Africa, and
the Americas. From the outset, this system consisted of a single economy - a market and a regional
division of labor - but many states, and no one power was strong enough to gain control and stifle
dynamic competition. At the "core" of the system, the dominant classes were supported by strong
states as they exploited labor, resources, and trade opportunities, most notably in “peripheral"
areas. Buffer countries in the "semiperiphery helped mitigate tensions between core and periphery,
and a set of political and economic norms that favored core countries helped to keep the system
remarkably stable. The central purpose of the world- growth and decline.
2. World Polity Theory
 State remains an important component of world society, but primary attention goes to the global
cultural and organization environment in which states are embedded. What is new in world society,
from this perspective, is the all-encompassing "world-polity" and its associated world culture,
which supplies a set of cultural rules or scripts that specify how institutions around the world
should deal with common problems.
 Globalization is the formation and enactment of this world polity and culture. One of the world
polity's key elements is a general, globally legitimated model of how to form a state. Guided by this
model, particular states in widely varying circumstances organize their affairs in surprisingly
similar fashion. Because world society is structured as a polity with an intensifying global culture,
new organizations - business enterprises, educational institutions, social movements, leisure and
hobby groups, and so on - spring up in all sorts of countries to enact its precepts. As carriers of
global principles, these organizations then help to build and elaborate world culture and world
society further.
3. World Culture Theory
 This perspective agrees that-world culture is indeed new and important, but it is less homogeneous
than world-polity scholars imply.
 Globalization is a process of relativization. Societies must make sense of themselves in relation to a
larger system of societies, while individuals make sense of themselves in relation to a sense of
humanity as a larger whole. World society thus consists of a complex set of relationships among
multiple units in the "global field.” In this model, world society is governed not by a particular set of
values but by the confrontation of different ways of organizing these relationships. Globalization
compresses the world into a single entity, and people necessarily become more and more aware of
their relationship to this global presence. Of central importance to this process is the problem of
"globality": how to make living together in one global system meaningful or even possible. Not
surprisingly, religious traditions take on new significance insofar as they address the new global
predicament that compels societies and individuals to identify" themselves in new ways. It
concludes that a “search for fundamentals” is inherent in globalization.

Research Work:
 Other Theories on Globalization

The Interdisciplinary Understanding of Globalization


1. Political Scientist
 With global ecological changes, an ever more integrated global economy, and other global trends,
political activity increasingly takes place at the global level. Under globalization, politics can take
place above the state through political integration schemes such as the European Union, the
ASEAN integration where Philippines is involved, though intergovernmental organizations such as
the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. Political
activity can also transcend national borders through global movements and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGO's). Civil society organizations act globally by forming alliances with
organizations in other countries, using global communication systems, and lobbying international
organizations and other actors directly, instead of working though their national governments
(Global Policy Forum 2017).
2. Economist
 Economists have his own view of globalization. First it is integration through international trade of
markets in goods and services as a reflected in a variety of possible measures. These include direct
measures of barriers like tariffs and transport costs, trade volumes and price related measures.
Globalization also means foreign direct investment, increased trade in intermediate product,
international outsourcing of services like the call center industry here in the Philippines, and
international movement of persons like our Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW). Globalization would
also include the international spread of ideas, from consumer tastes like Coke and Hershey's to
intellectual ideas like technological patents and management principles and accounting standards.
3. Sociologist
 Cole (2017) states that globalization, according to sociologists, is an ongoing process that involves
interconnected changes in the cultural and social spheres. As a process, it involves the ever
increasing integration of these aspects between nations, regions, communities, and even seemingly
isolated places.
 The process of globalization also involves the spread and diffusion of ideologies-values, ideas,
norms, beliefs and expectations that foster, justify, and provide legitimacy for economic and
political globalization. It fuelled by globally integrated communication systems like social media
such as Facebook and Twitter, media coverage of the world's elite and their lifestyles, the movement
of people around the world via business and leisure travel, and the expectation of these travellers
that host societies will provide amenities and experiences that reflect their own cultural norms.
4. Historian
 Historians follow rather than led the way. Globalization is not new as a phenomenon but the word
itself took hold only recently which records shows first use in English in 1930 and shows that
usage soared suddenly in the 1990's. Why is globalization "hot" now and what does it portend for
the study of history.
 Hunt (2014) states that globalization defined most succinctly as the interconnection of places far
distant from each other. When the Soviet Union collapse and end the Cold War globalization filled
the ideological vacuum created by the end of the Cold War division between Capitalism and
Communism.
 Cultural history has lost its luster. Theory no longer excites passionate debate and perhaps most
important, the nation-state no longer seems as self-evident as the necessary unit of historical
analysis. Moreover, globalization is still too much entangled with world history, global history and
transnational history.

MarketGlobalism
 An idea that reflects the concepts of globalization.
 It seeks to endow globalization with free market norms and neoliberal meanings.
 Steger (2005) states that the term 'globalization' gained in currency in the late 1980s. The
persistence of academic divisions on the subject notwithstanding, the term was associated with
specific meanings in public discourse during the 1990s.
 With the collapse of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe, loosely affiliated power elites
concentrated in the global north stepped up their ongoing efforts to sell their version of
'globalization' to the public in the ideological form of market globalism.
 These power elites consisted chiefly of corporate managers, executives of large transnational
corporations, corporate lobbyists, high-level military officers, prominent journalists and public
relations specialists, intellectuals writing to a large public audience, state bureaucrats and
influential politicians. By the mid- 1990s, large segments of the population in both the global north
and south had accepted globalism's core claims, thus internalizing large parts of its overarching
neo-liberal framework that advocate the deregulation of markets, the liberalization of trade, the
privatization of state-owned enterprises.

The Five Core Claims of Market Globalism (Steger, 2005)


1. Globalization is about the Liberalization and Global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
3. Nobody is in charge of Globalization
4. Globalization benefits everyone
5. Globalization furthers the spread of Democracy in the World.

Neoliberalism
 is in the first instance a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being
can best be advance by liberating characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and
free trade.
 The individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework role of the
state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices. The state
has to guarantee, for example, the quality and integrity of money.
 It must also set up those military, defense, police, and legal structures and functions required to
secure private property rights and to guarantee, by force if need be, the proper functioning of
markets.
 Furthermore, if markets do not exist (in areas such as land, water, education, health care, social
security, or environmental pollution) then they must be created, by state action if necessary But
beyond these tasks the state should not venture.
 State interventions in markets must be kept to a bare minimum because, according to the theory,
the state cannot possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals (prices) and
because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias state interventions (particularly in
democracies) for their own benefit.

Privatization
 is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector.
Some of the government owned and controlled corporations in the Philippines transferred already
from public to private sector are Philippine Airlines (PAL), Philippine Long Distance Corporation
(PLDT), Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) and Manila Waterworks and Sewerage
System(MWSS) which are now Maynilad Water Services and Manila Water Company.
Characteristics of Neoliberalism
1. Government must limit subsidies
2. Make a reforms to tax law in order to expand tax base
3. Reduce deficit spending
4. Limit protectionism
5. Open markets
6. Removal of fixed exchange rates
7. Back deregulation
8. Privatization

LESSON 2
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Economic Globalization
 Benczes (2014) defines economic globalization as the increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across borders. The
term sometimes also refers to the movement of people and knowledge across international borders
 What makes economic globalization distinct from internationalization is that the latter is about the
extension of economic activities of nation states across borders while the former is functional
integration between internationally dispersed activities. That is, economic globalization is rather a
qualitative transformation than just a quantitative change. If, however, globalization is indeed a
'complex, indeterminate set of processes operating very unevenly in both time and space,' a more
substantive definition for economic globalization is required than the one offered by the IMF. The
definition befits the purpose of this particular chapter: 'In economic terms globalization is nothing
but a process making the world economy an "organic system” by extending transnational economic
processes and economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic
interdependencies among them.
According to Benczes (2014) the phenomenon can does have several interconnected dimensions are:
1. The globalization of trade of goods and services
2. The globalization of financial and capital markets
3. The globalization of technology and communication
4. The globalization of production

Research Work
 International Monetary System

International Monetary System


 The international monetary system is a system that forms rules and standards for facilitating
international trade among the nations in the world.

The Four Monetary Regimes


Cohn (2005) states that the modern period of international monetary relations commonly refers to the
existence of four successive monetary regimes:
1. Classical Gold Standard
 1870s to the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
2. Gold Exchange Standard
 First part of the interwar period
3. Bretton Woods System Regime
 1944 to 1973

Research Work:
1. The role of U.S dollar.
2. The G10 members.

4. Flexible Exchange Rates Regime


 From 1973 to the present.

Research Work: Floating Exchange Rate Regime


Global Actors in Economic Globalization
1. International Governmental Organizations
2. International Non-Governmental Organizations
3. Multinational Corporations

The effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries


1. Increased Standard of Living
2. Access to New Markets
3. Widening Disparity in Incomes
4. Decreased Employment

LESSON 3
MARKET INTEGRATION
International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
 Institutions that provide financial support via grants and loans for economic and social
development activities in developing countries.
 It includes public banks, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and regional
development banks.
 They provide loans, grants, and technical assistance to governments, as well as loans to private
businesses investing in developing countries.
 They also play a significant role in the privatization and regulation of public utilities and natural
resources.
 These multi-laterals share a mission of combating poverty.
 It is usually chartered by more than one country and its owners and shareholders are national
governments.
 Some of the IFI's are created after the World War II to assist the reconstruction of Europe and other
countries affected by the devastation of the war (Global Greenfund Grants 2017).

The following are usually classified as international financial institutions:


1. World Bank (WB)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
3. European Investment Bank (EIB)
4. Islamic Development Bank (ISDB)
5. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
6. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
7. CAF - Development Bank of Latin America (CAF)
8. Inter-American Development Bank Group (IADB)
9. African Development Bank (AfDB)
10. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

Research Work:
1. Other international financial institutions aside from those stated previously.
2. The Goals of the World Bank
3. The five organizations of the world bank

International Monetary Fund (IMF)


 An organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial
stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth,
and reduce poverty around the world.
 Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make up its
near global membership.
 The IMF, also known as the Fund, was conceived at a UN confereit in Bretton Woods, New
Hampshire, United States, in July 1944.
 The 44 countries that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to o a
repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the
1930s.

The IMF's responsibilities:


 The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system-the
system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to
transact with each other.
 The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues
that bear on global stability.

The Mission of International Monetary Fund


According to IMF (2017) the IMF's fundamental mission is to ensure the stability of the international
monetary system. It does so in three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member
countries; lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving practical help to
members.
1. Surveillance
 The IMF oversees the international monetary system and monitors the economic and financial
policies of its 189 member countries.
 As part of this process, which takes place both at the global level and in individual countries, the
IMF highlights possible risks to stability and advises on needed policy adjustments.
2. Lending
 A core responsibility of the IMF is to provide loans to member countries experiencing actual or
potential balance of payments problems.
 This financial assistance enables countries to rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their
currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth, while
undertaking policies to correct underlying problems.
 Unlike development banks, the IMF does not lend for specific projects.
3. Capacity Development
 IMF capacity development-technical assistance and training-helps member countries design and
implement economic policies that foster stability and growth by strengthening their institutional
capacity and skills.
 The IMF seeks to build on synergies between technical assistance and training to maximize their
effectiveness.

Question: Where IMF get its money?

Market integration
 A term that is used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of goods and services are somehow
related to one another being to experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the
prices of those products.
 The term can also refer to a situation in which the prices of related goods and services sold in a
defined geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.
 At times, the integration may be intentional with a governmental implementing certain strategies as
a way to control the direction of the economy.
 At other times, the integrating of the markets may be due to factor such as shifts in supply and
demand that have a spillover effect on several markets.

Reading Tasks:
1. How Market Integration Works
2. Forms of Integration

According to Koester (2017), the following are the forms of integration:


1. Preferential Agreement
 It involves lower trade barriers between those countries which have signed the agreement. It is
considered to be the first and smallest step on the road to further integration such schemes imply
that a country or region grants other countries preferential access for imports.
 Preferences can be given in the form of tariff reductions for unlimited volumes of imports from
specific countries or for specified import quantities.
2. Free Trade Agreement
 It reduces barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each member country still has
autonomy in deciding on the external rate of tariff for its trade with non-member countries.
 The European Free Trade Area is one of the examples of it.
3. Customs Union
 It represents a higher stage of economic integration than a Free Trade Area as the member
countries adopt a common external tariff.
 In the Customs Union, countries agree to abolish tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in goods
flowing between them.
 In addition, they agree to a common external tariff.
 This was in fact the first phase of integration of the European Community on the way to Common
Market.
4. Common Market
 It goes beyond a Customs Union in allowing for free movement of labor and capital within the
Union.
 Hence, the intention of a Common Market is to integrate both product and factors markets of
member countries.
5. Economic Union
 It is the highest form of economic integration.
 In addition to the conditions of a Common Market, member countries also agree to integrate
monetary, fiscal and other policies.
The European Integration
 The European Union is a unique economic and political union between 28 European countries that
together cover much of the continent.
 The EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War.
 The first steps were to foster economic cooperation: the idea being that countries that trade with
one another become economically interdependent and so more likely to avoid conflict.
 The result was the European Economic Community (EEC), created in 1958, and initially increasing
economic cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and
the Netherlands. Since then, a huge single market has been created and continues to develop
towards its full potential

Legal Basis of European Union


 The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every action taken by the EU is
founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all EU member
countries. For example, if a policy area is not cited in a treaty, the Commission cannot propose a
law in that area. A treaty is a binding agreement between EU member countries. It sets out EU
objectives, rules for EU institutions, how decisions are made and the relationship between the EU
and its member countries. Treaties are amended to make the EU more efficient and transparent, to
prepare for new member countries and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as the single
currency.

Tasks to do:
1. European Union Countries
2. European Union Flag

According to europa.eu (201), the main treaties that help created European Union are:
1. Treaty of Lisbon
 Signed on 13 December 2007 to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and better able
to address global problems, such as climate change, with one voice.
2. Treaty of Nice
 Signed on 26 February 2001 to reform the institutions so that the EU could function efficiently
after reaching 25 member countries.
3. Treaty of Amsterdam
 Signed on 2 October 1997 to reform the EU institutions in preparation for the arrival of future
member countries.
4. Treaty on European Union Maastricht Treaty
 Signed on 7 February 1992 to prepare for European Monetary Union and introduce elements
of a political union such as citizenship, common foreign and internal affairs policy.
5. Single European Act
 Signed on 17 February 1986 in Luxembourg and 28 February 1986 in The Hague, Netherlands
to reform the institutions in preparation for Portugal and Spain's membership and speed up
decision-making in preparation for the single market.
6. Merger Treaty
 Brussels Treaty- Signed on 8 April 1965 to streamline the European institutions. It creates a
single Commission and a single Council to serve the then three European Communities (EEC,
Euratom, ECSC). Repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam.
7. Treaties of Rome: EEC and EURATOM treaties
 Signed on 25 March 1957 to set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
8. Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community
 Signed on 18 April 1951 to create interdependence in coal and steel so that one country could
no longer mobilize its armed forces without others knowing
 This eased distrust and tensions after WWIl. The ECSC treaty expired in 2002.

Reading Tasks:
1. The Benefits of Euro
2. ASEAN Integration

ASEAN Integration
 On 8 August 1967, five leaders-the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand-sat down together in the main hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs
building in Bangkok, Thailand and signed a document.
 By virtue of that document, the Association of SoutheastnAsian Nations (ASEAN) was born. The five
Foreign Ministers who signed it- Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun
Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand -would
subsequently be hailed as the Founding Fathers of probably the most successful
inter-governmental organization in the developing world today.
 And the document that they signed would be known as the ASEAN Declaration.
 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the
Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
 Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and
Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten
Member States of ASEAN.

Tasks:
1. ASEAN Countries
2. Establishment of ASEAN Economic Community
3. AFTA

The Five Interrelated and Mutually Reinforcing Characteristics of ASEAN Economic Community/The
AEC Blueprint 2025 consists of five interrelated and mutually reinforcing characteristics namely:
1. A Highly Integrated and Cohesive Economy
2. A Competitive, Innovative, and Dynamic ASEAN
3. Enhanced Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation
4. A Resilient, Inclusive, People-Oriented, and People-Centered ASEANN
5. A Global ASEAN.

The Four Pillars of the ASEAN Economic Community:


1. Single Market and Production Base
 The region as a whole must become a single market and production base to produce and
commercialize goods and services anywhere in ASEAN.
2. Competitive Economic Region
 The region must emphasize on the competitiveness of its production and capacity for export,
as well as the free competition inside of its frontiers.
3. Equitable Economic Development
 To receive the benefits of the AEC, the people and businesses of ASEAN must be engaged into
the integration process of the AEC
4. ASEAN's integration into the globalized economy
 ASEAN must not be isolated but an integrated part of the global economy

The Five Core Principles of the ASEAN single market and production base
1. Free flow of goods
2. Free flow of services
3. Free tlow of investment
4. Free flow of capital
5. Free flow of skilled labor

Reading Tasks:
1. The Global Economy and Outsourcing
2. Global Corporations
3. The Interstate System
4. Contemporary Global Governance

LESSON 4
Contemporary Global Governance
The United Nations
 The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of
193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and
principles contained in its founding Charter.
 Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations
can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security,
climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian
and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food production, and more.
 The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling
dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a
mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together.
 The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General. 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of
the United Nations.

Research Work: Current UN Secretary General and Key Officials

What do UN do?
1. MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY
 The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World
War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security.
 The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish.
 These activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective.
 The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security.
 The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and complementary
roles, along with other UN offices and bodies.
2. PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS
 The term “human rights” was mentioned seven times in the UN's founding Charter, making
the promotion and protection of human rights a key purpose and guiding principle of the
Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights
into the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has diligently protected
human rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities.
3. DELIVER HUMANITARIAN AID
 One of the purposes of the United Nations, as stated in its Charter, is "to achieve international
co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character." The UN first did this in the aftermath of the Second World War on
the devastated continent of Europe, which it helped to rebuild. The Organization is now
relied upon by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief operations due
to natural and man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of national authorities
alone.
4. PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 From the start in 1945, one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to “achieve
international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural,
or humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and
for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.”
Improving people’s well-being continues to be one of the main focuses of the UN. The global
understanding of development has changed over the years, and countries now have agreed
that sustainable development – development that promotes prosperity and economic
opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment – offers the best path
forward for improving the lives of people everywhere.
5. UPHOLD INTERNATIONAL LAW
 The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice
and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can
be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has been a
key part of the work of the Organization. This work is carried out in many ways - by courts,
tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping
missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat to
international peace and security, if it deems this necessary. These powers are given to it by
the UN Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, it is an instrument of
international law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major
principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the
use of force in international relations.

Where We Work?
 The work of the UN is global, touching the lives of billions of people. The work of the Organization is,
however, mostly done locally, within regions and countries. In order to accomplish this, the UN
and the many entities comprising the “UN system” have created a presence in every region of the
world, so the people most in need of help can be reached quickly. The UN’s work is divided into five
geographical regions: Africa, Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and the
Middle East. Here is an overview of each area, with links to relevant offices, agencies and
programmes:

1. AFRICA
 The two main centres of UN activity in Africa are Nairobi, Kenya and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. There
are also, in Africa, many regional and country offices of UN system entities, UN political offices, and
nine UN peacekeeping missions.
2. AMERICAS
 The centre of UN activity in North America is New York City, USA, host of the United Nations
Headquarters. The centre of UN activity in South America is Santiago, Chile, home to the
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
3. ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
 The main centre of United Nations activity in Asia and the Pacific is Bangkok, Thailand, home to the
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. There are also many regional and
country offices of UN system entities, and UN political offices in the Asia and Pacific region.
4. EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
 The main centres of United Nations activity in Europe and Central Asia are Geneva, Switzerland,
Vienna, Austria and The Hague in the Netherlands. Geneva is home to the UN Office at Geneva
(UNOG) and the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Vienna is home to the UN Office in
Vienna (UNOV). The Hague is the seat of the International Court of Justice. There are also many
regional and country offices of UN system entities, and UN political offices in Europe and Central
Asia.
5. MIDDLE EAST
 The centre of UN activity in the Middle East is Beirut, Lebanon, home to the Economic and Social
Commision for Western Asia. In addition to ESCWA, there are also UN political offices in the Middle
East, and many regional and country offices of UN system entities in the Middle East and North
Africa region.
Note Well:
 The United Nations is neither a supra-State nor a government of governments. It does not have an
army and it imposes no taxes. It depends on the political will of its Member States to have its
decisions put into action and relies on the contributions of its Members to carry out its activities.

The six organs of the United Nations are outlined in the sections below:
1. General Assembly
 The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations. It is composed of
representatives from all Member States, each of which has one vote. .
2. Security Council
 Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under
the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
3. Economic and Social Council
 A founding UN Charter body established in 1946, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
is the place where the world’s economic, social and environmental challenges are discussed
and debated, and policy recommendations issued.
4. Trusteeship Council
 The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international supervision for 11 Trust
Territories and to make sure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for
self-government or independence.
5. International Court of Justice
 The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The
Court is charged with settling legal disputes between States and giving advisory opinions to
the United Nations and its specialized agencies.
6. Secretariat
 The UN Secretariat, consisting of staff representing all nationalities working in duty stations
all over the world, carries out the day to day work of the Organization. The Secretariat services
the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies
established by them.

Research Work/ Reading Tasks:


1. Role of UN in Global Politics
2. UN Issues
3. Maritime Dispute in West Philippine Sea

LESSON 5
Global Divides: The North and the South
1. Global North
 Rich, Industrialized, wealthy nations
 Democratic, Capitalists Countries
 Members of G8
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
 8.
 Security Council’s P5
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 USA, Canada, Western Europe
 Developed parts of Asia and Australia
 New Zealand
2. Global South
 Developing Nations
 Non-Democratic Countries
 Africa, Latin America and Developing Asia including Middle East
Top Ten and Bottom Ten Countries in Terms of HDI Rankings
(UN Human Development Report 2010)
Top Ten
1. Norway
2. Australia
3. New Zealand
4. USA
5. Ireland
6. Lichtenstein
7. Netherlands
8. Canada
9. Sweden
10. Germany

Bottom Ten
1. Mali
2. Burkina Faso
3. Liberia
4. Chad
5. Guinea-Bissau
6. Mozambique
7. Burundi
8. Niger
9. Congo
10. Mozambique

Research Work:
1. The latest UN Top Ten and Bottom Ten in HDI Rankings by UN HDR
2. Major Lenses of International Relations
3. Asian Regionalism

LESSON 6
Global Media Cultures
Historical Background of Globalization and Media
According to Appadurai (1996) as cited by Lule (2014), "there was a rupture within social life in the 20th
century, advances in media such as the television, computers, and cellular phones combined with the
changes in migration patterns - these two diacritics - media and migration - fundamentally changed human
life which gave rise to this so-called globalization.
However many scholars believed that globalization started as early as the nomadic Homo sapiens, when
these people started to travel and look for food, globalization also started. This theory is actually supported
by Chanda (2007) as cited by Lule (2014), for according to him, "globalization is a process that has worked
silently for millennia without having been given a name - it has been with us since the beginning of history
and that a multitude of threads connect us to faraway places from an ancient time.
In the Philippines, as early as 4th century with the Indian traders ofporcelain jars, to 9th century for
people of Mai (Mindoro - Batangas) going to Fukien China for trade to the Galleon Trade with Europe and
America, globalization is already present in the country and changing the lives of the Filipinos. As indication,
the Baybayin (early writings) of the Filipinos which consist of symbols is believed to be a combination of
Sanskrit and Chinese characters.
Media is not as complicated as globalization. It is used to deliver or a passage of communication. The
word media was popularized in the 1920s because there was a need to talk about certain issues like the
widespread of comic books where parents become doubtful of the effect to their children, birth of Mickey
Mouse, collapse of stock market, end of World War I and other events which led the experts to gather all these
phenomenon and debate over the "mass media."

Media
 the means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet,
that reach or influence people widely.

Evolution of Media and Globalization


1. Oral Communication
2. Script
3. Printing Press
4. Electronic Media
5. Digital Media

What is Media Oligopoly?


In media, an Oligopoly is a market structure in which a small number of firms control increasing shares
of the mass media.
The Advantages of an Oligopoly
1. High Profits
 Since there is such little competition, the companies that are involved in the market have the
potential to bring a large amount of profits. The services and goods that are controlled through
oligopolies are generally highly needed or wanted by the large majority of the population.
2. Simple Choices
 Having only a few companies that offer the goods or service that you are looking for makes it
easy to compare between them and choose the best option for you. In other markets it can be
difficult to thoroughly look at all of the competitors to compare pricing and services offered.
3. Reduced for No Fear Of Competition
 Often times the companies that are in the oligopoly market become very settled with their
business. The profits and the way they run are guaranteed to work, so they no longer feel the
need to come up with creative or innovate new ideas.
4. Better Information and Goods
 Right along with price competition, product competition plays a huge part in a the oligopoly
market structure. Each company scrambles to come out with latest and greatest thing in order
to sway consumers to go with their company over a different one. This also goes with the
advertising and amount of information and support that they provide their customers.

The Disadvantages of Oligopoly


1. Little or no competition in the market.
 The competitive market leads to improvement in quality, innovation and diversification.
2. Less Choices
 In many cases having to choose a company in an oligopoly is like choosing the lesser evil. The
consumers have very limited choices and options for the services that they want. This is one of
the biggest pitfalls of a oligopoly.
3. Limited Freedom of the press
 Once large media house become commercially driven they choose to suppress stories that do
not serve their interests. In essence, they become driven for capital instead of the public
interests.

Media Pluralism
 Is related with the Independence of media from private control and disproportionate influences of
one or few economic, social and/or political powers.
 Defined as the state of having a plurality of voices, opinions and analyses on media system (internal
pluralism) or the coexistence of different and diverse types of medias and media support (external
pluralism).

LESSON 7
Globalization of Religion

What is Religion?
 Religion, human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual,
divine, or worthy of especial reverence.
 It is also commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate concerns about
their lives and their fate after death.
 In many traditions, this relation and these concerns are expressed in terms of one’s
relationship with or attitude toward gods or spirits; in more humanistic or naturalistic forms
of religion, they are expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or attitudes toward the
broader human community or the natural world.
 In many religions, texts are deemed to have scriptural status, and people are esteemed to be
invested with spiritual or moral authority.
 Believers and worshippers participate in and are often enjoined to perform devotional or
contemplative practices such as prayer, meditation, or particular rituals.
 Worship, moral conduct, right belief, and participation in religious institutions are among the
constituent elements of the religious life.

Historical Background of Religion


The history of religion refers to the written record of human religious experiences and ideas. This period
of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,220 years ago (3200 BCE). The prehistory of
religion involves the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records. One can also
study comparative religious chronology through a timeline of religion. Writing played a major role in
standardizing religious texts regardless of time or location, and making easier the memorization of prayers
and divine rules. A small part of the Bible involves the collation of oral texts handed down over the centuries.
The concept of "religion" was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries, despite the fact that ancient sacred
texts like the Bible, the Quran, and others did not have a word or even a concept of religion in the original
languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written.
The word religion as used in the 21st century does not have an obvious pre-colonial translation into
non-European languages. The anthropologist Daniel Dubuisson writes that "what the West and the history of
religions in its wake have objectified under the name 'religion' is ... something quite unique, which could be
appropriate only to itself and its own history". The history of other cultures' interaction with the "religious"
category is therefore their interaction with an idea that first developed in Europe under the influence of
Christianity.

Tasks to do:
1. Regions being practiced in different parts of the world
2. Role of Religion in Identity and Conflict
3. Technology in the World of Religion

LESSON 8
The Global City
Global city
 an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a
globalized economic system.
 The term has its origins in research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined the
common characteristics of the world’s most important cities.
 However, with increased attention being paid to processes of globalization during subsequent years,
these world cities came to be known as global cities.
 Linked with globalization was the idea of spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cities were
becoming key loci within global networks of production, finance, and telecommunications.
 In some formulations of the global city thesis, then, such cities are seen as the building blocks of
globalization.
 Simultaneously, these cities were becoming newly privileged sites of local politics within the context
of a broader project to reconfigure state institutions.

What is the GPCI?


 Given the global competition between cities, the Global Power City Index (GPCI) evaluates and
ranks the major cities of the world according to their “magnetism,” or their comprehensive power to
attract people, capital, and enterprises from around the world.
 It does so through measuring 6 functions: (pp 134)
 1. Economy
 2. Research and Development
 3. Cultural Interaction
 4. Livability
 5. Environment
 6. Accessibility—providing a multidimensional ranking.
 The GPCI is able to grasp the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of global cities in a
continuously changing world not only through a ranking, but also through analyzing that ranking’s
specific components.

Top Ten Global Cities


There was no change in the top 10 ranking from last year’s GPCI. In comparison with the top 3 cities of
London, New York, and Tokyo, Paris’s drop in score was minimal, narrowing the gap once again between the
French capital and Tokyo. Although Paris experienced a downtrend in score following the repeated terror
attacks of 2015, following the 2017 confirmation as host-city of the 2024 Olympic Games, an upward trend
in score is building. Among the 4 new cities added this year (Melbourne, Helsinki, Dublin, Tel Aviv),
Melbourne at #11 was the highest performer.

Reading Tasks:
1. The Economist Intelligence Units Global City Competitiveness Index
2. Criteria in Ranking Cities by the Economist Intelligence Units Global City
LESSON 9
Global Demography
What is Demography?
 Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution across
space – and the process through which populations change.
 Births, deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change.
 A population’s composition may be described in terms of basic demographic features – age, sex,
family and household status – and by features of the population’s social and economic context –
language, education, occupation, ethnicity, religion, income and wealth.
 The distribution of populations can be defined at multiple levels (local, regional, national, global)
and with different types of boundaries (political, economic, geographic).
 Demography is a central component of societal contexts and social change.

What do demographers do?


 What demographers do goes well beyond this broad definition and draws extensively from related
disciplines – Sociology, Economics, statistics, History, Political Science, Anthropology, Psychology,
Public Health and Environmental Sciences.

Why Demography Matters?


 Demography is very useful for understanding social and economic problems and identifying
potential solutions.
 Demographers are engaged in social planning, market research, insurance forecasting, labor
market analysis, economic development and so on.
 They work for private firms and public agencies at local, regional, national and international levels.

A. Population
 World Population - 7,794,798,739 (see live at woldometer)
 Yearly Change (+ 1.05%)
World Population: Past, Present, and Future

Yearly Net Density Urban Urban


Year World Population Change Change (P/Km²) Pop Pop %

2020 7,794,798,739 1.05 % 81,330,639 52 4,378,993,944 56 %

2015 7,379,797,139 1.16 % 84,506,374 50 3,981,497,663 54 %

2010 6,956,823,603 1.22 % 84,056,510 47 3,594,868,146 52 %

2005 6,541,907,027 1.25 % 80,747,638 44 3,215,905,863 49 %

2000 6,143,493,823 1.31 % 79,254,768 41 2,868,307,513 47 %

1995 5,744,212,979 1.43 % 81,062,552 39 2,575,505,235 45 %

1990 5,327,231,061 1.71 % 89,789,503 36 2,290,228,096 43 %

1985 4,870,921,740 1.82 % 86,910,119 33 2,007,939,063 41 %

1980 4,458,003,514 1.77 % 77,497,414 30 1,754,201,029 39 %

1975 4,079,480,606 1.89 % 75,686,434 27 1,538,624,994 38 %

1970 3,700,437,046 2.06 % 74,756,419 25 1,354,215,496 37 %


Yearly Net Density Urban Urban
Year World Population Change Change (P/Km²) Pop Pop %

1965 3,339,583,597 2.00 % 65,605,259 22 1,188,469,224 36 %

1960 3,034,949,748 1.86 % 55,373,563 20 1,023,845,517 34 %

1955 2,773,019,936 1.77 % 48,173,195 19 877,008,842 32 %

1954 2,724,846,741 1.76 % 47,237,781 18 850,179,106 31 %

1953 2,677,608,960 1.78 % 46,747,398 18 824,289,989 31 %

1952 2,630,861,562 1.81 % 46,827,301 18 799,282,533 30 %

1951 2,584,034,261 1.88 % 47,603,112 17 775,067,697 30 %

1927 2,000,000,000

1900 1,600,000,000

1850 1,200,000,000

1804 1,000,000,000

1760 770,000,000

1700 610,000,000

800 220,000,000

700 210,000,000

600 200,000,000

200 190,000,000

-200 150,000,000

-500 100,000,000

-1000 50,000,000

-5000 5,000,000

Source: Worldometer (www.Worldometers.info)


B. Fertility in the World
 A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of
children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing
international immigration. A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline

C. Life Expectancy in the World


 BOTH SEXES 73.2 years (life expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)
 FEMALES 75.6 years (life expectancy at birth, females)
 MALES 70.8 years (life expectancy at birth, males)

D. Infant Mortality Rate and Deaths of Children under 5 Years Old in the World
 INFANT MORTALITY
26.1 (infant deaths per 1,000 live births)
 DEATHS UNDER AGE 5
35.8 (per 1,000 live births)

E. World Urban Population


 Currently, 55.7 % of the population of the World is urban (4,299,438,618 people in 2019)
F.Population Density
 The 2019 population density in the World is 52 people per Km2 (134 people per mi2), calculated on
a total land area of 148,940,000 Km2 (57,506,032 sq. miles).

G. Population Pyramid
 A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and
sex of a population.

Types:
 Expansive
 pyramid with a wide base (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high
birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and lower life expectancies).
It suggests a growing population. Example: Nigera Population Pyramid
 Constrictive
 pyramid with a narrow base (lower percentage of younger people, indicating declining birth
rates with each succeeding age group getting smaller than the previous one). Example: United
States
 Stationary
 with a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group. The population is
stable, neither increasing nor decreasing.

Stages:

Dependency Ratio
 There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. All three ratios are
commonly multiplied by 100.

Youth Dependency Ratio


 Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.
 Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Elderly dependency ratio


 Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.
 Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Total dependency ratio


 Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.
 Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

NOTE:
 Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Some
portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor
force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily
economically dependent.

LESSON 10
Global Migration
Global Migration
 is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries

Of the world’s current 247 million immigrants and expatriates, where are they from and where are
they going?
 As a global phenomenon, people are moving just about everywhere. In particular, Quartz Media
LLC indicates that the largest area of regional migration is from Southeast Asia to the Middle East,
which is largely due to oil construction booms on the Arabian Peninsula. The biggest flow between
individual countries is between Mexico and the United States, the latter making up the largest
single migrant destination in the world. Many migration routes are within the same continents and
regions, with people moving to neighboring countries.
 How people migrate depends greatly on each nation’s current immigration laws and the safety of
the route itself. While some migrants are able to travel by airplane or train, others do not have the
same luxury. Those looking to enter Europe through North Africa often face a particularly perilous
route: an extremely overcrowded boat over the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes with a Saharan
Desert trek directly beforehand. Transportation is one of many examples of how migration can take
drastically different forms.

Why do people move?


 Global migration can be understood as a cause and effect relationship, though the causes are just
as numerous as their effects. People move across international borders for a variety of reasons,
including (though not limited to):
1. Safety
2. Natural disaster
3. Political conflict
4. Education
5. Family
6. Career
7. Economic betterment

The Push-Pull Factor


 Some of the reasons that trigger global migration can be explained by what’s known as the
Push-Pull factor.
Pull factors
 are factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home. These
factors attract people to a new place largely because of the opportunities presented in the new
location were not available to them previously.
 An example of a pull factor would include a family moving from a country with minimal job
opportunities to a new location with more opportunities for a successful career.
 The beneficial elements that the new country presents encourages people to migrate there in order
to seek a better life for their families.

Push factor
 refers to conditions which force people to leave their homes.
 A person would typically move because of distress (safety, natural disaster, or political conflict).
 Although push factors don’t require a person to leave their home, the conditions impacting the
push factors often negatively impact the quality of life for the person if they choose to stay.
 Places that experience drought and famine, war conflicts, and/or high unemployment would
contribute to the push factors that trigger migration for that country’s residents.

Push factors, in particular, are often underestimated in their popularity and frequency, which is
emphasized by Manpower Inc.’s survey of employees across 27 countries. In this survey about relocating
internationally, 82 percent of respondents said they would move for a pay increase, 74 percent would move to
increase their career, and 47 percent would move to learn another language. In short, people migrate for all
kinds of unexpected reasons.

Does migration improve the quality of life?


 Whether individuals migrate due to push or pull factors, there are undeniable benefits involved
with adapting to a new country. Some benefits are simply fun and exciting: learning a new culture
and experiencing new opportunities, such as tasting new foods and getting to know a different
approach to communication, or immersing yourself in the new cultural activities, can be exciting
and enriching.
 Other benefits, namely personal freedoms, are essential. People may leave their home countries in
search of safety and religious, academic, or political freedom in their new countries. It’s estimated
that around 11 million Syrians have fled their homes since the outbreak of the civil war in March
2011; many fleeing for their safety in search of a better quality of life for their families. In this
example, migration can improve peoples’ lives drastically.

Potential Drawbacks for Global Migration


 Migration can present a great variety of challenges ranging from simple discomfort to profound
shifts in mental health. Migrating to a new place where the diet or the local culture is largely
unfamiliar may be quite jarring. Imagine moving from the US where drinking coffee or tea in the
mornings is the cultural norm to living in Central Asia where in some parts, drinking salty yak
butter tea is the norm.
 Culture shock is a predictable culprit for migratory challenges: changes in language, diet, politics,
religion, and environment are immediately visible. For example, those who migrate from the Middle
East or Africa are aware of the difficulties of adjusting to colder temperatures in Scandinavia. What
might not be as obvious, though, is the challenge of adjusting to extremely short daylight hours in
the winter, making seasonal affective disorder an unanticipated hurdle for many immigrants.
 Furthermore, the act of leaving a home country can be emotionally difficult, especially for those
who may never be able to return and/or were forced out by situations that they couldn’t control.
Having to emigrate as a refugee from a war-torn Syria, breaks up families and can destabilize
immigrants’ sense of self, which could lead to depression. These challenges obviously should not be
taken lightly – help and support are key.

Question: What is the difference between internal and international migration?


LESSON 11
Global Food Security

Food security
 defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. A household is considered food secure
when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Stages of food insecurity range from
food secure situations to full-scale famine. The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as
existing "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life".

The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security;


 as existing "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain
a healthy and active life". Commonly, the concept of food security is defined as including both
physical and economic access to food that meets people's dietary needs as well as their food
preferences.
 Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough food for an
active, healthy life. Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or
unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping
disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars.

Food stability
 Refers to the ability to obtain food over time.
Food access
 Refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and
households.
Food availability
 Relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange.

What is Food Security


 Two common definitions of food security come from the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), and the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

Food security (FAO)


 exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Food security (USDA)
 for a household means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.
Food security includes at a minimum:
(1) The ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods
(2) An assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (that is, without
resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies).

In 2006 it was reported that globally, the number of people who are overweight has surpassed the
number who are undernourished - the world had more than one billion people who were overweight, and an
estimated 800 million who were undernourished. Worldwide around 852 million people are chronically
hungry due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security intermittently due to varying
degrees of poverty. 17,000 children die of hunger and malnutrition related diseases every day, which equals
6 million children who die of hunger every year.
In the United States of America there are approximately 2,000,000 farmers, less than 1% of the
population. A direct relationship exists between food consumption levels and poverty. Families with the
financial resources to escape extreme poverty rarely suffer from chronic hunger; while poor families not only
suffer the most from chronic hunger, but are also the segment of the population most at risk during food
shortages and famines.

Things affecting food security today include:


1. Global Water Crisis
 Water table reserves are falling in many countries (including Northern China, the US, and
India) due to widespread over-pumping and irrigation.
2. Climate Change
 Rising global temperatures are beginning to have a ripple effect on crop yields, forest resources,
water supplies and altering the balance of nature.
3. Land Degradation
 Intensive farming leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of
agricultural yields.
4. Greedy Land Deals
 Corporations and Governments buying rights to millions of acres of agricultural land in
developing countries to secure their own long-term food supplies.

Genetically Modified (GM) Food and Food Security


 Will genetically modified foods be the answer to a crisis in food security? At present little is known
on the consequences and future safety aspects of GM foods. The movement of genes from GM
plants into conventional crops in the wild (out-crossing), as well as the mixing of crops derived from
conventional seeds with those grown using GM crops, may have an indirect effect on food safety
and food security. This risk is real, as was shown when traces of a maize type which was only
approved for feed use appeared in maize products for human consumption in the United States of
America.
 Far from focusing on the needs of the poor in developing countries, GM crop development is driven
by the commercial interests of US and European companies. The major GM crops currently grown
- soya, oilseed rape, cotton and maize - are designed to support the food and textile industries of the
developed world. There is currently little GM research and development by private companies on
staple food crops vital to developing countries.
 "Terminator" seeds are modified to produce sterile seeds. This prevents farmers from saving seeds
to plant the following season. 1.4 billion people, mainly poor farmers in developing countries,
depend on saved seed. Farmers are then forced to buy new seeds every year from the biotech
companies. Despite universal condemnation from farmers' movements all over the world, the
technology is still being developed today.
 Food security is not just a poverty issue; it is a much larger issue that involves the whole food
system and affects every one of us in some way. Issues such as whether households get enough
food, how it is distributed within the household and whether that food fulfills the nutrition needs of
all members of the household show that food security is clearly linked to health.
 Global Food Security must exist to meet the challenge of providing the world's growing population
with a sustainable, secure supply of good quality food.

Reading Task: Global Food Sustainability and its three pillars

LESSON 12
Global Citizenship
A Global Citizen is someone who:
 is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
 respects and values diversity
 has an understanding of how the world works
 is outraged by social injustice
 participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
 is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
 takes responsibility for their actions.

To be effective Global Citizens:


 young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive.
 They need to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas
effectively and work well within teams and groups.
 These skills and attributes are increasingly recognised as being essential to succeed in other areas
of 21st century life too, including many workplaces.
 These skills and qualities cannot be developed without the use of active learning methods through
which pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with others.

Global citizenship
 is all about encouraging young people to develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to
engage with the world. And it's about the belief that we can all make a difference.
 the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or
rights are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such
a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such
identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global community. Extended, the idea
leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of globalization.
 In general usage, the term may have much the same meaning as "world citizen" or cosmopolitan,
but it also has additional, specialized meanings in differing contexts. Various organizations, such
as the World Service Authority, have advocated global citizenship.

Education for global citizenship


 is not an additional subject
 it's a framework for learning, reaching beyond school to the wider community
 It can be promoted in class through the existing curriculum or through new initiatives and
activities.

The benefits are felt across the school and beyond. Global citizenship helps young people to:
1. Build their own understanding of world events.
2. Think about their values and what's important to them.
3. Take learning into the real world.
4. Challenge ignorance and intolerance.
5. Get involved in their local, national and global communities.
6. Develop an argument and voice their opinions.
7. See that they have power to act and influence the world around them.
 What's more, global citizenship inspires and informs teachers and parents, too. But above all, it shows
young people that they have a voice. The world may be changing fast, but they can make a positive
difference - and help build a fairer, safer and more secure world for everyone.

References:
A. The United Nations retrieved from
https://www.un.org/en/sections/resources-different-audiences/index.html
B. Media retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/media.
C. Oligopoly retrieved from https://prezi.com/lbzip7fda1h7/what-is-a-media-oligopoly/
D. Religion retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion
E. History of Religion retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion
F. Global City retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city
G. The Top Ten Global Cities 2019 retrieved from
http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml
H. Demography – the study of human populations retrieved from
https://www.suda.su.se/education/what-is-demography
I. World Population retrieved from
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/
J. Global Migration retrieved from
https://www.brombergtranslations.com/what-is-global-migration/
K. Food Security retrieved from https://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/
L. Global Citizenship retrieved from http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-citizenship
M. What is Global Citizenship retrieved from
https://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/who-we-are/what-is-global-citizenship
N. Saluba, D.J. et. al., The Contemporary World (2018), Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc., BLK.
26 Lot 9 Sampaguita Street, Doña Rosario, Bayview Subdivision, Sucat, Muntinlupa City

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