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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Frangoise Illustrations
Leffler, Senior Development Editor, and Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65,
Christine Lauricella, Senior Production 160, 191; Brian Hughes pages 20, 188;
Editor, for their commitment and support. Jock MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul
McCusker pages 38, 98, 294; Andy Myer
The publishers and authors would like to pages 10, 32, 46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 102, 112,
thank the following people and 116. 158. 192, 222, 232, 246, 254, 272,
institutions for their feedback and 282, 314, 322, 326; Dusan Petricic pages
comments on the material: 2, 6, 8, 14. 16. 17, 18, 21, 36, 40, 50, 58,
Andrea McMahon - St Giles College. 60, 66, 74, 84, 92, 96. 106. 120, 128. 150,
London; Pippa Sutcliffe - 1LA Cambridge; 184, 198. 236, 250, 278, 308, 318. 330;
Diane Naughton - Centro de Lenguas Steve Pleydoll-Pearce pages 106, 142,
Modernas, Universidad de Granada; 146, 172, 190. 300.
Sinforoso Fernandez-Camunas
- Opening English School, Madrid. Text
Information on page 136 is based on the
Parts of Grammar Express are adapted Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global
from the intermediate and high Consumer Study
intermediate levels of Focus on Grammar,
Seco/id Edition © 2000. Cover by Raven Design

I
A
 m

m Contents
About the Book i>
Jfe:-?
m PART i: Present and Imperative

is IIUHTI Present Continuous

1 s_tj 2

m
(7 am studying.)

|ÿIT| Present Simple 6

(I study.)

fin m Stative Verbs

(I understand.)
10

m
m Present Continuous and Present Simple
(I am studying. / I study.)

Imperative
14

18
(Study! / Don’t study!)
£| SeifTest I 22
-r
m PART II: Past

mti/ pj T| Past Simple: Affirmative Statements

(I studied.)
24

uTTTTl Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions 28

(I didn 't study. / Did you study?)
m Tfj Used to 32
m IE•Jfcj
’ (I used to study.)
m. yjg i T| Past Continuous 36
i Mfcl (I was studying.)

mi!
H Past Continuous and Past Simple
(I was studying. / I studied.)
40

SeifTest II 44

5 PART OS: Present Perfect and Past Perfect

a Present Perfect: Since and For

(I have studied since May. / I have studied for

Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet

a month.)
46

50
IS El (I have already studied. / ! have just finished ! haven sh.iriied yet

li a Present Perfect: Indefinite Past

(I have studied.}
54

Ssi
mmi m Present Perfect and Past Simple
a have sti a ?d. / studied. ,
58

PP a NI
Present Perfect Continuous
(/ have been studying.)

T| Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

62

66
El (I have studied. / / have been studying.)
m

J£NTT] Past Perfect 70

*L». (I had studied.)
~
Past Perfect Continuous 74
%Tr _jl (I had been studying.)

SelfTest ill 78

PART IV: Future and Future Perfect

Future: Be going to and Will
* 80
S3 (I am going to study. / I will study.)
84
HD Future: Contrast
Be going to, Will, Present Simple, Present Continuous
88
|y_N i T| Future Time Clauses
(I will study hard before I take the test.)

ITT] Future Continuous 92

(I will be studying.)

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous 96

S3 (I will have studied. / 1 will have been studying.)

SelfTest IV 100

PART V: Wh- Questions, Tag Questions, Additions

yjy i T| Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate 102
j •] (Who studied? / Who did you study?)

m Prj Question Tags

(You studied, didn't you? / You didn’t study, did you?)
106

110
I T! Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either
R (I studied, and so did she. / I didn 't study, and neither did she. )

SelfTest V 114

PART VJ: Modals (I)

Ability: Can, Could, Be able to 116
T (I can study for hours.)

IT Permission: May, Can, Could, Do you mind if ... ? 120

*J! (May I study on my own?)

jU-N I ' Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . . ? 124
|_jy i Will you study with me?)

j CLM i ij Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 128

LS.J 1 Tot/ should study English.)

Suggestions: Could, Why don't . . . 7, Why not . . . ?, 132

i %.>.'!
'

Let’s, Shall we ... ?, How about . . . ?

(Why not study English ?)
Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather 136
S3 (I would prefer to study Spanish.)

SelfTest VI 140

iv

«SJ
PART VSS: Modals (II)
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must 142
to study harder. / I must study harder.)
(I’ve got

a Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can’t

(I don't have to leave. / I must not leave.)
146

a Expectations: Be supposed to
(I’m supposed to study.)
150

a Future Possibility: May, Might, Could

(I may study there next year.)

ijmi T| Deduction: May, Might, Could, Must,

154

158
1 1 Have (got) to, Can’t
(She must be a good student.)

a Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have,

Ought to have, Could have, Might have
(I should have studied harder when I was young.)
162

a Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have,

Can’t have, Could have, Must have, Had to have
(He may have been a good student in his youth.)
166

SelfTest VII 170

PART VIII: Adjectives and Adverbs

a Adjectives and Adverbs

I quick / quickly )
172

a 77]
Participles used as Adjectives
(interesting / interested)
Adjectives and Adverbs: As ... as . .
176

180
(as quick as / as quickly as)

a Adjectives: Comparatives
(quicker than)
184

a Adjectives: Superlatives
(the quickest)
188

a
SelfTest VIII
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives
(more quickly than / the most quickly)
192

196

PART IX; Gerunds and Infinitives

I y..N i r j Gerunds: Subject and Object 198
(Studying is important. , I enjoy studying, i
|q_N i T| Gerunds after Prepositions 202
ijy ( interested in studying / tired of studying!

y_r,j i T| Infinitives after Certain Verbs 206

' !•._ (I want to study.)

a Tl Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns

(easy to study / time to study)
210

v
 WKBBBm wmm

m Infinitives with Too and Enough

(too late to study / early enough to study)

Infinitives of Purpose
214

218
(go home to study)

a Gerunds and Infinitives

(stop studying / stop to study)

Make, Let, Help and Get

222

226
S3 (make him study / get him to study)

SelfTest IX 230

PART X: Phrasal Verbs

a Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable

(run into a classmate)
232

aSelfTest X
Phrasal Verbs: Separable
(look a word up)
236

240

PART XI: Nouns, Quantifiers, Articles, Reflexive

and Reciprocal Pronouns

_
a Nouns
(college, Boston College, chalk, students)
242

a Quantifiers
(some, any, a lot of, a few, a little)
246

a Articles: Indefinite and Definite

(a / the)
250

a 0 (No Article) and The

(students / the students)
254

aSelfTest XI
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns
(ourselves / each other)
258

262

PART XI S: The Passive

U[NIT| The Passive: Overview 264
| "lib,, I (is dene / was clone / has been done}

FpTf] The Passive with Models 268

! a (must be clone )

jTTFfTj The Causative 272

I : (have something done;

SelfTest XII 276

vi
 1
PART Xfill: The Conditional I
Zero Conditionals 278
1 TMJ (If I study, I get good grades.)

First Conditionals 282

(If I study, I will get good grades.)

m Second Conditionals
(If I studied, I would get good grades.)
286

s Third Conditionals
(If I had studied, I would have got good grades.)
290

m
SelfTest XIII
Wish: Present and Past
(I wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.)
294

298

PART XIV: Relative Clauses

UNI T| Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 300
(someone who studies)

Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 304

or When and Where
(something that I study / the school where I study)

imi T| Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining 308

''mil (I have a friend who studies here. /
My best friend, who knows you. studies here. )

SelfTest XIV 312

PART XV: Indirect Speech

tun i T| Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives 314
7
('Study!' / She told me to study.)
i T Indirect Speech: Statements (1) mu
318
fL. (She said that she was going to study.)
yjsiTl Indirect Speech: Statements (2) 322
"4li| (She said she had studied.)

SAJSIITI Indirect Questions 326

'
4?ÿ (She asked me if I was studying.)
mw.i
Iim.i T| Embedded Questions 330
I (She wanted to know what I studied. )

SelfTest XV 334 ttl:

vii

A
 Appendices
336
i
APPENDIX 1 Irregular Verbs
APPENDIX 2 Common Stative Verbs 337
APPENDIX 3 Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund 337
(Base Form of Verb + -ing)
APPENDIX 4 Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive 338
{To + Base Form of Verb)
APPENDIX 5 Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive 338
APPENDIX 6 Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive 338
APPENDIX 7 Common Verb + Preposition Combinations 338
APPENDIX 8 Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations 338
APPENDIX 9 Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive 338 5
APPENDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers 339 1
APPENDIX 11 Common Participles used as Adjectives 339
APPENDIX 12 Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative 339
in Two Ways
APPENDIX 13 Common Reporting Verbs 340
APPENDIX 14 Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech
APPENDIX 15 Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions
APPENDIX 16 Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively
340
340
340
?
APPENDIX 17 Some Common Phrasal Verbs 341
APPENDIX 18 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns 343
APPENDIX 19 Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous 343
APPENDIX 20 Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: 343
Third Person Singular {he, she, it)
APPENDIX 21 Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs 344
APPENDIX 22 Spelling Rules for the Comparative {-er) and 344
Superlative {-est) of Adjectives
APPENDIX 23 Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly 344
APPENDIX 24 Contractions with Verb Forms 345
APPENDIX 25 Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech 347
APPENDIX 26 Pronunciation Table 347
APPENDIX 27 Pronunciation Rules for the Present Simple: 348
Third Person Singular {he, she, it)
APPENDIX 28 Pronunciation Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs 348
APPENDIX 29 Used to or would? 349

APPENDIX 30 Have or have got? 349

APS3ENDS)C 31 Compound Nouns 349
APPENDIX 32 British and American English 350

Appendix Quiz 351

Answer Key 352

index 413

viii
 1

About the Book

36
;
37
37
Vl/elcome to Grammar Express
38 Grammar Express features

38 ® Short, easy-to-use four-page units

38 E Grammar points presented and contextualised through cartoons, photos
38 and other illustrations
38
Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the grammar point
38
39
a Chart Checks to help you use the grammar charts
39 a Clear Grammar Explanations and Examples
39 a Usage Notes telling you how English speakers use the grammar point

40 s Be careful! Notes showing typical mistakes students make

40 H Pronunciation Notes to help you pronounce words correctly
40
B A variety of exercise types to practise the grammar points
40
41
E SelfTests to check your progress
43 a Appendices with helpful lists and information
43 B An Answer Key so you can check your answers
43
H An Index to help you find grammar points quickly
44
44
UNITS
44 Grammar Express has 76 units. Each unit has four pages - two pages of grammar
45
presentation and two pages of practice. This is how a typical unit works:
47
47
Presentation
The grammar point is presented in three steps.
48
1. Illustration
48 Each unit begins with an illustration - a cartoon, comic strip, photo with
49 speech bubbles or a newspaper headline - which introduces the grammar
49 point in context. It also introduces the topic of the unit. (For example, in
49 Unit 8 the cartoon introduces the grammar point used to, and the unit topic,
fashion.)
50
51
A Check Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar point in
the illustration.
52
13

ix
 5

2. Charts
Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 you can see
used to in statements, questions, and short answers.)
Chart Checks ask questions about the grammar charts. They help you notice
important information about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are
studying.
An Express Check follows the Grammar Charts. This is a quick and easy way
for you to try out the forms in the charts.
3. Notes
Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on
the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For example, in Unit 8
the timeline for used to shows that you can use it only for the past.)
Usage Notes tell you how English speakers use the grammar point. (In Unit 8
the Usage Note for used to explains that this form is more common in affirmative
statements than in negative statements or questions.)
Be careful! Notes point out typical mistakes that students make.
(One of the Be careful! Notes in Unit 8 warns you not to confuse used to with
be used to or get used to. )
Pronunciation Notes tell you how to pronounce the grammar point correctly
in everyday speech. These notes use easy pronunciation spellings.
Check it out! tells you where to look in the book (appendices or other units) to
find more information about the grammar point.

Practice
Two pages of exercises give you practice in understanding and using the
grammar point. A typical unit has four exercises.
Exercise 1
The first exercise is always a ‘for recognition only1 exercise. This means that
you will have to find or understand the grammar point but you will not have
to use it yet. (For example, in Unit 8 you will read a short magazine article
about fashion, and find and underline all the examples of used to which refer
to past habits.)
Exercises 2 and 3
In these exercises, you actively practise the grammar point. There are a
variety of exercise types, including multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks,
describing pictures, sentence combining, and asking and answering questions.
The exercises always show the grammar point in a context that is related to
the unit topic. (In Unit 8, Exercise 2, you will complete sentences about
fashion in the past while you describe pictures

x
i

Exercise 4
This is always an editing exercise. In this exercise, you will have to find
and correct typical mistakes that students make when they use the
grammar point.

TESTS
The 76 units of Grammar Express are divided into 15 parts. After each part
you will find a SelfTest. These tests will help you review and see how well
you have learnt the material in the part. The SelfTests have multiple-choice
questions similar to questions found in a variety of international
examinations.

APPENDICES
At the back of the book, you will find 32 Appendices with useful information,
such as lists of common irregular verbs, verbs followed by the gerund, verbs
followed by the infinitive, spelling and pronunciation rules and differences
between British and American English.

An Appendix Quiz practises elements from the Appendices.

ANSWER KEY
The Answer Key provides answers to the Check Points, Charts Checks,
Express Checks, all the practice exercises and the SelfTests.

Grammar Express can be used for self study or in the classroom. You can
either start with Unit 1 and work through the entire book, or choose the
units you want to focus on. We hope you enjoy learning grammar with
Grammar Express.

Good luck!

xi .
 in

'ÿm
• 7 1
Present Continuous
1

/
/ /
Hundreds \ !

of fans are waiting

for the Airheads \\ I, /
V to arrive. z'
V \\ / V7'
4 Emi
°©o J; 1
; l; .Jfi /.-[

B
!Jr/ J 'ÿv
fjj
Vi
4
K
\ >/ Y'
y1
t 7 ftlflfaf&JgJ &i Mm
,h?

po/wr ?
Wow!
i
lick the best advertisement for this The Airheads
TV news programme are dropping
from the sky!
O It’s happening now!
Cl It happens every day!

CHART CHECK J AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Tick the correct BASE FORM OF BASE FORM OF
answer. SUBJECT BE VERB + -IN C SUBJECT BE NOT VERB + -IN C
The present am am
continuous is made not
'm m
up of two parts:
is is n't
be + base form He/She/It waiting. - He/She/It waiting.
of verb not

IO be + base form
We/You*/They
are
We/You/They ;
are n't
of verb + -ing I i ;
not :
\ Which part changes *You is both singular ancl plural.
with different subjects?
C3 be
O base form of
verb + -ing

2
 '

a 3
r
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Circle T (True) or BASE FORM
F (False). BE SUBJECT + -INC AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
T F In questions, Am you are. you aren't.
be comes after
the subject. Is she standing? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.

"7 Are you am. 'm not.

7
/ WH- QUESTIONS L
WH- WORD BE SUBJECT BASE FORM + -INC

am I
f
Why
is she standing?
Where
are you f*
EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
-
f’ still
Why you .? They
; (leave) (perform)
L

L
1. Use the present continuous to describe I'm standing outside the Theatre Royal
something that is happening now. right now. 0

ding
•: t'm ston
Now As I'm talking to you, the fans are gathering l
Past •i Future in front of the theatre.
i

.
F
2. Use the present continuous to describe The Airheads are playing at the Theatre Royal
something that is happening these days, even if this week.
it's not happening right now.
I'm studying literature this term.
Now
Past X Future
%Sfodying liter0

3. USAGE NOTE: The contracted form is usually A: Bye, Jack, we're leaving now.
J used in speech and in informal writing. B: Wait! I 'm corning with you.

Check if out!
For different forms of negative contractions with he, see Appendix 24 on page 345.
For spelling rules for the present continuous, see Appendix 19 on page 343.
 *
'

4 a Cnft •>

IDENTIFY •Read this letter. Underline the present continuous verbs that describe
something happening now. Circle the present continuous verbs that describe things v-
that are happening these days.
S

Dear Steve,
ihn working)very hard these days, but I have some good news. Right now,
I’m sitting at a desk in the Entertainment Section of the Tribune! Of course I’m S

still taking journalism classes at night as well. The job is temporary - Joe Sims,
the regular reporter, is taking this month off to write a book. This week we’re

preparing to interview your favourite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this very S
moment they’re flying into town by helicopter. They’re performing at the Theatre
Royal all week. How are you getting on? Are you still writing music? Oops! The
£
crew are calling me. We’re leaving for the theatre now. Write soonl
Steph
£

COMPLETE •Read this conversation. Complete it with the present continuous form of the
verbs in brackets. Use contractions whenever possible.

BEV: Bye, Joe, I ’m leaving now.

JOE: Where _ _ you __
1. (leave)

2. (go)
BEV: I running. Ann downstairs.
3. (go) 4. (wail)
JOE: Great! Why don’t you take the dog out with you?
BEV: Why don’t you take him? It’s your turn. •

JOE: I can’t. I on my book.

5. (work)
BEV: But you anything right now. You just
6. (not do)

there.
7. : si!
JOE: That’s not true. I here but I also
8. (Ml;
about my work. Can’t the dog go with you?
V fihinlO
BEV: NO, because afterwards we want to go to the Plaza. The Airheads
there this week and Ann wants to get their autographs.
10. (slay)
You know she’s a big fan of theirs.

i- I

.
SlKyi

5:

•M

»•

BI

BI

..
L

B*

ten

fc

r
c*

ft.

s
•S
SI ASK & ANSWER •Steph is interviewing Paul, the lead singer of the Airheads. Write
questions using the words in brackets. Give short answers.
are you introducing any new songs on this tour?
?? STEPH: Paul, 1. (introduce / any new songs on this tour?)

Yes, we are . We’re introducing some songs from our

1 PAUL: 2. (Yes / we)
new album, In the Air.
3 STEPH: Your fans are so excited to see you after such a long time.

3. (Why / tour / again?)

PAUL: We want to play for live audiences. We enjoy that.

STEPH: _ __
_ __
4. (What / work on / these days?)

PAUL: Some exciting new material. But we aren’t talking about it yet.
STEPH: _ 5. (Who / sing / now?)
PAUL: Sylvia is singing some of the songs from the album.
STEPH:
6. (she / replace / Tina?)

PAUL:
7. (No •
she)
_.. Tina has just had a new baby but she’ll
be back in a few months.

EDIT •Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present
continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

’m writing
l-wfe-to you from my hotel room. Everyone else is sleep but I sitting here, looking at

the sea. We’re staying at the PIam in Atlantic Beach and the view is beautiful. The tour is

goes well. The audience is crazy about the new songs but the fans is always asking for you.

How’s the baby7 Has she got a good voice? Do you teaching her to sing yet? /Maybe both of
you will come along for the next tour!
Sylvia
 I
5'S
tv

% M Present Simple te»

A m
'9r
<

K i.
« fo
rg
Off;
gE L
/
i
/>
./»
@0ÿ
ssg
§g m
L
John is always in a hurry and he does
-
He works all the time - he never relaxes.
everything at once.

POINT
Tick the best caption for the cartoons.
John At Work This Week
C5 John’s Typical Working Week

CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

STATEMENTS STATEMENTS
Circle T (True) or "
F (False). SUBJECT VERB SUBJECT Do NOT BASE FORM
T F The form for l/We/You*/They work. do not
he/she/it ends I/We/You/They
don't
in -s. He/She/It works. work.
I T F Negative does not
L
*You is both singular and i He/She/It
statements plural. doesn't
;
a
have do not or
does not before YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
the base form.
Do SUBJECT j BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE :
NEGATIVE
T F Questions have
do or does after
the subject.
Do you
work? Yes,
do.
No,
don't. t
Does he he does. he I doesn't.
[
6
 1

fc 7

WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD Do | SUBJECT BASE FORM
I—
Where do you
work?
When does he

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to complete the question.
work •Why •he •does all the time?

1. Use the present simple to talk about what Some people rush through life.

........
happens regularly.

.......
........
They don't relax.
Now Other people are calm.
They don't feel tense.
Past •••X X’ x X* X*" Future
i rush

2. Use adverb; of T-sr-wfincy with the present She v v :r::.

simple to express how often something You life easier.
happens. We sometimes sieep late.
They rarely go on holiday.
i
s? £
$ $ $
h
$ s5
r
s° / 4*
100% 0%

BE CAREFUL! Adverbs of frequency usually We usually rush around too much.

come before the main verb but they go after We're often stressed out.
the verb be.

3. Use the present simple to talk about Stress onuses high blood pressure.
scientific facts. Water >e a-es at 0°C.

»
Check if out!
For spelling rules for the third person singular (he /she/ it) of the present simple,
see Appendix 20 on page 343.
For pronunciation rules for the third person singular (he /she /it) of the present
simple, see Appendix 27 on page 348.

i)
8 a &Juit &

H IDENTIFY •Read this extract from a book review. Underline the present simple verbs.
Circle the adverbs of frequency.
I
Books Section 10

medication for stress-related illnesses.

CALM DOWN! By Dr Sara Roads
Medicine usually lowers a patient’s blood
n today’s fast-paced world, we (never) pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, ‘You don’t
. escape stress. Stress always affects us always need pills. Relaxation exercises
psychologically but according to m are sometimes as effective as pills.
Dr Roads, author of the new
f-v*For example, breathing exercises
bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects relax you and lower your blood
us physically. For example, stress pressure at the same
causes high blood pressure. time - and it only
Doctors often prescribe f takes a few minutes!’

’fev COMPLETE •Megan and Greg have completely different types of personality. Read about
'~ÿm one and write about the other.
i
Megan Greg
1. Megan doesn’t relax easily. * Greg relaxes easily. <
2. She __ doesn’t take time to enjoy •He takes time to enjoy himself.
herself.
3. Megan and her boyfriend never go
on holiday. _
•Greg and his girlfriend often
on holiday.
4. She through the day. •He doesn’t rush through the day.
5.

6.
She is nervous.
She is always in a hurry.
•He
•He _ nervous.
never in
m
a hurry.
7. She finishes other people’s sentences •He _ other people’s
for them. sentences for them.
8. She a lot. He doesn’t worry much.
_
3

9. She enough time » He’.s got enough time to finish things.

to finish things.
10. Megan’s got high blood pressure ° Greg
- high blood
due to stress. pressure due to stress.

'
i

p&tiT ASK & ANSWER •Peter is an accountant Look at his schedule. Write questions and
; ]i|sy§ answers about his day.
i
• MONDAY 4 0
NOVEMBER IO
6:00-7:00 get up, exercise 12:00-12:30 lunch
8:00-9:00 work, on reports 12:30-5:00 return phone calls
f 9:00-12:00 see clients 5:30-7:00 go to evening class

I 1. When /get up?

When does he get up? He gets up at 6:00.

2. exercise in the morning?

:; Does he exercise in the morning? Yes, he does.

3. work on reports in the afternoon?

4. When / see clients?

|
5. have a lunch break?

6. What / do / from 12:30 to 5:00?

Sf
7. Where / go / at 5:30?
h
a;

L
J EDIT •Read Peter's diary entry. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of the present
simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.

e’s never have

1’m.s.o.tired. I hsvs never time to relax. J work all day .and studies all night. My boss tell
-a
-------
..me. that.I need a holiday. I.agree but I afraid to take one.. Poes my boss thinks that the

I ;s. --
- [...office can function without me? Ldont want them to think I’m not necessary, but my
i
wifejs. unhappy, too. She complain that she.never sees.me.any more..My. schedule are
d c.ra zy..Ldejalt.thinklcan±eepfhis,up..muchJo.nger.lAQn’tyv.anisio.giyeupevening

— L-C.lasses,. though.. I.think, often that, there has got to. be a bet ter way.
 j£2£SSCt3E:M=.v.'.i¥£2
k, 1
! U t- I I
m
i1I syp> ’
Static© ¥terfes r
-
m •>.

L
-*

:
.
What’s it like?
»
Not bad.
O
o
It tastes like
v chicken, y
- '

o oo air«

O o L
o o
•k
1\ o
o
r
-0k/ POINT
i

r= ;
Tick the correct answer.
1
According to the fish, the worm
Mi
0 has the flavour of chicken.
LV 0 behaves like a chicken.
mmM

CHART CHECK VERBS WITH

STATIVE MEANINGS pi itI
Circle T (true) o;
F (False). | 1 want to go fishing. ...

\ T F Some verbs He owns a big boat.

have both The weather seems fine. i
a stative They hate fish. II,
and an active
meaning. *;

T F A verb
used with
VERBS WITH BOTH STATIVE AND ACTIVE MEANINGS
NON-ACTION ACTION
L
a stative mi:

meaning is not I | The fish weighs five pounds. He's weighing the fish now.
used in the : We 'menu it's a good day for fishing. We re thinking about going.
continuous. I This fish delicious.
'
"
: the fish now.
mn
This food auMk good. The cook is meiHa .u the food

EXPRESS
'

Complete these saliences win. -IK: , -nvu form of the verb wtih$h.
i the fish now. It five kilos.
:
10 L
a

r
 !»
:
11
r:

I
Craniate-
jfiOl SMS''V. I’-V S* T

—
1. Many verbs describe states or situations
instead of actions. These verbs are called stative
H John owns a boat.
(The verb own describes John's situation, not
verbs. something he is doing.)
Most stative verbs are not usually used in the present B He wants fish for dinner.
: continuous even when they describe a situation that Not He-is wanting fish for dinner.
r
is happening now.
I
;
: 2. Stative verbs are usually verbs that:
a. describe a state of being B jane is tired but happy.
(be, feel) B She feels good.
1 b. express emotions A: Do you like my new dress?
(hate, like, love) B: I love it!
c. describe mental states a I know a lot of good recipes.
* (know, remember, believe, think [= believe], B Ali remembers your number.
suppose, understand) B I think you're right.
:
)rm d. show possession B This bike belongs to Sam.
(have, have got, own, possess, belong) B Some students own microwaves.
L.
e. describe perceptions and senses B I ?ael relaxed.
(hear, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, seem, a David ucesns- tired.
look [= seem], appear, sound)
f. describe needs and preferences a I need a pen.
(need, want, prefer)
g. describe measurements B How much -does it cost?
v
(weigh, cost, contain)

3. Can is often used with verbs of perception. We do B I can hear the telephone.
not usually use the continuous form. NOT -I hoar-the-telophonc.
NOT I'm hearing the telephone,
B Can you smell gas?
NOT Are you smelling-gas?

4. BE CAREFUL! Some verbs can have stative and active STATIVE

meanings (taste, -weil, fen!, B I . garlic. Did you put some in?
wehjii). (I notice garlic.)
B The soup ? good. Try some.
(The soup is good.)
ACTION
B I., tssting the soup to see if it needs more salt.
(I'm trying the soup.)

Check it out!
For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.
 1
[1
12
|
IDENTIFY •Read this conversation. Underline ail the stative verbs that describe a
l situation that is in progress. Circle all the stative verbs that describe a situation
that is generally true.

ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your salmon looks good, too.
: A: I
B:
BEN: Here, I’m putting some on your plate. I think you’ll like it.
ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually (don’t like) fish.
A:
BEN: Red has that effect on people.
Bf’(
ANNA: I have no idea what you’re talking about. What do you mean?
BEN: Well, colours can change the way we feel. For example, people often feel
A:1
hungrier in a red room. I notice that you’re looking at the red wallpaper.
ANNA: And I certainly feel hungry. I’m eating half your salmon.
BH
BEN: That’s OK. I’m tasting your steak. It’s delicious!
I A-*
i "t
1ÿ' ,
'
CHOOSE •Complete this magazine article with the correct form of the verbs l:
% in brackets. B"

John Bints is in a sports shop. The flowers smell nice but he isn’t
i . (smell smelling) A“"
really paying attention to the scent because he . at a pair of
2. (looks . is looking)
. running shoes. They a lot more than he usually pays but John ;
really, really _ 3. (cost

4. (wants / is wanting)
: 5 ' '

those shoes. He’s the victim of ‘smart scents’, aromas

that shops use to make customers buy more. si
The other side of the town, John’s daughter Myra is doing a history test in a :
!
classroom that was recently painted yellow. Although Myra history,
5. (hates / is hating)
she to be doing well on this test. She . the new
6. (seems / is seeming) 7. (likes / is liking)
colour of her classroom. She that it’s helping her with the
S. (doesn't suspect isn't suspecting)
test, but it is. Scientists have shown that yellow improves both memory and concentration. ::
We now that smells, colours and sounds affect our moods
and even our health. In fact, right now John’s wife, Cindy, about
10. nhink'- is t Minkin* ;
John and Myra. She’s sure that John is spending too much on shoes and that Myra is
failing another history test. Cindy suffers from migraines but she
a headache today. She’s in the garden and she _ to bird and insect
'i 1. (luMi'l t|ol / Kn'l h.ivinq)

1 2. (listens / is lisloninq) !
sounds. They always calm her down.
— *. --

U
 .---S, c.i, a 13

i
|gp~j COMPLETE •Read this conversation. Complete it with the correct form of the
b verbs in brackets. Use the present continuous or the present simple.

smells good! What’s cooking?

A: Hi, Ali. Mmm. Something 1. (smell)
- B: Fish soup. I it to see if it more garlic.
1
: 2. (taste)

- you
_ to try it?
3. (need)

4. (want)

A: Mmmm. It good but I it needs salt.

> B: OK. I
_ 5. (taste)

7. (think)
6. (think)
of adding some tomatoes, even though it
1 in the recipe.

; A: That
S. (not be)

9. (sound)
___ like a good idea. But wait a minute. I
10. (look)
: at the recipe and it says you can add milk. How about that?
I if the milk fresh.
B: I
; 11. (not know) 12. (be)
A: I’ll check. Hmm. I it but I sure. Let’s add
; 13. (smell) 14. (not be)
the tomatoes instead.
] B: OK. I cooking! The whole house great
15. (love) 16. (smell)
J
when you cook. And it always puts me in a good mood.
t
] A: I what you .I the
17. (know) 18. (mean; 19. ((eel)
J
same way.

1
EDIT •Read this diary entry. There are eight mistakes in the use of active and
: ___?ri§§ stcitive verbs. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.

y, 16 March
need
Not a good day) I feel depressed and I've got a headache.
to change my mood and get rid of this pain. Last week, I'm reading an article about how
!

j
smells can affect mood and even health, so at the moment I smell an orange (for the
depression) and a green apple (for the headache). They smell nioe but I'm not thinking that I

notice a difference in bow I -feel! I think I'm preferring to eat something when I feel down. But

s I worry It) at I'm weighing too much. So, at the moment I have a cup of peppermint tea with
lemon. The article says that the peppermint smell helps you eat less. Well, I don't know
t about that! A chocolate ice cream sounds pretty good right now! it's seeming that there are
no easy solutions.

jf,
1
 LM M S T !
Present Continuous and f
S2S
Present Simple |
I
Cross-Cultural Confusion
i.
-''why is sheÿ
What is he doing
I
Why is Taro i
wearing her here already?! It’s |
dressing gown? leaning back
\only 7:00 p.rnjÿ Hi. How are I
Jt’s 7:00 p.m.L v like that? 1 you doing?, !
Eva! Fine thanked
a °oo How are you?-
Karl! ) uVs M E
1 / °o,
.r Why is Sam
P i J7
standing so
>
\ close?
eC S
ii
Friends from different cultures often Sometimes they don't agree about
have different ideas about time. social distance, either. 1
I
po/wr
Circle T (True) or F (False). P
T F Karl is arriving late tonight.
I
T F In Sam’s culture, people rarely stand close to each other.
-
I
CHART CHECK
Tick the correct
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
BASE FORM
PRESENT SIMPLE
1
answers. SUBJECT BE + -INC SUBJECT VERB
: The present
I
am
| continuous has: t I/We/You/They j never
We/You*/They I are j ,-rs day now. on time.
| 0 one part always
0 two parts He/She/It i.S He/She/It
The present simple *You is both singular and plural.
has:
O one form i;
i

0 two forms
I
$
i
14
I
 Present-. Continuous and Present Simple a 15

EXPRESS
Complete the following charts with the verb buy.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE

SUBJECT BE BASE FORM + -INC SUBJECT VERB

You flowers now. You usually chocolates.

He He

Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use the present continuous for things that Sam is talking to Taro.
are happening now. At the moment, Taro is speaking English.
Now
10'°'

Past Future
i
Use the present simple to describe what Sam talks to Taro every day.
:
happens regularly. Taro speaks Japanese at home.

- Now !

;
Past X
-• X X- X- Future
i
He talks to him every day.

2. Use the present continuous for things We're studying in the US this month.
happening these days. Laura's studying in France this year.
Now m Are you studying hard these days ?
Past
! Future

1
3. REMEMBER! Most stative verbs* are jane wants to go home right now.
not usually used in the present continuous NOT Jane is wanting -to go home right-now:
even when they describe a situation that exists
.. at the moment of speaking.

: 4. Use the present simple to talk about scientific Stress causes high blood pressure.
facts and physical laws. Water boils at 100°C.
;

Check it out!
*For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.

f
 ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ fl
im-

16 a Unit «

IDENTIFY •Read these diary entries written by Brian, a student studying in Argentina.
Circle all the verbs that describe what is happening now. Underline the verbs that
describe what usually happens.

..... .... . ...

_.._._._..__.._..
... ... 25 June: a seat 4 July: The weather is colei now. ;

......
'5.,GOO. metres above the' earth 1 usually spend the first weekend , .

_
....
en route to Argentina! I usually of July at..the beach, but today. I’m

.....
walking cirounJ in a heavy sweater. .

. .. .
- have dinner at this time .but right 3.
now iVe got a headache, from the
excitement. The person next to me
is..eatjng..iÿfoj2di.ÿhi?.iaQka.hat2py...-..-- i'- verycr e e:se feels great in the
evening, because they have long
SQJ.une:_.!t:s7:30, naps in the afternoon.
parents are still working. Carlos, the

—-... son, Ricardo, is sweet. He. looks

(and behaves) a. lot. like I3obby. Right .
now, he’s looking over my shoulder .
and trying to read. my diary.
4.

COMPLETE •Some students are talking outside a classroom. Complete their conversations :
with the present continuous or the present simple form of the verbs in brackets.
L
1. Ll-wu: Hi, Paulo. What are you _ doing
a. (do)
PAULO: Oh, I for the class to start.
b. (wait)
Li-wu: How are you? You tired. L
:
.
c. (look)
PAULO: I am a little tired. I a lot in the evenings this term.
d. (work)
Hey, is that your teacher over there? L :
Li-wu: Yes. She to one of my
e. (talk) "
classmates.
PAULO: I wonder what’s wrong. He at
fi
#
'• Li
•i
f. (not look)
her. He _ embarrassed.
g. (look)

2.
Li-wu: Oh. That
h. (not moan)
anything. In Taiwan
it’s not respectful to look directly at your teacher.
MORIKO: Look, there's Miguel. He to Luisa.
;
:
a. (talk) >

NINA: Yes. They a class together this term.

b. (do)

«r

rL
•* .

-
r
 Present Continuous and Present Simple a 17

MORIKO: They c. (stand)

very close to each other. — you
they _ together?
d. (think) e. (go out)
3 NINA: NO. I
f. (not think)
_
it
g. (mean)
i anything special. I from Costa Rica,
h. (come)
A and people there normally that
i. (stand)
close to each other.
3. RASHA: There’s Hans. Why he
so fast? The lesson
a. (walk) b. (not start)
until 9:00. He still ten minutes! lit
c. (have got)
CLAUDE: He always _ fast. People from r#"
#
d. (walk)
Switzerland often to be in a hurry.
e. (seem)
4. YOKO: Isn’t that Sergio and Luis? Why they

I hands? They _
JlNG: In Brazil, men
b. (know)
a. (shake)
each other.
hands every
c. (shake)
time they _
d. (meet)

I
H EDIT •Read this student's diary. Find and correct eleven mistakes in the use of the present
continuous or present simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.

I’m sitting
It's 12:30 andt-skHn the library. My classmates are eating lunch together but I’m not
k
hungry yet. At home, we eat never this early. Today our homework topic is ‘culture
shock’. It's a good topic for me right now because I’m being pretty homesick.
I miss my old routine. At home we always are having a big meal at 2:00 in the
afternoon. Then we rest. But here in Toronto I’m having a conversation class at 3:00.
Every day, I almost fail asleep in class, and my teacher ask me, 'Are you bored?’ Of

course I'm not bored. I just need my afternoon rest! This class always is fun. This term,
l|
we work on a project with video cameras. My team is filming groups of people from
11 different cultures. We are analyse 'social distance'. That means how close to each other
people stand. According to my new watch, it’s 12:55, so I leave now for my one o'clock
class. Teachers here really aren't liking it when you are latel

L,
""ÿpSJSSmÿ
 mm-
;

\l
JL&! lT s
11a T
u>i
V--
Imperative s

To do this
exercise, bend your knees
and place your right foot in
front, like this. Punch with
your right fist. /
vl

Tv
s,
<5=

V4- \
O'
X
\

Oj

a i
I

Check the correct answer.

The woman in the photo is
O giving instructions on how to do an
exercise.
O ordering someone to do an exercise.

CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

lick the correct BASE FORM BASE FORM 1
answer. OF VERB DON'T OFVERB

_
Imperative sentences Beod your knees. bend your knees.
O include a subject. Don't
Punch with your fist. punch with your fist. |
O don’t include
a subject.
i
I

18
 fjpgpr
.
imperative m 19
V "

-
EXPRESS l\M
Use these verbs to complete the charts.
touch listen stand up

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

BASE FORM OF VERB DON'T BASE FORM OF VERB

to the music. to the music.

I your toes. your toes.

straight.
straight.

Grammar Explanations Examples

The imperative form of the verb is always the Mary, please get ready.
' base form. It is the same whether it is directed at Get ready, guys!
one or several people.

-
2. The subject of an imperative statement is you. Stand up straight.
However, we do not say or write you in NOT You stand-up-stfaight.
I imperative sentences.

I
3. The imperative form has a number of uses.
Use the imperative to:
if a. give directions and instructions Turn left at the traffic lights.

b. give orders or commands Don't move!

c. make requests (Use please in addition to Please read this article.
- : the imperative form.) Read this article, please.
1
d. give advice or make suggestions Don't exercise if you feel unwell.
e. give warnings Be careful! Don't trip over that mat!
f. invite someone Come to the gym with us tomorrow.

Hi
1
J

: i

:
]
20 B Unit 5

‘
MATCH •Match each imperative with the correct situation. m

Imperative Situation

J _ 1. Don’t touch that! a. Someone is visiting a friend.

_ 2. Look both ways. b. Someone is going out into the cold. L
__ 3. Dress warmly! c. Someone is crossing a street. 1
_ Don’t bend your knees. Someone is taking an exam.
_ 4.

5. Mark each answer true or false.

d.

e. Someone is exercising. .1
_ Come in. Make yourself at home. f. Someone is tasting some food.
_
6.

7. Add a little more pepper. g. Something is hot. Jl

I
MATCH •You're going to give instructions for making a banana-strawberry shake.
Match a verb from column A with a phrase from column B. L,
Column A Column B
Add the ingredients until smooth.
Slice -
Wash
six strawberries.
a banana.
Jl
Cut orange juice into the blender.
Blend the strawberries in half. •'wa.
Pour the fruit to the orange juice.
L

LABEL •Now write the sentences in order under the correct pictures.
L

f
*5 i
tj

1. Slice a banana. 2. 3.
'

8 "
f)
L
i
iff i UK. l
u
:

::
'

L
M

5. 6.
V
4.
;ÿ
r

r
r
 imperative is 21

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read this advertisement for a martial arts school. Complete it
using the affirmative or negative imperative form of the verbs in the box.

get choose reduce improve learn

miss register take X delay

c
Pon’t think
m
that martial arts is only about physical training. A good
•;
i.
martial arts programme offers many other benefits as well.
_ 2.
self-defence and more at the Martial Arts Academy:
stress. Martial arts training helps you relax.
3.
your concentration. Martial arts students focus better.
4.
fit. Strength and flexibility improve as you learn.
S.

i We are offering an introductory trial membership. 6.

this
| special opportunity. lessons with Master Lorenzo Gibbons,
! a ninth-level Black Belt Master.
7.
_
8.
classes from our convenient timetable.
now
9. 10.
r
for a two-week trial.
ONLY £20. UNIFORM INCLUDED.

EDIT •Read part of a martial arts student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the
use of the imperative. The first mistake has already been corrected.

For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons gave us this assignment:
Write
Yerr-ÿwifirc-e about something important to you. My topic is The Right
'
Way, the rules of life for the martial arts. First, respects
: other people - treat them the way you want them to treat you.

1 Second, helped people in need. In other words, use your strength

for others, not to use it just for your own good. Third, no lie
or steal. These are the most important rules to me.

1
 __
f, r

l'.Y
Se
[sÿcmoavin ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

j,
1. ready for school? It’s already 7:00. A B C D
(A) Do you get (C) You get
I (B) Are you getting (D) You are getting
«\ 2. Nick _ to Greece every year to visit his family. A B C D
(A) is going (C) go
(B) he goes (D) goes
3. Why _ .? The lesson isn’t over yet. A B C D
(A) are you leaving (C) do you leave
(B) you are leaving
4. Something _ (D) you leaving
good. Is that fresh bread in the oven? A B C D
(A) smells (C) smell
(B) is smelling
5. Which class _ best?
(D) smelling

A B C D
(A) are you liking (C) you like
(B) you are liking (D) do you like
6. loose clothes to exercise. You’ll be more comfortable. A B C D
(A) Wear (C) Wears
(B) Wearing (D) You wear
7. Please _ _ to class on time. We start at exactly 9:00. A B C D
(Aj we come (C) you’re coming
(B) come (D) comes
8. I something outside. Are the doors locked? A B C D
(A) ’m hearing (C) hearing £
(B) can hear
9. Walk! _ run!
(D) hears
A B C D
(A) Not (C) Don’t

10.
—
(B) No

__
Do you like fish?
—Yes, I
(A) am
(D) You don’t

(C) don’t
A B C D
!

(B) do (D) like

H

22
:
L JU.
 Seifrssi i a 23

11. Harry works all the time. He A B C D

(A) never relaxes (C) often relaxes
(B) relaxes never (D) relaxes sometimes

12. What - these days? A B C D

(A) are you doing (C) you are doing
(B) do you do (D) you do
: D 13. The baby’s so big! How much now? _ A B C D
(A) weigh (C) is she weighing
(B) she weighs (D) does she weigh

! D
14.
— _ Are you taking an English class this term?
—Yes, I
A B C D

(A) take (C) do

(B) am taking (D) am
: D IS. Water _ at 100°C. A B C D
(A) boil (C) boiled
(B) boils (D) is boiling
: D
ISECTBoiofl TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
: D of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
»:ÿ
: D
r
EXAMPLE:
A B C D
A B C®
: D 16. Fran usually is swimming before work but this morning sheÿg jogging.
B CD
A B C D
A

17. , it rains and the sky looks grey. A B C D

A B C D
C D 18. Lie wi A B C D
A B C D

A B C D
C D
r
!
19. The floor is wet so walk slowly and
A B
no
CD
fall down !

you wearing a new perfume? A B C D

-
20. - are D
A B C

21. We always eat out because we A B C D

A c B D
C D 22. Peter arrives usually early hut today he!s late. A B C D
A o c -

23. I need my CD player if you don’t using it at the moment . A B C D

A BCD
C D
24. SVt m always lose my pens. A B C D
; A B c D
25. Turn left at the lights and you don’t forget to signal! A B C D
A B C D
 31
r
m* Past Simple m
B :

tm Affirmative Statements

Oh, Albert! N
You were a good
man but a
> terrible poet!/

A4.
\wasapoet;
AvJide- [UMIO Po/wr
ttav as SO A;
Wived tv\Uw flip Tick the year these sentences
arvddvetvldjeÿ appeared in the newspaper.
‘Poet Albert Rimes lives in Belgium.’
1910-1990 V/ 1989 1999
cWW-i.-1
il'-i ‘Poet Albert Rimes lived in Belgium
( t <
> V..
'ifA'lp'f'j , . most of his life.’
t 1
1989 1999

CHART CHECK THE PAST SIMPLE: BE

Tick the correct
answer.
SUBJECT BE I
I/He/She/It was
How many forms young in 1930. ‘
has the past tense We/You*/They were .
of be got?
*You is both singular and plural.
O one O two
What do you add to THE PAST SIMPLE: REGULAR VERBS
the base form of SUBJECT VERB
regular verbs to form
the past tense? moved
l/He/She/lt/We/You/They fifty years ago.
O -d or -ed O -t worked
*5

THE PAST SIMPLE: IRREGULAR VERBS :

SUBJECT VERB
'

wrote poetry. :

l/He/She/lt/We/You/They became famous.

a monument. '
built
-
24

c
u
 :

Past Simple; Affirmative Statements ® 25

I EXPRESS
Complete the chart.

I BASE FORM

be
OF VERB PAST SIMPLE

and

I come
save

I
-
I Grammar Explanations
1. Use the past simple to talk about things that
Examples
Albert Rimes lived in the twentieth century.
J are now finished. He was a poet.
I1 Past •X"
Now
I Future
He wrote poetry.

J He was a poet.

I
s "1
2. You can use the past simple with
time expressions that refer to the past
(last week, by 1 980, in the twentieth century,
fifty years ago).
By 1930, he was famous.
He died over ten years ago.

I 3. The past simple of regular verbs is formed BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE
by adding -d or -ed. live lived
I join
play
joined
played
BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes
I i when you add -ed to the verb.
Many common verbs are irregular.
study
hop
be
studied
hopped
was/were

I 1j
Their past tense is not formed by adding
-d or -ed.
have
get
go
had
got
went

I1 Check it out!
For spelling rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 21 on

I page 344.
For pronunciation rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 28
on page 348.
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.
I

I i

l
C3
 26 Una -3
H
I
Rfe IDENTIFY •Read about japanese poet Matsuo Basho. Underline all the regular past
:ufjl tense verbs. Circle all the irregular past tense verbs.

Matsuo Basho (wrotejmore than 1,000 three-line

O' 1:
poems or “haiku’. He chose topics from nature, daily

III life and human emotions. He became one of Japan’s

!ÿ ;

§Krÿ\ most famous poets and his work established haiku as

m i an important art form.
Matsuo Basho was born near Kyoto in 1644.
His father wanted him to become a samurai (warrior).
W
Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present-day Tokyo)

mm ''
and studied poetry. By 1681, he had many students
and admirers.

ggg 1
T
Basho’s home burnt down in 1682. Then, in
1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho felt
restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on
horseback all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him and they wrote poetry
together. Travel was difficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was often ill. He died
in 1694 during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read this biography of another poet, Emily Dickinson.
Complete it using the past simple form of the verbs in the box.

:
be become lead leave l&C see wear write

Emily Dickinson, one of the most popular American poets,

lived from 1830 to 1886. She
i. 2.
about love, nature and time. These
3.
her
it
favourite themes. Dickinson

she almost never _

Massachusetts. At home, she
6.
_
After just one year of college, she _
4.

5.
an unusual life.

her house in Amherst,

_
a recluse -

no one except her

r !.1
3
•
>

family, and she only _ white. n

8. ;

W
 EPBV

Past Simple: /-.“ rniarive Statements a 27

address appear happen write

In addition to her poetry, Dickinson many letters. Other

9.
e
people always the envelopes for her. During her lifetime only
seven of her 1,700 poems
10.
_ in print - and this 12.
11.

without her knowledge or permission.

3
Now complete these lines from a poem by Emily Dickinson.

bite cijrefe drink eat hop see

n
r). | §3
A bird came
13.
down the walk: r &
He did not know I *. H
S 14.
He an angle-worm in halves
is.
_the fellow raw. (T
And
And then he
16.
_ a dew 1
it 17.
From a convenient grass,
And then
18.
sidewise to the wall
m 3
X-

To let a beetle pass.

ed

EDIT •Read part of a student's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the
Tgli past simple.. The first mistake has already been corrected.

-o enjoyed
Today in olass we read a poem by Robert Frost. I really erysy it. It was about a

person who cboosed between two roads in a forest. Before be made his decision, he
r spents a lot of time trying to decide which road to follow. /Many people thought the

person were Frost. In the end, he take the road that was less travelled on. He decided

to be a poet. That decision change his life a lot.

Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. Two years ago I decide to come to this
B country. That were the biggest decision of my life.

;
 f
Past Simple; I??
%& Negative Statements
and Questions
a

THE DAILY NEWS

DID SHE CRASH? L\ :

f

—plane leftNEWthe island of JULY exactly

LAE, GUINEA,
Lae at
2, 1937. Amelia Earhart’s small
12:00 midnight. Sh e was
%
not alone on the flight but she and Fred Noonan, her
navigator, were very tired. She reported her last position '5
at 8: 1 4 p.m. After that, she did not make radio contact
again. Why did they disappear? Were they exhausted? Did
ft ft ?
;

they run out of fuel? The US Coast Guard started its

search for the answer at 10:15 p.m. Mm
-y:.yyy 'L 4- v..'T "
---

POINT
Circle T (True), F (False), or ? (the article doesn't say).
T F ? The plane crashed.
T F ? Earhart made radio contact after 8:14 p.m.
T F ? Earhart had a navigator with her.

PAST SIMPLE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS J|

CHART CHECK I BE
Tick the correct SUBJECT BE NOT CONTRACTIONS
answers.
I/He/She/It was not was not = wasn't
What word do you here last year.
add to be to form a We/You*/They were n't were not = weren't
negative statement?
*You is both singular and plural.
LI not O did not
What do you add to j REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
other verbs to form a ! BASE FORM
negative statement? I SUBJECT DID NOT OF VERB CONTRACTIONS
O not O did not \ I/He/She/It did not caii Li
We/You/They didn't fy
last night. did not = didn't

28
f

'•-ass Simple. •'iegative Statements ana Questions a 29

PAST SIMPLE: QUESTIONS

1
'
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE SHORT ANSWERS
Tick the correct BE SUBJECT AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
answer.
1 Which word(s)
Was she
here last year? Yes,
she was.
No,
she wasn't.
.
can begin yes!no Were they they were. they weren't.

31 questions with he?

[H tVOi WH- QUESTIONS: BE
d were WH- WORD BE SUBJECT
O
3 did
Which word(s)
can begin yes/no
Why
was she
were they
here last year?

ify, questions with

j r other verbs? YES/NO QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS SHORT ANSWERS
M
| d was DID SUBJECT BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Cl
3 O
were
did
Did she fly to Mexico? Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

1 WH- QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS

WH- WORD DID SUBJECT BASE FORM
r'
Why did it disappear?

I ;

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form a question and an answer.
J
navigator•she •have •Did •a ___
_
T she •didn’t •No _
i
»ÿ

, Grammar Explanations Examples

j

1. Use the past simple to make negative e She wasn't alone.

statements about actions or situations that are They weren't on an island.
now finished. They didn't find the plane.
! Now He didn't call that night.
T
Past •>- Future
wasn't alone
!
1
2. Use the past simple to ask questions about B Was she alone in the plane?
actions or situations that are now finished. Where did she leave from?
- B

Check it out!
For questions about the subject, see Unit 24 on pages 102-103.

ir

'
: 30 a Unit 7

[V
READ •Look at some facts about Amelia Earhart.

•She was born in the United States. •She received many awards.
•She didn’t get a degree. •She married George Palmer Putnam.
•She didn’t keep her first plane. •She didn’t have any children.
•She flew across the Atlantic Ocean. •She wrote three books.
ANSWER •Tick the correct box.
Yes No
1. Did she get many awards? 0
2. Was she a university graduate?
3. Was she an American citizen?
4. Did she keep her first plane?
5. Was she an author?
6. Did she have a husband?
7. Was she a parent?
,
ASK & ANSWER •Use the cues to ask questions about Amelia Earhart. Then answer the
questions with the information in the box.

in 1937 American at Columbia University for two years New Guinea three

1. When / she / cross the Atlantic Ocean?

When did she cross the Atlantic Ocean? in 1923.
2. Where / she / study?

3. How long / be / she / a social worker?

l;
Where / her last flight / leave from?
4.
r
5. How many books / she / write? !
!
!
6. What / be / her nationality?
rii
7. When / she / disappear?
iii

ki
 Pasi Simple: Negative Statements and Questions a 31

® COMPLETE •The magazine Flying High (FH) interviewed a young pilot. Complete the
interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and with short answers.
.
FH: Did you always want to be a pilot?
1. (want)
SUE: Yes did . I saw a documentary about Amelia
2.
Earhart when I was six. She became my role model.
FH: . your parents happy with your decision?
. 3. (be)
SUE: , they
4.
.. They S. (not want)
me to fly.
FH: Why not? they it was too dangerous?
6. (feel)
SUE: , they
7.
.. But I was very determined, and
'
they me from pursuing my dream.
. 8. (not stop)
FH: you ever .of flying around the world?
9. (dream)
SUE: Of course. But I . it would happen so soon.
10. (not think)
FH: you alone on the flight?
11. (be)
'
SUE: ,1 . I had a co-pilot.
i FH:
12.
it difficult to find a co-pilot for this flight?
13. (be)
SUE: it . She’s my flatmate.
14.

: pfe] EDIT •Read this postcard. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the past simple.
- The first mistake has already been corrected.

receive
Hi! Didyou received my fast fetter? / didn't knew lour

’ new address so / sent it to your old one. When yon

-
- moved? Didyourflatmate move with you ? Riyht now
I'm on board a plane flyiny to El Paso to visit Ana.
V
,
To: SueJacobs
Didyou met her at the conference lastyear? / wanted
16 Beckleg Avenue
to visit her in June but / no had the time. At first / was
t yoiny to drive from Los Anyc/es but / decided to fly
Moreton
Clot icestorsIlire
instead. This is only nnj thirdflight but / love flying!
T GL565BQ
, / didnt know flying could be so much
fun! Hope to
hearfl-om you. — M.

1
:
:
-
:
-
Jppÿÿ
h

N1T
IT"#I| •V-
'

Used is
i

\:.ÿasgd8BMBm

Look at that!

<sv I used to wear

baggy jeans!

(2
|Z'Z‘ZZ “Hll POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The man is thinking about !
m O a habit he has now.
W/Mi O a habit he had in the past.

; CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or BASE FORM BASE FORM
F (False). SUBJECT USED TO OFVERB ! SUBJECT DIDN'T USE TO j OF VERB
T F In affirmative I
statements, She used to wear jeans. She didn't use to wear jeans.
used to is
used with They They
all subjects.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Tick the correct answer. DID SUBJECT USE TO BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
In questions, what you l
form of used to
is used? Did she use to wear jeans? Yes, she did. No, she didn't.
they they they
O did . .. used to i i

O did . . . use to WH- QUESTIONS i

WH- WORD j DID \ SUBJECT j USE TO BASE FORM !•

! you
Z;
What did ! she use to wear?
they

32

L
 Used to E 33

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
•He used to / uses to wear baggy jeans.
•Did you use to / used to shop for clothes with your friends?
•What did your parents use to saving / sav about your clothes?

G ra mm a r Ex pI a si aii© ra s Examples

J
.
1 Use used to + base form of the verb to talk Leo used to buy baggy jeans.
about past habits or past situations that (In the past, he often bought baggy jeans.
- - no longer exist in the present. He doesn't buy baggy jeans now.)
Now
Past XXX Future
used to buy
1
BE CAREFUL! Used to always has a past meaning. In his youth, Leo used to be thin.
There is no present form. NOT Today- Leo used to be thin.

2. We usually use used to in sentences that jeans used to come only in blue.
contrast the past and the present. We Now you can buy them in any colour.
often emphasise this contrast by using time
* expressions such as now, no longer and
E They used to live in Genoa but they
no longer live there.
not any more with the present.
She used to wear a size 6 but she
> doesn 't any more.

% 3. BE CAREFUL! Form questions with did + use to. Did you use to wear jeans?
NOT Did you uscd-to wear jeans?
Form the negative with didn 't + use to. They didn't use to come in different colours.
USAGE NOTE: Used to is more common in NOT They didn't used to come . :
affirmative statements than in negative Jeans used not to be so expensive.
statements or questions. The negative form
used not to is also possible but didn 't use
t. to is more common.

Tj
4. BE CAREFUL! DO not confuse used to + base I used to wear tight jeans.
form of the verb with the following expressions: (It was my past habit to wear tight jeans.)
-
be used to (be accustomed to) I'm used to getting up early.
(It's normal for me to get up early.)
' get used to (get accustomed to) I got used to living in London.
J '
(I became accustomed to living there.)

J
 34 a Unit 3
,

5jv IDENTIFY •Read this fashion article. Underline all the forms of used to that
;
-fly refer to a habit in the past.

In many ways, fashion used to be they travelled. Today you can go to

much simpler. Women didn’t use to the opera and find some women in
wear trousers to the office and men’s evening gowns while others are in
clothes never used to come in bright blue jeans. Even buying jeans used
colours. People also used to dress in to be easier - they came only in blue
special ways for different situations. denim. I’m still not used to buying
They didn’t use blue jeans as business green jeans and wearing them
clothes or wear-tracksuits when to work!

'fp' v CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Look at these pictures from an old magazine.
Use the verbs in the box with used to. Write one sentence about each picture.

carry dance dress have wear

1 r., 1

1. Women’s skirts _ used to be 2. All men long hair.

. long and formal.

ec cC
W

3. Children like 4. Men and women

adults. at formal balls.
I

!
5. Women ___ many 6. Men walking sticks. f
L
petticoats under their skirts.

t:
 '

f
us&a a.i a« 35

Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning stays the same. Use the correct form ofused to.

1. In the past, did people worry about fashion as much as they do now?
Did people use to worry about fashion as much as they do now? _
2. When trainers were first made, they only came in two colours - black and white.
-
Trainers -
3. They didn’t cost as much as they do these days.

-
They.
4. Did people wear jeans fifty years ago?
Did
5. Jeans and trainers didn’t cost very much thirty years ago.

'
-
Jeans
6. Did women wear jeans?
Did

EDIT •Read this student's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of used to.
The first mistake has already been corrected.
'•
£
use
. . When I was younger, clothes didn’t used to be a problem. All the girls at my
O scbo.ol used to were the..same, uniform. .1 used to think that it took away. from. . .

my freedom of choice. Now I can .wear.what I want but clothes cost so much!

. Even .blue jeans, today’s ‘uniform’, used to be cheaper. My mum .us.es to pay less
than £30 for hers. I suppose they didn’t used to sell designer jeans back then,
You know, I was used to be against school uniforms, but now I’m not so sure!
:
i

J
1.
,

i
j

lb,
J.
?f

JiP IT]
W« i Past Continuous

h in

<&
tr>
- POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The girl in the hospital bed is giving
< I wasn’t''-' her version of
running for Ul what she usually did in the past.
the bus, I was
what she was doing at the time
Vskiintÿrÿ' of her accident.

CHART CHECK!
Circle T (True) or
F (False).
-f SUBJECT
STATEMENTS

BE (NOT)
BASE FORM OF
VERB + -INC
1

T F The past I/He/She/It was

continuous is (not) skiing.
made up of the We/You*/They were
past tense of
be + base form *You is both singular and plural.
of the verb.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Tick the correct BASE FORM
answer. BE SUBJECT + -INC AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
In questions, the verb Was she she was. she wasn't.
be comes: skiinq? Yes, No,
:•
Were you we were. we weren't.
j LJ after the subject I
! O before the subject WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD i BE ! SUBJECT [ BASE FORM + -IN G

Where was she

When skiing?
Why
were you

36

H
 _ .

Past Continuous a 37
»:
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the past continuous form of the verb stay.
A: Where _ you _
B: I at a ski resort in the Alps.

€>ra m m sr Kxfjsianati©11$ Examples

1. Use the past continuous to describe an action A: What were you doing at 3:00?
that was in progress at a specific time in the past. B: We were skiing.
The action' began before the specific time and C: I was eating lunch at 3:00.
may or may not have continued after the
specific time.
Now
3:00
./
Past X- Future

skiing
BE CAREFUL! Stative verbs are not usually used in m I had a headache last night.
the continuous. NOT F-was having a headache last night.
(For a list of common stative verbs,
see Appendix 2 on page 337.)

2. Use the past continuous with while to talk While he was skiing, I was reading.
about two actions in progress at the same OR
time in the past. Use the past continuous in I was reading while he was skiing.

.....
both clauses.
Now
Past •< -X- Future
Xgttsfciinj/ !

USACE NOTE: In informal conversation, some Sorry, I wasn't listening when you
people use when with the past continuous. were talking.

3. Use the past continuous to focus on the Sheila was reading a book last night.
duration of an action, not its completion. (We don't know if she finished the book.)
Use the past simple to focus on the Sheila read a book last night.
completion of an action. (She probably finished the book.)
 38 a Unit 9

TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows. Write a question mark (?) if there is not enough information.

1. While Tanya was watching the Winter Olympics on TV, Michael was clearing the
snow.
F First Michael finished clearing the snow. Then Tanya started watching TV.
2. In this photo, I was putting on my boots.
_ I was wearing boots in the photo.
3. At 5:00, they were drinking hot chocolate by the fire.
!] _ We don’t know when they started drinking hot chocolate.
4. Last I night, was reading an article about skiing in Morocco.
_I finished the article.
5. At 10:00, he drank a cup of coffee.
_ He finished the coffee.
6. It was snowing while she was taking the photograph.
: _ First she took the photograph. Then it started to snow.

DESCRIBE •Fritz and Karyn were at a ski cafe. Write about the picture. Use the
Vjjjiy past continuous.

1. Fritz was wearing a hat.

(wear / a hat)

2. Karyn wasn’t wearing a hat.

(wear / a hat)

3. They
(sit / outside)

I
4. It
(snow)
nils® mag i

5. They
(wear / sunglasses)
I
warn 1;
6. They
M, //
(wear / their glows) '/I
7. The waiter
(serve / drinks)

8. He V
(serve i lunch)

9. Karyn
XT':
szr-'
(smile)
i:l
10. She
(use / a mobile phone) HJkfMi lit „

1-
 a 39

£ COMPLETE •Mountain Sports Magazine (MS) interviewed the snowboarding

H champion, Rosie Happ (RH). Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs
in brackets and with short answers.

MS: Congratulations! You have just become a semi-finalist for the Olympic
snowboarding team. Were you expecting to get this far
1. (expect)
in the competition?
RH: No, I wasn't . During the trials, I from a
2. 3. (recover)
bad cold. By the last day, I still very well. That’s what
4. (not perforin)
I thought, anyway.
MS: What you about while you
5. (think)
for the announcement?
_
RH: Actually, I
6. (wait)
about the competition at all. Some friends
and I _
7. (not think)
a film.
8. (watch)
MS: You’re quite new to the sport. you
9. (compete)
professionally this time last year?
RH: Yes, I .I with Barrett Christie then and
10. 11. (train)
we both part in local competitions.
. Uil-..' •

'
*1
EDIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the past
continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

fnmjuy.£kiiay trip udf£tJBd£&

_JQ Jheÿdÿÿemdng,wejauyhmgl.ike, crazyJTkattms. mg.frst
fmkaamsipgdrf.Am.shet,. /was.came down.the
slope on my bock, J.UL another one,.my.skiswas.fading.out.of the ski.lift white!was riding up
v,
7 the slope. Fritz was taking that picture from the lift entrance. Good thing he not standing
right under, me! Where was / when Fritz was falling down the slope?. Well, unfortunately /
I : wasn't carry mg camera. That would have been agreat picture! It was amazing how fast
Fritz'sgirlfriend, Katyn, leantt that, weekend. She was doing jumps by the second dag. By
ir that time, / spent a lot of time at the ski cafe.
 IF—

l Past Continuous and

% 4
1
W M4 Fast Simple
; «3=223
L™
\

Did you see m

the accident? "c>o
LCW3

RIlÿE] po/wr
jj Number these statements in the
: correct time order.
• ! Yes . . . The guy in
There was a
I the sports car was talking
on his mobile phone when he car accident.
hit the other car. The driver of the sports
car was on the phone.

:
I CHART CHECK PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST SIMPLE
Circle T (True) or PAST CONTINUOUS WHEN PAST SIMPLE
i (false).
He was speeding when the accident happened.
Use while to introduce
: T F a past simple
;j. action. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
: T F a past PAST SIMPLE WHILE PAST CONTINUOUS
<1 continuous you were driving.
The accident happened while
action.
T:
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE WHEN PAST SIMPLE
I The police came when the accident happened.

PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST CONTINUOUS

1
•
PAST CONTINUOUS WHILE PAST CONTINUOUS
$
Yj
They were talking while they were driving.

EXPRESS
I Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
•When / While the car crashed, he hit his head.
I
•How fast was he driving / did he drive when the accident happened?

40
i
:
 rf-.az Continuous ano ;-i ;rf pie a 41
i i
i
Grammar £xpiaf? M
1. Use the past continuous with the past I was crossing the street when the driver
simple when a short action interrupts a longer hooted at me.
action in the past. Use the past simple for the (First;!"started crossing the street. Then, the driver
interrupting action. hooted at me.)
Now They were driving too fast when
hooted they crashed.
Past - X-
cross'ÿ
: Future

Use when to introduce the past simple action He was speeding when the light turned red.
OR use while to introduce the past continuous While he was speeding, the light turned red.
action.

2. BE CAREFUL! Notice the difference in meaning

between these two different sentences.
Now
lights crossed I
changed street i
Past -X- •X Future When the lights changed, I crossed the street.
f E
(First the lights changed. Then I crossed the street.)
Now
lights
changed
Past •X- Future u When the lights changed, I was crossing
the street.
(First, I started crossing the street. Then the lights
changed while I was still crossing.)

3. Use the past continuous with while to Joe was talking on the phone while he
talk about two actions in progress at the same was driving.
time in the past. Use the past continuous in They weren't paying attention while they
both clauses. were crossing the street. i
Ngw
Past •
1 Future
:
V®
I
I
4. The time clause (the part of the sentence When you called, I was leaving. I
beginning with when or while) can come at B I was leaving when you called. !{
the beginning or the end of the sentence.
The meaning is the same.
Use a comma after the time clause when While he was driving, he was talking.
j
: •

it comes at the beginning of the sentence. He was talking while he was driving.
!ÿ

'

*
—
 4p
42 H Unit iO
a
fpi TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.

1. When our friends arrived, we ate lunch.

T Our friends arrived just before lunch.
2. While we were talking on the phone, I was driving to school.
_ We finished the conversation. Then I drove to school.
3. Jan heard about the accident while she was driving to work.
|
X Jan knew about the accident by the time she got to work.
4. When they left the motorway, it started to rain.
_ It was raining while they were on the motorway.
5. When Zoe got to school, her class was taking a test.
_ Zoe was late for school.

COMPLETE •A police officer is interviewing two witnesses of a traffic accident.

Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and
with short answers.

OFFICER: Were you standing here when the accident

1. (stand)
happened
2. (happen)
WITNESS 1: Yes, we _ were .We .at the bus stop
3. 4. (wait)
when we first the car.
S. (notice)
OFFICER: the car when it
6. (speed)
;
to the junction?
7. (get)
WITNESS 1: Yes, it .It very fast when it
8. 9. (go)
the corner.
1 0. (reach)
WITNESS 2: No, it ! Those men on a red light
11. 12. (cross)
when the car them.
13. (hit)
OFFICER: the driver when he 1
14. (stop)
I
the men?
15. (see)
WITNESS 1: No, he . He on his mobile phone
16. 17. (talk)
while he
18. (drive)
. That’s why he
19. (not stop)
in time. i
WITNESS 2: But the men _ attention while they i
20. (not pay) 21 . (cross)

I
1
1
 if Fast Continuous and Past simple H 43

OFFICER: when the accident

1
tv 22. (snow)

:v
.?
23. (happen)

WITNESS 2: Yes, it - 24.

.. I’m sure of it. The roads were very slippery.
WITNESS 1: No, it- 25.
. The snow
26. (start)
when the
ambulance
27. (arrive)

I & COMBINE •Read each pair of sentences. Combine them into one sentence using the past
si simple or the past continuous form of the verbs. Use a comma where necessary.

J .
1 Diana attended a meeting. The blizzard started.
When the blizzard started, Diana was attending a meeting.

j 2. She drove home. She listened to her car radio.

While
She pulled over to the side of the road. The visibility got very bad.
. 3.
_ when _
4. to
She listened the news. She heard about the accident.
____ _ while _
5. It stopped snowing. She drove
to the police station.
________ ___
.
when ______
1 I
. 1 6. She talked to the police. She thought about her article for the morning paper.
While

EDIT •Read part of the first draft of Diana's article. Find and correct five mistakes in the
* use of past time clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.

!.i
driving
:
Yesterday, a man was talking on his mobile phone while he was drive- his car. Maybe
“i
he checking his diary while he was making his next appointment. He was certainly
g not concentrating on the road when the lights suddenly was turning red. The two men
I in the street were trying to jump out of the way when they saw him but it was too
j
;
late. No one was badly hurt but that was just luck. Last year, the City Council weren’t

passing the ‘talking and driving’ law. We need that law!

i
H
-ÿ
I

I
:
1
rsggrioiNn ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. Roger _ me at 9:00 last night. A B C D

(A) called (C) used to called
(B) calls (D) calling
2. Sara didn’t hear the phone. She A B C D
(A) sleeps (C) used to sleep
(B) slept (D) was sleeping
3. There a lot of people in the park yesterday. A B C D
(A) are (C) was
(B) is (D) were
4. One day last March, I a very strange letter. A B C D
(A) did get (C) used to get

5.
(B) got
Where
_ to school?
(D) was getting
A B C D
(A) did you go (C) you go
(B) you did go (D) you went
6. Claude didn’t in Canada. A B C D
(A) lived (C) used to live
(B) use to live (D) used to living
7. Rick left the class early because he a headache. A B C D
(A) had (C) used to have
(B) have (D) was having
8. As soon as the lights turned red, she the car. A B C D
(A) did stop (C) stops
(B) stopped (D) was stopping
9. They _ when the fire alarm rang. A B C D
(A) cook (C) was cooking
(B) cooked (D) were cooking
10. Johnny _ the paper when I interrupted him. A B C D
(A) read (C) was reading i

(B) reads (D) were reading

44
1a
 sSisjr sea, 45

—— _
11. Did you watch TV last night? A B C D
I was revising for a test.
(A) Yes, I did. (C) No, I didn’t.
(B) Yes, I was. (D) No, I wasn’t.

12. I remember you. You to go to school here. A B C D

(A) use (C) were using
D (B) used (D) were used

[SECTEOgSS] TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
D the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
EXAMPLE:
D
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A B CD
A B C D
1
D 13. Why did you called him last week? A B C D
A B c D

14. They were watching TV while I were reading A B C D

i A i; c D

D 15. What are you doing last night at 8:00? A B C D

A B C D

16. The doctor called this morning while you slept. A B C D

A B C D
D 17. It was no raining when the game began. A B C D
'
c D

i 18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate.
A B C D
A B C D
D 19. When Gloria were four, she used to pretend she had a horse. A B C D
A BCD
20. What do you use to do when you felt afraid? A B C D
A C D
D , 21 . As soon as the alarm clock rang, she woke up and was getting A B C D
A B C D
out of bed.
D 22. Once when I was ten, I used to get ill and went to hospital. A B C D
: A B c D
23. While I driving home, I turned on the car radio and heard about A B C D
ABC D
D the accident.
24. What did you doÿ while you were living in Spain? A B C D
ABC D

D 25. Pete and Andy were driving to work when they were seeing A B C D
A K C D
the accident.
fii
j.
, 5

is #Si,T
Present Perfects
111
lb
s?s

Since and For

j ' Come on! x
i You’ve been a pro
since 1994. Now

M S3
jj
serve the ball! .
|!
y fv
i

11 4 Forget it!
You haven’t won a it
'A
i - •
: . : ''5 POM
, match for weeks! Circle T (True) or F (False).
v Go home! y
i T F The man is still a professional
r% tennis player.

STATEMENTS
CHART CHECK 1 —r SUBJECT
I i
HAVE I (NOT) I PAST PARTICIPLE
Tick the correct SINCE/FOR
answer. slave
:J , l/We/You*/They (not) lived since May.
The present perfect is 've here
made up of two parts: n't beent for a long time.
has
O have + past simple He/She/it 's
C3 have + past * You is both singular and plural.
participle t Been is an irregular past participle. For a list of irregular verbs,
The regular form of see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.
the past participle is:
:|f O base form of YES/NO QUESTIONS
t verb + -d or -ed
HAVE SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE SINCE/FOR
O base form of
verb + -en Have they
i lived
here
since May?
Has he been for a long time?
:
;i

!«! SHORT ANSWERS

k AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
.
J

Yes,
| they
| have.
Mo,
| they j haven't.
pf
i
he ha s. I he I hasn't.
I:
1:

46

IL.

1
l
 iTi i~i.ii'feet: Since and For a 47

CHART CHECK 2 WH- QUESTIONS

Tick the correct PAST
answer. WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT PARTICIPLE SHORT ANSWERS
For is used with: have they lived Since January.
How long here?
O a point of time has he been For a few months.
O a length of time

EXPRESS mm
Look at the past participles. Tick the correct column.
Regular Irregular Regular irregular
driven O won
competed CJ tried O

Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use the present perfect with since or for to Martina Hingis has been a professional tennis
talk about something that began in the past and player since 1 994.
continues into the present (and may continue
She has been a professional tennis player
into the future).
1994

has been
Now
; ..... Future
for several years.
(She began her professional career several years
ago, and she is still a professional player.)

2. Use the present perfect with since + point She has earned millions of dollars since 1994.
in time (since 5:00, since Monday, since 1994)
to show when something started.

3. Since can also introduce a time clause. Martina has loved sports since she was a child.
If the action ended in the past, use the past m She has won many tennis tournaments
simple in the time clause. since she moved from Slovakia.
(She doesn't live in Slovakia now.)
If the action still continues in the present, use n She has become extremely successful !
; :
the present perfect in the time clause. since she has been in Switzerland.
(She is still in Switzerland.)

4. Use the present perfect with for length of Martina's mother has been her coach
time (for ten minutes, for two weeks, for years, for many years.
for a long time) to show how long a present
situation has lasted.

I
 (BPW

48 x Hjnii. «-t

‘V ! IDENTIFY •Read about tennis star Martina Hingis. Underline all the verbs in the
'"Hi present perfect. Circle all the time expressions with since or for.

Martina Hingis picked up her first tennis racket at the

age of two. (Since then), she has become one of the greatest
.1
tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in
Switzerland for many years. She became the outdoor Swiss I msm,
champion at the age of nine. Since then she has won many
mm
international competitions including Wimbledon, the US
Open and the Australian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties.
They are under constant pressure to win and they don’t
1; s88
have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina j
hasn’t been to school since 1994 and she has been in the r
I
public spotlight for years. But she seems to be handling her success well.
Since she turned professional, she has played tennis all over the world and has
earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the
most important thing to her since she was a little girl.

COMPLETE & CHOOSE •Read this magazine article about a child genius. Complete it with
the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between since and for.

Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal has loved maths since he

was a little boy. ‘I _
1. (love) 2. (since / for)

3. (be)
interested in numbers
nine years, five months, three weeks, and two days,’ says Ronnie.
the past year, Ronnie classes at university. He
4. (since / for)

5. (Since / For)
::
L.
rr
badly.
6. (attend)
_ January, he _ five
7.
exams and
(not
_
do) 8. (Since For)
a mark of less than a hundred per cent on any of
9. ([al« i \

them.
id. din!. tjC’U
Ronnie began classes, he _ an average L
11. I'Sintf ' For)

of 1.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie

12. owf
_ about it
for years. He
14. (know) 15. (iince / for)
1 3. t think.;
he was a little boy that he’s
K-

L
going to become a famous sports announcer, get married, and have exactly 2.2 children.
I'
 rBB"

•:v c •: •' c:- i f 6s O V J

"
s 49

i; ASK & ANSWER •Complete the interview about Martina Hingis. Use the words in
brackets to write questions. Then write short answers to the questions using
information from Exercise I .

.
1 (How long / she / be / a tennis player?)
How long has she been a tennis player?
Q.
Since she was two.
_
2. (How long / she / live in Switzerland?)

1 Q:
A:
3. (she / win any competitions / since the outdoor Swiss championship?)
Q:
A:
_
4. (she / go to school / since 1994?)
i
Q:
A:
5. (How much money / she / earn / since her career began?)
Q:
£
A:
I 6. (How long / tennis / be important to her?)
Q:
A:

jj% EDIT •Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the
'hii-l present perfect, and since and for. The first mistake has already been corrected.

have been
I m-in Ms Clark's physical education class since two months. I enjoy it a lot and
have only miss two classes since the beginning of the term. I especially like tennis
bat since September we don't play because the weather have been too cold. I also
like volleyball and my team has win two matches since we have started to compete
with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to the next match.

!
 jrT-

MM 5 T
O.¥4 Present Perfects
Already, Just and Yet
'u

As you can see,

the flu season has just
L
begun. Have you had your flu f
jab yet? It’s never too late!
L

HU CHART f

vÿ

POINT
Well, > Circle T (True) or F (False).
almost never . . . T F The flu season will start soon.

CHART CHECK! AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: ALREADY AND JUST

*
Tick the correct SUBJECT HAVE ALREADY/JUST PAST PARTICIPLE |
answer.
They have developed a new flu vaccine.
To say that something already/just
has happened It has saved three people's lives.
before now,
d use already or just. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS: YET
d use yet. I I
To say that something
SUBJECT
They
HAVE
haven't
NOT PAST PARTICIPLE
finished
YET L
has not happened the interview yet.
before now,
d use already or just.
it hasn't ended
E
| d use not . . . yet. “
IL
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: YET
;
Circle T (True) or HAVE j SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
Have I they tested the new vaccine
YET
-
T F Yet is used in yeti
questions. Has it had approval

50

h— -
f
 ars-sav ;;'-3r ; ;.ZC w. j. sranci Yet m 51 J
SHORT ANSWERS EXPRESS il
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Unscramble these words to form a question.
Answer the question.
they have. they haven't.
Yes,
it has.
No,
it hasn't.
you •have •yet •lunch •had

Gramma r Ex planatiosis Examples

.
1 We often use the present perfect with A: Is your daughter going to get her flu jab?
already and just to talk about things that have B: She's already had it. And I've just had it, too.
happened before now.
Already means 'at some time before now'. '

just means 'very recently: a moment or two il

ago'.
BE CAREFUL! DO not use the present perfect DON'T SAY: She's already had it last month.
with already when you mention a specific time She's just had it last month: i
in the past. i

Already and just usually come between have Researchers have already discovered cures for
and the past participle. many diseases.
j

Already can also come at the end of the clause.

I've just recovered from a bad cold.
They've made a lot of progress already.
T
s
2. Use the present perfect with not yet to They haven't discovered a cure for the
talk about things that have not happened common cold yet, but they hope to discover
before now. one in the future.
Notice that yet usually comes at the end of The flu season hasn't arrived yet.
the clause.
a
Yet can also come between have not and the They haven't yet discovered a cure for the
i past participle. common cold. >

3. We usually use yet in questions to find out if Has your son had his flu jab yet?
.
something has happened before now.
USAGE NOTE: Sometimes we use already in a m Has he already had his flu jab? The flu season
.
question to express surprise that something hasn't begun yet.
has happened sooner than we expected it to.

j
1 4. In spoken American English, people often use I already read that book.
already, just and yet with the past simple to We just got back from Los Angeles.
talk about the recent past. Did you do the shopping yet?

M
 :

52 a Unit >£
a «ÿ

JJg| MATCH •Match the cause with the appropriate result.

Cause Result
e 1. Tom has just had his flu jab, so a. is really hungry.
he probably
b. may get flu.
2. Dr Meier has already finished
c. has left the TV studio.
his interview, so he
3. Dr Meier hasn’t had lunch yet, so he d. isn’t very hungry.

4. Steve hasn’t had his jab yet, so he e. won’t get flu this year.

5. Steve has just had lunch, so he

!

COMPLETE •Read these questions and answers from a magazine article. Complete
them with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets plus already or yet.
Use short answers.

smallpox (tetanus
|flu jpolio ;measles ; world smallpox j last case |AIDS icancer (malaria icommoncold
(Vaccine I vaccine \ vaccine j vaccine ; vaccine 'vaccination programme i of smallpox j vaccine i vaccine i vaccine i vaccine

1796 1880 1945 1954 1963 1966 1980 NOW

f
Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next year. Have they

'
found
.
1 (find)
a malaria vaccine
_ yet

A: No ., they haven't . Talk to your doctor about ways to

2.
prevent this disease.
Q: My doctor told me I won’t need another smallpox jab. I was surprised.
;
JL
_ smallpox completely _
3. (disappear)
A: , it
4.
Q: They vaccines against flu. What about the common cold?
5. (develop)

develop a vaccine
__
A: No. Because there are so many different cold viruses, they
6. OlOi Iv .'.h!r;
to

Q: There has been so much cancer research. anyone

_a
A:
_ _ 7. {make)
successful vaccine
they
8.
. Researchers have made a lot of
progress in recent years, however.

3
 uU-sc cr d Vet m 53

E DESCRIBE •Dr Helmut Meier and his wife, Cisela, are planning a party. Look at their
& To Do lists and the pictures of their kitchen and dining room. Cross out the things !(
I
they have already done. Then write sentences about each item on their To Do lists.
1

n
J
m
j]
fo Do - Helmut

bake the cake

put the turkey
the oven
mop the floor
wash the dishes
in
|To Do - Gisela

[
\f
.

|-buy.flowers
a
...
\ vacuum.the carpet"j
the window*
the balloons
wrap the present
i-
"

l
•

jgggS
_
'
j!
9
i

L
-bsSyl

1 Helmut has already bought film. _

2 Gisela hasn’t vacuumed the carpet yet.

3.

4.
!!
5.

6.
1il
7.

8.

9.

10.

H
H
EDIT •Read this note from Cisela to Helmut. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
the present perfect with already and yet. The first mistake has already been corrected.

been
Helmut - I’m in a hurry. I haven’t -went shopping already but I’ll do it on the way home. Rita
have just had dinner and she’s already had her bath. Have you call Mr Jacobson yet? He’s
called already three times today. His daughter has had her flu shot yet. Is it too late? See
!
j you later. 0.
I

am
!
 p;;r

y N 11
WFttm
4 Present Perfects
1 indefinite Past
Qmr
— a

What’s new on ‘Family*?

Tune in to Channel v tonight
at s:oo and find out! I’ve moved
in with my
parents.

I’ve been y Lc r6 7
to Indial
r I’ve met N Tick the correct answer.
someone new.
Have you ever v Again, y7 The cast of ‘Family’ is talking
met anyone like about things of importance to them
v us before? CJ now.
—y_.-r==Jl O in the past.

CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or SUBJECT HAVE (NOT) PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
They have appeared
T F You can use (not) on TV.
the present It has been
perfect without
mentioning a For a complete presentation of present perfect forms,
specific time. see Unit 11, pages 46-47.

CHART CHECK 2 STATEMENTS WITH ADVERBS 1

Tick the correct SUBJECT HAVE (NOT) ADVERB | PAST PARTICIPLE
I answer.
Never comes: They have
! appeared
never on TV. ;
I O before the past It has S been
| participle
They have (not)
O at the end of the appeared
on TV
statement It has (not) been i
f

54

Jfefj
 Present Perfect: Indefinite Past a 55
II
CHART CHECK 3 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Circle T (True) or PAST
F (False). HAVE SUBJECT (EVER) PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
T F Ever must be Have they acted? they have. they haven't.
used in yes/no (ever) Yes, No,
questions. Has she won? she has. she hasn't.

WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE

How often have they acted on this show?

Why has it won an award?

EXPRESS Emm
Unscramble these words to form a question. Answer the question.
5 you •watched •Have •‘The Simpsons’ •ever

'
Grammar Explanations Examples
1. Use the present perfect to talk about things They've won several awards.
that happened at an indefinite time in the past. I've interviewed the whole cast.
i You can use the present perfect when you don't
know when something happened or when the
She's been on a documentary.
I've seen his chat show.
specific time is not important.

2. You can use ever with the present perfect to A: Have you won an award?
ask questions. It means at any time up until now. OR
Have you ever won an award?
Use never to answer negatively. B: No, I've never won one.
OR
No, never.

3. BE CAREFUL! The past participles been and gone Tom has been to India.
'
have very different meanings. (He went and now he's back.)
Tom has gone to India.
(He went to India and he's still there now.)

4. Use the present perfect with recently or lately I've recently signed a contract to write a book.
to talk about events in the very recent past. He hasn't had time lately.

BE CAREFUL! DO not use recently or lately with I've recently got back from Los Angeles.
the present perfect and a specific past time NOT t-'ve-Fecefltly got back- from Los Angeles
expression. last-Monday.

4-
I
56 a t-mh

H TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.

1. I’ve recently joined the programme. 5. Someone asks you, ‘Have you read
any good books lately?’

; 2.
T I am a new member of the cast.
I have never been to Scotland.
_ They want to know about
; _ I went to Scotland a long 6.
a book you read last year.
She’s visited New York several times.
time ago.
This is her first visit to
3. He’s gone shopping.
_ He’s shopping now. 7.
New York.
She has become very popular.
I;
: 4. Have you ever seen this film? _ She is popular now.
_ I want to know when you
saw the film.

V. CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read this script from a scene from 'Family'. Complete it with the
present perfect form of the verbs in the box.

try (x2) have eat want (x3) be travel

CAROL: This is a nice restaurant. Have you ever tried

i.
the steak?
JIMMY: No, but I the spaghetti. I always have it. Actually, I
2.
never _ meat. I think it’s cruel to
animals. I bet you _ 3.
never out with a
4.
vegetarian before, have you?
CAROL: NO, I haven’t actually. Tell me, you ever
s.
to live out of London? You know, out in the countryside somewhere.
i
JIMMY: Out of London? Are you crazy? No, seriously, I _ never
!
_ to leave London. I love it here.
CAROL: But you ever to move to another
7.
country or another city at least?
JIMMY: NO, why should I? I’ve got everything I want here. You like London too, don’t you?
I CAROL: Well, yes, it’s OK. But I _ all over the world and other
8.
places are just as nice.
JIMMY: You may be right. Anyway, you ever
9.
the new Mexican restaurant on the High Street? How about going there tomorrow?
 Present Perfect: indefinite i-ast a 57
4
ASK & ANSWER •Complete the Network Online (NO) interview with Jake Stewart, the
actor who plays the part of Gary. Use the words in brackets and the present perfect
form of the verb.
:

NO: Welcome to Live Studio, Jake. You’ve become very famous.

How many online interviews have you done?
1. (How many / online interviews / do?)

JAKE: None! 2. (never even / be/ in a chat room)

.. Very exciting!
NO: i. (How / change / as an actor?)

JAKE: I work with a group, so 4. (become / more tolerant)

NO: As a comic actor,

5. (who / be / your role model?)
i.
JAKE: Hard to say.
6. (Charlie Chaplin / have / great influence on me)

NO:
7. (What / be / your best moment on this show?)

JAKE: Well, you know,

8. (I / win / the award)
.. That was fantastic.
NO: All in all,
9. (what / find / most rewarding about the experience?)

JAKE: Free coffee! No, really,

10. (meet / some fantastic people)

Iffel EDIT •Read this message from an online message board. Find and correct seven mistakes
PIfB in the use of the present perfect The first mistake has already been corrected.

i family Fan Chat 1

P
Sut}j.: Re: Gary’s Blind Date
From: Yikes123
laughed
m
I’ve never laugh so much in my life! Did you see the blind date episode on
Family? Have you never seen anything so funny? I LOVE the show! It’s the best
i show I have ever saw in my life. I really enjoyed it lately. By the way, have you
i
notice that Gary and Alison are beginning to get on? I think Gary have started to i
fancy her. Last night, Alison has moved next door to Gary but he doesn’t know
[ m
\ yet! I can’t wait to see what happens in the next episode. Does anyone know
m
when Gary’s book is coming out?
a
:
f
rm B v

i?
!
Wÿ;
m
T
Present Perfect and
%4
fA % Past Simple ;

P>E/P>D@Tra1 USEES

1 yt*

I tu
St'

J4.
Yes . . . {
/ÿ"' I can’t
' This month has been '

i
stand this commuter \
marriage! I’ve only seen you j-
V twice this month. V
bad . . . But last month was
Ubetter. We saw each othery
I
i
/ four times!
!I & -
:

& 9® icsIgciSl POINT

t2 Circle T (True) or F (False).
0>

T F The husband and wife

live in different cities.

CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Tick the correct PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
Is answer.
She's owned the business since 2001 . She owned the business from '01 to '03.
f| Use have to form
They've met twice this month. They met twice last month.
i
: !
CJ the past
I simple. I
i O the present
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
:
perfect. PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
She hasn't owned the business for long. She didn't own the business for long.
I They haven't met this month. They didn't meet last month.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS I

Tick the correct PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
j answer.
Has she owned it for long? Did she own it for long?
Questions in the
Have they met this month? Did they meet last month?
present perfect are
formed with:
O have + base form WH- QUESTIONS
of verb PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
O have + past How long has she owned it? How long did she own it?
participle
How often have they met this month? How often did they meet last month?

58
 ParVect ,= i id Past Simple 59

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
They have met / met in 1999. They have been / were married since 2000.

y Grammar Explanations Examples

5
1. The present perfect is used to talk about They've decided to live apart for a few years
things that started in the past, continue up to (We don't know when they decided; the time is not
the present and may continue into the future. important.)
Now m They have lived apart for the past three years.
U (They started living apart three years ago, and
Past Future
they are still living apart.)
have lived They've lived apart since 1998.
(They are still living apart.)
The past simple is used to talk about u They lived apart until 2000.
completed actions in the past. (They don't live apart any more.)

alse). 2. The present perfect is used to talk about I've had three cups of coffee this morning.
and wife things that have happened in a period of time (It's still this morning. I might have more.)
:nt cities. that is not finished, such as today, this month,
this year.
The past simple is used to talk about things I had three cups of coffee yesterday.
that happened in a period of time that (Yesterday is finished.)
is finished, such as yesterday, last month,
I had three cups of coffee this morning.
'01 to '03. last year and this morning when it is
1 after 12 p.m.
(It's now 2 p.m. This morning is finished.)

or long.
i.

!
!

t month?

;
h
r m
60 a Unit 14

Vri-i IDENTIFY •Read about Joe and Maria. Circle the verbs in the present perfect. Underline
the past simple verbs.

Many modern marriages are finding interesting solutions to difficult problems. Joe
and Maria, for example,(pave beery married since 1995. After their wedding, the
couple settled down in Ipswich, where Maria opened an accounting business. Then, in
1997, Joe lost his job. By that time, Maria’s new business was booming, so they didn’t
consider moving. Joe never found a new job in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an exciting
offer on the other side of the country - in Bristol. The couple have lived apart ever
since. How have they handled this ‘commuter marriage’ up to now? Joe notes, ‘It
certainly hasn’t been easy. We’ve been geographically separated for a few years but
we’ve grown a lot closer emotionally. For that reason, it’s been worth it.’

TRUE OR FALSE •Now write T (True) or F (False) for each statement.

£_ 1. Joe and Maria are divorced.

_ 2. Maria started her own business in Oxford.
_ 3. The couple used to live apart.
_ 4. In 1997, they thought about moving.
_ 5. The couple are now closer emotionally.

COMPLETE •Joe is calling Maria. Complete their conversation with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets and with short answers. Choose between the present perfect and
the past simple.

JOE: Hi, Maria. Did you finish that report yesterday?

1. (finish)
MARIA: No, I didn't . I’m still writing it and I worrying
2. 3. (not stop)
about it all week.
JOE: Apart from that, how _ the week
4. (be)
so far?
MARIA: OK, I suppose. I’m a bit tired. I only for a few hours last
5. (sleep)
night.
JOE: It sounds as if you _ 6. (not hove)
much rest this week. Listen - we
each other only twice this month. I’ll come tomorrow.
7. (see)
MARIA: OK, but I’ll still have to work. Last time you came I any
8. (not do)
work.
1
 Perfect and Past Simpse n 61

JOE: That’s true, but it us at all, remember? Listen, why don’t

you relax now? _ 9. (not bother)
you that special herbal
10. (try)
tea yet?
In fact, I five cups so far today and it’s
MARIA: n. 12. (already drink) is
only 3 o’clock. Yesterday I at least six cups.
13. (drink)

mi] ASK & ANSWER •Lifestyle Magazine (LM) is interviewing Joe and Maria. Complete the
:
pSjll interview using the words in brackets and information from Exercise 1. Choose
between the present perfect and the past simple. ;l
LM: When did you get married? _
1. (When / get married?)
: JOE: We got married in 1995.
2.
LM: Pid you live in Ipswich after that?
3. (live / in Ipswich after that?)
Yes, we did.
T
MARIA:
4.
LM
5. (start your business / before your marriage?)
MARIA:
6.
LM
7. (How long / own your own business?)
MARIA I
8.
LM
9. (When / you / find your job in Bristol?)
JOE
10.
I
LM
11. (your commuter marriage / be very difficult?)
MARIA:
12.

EDIT •Read this entry from Maria's diary. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the
!!fa present perfect and the past simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.

F
;
28 December
’s been
It's 8:00 P.M. It was a hard week, and it's not overyet! / still have to
finish that report. I've started
it last Monday bat so far I've wrote only fve payes. And it's dae next week! IVork was so
difficult
lately. I've worked late every niyht this week. I'm tired and / haven'tyot much steep last niyht.
/ missJoe. I've seen him last weekend but it seems like a tony time ayo.
'
i:

M 11
%4 i
i fella 1
•• • ••'¥*£
- Present Perfect
Continuous
?:
r / We’ve been X
'playing with Beanie'
i Babies since we 1
|
•1
were four!

g$2j! ?•$

p -'IP H| j ,rÿ-ar-rgV~) PO/WF

T/c/c the correct sentence. i
I
d The girls don’t play with Beanie
JEp
Wm O
Babies any more.
The girls are still collecting
-

if' ' e Beanie Babies.

Jane, Louise and Sarah have been collecting Beanie
Babies for years.

CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS ;

Circle T (True) or BASE FORM OF
F (False). SUBJECT HAVE (NOT) BEEN VERB + -INC SINCE/FOR
T F The present l/We/You*/They have (not)
perfect collecting toys since 1 992.
been
continuous is He/She/It has (n't) playing with them for a long time.
always formed
with the word *You is both singular and plural.
been.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS

Check the correct BASE FORM
answer. HAVE SUBJECT BEEN + -IN C SINCE/FOR
In questions, which Have you collecting toys since 1 992?
l7
parts of the verb come been
after the subject? Has he playing with them for a long time?

O have been
O been + SHORT ANSWERS
base form + -ing AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
we have. we haven't.
Yes, No,
he has. he hasn't.

62
 !|:

Present. Perfect Continuous a 63 N

;ÿ
WH- QUESTIONS
BASE FORM
WH- WORD HAVE SUBJECT BEEN + -INC
have you collecting toys?
How long been
has he playing with them?

EXPRESS
Complete these conversations.
A: How long __ he been living here?
B: a long time.

A: I’ve collecting coins since last year.

B: Really? Have you been _ foreign coins?

Grammar Explanations Examples

.
1. Use the present perfect continuous to I've been collecting Beanie Babies for four years.
talk about things that started in the past and (I started collecting them four years ago, and I'm

I continue up to the present. The situation is

usually not finished, and it will probably
still collecting them.)

continue into the future.

'

Now
.
Past •• .1 Future
5

REMEMBER! Stative verbs are usually not used in I've owned this doll for years.
the continuous. NOT I've been owning this doll-for years.
-
i
2. Use the present perfect continuous to The kids have been playing here. Their toys
describe things that have stopped very recently. are all over the room.
j The action is not happening now but you can It's been raining. The streets are still wet.
still see the results of the action. • ’

. Check it out!
For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.
For the difference between the present perfect and the present perfect continuous,
. see Unit 16.

-
'
|
-

*
p SE

64 B Unit IS

CHOOSE •Read each numbered statement. Then circle the letter of the sentence
(a) or (b) that best describes the information in the statement.

1. Gina has been collecting stamps since 4. Daniel looked out of the window and
she was at school. said, ‘It’s been raining.’
a. Gina stopped collecting stamps. a. It’s still raining.

(b) Gina still collects stamps. b. It stopped raining a short while

ago.
2. Edward has been writing an article
about toys. 5. It’s been raining since 6:00.
a. The article is finished. a. It’s still raining.

b. The article isn’t finished yet. b. It stopped raining a short while

ago.
3. They’ve been selling a lot of Pokemon toys.
6. They’ve been playing for hours.
a. People are still buying Pokemon toys.
a. They’ve stopped playing.
b. The Pokemon craze is over.
b. They’re still playing.

Wjjy COMPLETE •Edward Simpson (ES) interviewed the manager of Toys and Us (TAU)
recently. Complete the interview with the present perfect continuous form of the verbs
in brackets. Use short answers when appropriate.

ES: So, have you been selling a lot of toys this season?
1. (sell)
TAU: __ Yes, we have ., Edward. In fact, Pokemon toys and games
2.
. very fast. They’re our most popular item at the moment.
3. (sell)
ES: In case one of our viewers on Mars, could you explain
4. (live)
what Pokemon toys are?
TAU: Ha ha. I bet the company Pokemon to Mars, too. This product
5. (send)
started out in Japan as a computer game. Since 1996, the characters
in collectors’ cards, board games - you name it.
ES: Why _6. (appear)
this craze
7. (attract)
people all over the
world?
TAU: Well, my husband these products for our children for several
S. (buy)
years because the characters are not violent. Maybe that’s why.
ES: How about Power Rangers? people up
9. (queue)
for them?
TAU: . People for Power Rangers very
10. 11. (not ask)
much lately. u

L
 present Perfect Continuous a 65

|P5~] DESCRIBE •Look at the two pictures of journalist Edward Simpson. Write sentences
describing what has been going on. Use the present perfect continuous form of the
verbs in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.

.‘-’ll I© ©
m m
i
t=? :

i=f
M i

1. He’s been doing research on newtoys.

(do research on toys)
2.
(test the roller blades)
3.
(play basketball)
4.
(eat pizza)
5.
(drink Coke)
6.
(build a racing car)
7.
(play video games)
8.
(send emails) 'i
i!
Wil EDIT •Read the thank-you note. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the I
present perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Dear Aunty Sally.

a .JEhank.yDdJffiny.mdch.fQpJ±ieJÿetDQa-cacdsJylyir!iencLanci..Ihaye-bfieci-pJQg-_
playing

-_with.them.all.day.ib.farv I am been,winning..!really love. PokSmon. My mam been . . .

buying the toys for us because she thinks they're fun, too. All ray friends were
collecting the cards for months now.Tonya loves the computer game you sent,
too. She've been asking me to play with her but I've been having too much fun
. with ray cards .......
.....

...Lhope you.are. well. I've been thought about you a lot I hope yau.can come..
and visit us soon Love, .

‘
Patrick
.
:
;;
- .>ÿ

-
r r

i;
s: P
M
N1I
Present Perfect and
Present Perfect
ii;:: ilA Continuous
That woman has
!!=,:: / no manners. She’s been N.
I following me all day. She’s taken '
oO 100 rolls of film and written 42 pages
iii O
o V of notes. But she hasn’t even J
given me a single peanut!
;

\ \
r. pat
m
wMmMMM hi
R ‘ÿv-r-J.VK j POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
The woman has finished
il T F following the elephant.
T F- taking 100 rolls of film.

CHART CHECK PRESENT PERFECT

Circle T (True) or Elephants have roamed the earth for thousands of years.
F (False). I've read two books about elephants.
T F In some Dr Owen has written many articles.
sentences, you She's lived in many countries.
can use either
the present
perfect or the PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
present perfect Elephants have been roaming the earth for thousands of years.
continuous.
I've been reading this book since Monday.
She's been writing articles since 1 990.
She's been living in France for a year.

66
 Prase«t Perfect ana Present Perfect Continuous m 67

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb eat and one short answer.
_
A: He’s been all morning!
_
-
i B: What
A: Peanuts. He
he eating?
eaten five bags of peanuts!

u B: he eaten the whole supply?

3ÿ6 j I A: , he .. There are still ten bags left.

Grammar Explanations Examples

.
1 The present perfect often shows that I've read a good book about elephants.
something is finished. It focuses on the result (I've finished reading the book and now I know a

.....
: of the action. lot about elephants.)
f Now She's written the article.
Past Future (She's finished writing the article.)
have read !
The present perfect continuous often shows I've been reading a book about elephants.
that an activity is unfinished. It focuses on the (I'm still reading it.)
continuation of an action.
She's been writing an article.
.. Now (She's still writing it.)
Past ••
I -ÿ Future

2. We often use the present perfect to talk about 1

- how much someone has done. I've read a lot about it.
- how many times someone has done something. I've been to Africa twice.
- how many things someone has done. She's written several really good articles.
We often use the present perfect continuous I've been reading books on elephants for
to talk about how long something has been two months.
happening. :
BE CAREFUL! We do not usually use the present I've read that book twice.
perfect continuous when we mention a number NOT I've been reading that book twice.
of completed events.

3. Sometimes you can use either the present m She's studied elephants for two years.
perfect OR the present perfect continuous. OR
The meaning is basically the same. This is She's been studying elephants for two years.
especially true when you use verbs such as
(In both cases, she started studying elephants
live, work, study and teach with for or since.
two years ago and she is still studying them.)
I!1
68 B Unit 1&

| h: TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.

1. Professor Owen has been reading a book about elephants.

F She has read the whole book.
2. She’s read a book about elephants.
_ She has read the whole book.
3. She’s written a magazine article about the rain forest.
_ She has written the whole article.
I
4. She’s been waiting for some supplies.
_ She has got the supplies now.
5. They’ve lived in Uganda since 1992.
_ They are still in Uganda.
6. They’ve been living in Uganda since 1992.
_ They still live in Uganda.
CHOOSE •Here are some statements about Professor Owen's work. Circle the correct
Hi form of the verbs to complete these statements. In some cases, both forms are correct.

l. Professor Owen is working on two articles for National Wildlife Magazine. She
has written /(has been writing) these articles since Monday.
2. National Wildlife Magazine has published / has been publishing its annual report on
the environment. It’s an excellent report.
3. Five hundred and sixty African elephants have already died / have been dying this year.
4.‘ Professor Owen has given / has been giving many talks about wildlife preservation in
the last few years.
5. She has spoken / has heen speaking at our school many times.
6. Professor Owen was late for a meeting. When she arrived, the chairperson said,
‘At last, you’re here. We have waited / have been waiting for you.’
7. Professor Owen has lived / has been living in England for the last two years.
8. She has worked / has been working with environmentalists in England and France.
9. She has set UP / has been setting UP a new study group to discuss the problem of
endangered animals. The group has already met twice. i
 SKT
V-

Present Perfect ana -cstisni Perfect Continuous a 69

pH COMPLETE •Read this entry from Dr Owen's field journal about an elephant she calls
’JM Grandad. Use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous form of the verbs
in brackets.

r
We Ve been hearing about Grandad since we arrived here in
cT-3 1. (hear)

cT3 Amboseli Park. He is one of the last 'tuskers'. Two days ago, we finally saw him. His tusks

n are more than two metres long. I

Grandad _
3. (live)
never
2. (see)
anything like them.
here for more than sixty years. He
8 4. (experience)
everything and he
5. (survive)
countless threats from human beings, young men their
6. (test)

V?
courage against him and poachers him for his ivory.
*3 His experience and courage _ 7. (hunt)

8. (save)
him so far.
:

A For the last two days, he _ slowly through the tall

9. (move)

: grass. He and _
10. (eat) 11. (rest)
, Luckily, it a lot this year and even the biggest elephants \
12. (rain)
enough food and water.
13. (find)

8 .J

1 ‘‘
EDIT •Read this student's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present
perfect and present perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

. living
Elephants and their ancestors have been live- on this planet for 5 million years.
n
8: Scientists have found their hones in many places, from Asia to North America.
Present-day elephants has also survived in different kinds of environments, including
1 very dry areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa and forests in West Africa.

Because of their great size and strength, elephants have always fascinating
- humans. Our fascination has almost caused African elephants to become extinct. Poachers
(illegal hunters) have already been killing hundreds of thousands of elephants for the
] ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant

* population has been grown steadily. Recently, several countries have been protecting
elephants in national parks and herds have became larger and healthier.

]
1

I
& I

1
By the time i was \
twelve, I had already decided
on a career, I wanted to
§>ÿ be paid to talk!
j
:

'•-!
'U\

iSIIH POINT
•it:
W04 Tick the event that happened first.
mnt O Oprah had her twelfth birthday.
m
; -1.13 . O Oprah decided on a career.
Chat show host Oprah Winfrey with her TV audience.

CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or SUBJECT HAD (NOT) PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
l/He/She/We/You*/They d decided by then.
T F The past had (not)
perfect uses It been easy.
had for all hadn't
subjects. *You is both singular and plural.
s

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Tick the correct HAD SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
answer.
she decided by then? she she
In past perfect Had Yes, had. No, hadn't.
questions, where it been easy? it it
does had go?
before the subject WH- QUESTIONS 1
O after the subject WH- WORD HAD SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE
she decided to be a chat show host?
Why had
it been easy?

70
 seot m 71

M EXPRESS
|d - Complete this conversation with the verb arrive.
A: Had she by 9:00?

' B: No, she .

Grammar £»; p I a n a11<o ns Examples

:
it-., 1. Use the past perfect to show that something By 1988, Oprah Winfrey had become famous.
It was 1985. She had already been in a
happened before a specific time in the past.
I became Now Hollywood film.
famous
* X-
1988 r Future

1 .->*-
i*
2. The past perfect always shows a relationship
;v with another past event.
In 1 990, Oprah invited Matt on the show.
He had been an author for two years.
(He was an author before 7 990.)

: Use the past perfect for the earlier event. Use

the past simple for the later event.
a By the time Jill got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey
Show' had finished.
BE CAREFUL! In these sentences with when, When the show ended, she left.
1 notice the difference in meaning between the (First the show ended. Then she left.)
J past simple and the past perfect.
a When the show ended, she had left.
(First she left. Then the show ended.)
V

3. Already, yet, ever and never are often used m I saw The Color Purple last night.
] with the past perfect to emphasise the event
which happened first.
I had never seen it before.
a Jason had already seen it.

T
4. When the time relationship between two past After Oprah had appeared in The Color Purple,
events is clear, you can use the simple past she got a part in another film.
for both events. The meaning is OR
J usually clear when you use after, before or
as soon a s to connect the events.
a After Oprah appeared in The Color Purple,
she got a part in another film.

I 5. We often use the past perfect with by By 1966, Oprah had decided on a career.
(a certain time).

i
3
]
1

1
j
72 E Unit 17

1 n?£/F OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the statement that |
follows.

1. When I got home, ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show’ started.

2.
—— E First the Oprah show started. Then I got home.
When I got home, ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show’ had started.
!
I
- guest had lost started.
3. Oprah’s
First the Oprah show
when
Then I got home.
25 kilosinterviewed she him.
1
4.
- By
the
guest lost
of
The
end the show,
I had fallen
interview.
the weight before the
asleep.
:

- I fell asleep
after the show.
5.
_
When I went to bed, I had
turned radio. off the
I turned off the radio after I went to bed.
L

6. By midnight, I had finished the magazine article. j

- I finished the article before midnight.

to COMPLETE •Look at some important events in Oprah Winfrey's career. Then complete the I
sentences below. Use the past perfect with already or not yet. ;
erf
¥i#
s-# * »
'
of f°
<0 v
•

eS6 f° &
& &
o<* RjtP V'C'
Os* i a
I I l s I l I I
1954 1957 1971 1973 1983 1985 1986 1988 1998
:

1. By 1958, Oprah
_ had already given _ her first speech. >

_ her first TV job.

2. By 1971, she
-
3.

4.
-
By 1972, she
By 1973, she
_ _ her first radio job.
_ her first TV job.
_ her own TV show.
s. By 1985, she
- _
6. By 1986,
- she in a major film.
7.

8.
By 1987,
By 2000, she
- she
_ __ her own studio.
_ in the film ‘Beloved’.

feu
 1i!l
Past Perfect a 73

|pSj ASK & ANSWER •Look at this typical 7:00 a.m. Arrive at stadin
H§ly timetable for a TV chat show host. 8:00 Review day's filming
I
I
:
Complete the questions about his
11:00 Discuss future shows with assistant producer*; f
timetable. Use the past perfect and
;
give short answers. 2:00 p.m. Hair and make-up
! |
2:30 Meet the day's quests
! 3:00 Record the show :ÿ
iii:
4:30 Work oat with trainer i:

:
1. It was 7:45. The host was on schedule. ifC
j\. Had he arrived at the studio yet? B: Yes, he had,
;s
I 2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.
A: the day’s filming yet? B:
I Ilf
3. At 10:55 he was having coffee. 1
A: the day’s filming by that time? B:
4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to make up.
A: the day’s guests by then? B: i
5. At 4:00 he had a late lunch.
A: the show yet? B:
He went to bed at 10:30. ill
6.
1
A: with his trainer that day? B: Iill
I
||fe EDIT •Read this student's report. There ere six mistakes in the use of the past perfect.
Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
1
had
Oprah Winfrey is an amazing person! By the time she was twelve, she has- already If
decided on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her first radio job. Although she hadn’t
!
have any experience, she became a news reporter. When she got her own TV chat show, f
she has already acted in a major Hollywood film. By the late 1980s, ‘Oprah Winfrey’
i
had became a household word. Then in 1994, she decided to improve the quality of :!i
:
chat show themes. She also made a personal change. She had always had a weight
!
problem but in 1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She had losed almost 40 kilos
as a result of dieting and working out. She had also compete in a marathon. :

| She has really been an inspiration to many people.

La

1
J
::f•••'
'

.
i
»
 i
I PH?

%
4 I W Fast Perfect I
Continuous
<*4 By the time
1
' the last runner crossed >
1
the finishing line, he had been
running for 7 hours, 16 minutes,, I
and 24 seconds.

n%
jJt \
1

i:

f POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
7V T F The race is finished.

STATEMENTS I
CHART CHECK i
Tick the correct BASE FORM OF
answer. SUBJECT HAD (NOT) BEEN VERB + -IN C
What form of be had (not) running
does the past l/He/She/lt/We/You*/They been all day.
had(n't) working
perfect continuous I
always use? *You is both singular and plural.
O was or were
3 is, am or are YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
3 been BASE FORM
L HAD SUBJECT BEEN + -INC AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
running
Had she been all day? Yes, she had. I Mo, she hadn't.
working

WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD HAD SUBJECT BEEN BASE FORM + -IN G i
How long running?
had she been
Why working?

74
•j

}
'§ b-‘-
 .'-arsa./i Goiuinucus a 75

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the past perfect continuous form of the verb practise.
A: How long she when she entered
the race?
B: She for more than two years.
A: she alone?
B: No, she .She with a partner.
V
:

Gramsii a r Espl a na11© n $ Examples

.
1. Use the past perfect continuous to talk It was 2:00 p.m. The runners had been running
I about an action that was in progress before a since 10:48 a.m. !i
I specific time in the past. The continuous B I finally saw Rob at 4:00 p.m. I had been
U-
emphasises the continuation of an action, waiting for hours.
not the end result. One runner fainted during the race. She hadn't
been drinking enough water.
I Now
10:48 2:00
Past X Future

REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in It was 5:00 p.m. He had had a headache all day.
the continuous. NOT He had been having a headache all day.
: Eii
is!;
2. The past perfect continuous always shows a She had been training for three years
relationship with another past event. when she entered the race.
(First she trained. Then she entered the race.)
:!s
Use the past perfect continuous for the 1

:
earlier event. Use the past simple for
the later event. 1!
li
1
3. We often use the past perfect continuous
!
She was out of breath. It was clear that she
to draw conclusions about past events based had been running.
on evidence. 1
The streets were wet. It had been raining.
f
1

4. BE CAREFUL! In these sentences with when, When the race started, it was raining and the
notice the difference in meaning between streets were wet.
the past continuous and the past perfect (It was still raining during the race.)
continuous.
When the race started, it had been raining :
and the streets were wet.
(It wasn't raining during the race. It had
already stopped.)
-

-
76 E3 Unit -m

MATCH •Match each result with the correct cause.

:
Result Cause
_
J? 1. She was out of breath. a. He had been reading.
__ 2. The ground was wet. b. She had been running.
_ 3. Her eyes were red. c. They had been watching the race.
_ 4. There was an open book on the sofa. d. She had been crying.
__ 5. There was an empty box on the floor. e. It had been raining.
_ 6. The TV was on. f. They had been eating pizza.

COMPLETE •Read this story from a magazine article. Complete it with the past perfect
progressive form of the verbs in brackets.

k<
MARATHON RUNNING
o By BERNADINE MARTIN
n 23 October, I ran the Boston
Marathon with a partner, Marcia Davis.
We had been training
.
1 (train)
tosether for a year. In fact, we
to enter
2. (plan)
the race ever since we watched
the Washinston Marathon. The start of the race was dramatic. Up to that point, we
_ but we were .
very serious when we lined up. I was so nervous
3. (laugh and joke)
I couldn't breathe. Marcia and I on those same streets for a
4. (train)
couple of weeks, so at the besinnins we did well. By the time we got to Heartbreak Hill,
we for almost three hours and I really believed we could
5. (run)
finish. Then, halfway up the hill, Marcia stopped. She just couldn't run any more.
Me to this race for so long that I didn’t want to go on
6. Hook forward)
alone but Marcia wanted me to finish. When I got to the finishing line, I saw Marcia. She
_ for me for two7. (wait)
hours. First we cried. Then we started talking
about next year's marathon.
 ggf iliil
'

l!K
Pasc Perfect Continuous 77
'

4J
£j[j CHOOSE & COMPLETE •The magazine Runner's World (RW) is interviewing marathon
Us winner Paolo Esposito (PE). Complete the interview with the past perfect continuous !3
form of the correct verbs from the box. Use short answers where appropriate.
iii
JJeriiC
-
go out expect live run

: RW: You’ve just won the marathon. Congratulations! Ha d you been training
1.
for it for a long time?
I
PE: Yes, I ha d . For more than five years. First in Madrid,
then in Rome.
2.
111
RW: You tripped during the race. How long when
3.
that happened?
4 •

6 PE: It was in the last hour. Luckily it didn’t keep me from winning. i
I RW: I understand that you recently married your trainer, Emilia Leale. How long
-
together when you decided to get married?
4.
“•
PE: About six months. We met in Rome and knew straightaway that we wanted to
3 be together. i
RW in Rome for a long time when you met?
J 5.
PE . In fact, I had just moved there.
Y, 6.

_
-ÿ

RW: You looked very calm when you crossed the finishing line.
- to win?
7.
'
PE: ! I was really surprised. And very happy. '
8.
*

EDIT •Read part of an entry from a runner's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the

..
"
LY us.e of the past perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
II
19. October ..........
.......
. ......
. .....
...
.
_
- TJ I'vejust.yot back from the marathon!I'm tiredbat vert/ happy. When l crossedthefinishing
. Had
j line, 1have been.runniny for..four, hoars and. twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was standiny
there. He had been waitedfor me the whole time. We were both soakiny wet - /, because l
I
:i
i had been sweatiny; he, because it has been raininyjust a little while before. / was soylad to.
m
see him. / had been look forward to this dayfor so lany and hopiny that / couldfnish the
'
race in. less than four and a half hours. When Lyot home, / called myparents. They.had.

watchiny the marathon an TV and had actually seen me cross the fnishiny line! .

-
i
l

i
-
 ft :
::

I SECTBOMi ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. He for the Olympics since 2002. A B C D

(A) practised (C) has been practising
(B) practises (D) was practising
2. We’ve known Sally a long time. A B C D
(A) since (C) while
(B) by (D) for
3. We’ve been living in London since we A B C D
(A) have graduated (C) graduated
(B) have been graduating (D) graduate
4. They haven’t _ an AIDS vaccine. A B C D
i
(A) yet developed (C) developed already
(B) developed yet (D) already develop
:
5. you reserved your hotel room yet? A B C D I
(A) Did (C) Do
(B) Have (D) Has
6. She hasn’t very often. A B C D
(A) flew (C) flown
(B) flies (D) flying f
I
7. It and the ground was still white. A B C D
(A) snows (C) would snow
(B) had been snowing (D) has snowed
8. Tina _ last week. A B C D
(A) has arrived (C) has been arriving
(B) arrived
9. They _ (D) arrives
here for three years before they moved. A B C D
(A) live (C) had lived
(B) have lived (D) have been living
10, The show has . won an award. A B C D
(A) just (C) lately
(B) ever (D) yet

78
 •| PSBEF-

SelfTest HI m 79

11. Professor Kidd _ three books since 1999, and she’s working A B C D
on her fourth.
(A) has been writing (C) wrote
(B) has written (D) writes

12. We to buy that car yet. A B C D

(A) haven’t decided (C) have decided
(B) decided (D) are deciding

13. ——Yes,
Has Maria called yet?
she _
-
1
:
(A)did
(B) called .
. But she didn’t leave a
hasn’t (C)
(D) has
message. A B C D

14. Since I _ university, I haven’t had much spare time. A B C D

1 J (A) started (C) have started
S\ (B) was starting (D) start

IsECTBoasa] TWO il

Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
ji
the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
I
EXAMPLE: :!
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B C D
A B C @

15. When she was younger, she has played tennis every day. A B C D
A B CD
16. It’s already 10:00, but Jane hasn’t finished her homework already. A B C D
A B C D
17. I’ve been worrying about you because you haven’t been seeming A B C D
A B C
well lately.
i D
I’ve read a good book recently, but I haven’t finished it vet.
"
: 18.
A B CD
A B C D
19. Did you done your homework, or have you been watching TV? A B C D
A BCD

20. Karl has been driving since ten years. A B C D

A B C D

21 . We’ve been here only one day, but we’ve been taking three rolls of film. A B C D
j c
22. This hotel has been already in business for fifty years. A B C D
A B C D
23. How much coffee did you been drinking last night? A B C D
A B C D :
24. I’ve been studying French since I’ve started school. A B C D
A B C D
25. Before she became a film starÿ she has been a stand-up comedian.
A BCD
A B C D |
'

:
i
:
 WÿM
€m ft Future:
Be going to and Will :

P Oh, no. i=ÿe I

: It’s going to rain! '={£** 1
I’ll get wet!
jifpiliSiM
j
JHI
!<»V,- »«$* /Mw,,M
/, '
lt<i
/ÿ ’•’A*
t
[cli&CKl POINT f w
if
1
T/c/f the main point of the cartoon.
=#i\ O The man has forgotten his umbrella.|
*2. 01 The man is going to fall into the hole. I
1
i
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS: BE GOING TO :
S
Tick the correct BASE FORM -
answer. SUBJECT BE* (NOT) GOING TO OFVERB
1
How many forms am
,

I (not) going to v
does be have in 'm
be going to?
!ÿ O one is
He/She/It (not) going to leave soon.
s
1
O two
O three are 1
We/You*/They (n't) going to I
're i
*You is both singular and plural.
i
:
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO SHORT ANSWERS U: r
•• -

Circle T (True) or
F (False).
BE SUBJECT GOING TO BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE 1 I
Am you are. you aren't.
T F In questions,
a form of be Is he going to leave soon? Yes, he is. Mo, he isn't.
goes after
the subject. Are you am. 'rn not.
-
WH QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO 1

WH- WORD BE SUBJECT GOING TO BASE FORM

am
When
is he going to leave?
Why
are you *,!
81
;
80 I
 SIS

Future: Se going to and Will a 81

; ;

I CHART CHECK 3 STATEMENTS: WILL

I
2 ' Circle T (True) or SUBJECT WILL (NOT) BASE FORM
F (False). will (not)
2 soon.
: T F The form of l/He/She/lt/We/You/They
(won't)
leave
will is the
same for
f all subjects. YES/NO QUESTIONS: WILL SHORT ANSWERS
i { WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
.! I ;

' s Will he leave soon? Yes, he will. No, he won't.

1
WH- QUESTIONS: WILL
WH- WORD WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM
-I
When will he leave?
j '

.brella. EXPRESS „
; ,
hole. Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
J
to•rain •It’s •going __
.
2 an •get •I’ll •umbrella _

Gr nmtvmg ‘:."~
1. You can use be going to to talk about future Professor Fox is going to attend a conference
-g
plans and intentions. next week.
% B I'm going to go with him.

2
f
‘S' You can use will to say what you think or guess I think it will be very interesting.
will happen in the future. I suppose he'll talk about his new invention.
n The cars of the future won't run on petrol.

2. Use be going to when something in the present a Look at those dark clouds! It's going to rain.
E leads you to predict something in the future. NOT Look at those dark clouds! It'll rain.
at
a Watch out! You're going to fall.

't. Use will to give information about the future. a Professor Fox's books will be on sale at the
conference.
Use will when you decide something at the
“Hot.
moment of speaking. A: Professor Fox is speaking at noon.
B: Oh. I think I'll go to his talk.

_1 Check it out!
There are other ways to talk about the future. See Unit 20, pages 84—85.
r"|

J
«?.

L-
 82 a Unit IS

READ •Look at Professor Harry Fox's email message.

m Harry’s Travel Plans mmjk.

v
:

Greg - Just a quick note to let you know my plans. I hear you’re going to be in London m :
next weekend. Unfortunately, I won’t be there. That means I won’t be able to go fishing
with you on Saturday. I’m going to be in Newcastle giving a speech at the Smart
Transport conference. I go every year but this is the first time I’m going to speak at it.
The conference finishes on Saturday but I don’t think I’m going to go back to London :
: until Sunday night. I’m probably going to take the train instead of driving so I can get
some work done. So, it doesn’t look as if we’ll get to see each other this time. I hope I
next time works' out better. Harry
!!
:
j
ANSWER •Tick all the things Harry Fox is going to do next weekend.
1. G be in London 4. G attend a conference 7. G drive to London
2. 0 be in Newcastle 5. G give a speech 8. G see Greg I
3. G go fishing 6. G return on Saturday
4

HP~
’iiS
DESCRIBE •Look at the pictures. They show events from a day in Professor Fox's life.
Write predictions or guesses. Use the words below and a form of be going to or
5 not be going to.

answer the phone drive give a speech JairC go on a journey watch TV

i

,.X3S-£i. ”\
c
(\ Qt
jpl

1. It’s going to rain. 2. 3.

:

:
ft
U
I j 7
T

/ \
J! xs v
SS2c

4. 5. 6.

.
 c
Future: 8s going to and Will Si 83

k COMPLETE •After his speech, Professor Fox answered questions from the audience.
||||| Complete the questions and answers. Use the words in brackets and will or won't.

WOMAN 1: My question is this, Professor Fox:

_ Will the car of the
future run on petrol?
1. (run)
Fox: No, it won’t ..It probably
2.
solar energy.
WOMAN 2:
3. (use)
we still
_ 4. (get)
flat tyres?
Fox: No, we . By the year 2010, tyres
5. 6. (have)
a special seal so that they themselves.
MAN 1: In what other ways _ 7. (repair)
cars
8. (be)
different?
Fox: Well, instead of keys, cars smart cards. These
9. (have)
a lot like credit cards. They doors
1 0. (look) 11. (open)
and they the seats, mirrors and steering wheels. They
_ even
12. (adjust)
the inside temperature.
13. (control)
MAN 1: they car thefts?
14. (prevent)
Fox: Yes, they _ ! Next question? That gentleman at the back.
is.
MAN 2: How much these cars
16. (cost)
Fox: I don’t know exactly but they certainly cheap. Nothing
5 17. (be)
1 ‘
ever is!

3
EDIT •Read this email message to Professor Fox. Find and correct nine mistakes in the
law use of the future with will and be going to. The first mistake has already been corrected.

frl™ Re: Travel Plans

n’t
Harry -
“
you, too. Perhaps we can get together sometime next month. Martha and I am going to .

be in Birmingham until 15 July. After that, we are going visit our son in Brighton. His
;;
wife is pregnant and will have a baby in July. It’s hard to believe that we going to be
grandparents!

How exciting that you going to talk at the conference! I’m sure it wills be great.
li
I’ve got to run now. The sky is getting really dark and there’ll be a storm. I want to get i
out of this office before then. More later. Greg

‘
 1

9> 11 Future: Contrast

N
' Don’t worry.
They won’t leave
without me.
\l’m the pilot!
ri

%
A s Hurry up, sir. N '

I YOU’RE going to be late. !

mk
i
; i The shuttle leaves in & Y
i
I V five minutes. S!
§ I
a < .

I
u<4

i mz %
3

POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F The shuttle to Mars has a scheduled departure time.
T F The pilot is too late.

CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or We're going to leave We aren't going to leave
F (False). We'll leave We won't leave
soon. until 1 :00.
T F There are We're leaving We aren't leaving
several ways We leave We don't leave
to talk about
the future.
YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
T F You can’t use
the present Is she going to leave AFFIRMATIVE NECATIVE
simple to
Will she leave she is. she isn't.
talk about
soon?
the future. Is she leaving she will. she won't.
Yes, No,
Does she ieave she is. she isn't.
she does. she doesn't.
WH- QUESTIONS
When is she going to leave?
When will she leave?
When is she leaving?
f When does she leave?

84
I
J
f

as
r
1 Future: Contrast 85

EXPRESS
Tick the sentences that refer to the future.
1 Dl I’m leaving in five minutes.
What time do you normally leave the office?
, f~] Are you going to the conference in May?
0 I’m working on a report at the moment.

Grammar Explanations Examples

1. Use be going to, will, the present continuous I'm going to fly to Mars next week.
and the present simple to talk about things in
By 2080, people won't drive. They'll fly
the future.
everywhere instead.
Now
fly Pete's got his ticket. He's flying to New York on
Past •••ÿ

X Future Tuesday.
next week The plane takes off at 1 0:05 and lands at 1 6:1 5

J 2. USAGE NOTES: Sometimes only one form of the

future is appropriate but in many cases more
than one form is possible.
1_!
a. Use be going to to make predictions when Look at that spaceship! It's going to land.
something in the present leads you to NOT It'll land.
predict something in the future.
b. Use will to say what you think or guess will In the future, people will spend their holidays in
happen in the future. space.

: c. Use be going to to talk about future plans

and intentions.
We're going to listen to Dr Green's speech
tomorrow.
d. Use the present continuous to talk about Dr Green is giving a lecture at 10 o'clock in
j
fixed arrangements that have been made for Lecture Room A.
the future. You often mention the time
and/or place of the arrangement.
e. Use will to talk about information about the A: Will Dr Fisher be at the conference?
future. B: No, he won't but Dr Green will.
Each lecture will last one hour.
J f. Use will when you decide something at the A: Dr Green is giving a talk tomorrow.
moment of speaking and to make offers. B: Oh! Maybe I'll go.
77 A: Great! I'S! get you a ticket.
g. Use the present simple to talk about The shuttle to Mars leaves at 10:00 a.m.
scheduled future events, especially tomorrow.
timetables, programmes, etc. We land at midnight.

'
r

PiP sw
 K
86 a Unit 20
k
IDENTIFY •Professor Ellen Green is attending a conference this week. Read her ’
' conversation with Professor David Russ. Underline all the verbs that refer to the future.

i. Russ: Ellen! It’s nice to see you. Are you presenting a paper this week?
GREEN: Hi, David. Yes. In fact, my talk starts at two o’clock. l
Russ: Oh, maybe I’ll come. What are you going to talk about? Robots?
GREEN: Yes. I’m dealing with personal robots for household work.
Russ: I’d like one of those! Where’s your son, by the way? Is he here with you?
:
GREEN: NO. Tony stays in Norfolk with his grandparents in the summer. I’m going to i
visit him after the conference. So, what are you working on these days?
Russ: I’m still with the Mars Association. In fact, we’re holding a news conference
next month about the Mars shuttle launch. 1

GREEN: That’s exciting. Maybe I’ll see you there. 8

Russ: Great. The conference begins at noon on the tenth.

•
a CHOOSE Circle the most appropriate words to complete these conversations.

1. GREEN: Which project do vou work /(are vou going to work) on next? ' .
Russ: I haven’t decided for sure. Probably the Spacemobile.
2. Russ: Look at those dark clouds! -

’
GREEN: Yes. It looks as if it’s raining / it’s going to rain any minute.
3. GREEN: I’d better get back to my hotel room before the storm.
Russ: OK. I’m seeing / I’ll see you later. '

4. DESK: Professor Green, your son has just called.

GREEN: Oh, good. I’ll call / I’m calling him back straightaway.
" 5. :
GREEN: Hi, Tony. How’s it going?
TONY: Great. I go / I’m going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow. i
.
6. GREEN: Have fun, but don’t forget you still have to finish your project.
TONY: I know, Mum. I post / I’m posting it tomorrow. I’ve already got the
envelope.
7. TONY: HOW’S the conference?
GREEN: It’s great. I’m giving / I’ll give a talk this afternoon.
8. TONY: Good luck. When are vou / will vou be here?
GREEN: Tomorrow. My plane lands / will land at 7:00, so I see / I’ll see you
at about 8:00.
.

: i?
. .
1
i
 Putura: Co. .irast a 87
'g

||E~j COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with an appropriate form of the
p5|ÿ| verbs in brackets. (There is more than one correct answer for some items.)
'ÿ
A: Hurry up! The shuttle leaves in just a few minutes.
1.

B: Oh, I’m sure they

_ (leave)
for us.
i (wait)

2. A: Look at those storm clouds! Do you think it

(rain)
B: I don’t know. I the weather forecast.
(check)

. 3. A: When we the shuttle?

(board)
'
B: We first class, so we should be among the first
(fly)
to board.
4. A: Wow! This suitcase is heavy.
B: it for you. Give it to me.
(carry)
5. A: What time we on Mars?
(land)
I B: According to the schedule, at 9:00 a.m., but I think we
a little late.
(be)

6. A: I’m hungry. I hope we some food soon.

Me too. I _
(get)
B: the seafood special. I ordered it
(have)
in advance.

7. A: Look! The flight attendant is getting ready to announce something.

B: Great. That means we boarding soon.
(start)

EDIT •Read this flight announcement on the shuttle to Mars. Find and correct seven
mistakes in the use of the future. The first mistake has already been corrected. (There is
often more than one way to correct a mistake).
is
‘Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This w-ill-bc your captain speaking. We be going
to leave the Earth’s field of gravity in about fifteen minutes. At that time, you are
able to unbuckle your seat belts and float around the cabin. Host robots take orders
for dinner soon. After these storm clouds, we are having a smooth trip. The shuttle
arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight’s temperature on the planet is a mild
minus 20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning the temperature is 18 degrees but it
is feeling more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.’
 F
JU* 8 T
JLII Future Time Clauses

When I grow up, g

n O
v
I’m going to be a
ballet dancer. fiJS

POINT
Tick the correct answer.
O The child is talking about a present habit.

HIM
V-’I O The child is planning her future.

CHART CHECK STATEMENTS

| Circle T (True) or MAIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE
t F (False).
I'm going to be a ballet dancer when I grow up.
T F The verb in the
; main clause is She'll join a ballet company after she leaves school.
in the future.
T F The verb in the YES/NO QUESTIONS
time clause is
in the future. MAIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE
; Are you going to be a ballet dancer when you grow up?

Will she join a ballet company after she leaves school?

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I am. I'm not.
Yes, - f ,
| she wi’ii. I she won't.

WH- QUESTIONS
MAIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE
;
:
are you gcrng ;-r e «•> hen you y up? I
What
will she do after she leaves school? I

88

r
i
r 1J
fev
1

1 a 89

I
I 1
EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form a question and an answer.
be •What •grows up •she •when •will •she
I1
i
•scientist •a •I •think •be
I :i
she’ll

i — i

I 1 1. When a sentence about future time has two

clauses, the verb in the main clause is often in
main clause time clause
He'il look for a job when he leaves school.
r the future (will or be going to). The verb in the
Ii time clause is often in the present.
BE CAREFUL! DO not use will or be going to in a
main clause time clause
I'm going to work after I leave school.

I —Tt
future time clause.
The time clause can come at the beginning or
the end of the sentence. The meaning is the
NOT after Kvill leave school.
Before she applies, she'll visit different schools.
OR

I same. Use a comma after the time clause when

it comes at the beginning. Do not use a comma
when it comes at the end.
She'll visit different schools before she applies.
NOT £he'H-visit-different -schools, before she
applies.

II ! 2. Here are some common time expressions

you can use to begin future time clauses.
a. When, after and as soon as often introduce When I leave school, I'll look for a job.
the event that happens first. After I leave school, I'll look for a job.
.
Now As soon as I leave school, I'll look for a job.
leave look for a job (First I'm going to leave school. Then I'll look for a
Past •X •X- Future job.)
j

I b. Before, until and by the time often

introduce the event that happens second.
Before I get a job, I'll finish school.
Until I get a job, I'll stay at school.
. Now a By the time I get a job, I'll be out of school.
rr (First I'll finish school. Then I'll get a job.)
finish school get a job
. . _-. Fulure

T: ' »**
| c. While introduces an event that will happen I look for a job, I'll continue to study.
. . at the same time as another event. (I will look for a job and study during the same
No- time period.)
Pas! Future
*
/o°k for a joV
C°'ninue to stuÿ
J
_
"i
;

H 'ÿH

~
90 s Unit Sri
r
a i.
TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.

Amber will open her own business when she finishes school.
G
F Amber will open her own business. Then she’ll finish school.
2. Derek won’t resign until he finds another job.
_ Derek will find another job. Then he’ll resign.
3. John will retire as soon as he is sixty. 1
_ John will retire. Then he’ll be sixty.
4. Marisa will call you when she gets home.
_ Marisa will get home. Then she’ll call you.
5. While Li-jing is at school, she’ll work part-time.
_ Li-jing will leave school. Then she’ll get a part-time job. J
6. By the time Carol gets her degree, she’ll be twenty-one.
_ Carol will be twenty-one. Then she’ll get her degree.

COMBINE •Pend :<b rut rmc. jeff. Combine the sentences.

1. Sarah and Jeff will get married. Then Sarah will graduate from university.
Sarah and Jeff will get married before Sarah graduates. _
2. Jeff is going to get a pay rise. Then they are going to move to a larger house.
_ as soon as
_
3. They’re

After
_
going to move to a larger house. Then they’re going to have a baby.

4. They’ll have their first child. Then Sarah will get a part-time job.
_ after
_

__
_
Their child will be two. Then Sarah will go back to work full-time.
By the time

_ _
Sarah will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to university.
while
7. Jeff will graduate. Then he’ll find another job.
when
 _ _ _
=--- ffi 91
m
m n COMPLETE •Look at this student's worksheet. Complete it with the correct form of the
verbs in brackets.

GOAL PLANNING WORKSHEET

I. Write your major goal.

V ’ll get a job after I
(get) (graduate)

;
II. List three benefits of achieving your goal.
When I
_ a job, I more money.
1.
2. When I
(get)

(get)
_ enough money, I (have)

(buy)
_ a car. ;

3. I happier when I a job.

(feel) (have got)

III. How will you reach your goal? Write down smaller goals.
1. As soon as I in the morning, I the
mm (get up)
newspaper to look at the employment ads.
(buy)
:j
jit
2. When I to my friends, I them if they
(speak) (ask)
know of any jobs.
3. I at the job noticeboard when I to
i
(look) (go) l
the supermarket.
i 4. Before I _ to an interview, I my II
i# computer skills.
(go) (improve)

i!5
rjjjfej EDIT •Read this dancer's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of future time
clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check for commas!

ill

if Tomorrow is mil first dance recital! Bit the time / wifi write mt/ nejet dian/ ent/y, it will already
a
' _j<- over!As soon as we finish the pcrfiwmancc then; are qÿ to begjÿÿ
will be then, when we enter the mom. While we <w//tr/g/>fflfeyÿ I)
..(’fthc dance group. As soon as t net up on Snndaif maniimiffl but! the paper ami rendthe
J
interviews. We're going to perform this show for two weeks. As soon as it's finished, we learnt

a new programme. I'm so excited. Ever since!was little, I've wanted to be a ballet dancer.
(

1 1
 % M
| 1T
1 "J 3 A f

i
i
m Future Continuous
,ar . .

‘TM&sassiS
./ I’m sorry. \
I won’t be here at
12:00. I’ll be taking
.the dog for a walk. li
w
POINT
Tick the correct answer. An rs
When will Robo take the dog for a walk?
before 12:00 0
at 12:00
O after 12:00

CHART CHECK STATEMENTS

Circle T (true) or BASE
r (raise). SUBJECT WILL (NOT) BE FORM + -IN C
] T F You form the will (not) work hi9
future I/You/He/She/It/We/They be I tomorrow.
won't coming
continuous
with will plus
be and the YES/NO QUESTIONS
base form of BASE FORM + -INC
WILL SUBJECT BE
the verb + -ing.
working
Wili l/you/he/she/it/we/they be tomorrow?
coming

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Yes, l/you/he/she/we/they will. No, l/you/he/she/we/they won't.

! WH- QUESTIONS
WH- WORD j BE/WILL 1
SUBJECT I BE + BASE FORM
Where
will j she be working?
+ -IN C
!
When

f
:'

!
c

92
;
s r-
f'

a 93

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form two questions. Answer the questions.
working •be •Will •tomorrow •you

you •be •What •doing •will

Cram ma r £ a. p E a <r« a tk* s Examples

1. Use the future continuous with wili (not) and Robo will be iaEdng the dog for a walk at
won 'f to talk about things that will be in progress noon.
at a specific time in the future. He won't be cleaning the house.
- Now
; i 12:00
- Past •>- Future
ill!
will be
:
'

.. 2. USAGE NOTE: We also use (not) be going to + A: Robo is going to be taking the dog for a
be + base form + -ing but the structure with walk at noon.
will is more common. B: He isn't going to be cleaning the house.

REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in I'll know my test results next week.
the continuous form. NOT I'll be knowing my tost results next wook.

3. Remember that if the sentence has a time I'll be cooking while the robot is cleaning.
clause, use the present simple or present NOT I'll be cooking while the robot will be
continuous in the time clause, not the future or cleaning.
future continuous.

;
 33

94 B UssH iii:

IDENTIFY •Read this paragraph. Underline al! the future continuous forms.

Today we find most robots working in factories around the world. But what will the
robots of the future be doing? One designer predicts that in just a few years, small
intelligent robots will be dealing with all the household chores. This is going to make
life a lot easier. While one robot is cooking dinner, another one will be vacuuming the
floor. But what about outside the home? Will robots be playing football or fighting
wars? Scientists aren’t sure. What is certain, however, is that robots will be playing a
more and more significant role in our lives.

COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with the future continuous form
- of the words in brackets and with short answers.

i. STUDENT: Will you be having student

a. (Will / have)
hours today? I’d like to talk to you about my robotics paper.
TEACHER: Yes, I will .I to lunch
b. c. (will / 90)
at 2:00. But drop in anytime before then.
2. MRS GEE: When . you _ the office?
a. (will / leave)
MR GEE: At 2:00. Why? Do we need something?
MRS GEE: Would you mind picking up some milk? Robo forgot and I
home until late.
3. TONY: Dad, what time _
b. (won't / gel)
you
a. (will / come)
home today? I need some help with my science project.
MR GEE: I Mia to the dentist after work but
b. (will / take)
I’ll be back by 4:00.
TONY: we dinner before
c. (Will *' h-ivci
Mum comes home?
MR GEE: . You know we always wait for Mum.
*L
4. SALESMAN: I’m calling from Robotronics Ltd. I _ your
area soon to demonstrate our new robot.
ROBO: I’m sorry. The Gee family a new robot
i>. (won'l 'MV)

for a while.

Si
$ij
I;
1
I future Continuous E 95

COMPLETE •Look at Robo and Robotci's schedules for tomorrow. Complete

i the statements.

. Robo Robota
:ÿ 8:00 make breakfast 8:00 pay bills
1
9:00 dust bedrooms 9:00 vacuum sitting room
10:00 do laundry 10:00 repaint kitchen
12:00 make lunch 12:00 recycle the rubbish
1:00 give Mr Gee a massage 1:00 shop for food
I help Tony with homework
’ 5:00 5:00 cook dinner

I
7:00 play chess with Tony
\ÿ7:Q0 take the dog for walk y
- 1. While Robo is making breakfast
, Robota _ will be paying bills.

; 2. Robo the bedrooms while Robota

| 3. Robota
_ the kitchen while Robo
_
4. While Robo lunch, Robota
“1 5. Robo _ a massage while Robota
6. Robota _ dinner while Robo _
1 7. While Robo
_ chess, Robota _

, EDIT •Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the
future continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

j
performing
In the future, robots will be perform more and more tasks for humans. This
will be having both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, while robots

will be doing the boring and dangerous jobs, humans will be devoting more time
1 to interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots be making life a lot easier for
humans. On the other hand, the widespread use of robots will creating a lot of

future unemployment. There is a risk that robots will taking on jobs that humans

need in order to earn a living. And some robots could even become dangerous.
W.

I’m afraid that in the not-too-distant future, robots will be operating nuclear power

stations! And before too long, robots will to be fighting in wars. Although, on
’i
second thoughts, that will be better than humans killing each other!

I
“
 LUL,N f T S Future Perfect and
f A
mm Future Perfect
Continuous

°°o, ' By February,ÿ

I’ll have swapped
By February, Piggy for a shiny
he’ll have been saving v new car! /
for three years and
(J
fa/
v I’ll be rich! ./

0Oo ;

POINT !
Tick the correct answer. j

O It’s February.
O He hasn’t been saving for three years yet.
s

CHART CHECK 1 FUTURE PERFECT STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or SUBJECT WILL (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
wiii (not)
T F Both the future l/He/She/lt/We/You*/They have saved enough money by then.
perfect and the | (word)
future perfect *You is both singular and plural.
continuous use
will have been. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS STATEMENTS |
SUBJECT WILL (NOT) HAVE BEEN + BASE FORM + -ING
s
l/He/She/lt/We/You/They
will (not)
(won't)
have been saving for three years.
I
CHART CHECK 2 FUTURE PERFECT YES/NO QUESTIONS
Circle T (True) or
f {False).
T WILL ; SUBJECT ! HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

T F Short answer
forms are
j
Will he j have saved enough by then? | Yes, he wiii. j Nc, he won i.J
the same for FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
the future : YES/ NO QUESTIONS
perfect and the j SHORT ANSWERS
future perfect HAVE BEEN +
WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM + -IN C AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
continuous. j
Wilt he h-'ve been raving for long? Yes, he will. No, he won't.

96
 m

wm*
a 97

EXPRESS
;
Complete these sentences with the verb drive. Use one word for each gap.
J
•By June, I’ll have been my new car for a year.

•I’ll have _ 10,000 miles by then.

_i

- it vNNInpfcw

. 1. When we use the future perfect, we imagine By June, he will have paid his debt.
,
a certain point of time in the future, and we We won't have saved enough by then.
.... look back at events that will be completed by

..... .....
that time.
Now
j - Past lj -X X—• future
j paid June
. I I debt
Use by + time expression to identify By june, she'll have bought a car.
t. the point in time in the future. She'li have looked at a lot of cars by then.
Use already to emphasise that an event will m By May, he'ii have already saved £1,000.
j have happened by a point in time.

1
2. When we use the NN?: re psrfect continuous, We moved here in 1998. By next December we
we imagine a certain point in the future and will have been living here for several years.
' we look back on things already in progress.
' We're moving to Paris next year. By 2009, we
- Past
1998
Now
December
•x- Future
will have been living there for several years
and it should feel like home.
T j;
living
0
The future perfect continuous focuses on You'll have been speaking French for
how long and often includes the length of time. ten years by then.
ii:%
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in By May, he'ii have owned his car for a year.
T
the progressive. NOT he'H-have been-ewning his- ear . . .
Hi
_ 3. Use the future perfect or the future perfect By the time you arrive, 11! have Frubbel dinner.
continuous to show NOT -By the time you will arrive, I'll have
the order of events: finished-dinner:
FIRST EVENT: future perfect (continuous) By the time you ,I Oidum
for an hour.
SECOND EVENT: present simple

.....
Now
finish start
dinner to read arrive
Past •X- •X Future
 w
11 98

1 TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.
-

1. By this time tomorrow, I’ll have decided which car to buy. .

_T I haven’t decided yet which car I’m going to buy. :

;

2. We’ll have
_ Youfinished the shopping by the time you get home.
will get home while we are shopping.
3. By next year, Mary will have been working at the school for five years.
_ Next year, Mary can celebrate her fifth anniversary at the school.
4. By ten o’clock, she won’t have finished marking books.
_ She will finish marking books at ten o’clock. :
'

5. We will have moved to a larger office by the year 2015.

_ We will move to a larger office after the year 2015.
6. By next year, we’ll have been publishing the newsletter for fifteen years.
_ We started the newsletter less than fifteen years ago.

j!
COMPLETE •Look at the time line and complete the sentences about Tom and Linda's
rjllj future accomplishments. Use the future perfect or the future perfect continuous form of
the words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative.

r
>.<ÿ - „
a. &
it ¥
IT.
: . .
w -V mi
2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 2018 2022

1. By 2012, they ’ll have bought a new car.

(buy)
2. By 2015, they ’ll have been living in their own house for three years.
(live)
3. By Steve’s first birthday, Tom
(qr.irliiiHe)
4 By 2017, Tom _ _ at university for four years.
S. By 2019, they . _ another car.
6. They _ their old car for eight years by then.
7. By 2020, Linda _ her business.
8. They
_ (sove)
t;)j •ÿ!})

for two years by 2020.

9. By retirement, the couple a lot.
(accomplish)

1
 lii,; .'.•c.: A'U ... m 99

COMPLETE •Read Linda Leonard's (LL) interview with Teenage Couples Magazine
(TC). Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the
continuous form when possible. Use already when appropriate.
get
TC: You two are amazing! By the time you 1. (get)
married,
you *11 have already planned your whole life together!
2. (plan)
LL: Well, we’ve been going out together since school. By the time we
from university, we about
3. (graduate) 4. (think)

1 .

TC: When Steve

_
our marriage for a long time.

S. (be born)
, Tom
6. (not graduate)
from university. How will you manage with Tom still studying?
ii :
: LL: It won’t be easy but we’ve got a plan. Tom
7. (finish)
most
-
of his courses by then. He’ll stay home with the baby during the day and go to
1 evening classes.
TC: By the time you
8. (celebrate)
_ your tenth wedding anniversary,
s you
_ 9. (not start)
your business. You have a lot of patience.
_ years of practice in my job
LL: Not really. I
Ji by then. When I
10. (get)
_ the doors of Linda Ltd,
11. (open)
a very experienced web page designer.
12. (become)
/
TC: Well, good luck to you and thanks for the interview.

ifiy EDIT* Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the future
perfect and the future perfect progressive. The first mistake has already been corrected.

have been
By August I'll be a secretary for ten years. And I'll earn almost the same salary for three
years! that's why I've made a New year's resolution to go back to college this year. First, I'm
going to write for college magazines and start saving for tuition. By March, I'll have work out
how much tuition will cost. Then I'll start applying. By summer, I had received acceptance
1 letters. In August, I'll talk to my boss about working part-time and going to college part-time.
. By that time, I'll have saved already enough to pay for a term's tuition. By next New Tear's
Day, I'll have been study for a whole term!
li!

p
Lid
ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. :•

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A (B) C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking
;

1. It tomorrow. A B C D
(A) rains (C) ’s going to rain
(B) rained (D) ’s raining 's
2. The package will on Monday. A B C D
(A) arrive (C) arriving
(B) arrives (D) be going to arrive
I_
,

3. Goodnight. you in the morning. A B C D

(A) ’ll see (C) ’m seeing
(B) ’m going to see (D) see
4. Hurry up. The next bus _ at 7:15. A B C D
(A) leave (C) leaving
(B) leaves (D) will have been leaving
5. Bill will be to Taipei tomorrow. A B C D
(A) flies (C) fly
(B) flying (D) have flown
6. We a new DVD soon. A B C D
(A) have owned (C) ’re owning
(B) ’ll own (D) own
7. They’ll be making copies while he the report. A B C D ;
(A) finishes (C) ’ll finish
'

(B) ’ll be finishing (D) ’s been finishing

8. She’ll _ almost £1,000 by then. A B C D
(A) save (C) have been saving
(B) have saved (D) be saving
9. By next year, Roger will . here for ten years. A B C D
(A) live (C) have been living
(B) be living (D) be going to live
1 0. Will you buy an electric car when they available? A B C D
(A) become (C) are becoming
(B) became (D) will become

100
 I
'

101
1
11. She’ll be married June. A B C D
(A) already (C) since
(B) by (D) until

12. Where-be living? A B C D

(A) they (C) will they
(B) they will (D) are they

IB. Look at those cars! They A B C D

(A) will crash (C) ’re going to crash
!
(B) will be crashing (D) will have crashed
14. How _ for college? A B C D
(A) should pay (C) she pays
(B) will she pay (D) she’s going to pay

fsgciioivH TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
;
EXAMPLE: 1

Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.

A B CD
A B C @
*
IS. Will you been going to the supermarket tonight? A B C D
A B c D

'4 16. The film starts at 7:30, so I think I gp- A B C D

Jf A B c
17. We are going to study tonight until we will finish this chapter. A B C D
A B CD
18. By April, I’ll have been driven my new car for a year. A B C D '
A B C D

19. We’ll travel for a couple of days, so you won’t be able to call us. A B C D
A B CD
M
20. Jan finished school by next summer, so we’re going to visit her. A B C D
A B c r
D

21. Which project will he works on after he finishes this job? A B C D

ABC D
-
22. By January, hell have yet saved £1,000. A B C D
B C O

23. Where you will be staving when you gp to Morocco? A B C D

A R C D

24. Ill be studying while Anna will be sleeping. A B C D

25. She will not has graduated by June. A B C D

A BCD

......
mmmmmmmrnmmmM
i1 r •

If Wh°° Qyastfcrtss
M.
Subject and Predicate
'i

;
'liJS
I What happened
on the night of 12 May? <
Where did you go? Who did
svou see? Who saw you? >

ks\
r Why did I T
get out of bed p- __—_
Tick the correct answers. €, thismorning?/ÿJ)ff'\
The lawyer wants to know y,
i
C3

O
the events on the night of 12 May.
(3 the witness’s profession.
the names of people who saw
the witness.
ift
Wm IF5
% 'S.
5

CHART CHECK 1 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Circle T (True) or WH- WORD I
F (False). SUBJECT VERB PREDICATE
T F Wh- questions Who saw you?
about the
subject have
the same ANSWERS (STATEMENTS)
word order as VERB PREDICATE
statements. SUBJECT
He saw me.

CHART CHECK 2 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PREDICATE

Circle T (True) or WH- WORD AUXILIARY
F (False). PREDICATE VERB SUBJECT VERB
T F Wh- questions Who(m) did you see?
about the
predicate have
the same ANSWERS (STATEMENTS)
word order as i VERB PREDICATE
statements. ! SUBJECT
saw him.
T F Questions
about the
predicate can
include a form
of the verb do.

102
 . Suoject arid Predicate m 103
V

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form two questions.
night•happened •What •last
do •did •What •next •you _

a Cvgam kzp '

1. Use wh- questions to ask for specific information. Who did you see at the cafe?
Why did you go there?
Wh- questions begin with question words such
How many people saw you there?
Sv1 as who, what, where, when, why, which,
whose, how, how many, how much and
How (ong did you stay there?
how long.

J
m 2. When you are ashing about the subject Someone saw you.
(usually the first part of the sentence), use a
wh- question word in place of the subject. The \
Who saw you?
word order is the same as in a statement.

J 3. When you are asking about the predicate You saw someone.
(usually the last part of the sentence), the Did you see someone?
question begins with a wh- word, but the word
order is the same as in a yes/no question. f
Who did you see?
v.;;;

BE CAREFUL! When you ask a wh- question about

something in the predicate, you need either
a. a form of the verb be. Who is Harry Adams?
OR Why was he at the cafe?
b. a form of an auxiliary ('helping') verb such Why does she want to testify?
1_ as do, have, can, will. NOT Why she wante--to testify?

*1 4. USAGE NOTE: In very formal English when asking VERY FORMAL

about people in the predicate, whom is Whom did you see?
sometimes used instead of who.
INFORMAL
1 a Who did you see?
I BE CAREFUL! If the main verb is a form of be, "ho /> the next witness?
I you cannot use whom. NOT Whom is the next witnessÿ
!
J

1
*
104 Si .

1%.- MATCH •Each question goes with an answer. Match each question with the
correct answer.

Question Answer
f 1. Who did you see? a. His wife saw me. I:
2. Who saw you? b. She hit a car.
3. What hit her? c. I gave the money to Harry.
4. What did she hit? d. A car hit her. 1
5. Which man did you give the money to? e. Harry gave me the money.
6. Which man gave you the money? f. I saw the defendant.

COMPLETE •Read this cross-examination. Complete it by writing the barrister's questions.

i. BARRISTER: What time did you return home?

(What time / you / return home?)

WITNESS: I returned home just before midnight.

2. BARRISTER:
(How / you / get home?)

WITNESS: Someone gave me a lift.

3. BARRISTER:
(Who / give / you / a lift?)

WITNESS: A friend from work.

4. BARRISTER:
(What / happen / next?)

WITNESS: I opened my door and saw someone on my sitting room floor.

s. BARRISTER:
(Who / you / see?)

WITNESS: Deborah Collins.

6. BARRISTER:
(Who ' Ire ;
Deborah Collins?)

WITNESS: She’s my wife’s boss. I mean she was my wife’s boss. She’s dead now.

7. BARRISTER:
iWhni you ho?)

WITNESS: I called the police.

8. BARRISTER:
(How muny / people / cull i you?) -
WITNESS: NO one called me. Why?
i
 . v., , a 105
4,

|] ASK •Read these statements. Then ask questions about the underlined words.
* recognized Harry Adams.
1. The witness
Who recognized Harry Adams?

2. The witness recognized Harrv Adams.

Who did the witness recognize?

3. The court session begins at 9:00 a.m.

4. Five witnesses testified.

:
i
5. The jury found Adams guilty because he didn’t have an alibi.

:
I
6. Something horrible happened.

7. The trial lasted two weeks.

8. The judge spoke to the jury.

9. Adams paid his barrister £2,000.

10. The prosecution questioned the restaurant manager. j

EDIT •Read this list of questions. There are

six mistakes in the use of wh- questions. did
What tim
Find and correct them. The first mistake eAtfle aspect return home?
has already been corrected. Who did see him?
u/ere there
} any witnesses?
Whom was at home?
wÿd,d he call A.
Smith?
J
What did happen
next?
Where he did go?
Haw much moÿ/
he took with him?
-

1
i
If!
f!

vPi,

4Ut sfion Taas

M

&a
><20
a #<Q
%> 0
9> 0)
It’s a nice
iHtm
) f<<

day, isn’t it?

c§ POINT
°<0
d© '»*> m
U Tick the correct answer.
w fin
JD\
0 m O]
O The man is asking about
the weather.
<5>“j O The man is commenting on
the weather.
!
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
j
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE I
Circle T (True) or STATEMENT QUESTION TAG STATEMENT QUESTION TAG I
F (False).
You're from York, aren't you? You're not from York, j are you?
T F If the
statement
is affirmative,
the question
tag is WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
affirmative.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE
T F If the
statement STATEMENT QUESTION TAG STATEMENT QUESTION TAG
has an
auxiliary, You're moving, aren't you? You're not moving, are you?
use the same He's been here, hasn't he? He hasn't been here, has he?
auxiliary in
the question They can move, can't they? s hey can't move, can they?
tag.
T F If the
statement does WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB
not have a form i '

of he or an AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE NEGATIVE | AFFIRMATIVE

auxiliary, you
need a form of j STATEMENT QUESTION TAG ! STATEMENT QUESTION TAG
do in the You live here, You don't live here,
don't you? do you?
question tag.
They moved, didn't they? They didn't move, did they?

106
i
 ,

a 107
.V' '

l
EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form a sentence with a question tag.
1
‘
1 actor •you •an •aren’t •You’re
, ij
.. *'ÿ
Gra:rP5;- •
Y-- i?
1. We often use question tags to:
"I
U| a. check information we believe to be true B Tom lives in York, doesn't he?
(The speaker believes that Tom lives in York and
OR wants to check this information.)
b. comment on a situation It's a nice day, isn't it?
(The speaker is commenting on the weather.)

statement question tag

2. Question tags follow a statement. The m You're not from York, ateyou?
statement expresses an assumption. The
question tag means Is that right?
You're Jack Davies, aren't you?
You don't drive much, do you?
1
affirmative negative lit
1-iS
a. If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the E You work on Fridays, don't you?
verb in the question tag is negative.
neg ative affirmative
b. If the verb in the statement is negative, the You don't work on Fridays, do you?
verb in the question tag is affirmative.

3. The question tag always uses a form of be or E It's a nice day, isn't it?
an auxiliary verb (be, have, do or will or a E You've lived here a long time, haven't you?
modal such as can, could or should). E You come from London, don't you?
B You can drive, can't you?
USAGE NOTE: Notice the question tag for / am. B I'm next, aren't I?
1
NOT I'm next, amn't I?
j
BE CAREFUL! In the question tag, only use Tom works here, doesn't he? I
pronouns. NOT Tom works here, doesn't Tom?
..Uni
When the subject of the statement is this or That's a good idea, isn't it?
that, the subject of the question tag is it.

4. When you use a question tag to dse ;! A: It's getting warmer, isn't it?
information or to comment or a situation, B: Yeah. Seems more like summer.

u. your voice falls on the question tag. You expect

the listener to agree or just show that he or she
is listening.
Question tags can also be used to get A: You're not moving, are you?
- information. As with yes/no questions, your B: Yes. We're going back to York.
voice rises at the end, and you expect to get an OR
answer (Yes or No). No. We're staying here.
'

Jk
 108 Ei Unit Si5

•.,'1

IDENTIFY •Read this conversation. Underline all the question tags.

KAY: Hi, Tom. It’s a nice day, isn’t it?

TOM: It certainly is. Not a cloud in the sky. How are you doing?
KAY: Fine, thanks. You don’t know of any flats to rent, do you? My son is looking for
one.
TOM: Is he? I thought he was staying with you.
KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his own. Do you know of anything?
TOM: AS a matter of fact, I do. You know the Simpsons, don’t you? Well, I’ve just
found out that they’re moving to Cheltenham next month.
KAY: Are they? What kind of flat have they got?
TOM: It’s a one-bedroom flat.
KAY: It’s not furnished, is it?
TOM: No. Why? He doesn’t need a furnished flat, does he?
KAY: Well, he hasn’t got any furniture. But I suppose he can always buy some, can’t he?
TOM: Why don’t you give your son my number and I’ll give him some more information?
KAY: Will you? Thanks, Tom.

Ijÿrv MATCH •Each statement goes with a question tag. Match each statement with the
Tfa correct question tag.

Statement Question Tag

i 1. You’ve phoned the removers, a. can’t we?
_ 2. They’re coming tomorrow, do we?
_ 3. This isn’t going to be cheap,
b.

c. is he?

- 4. You haven’t finished packing, d. isn’t it?

_ 5. We don’t need any more boxes, e. are they?
- 6. Paul is going to help us, f. have you?
- 7. We can put some things in storage, g. isn’t he?

- 8. Jack isn’t buying our bookcases, h. is it?

- 9. The removers aren’t packing the books for us, i. haven’t you?
_ 1o. Moving is hard, j. aren’t they?

f
 s 109

'

.
jjgri COMPLETE •A radio chat show host is interviewing one of tier guests, a screenplay
P writer. Complete the interview with appropriate question tags.
haven’t you
HOST: You’ve lived in London for many years, i.

GUEST: Since I was eighteen and came here to write my first screenplay.

HOST: You didn’t know anyone here at first, 2.

I GUEST: No. And I didn’t have a penny to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It
sounds crazy,
3.
i:
HOST: But things have worked out for you, 4.
You’re working on another screenplay now,
5.
stf.
f> GUEST: Yes. It’s a comedy about some kids who become invisible.
sV
3 HOST: Speaking of kids, you’ve got some of your own, 6.

. GUEST: Two boys and a girl - all very visible!

HOST: I know what you mean. Do you ever wish they were invisible?

I GUEST: NOW, that’s an interesting thought,

1
1 7.

i, EDIT •Read this part of a film script. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
question tags. The first mistake has already been corrected.
r
.
«; hasn’t
Ben: It’s been a long time, Joe, haven’t it?
JOE: That depends on what you mean by a long time, doesn’t that?
Ben: What are you doing round here, anyway? It’s dangerous.
'
JOE: I can take care of myself. I’m still alive, amn’t I?
. Ben: Yes, but you’re still wanted by the police, are you?

JOE: Look, I need a place to stay. You’ve got a place, haven’t you? Just for one night.
I Ben: I have to think of my wife and kids. You can find somewhere else, can you?
JOE: Wo. You’ve got to help me!
1
Ben: I’ve already helped you enough. I went to prison for you, haven’t I?

JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. You remember what happened last June, do you?
Ben: OK, OK. I can make a phone call.
J

I-
|§
life:
HI
m 1 T 1
JU*
W. _
I! } Additions with So, Too, i

l.
• Neither and Not either

HERALD SUN

I Twins Separated at Birth Are Reunited! -

:

' m-
"r-£- I:
i.

a
it m k<
t

: Bk1
HH-:
II i
s
! *
i m
po/Nr
Tick the correct answer.
1
Mark likes hunting, fishing and Chinese food. O The men like different things. 1
So does Gerald.
O The men like the same things.
:
:

I WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB

1

Si CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

Circle T (True) or STATEMENT ADDITION STATEMENT ADDITION <
F (False). and so is Sue. and neither is Sue.
-j- F There is more Amy is a twin Amy isn't very tall
I than one way
and Sue is, too. and Sue isn't, either.
I to make
1 an addition. WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
I j F Use so or too K
with negative AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
statements. STATEMENT ADDITION STATEMENT ADDITION
.
j F When a
statement does j and so can Sue. and neither can Sue. |
3 not have a
Amy can swim
and Sue car, too.
Amy can't ski
MV Sue can't, either.!

! form of be or
an auxiliary WITH VERBS USING DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB
verb, use a
I form of do in
I the addition. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
STATEMENT ; ADDITION | STATEMENT j ADDITION

Amy Sikes i end so does Sue. Amy doesn't j and neiiner does Sue.
dogs ! anr Sue do- s, too. like cats : and Sue doesn't, either.
:

110

I
j
 W
Ww\
Neither and Not either m 111
-2?
'i

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form additions.
is •Mark •and •neither does •Gerald •so •and
T ; Gerald isn’t married _ . Mark fights fires
•spf

w. 'ÿ
i. axbjizs i:aampl*s
1. Additions are phrases or short sentences that Gerald is a firefighter and so is Mark.
1 follow a statement. Use an addition to avoid (Gerald is a firefighter and Mark is a firefighter.)
repeating the. information in the statement.

srT
2. Use so or too if the addition follows an Gerald is a firefighter and so is Mark.
fv affirmative statement. OR
¥
Gerald is a firefighter and Mark is, too.
!
V
Use neither/nor or not either if the addition Gerald didn't get married. Neither did Mark.
- follows a negative statement. OR
m i
Gerald didn't get married. Mark didn't, either.
BE CAREFUL! Notice the word order after so and So is Mark. NOT -SO Mark is.
.
neither/nor. The verb comes before the subject. Nor did Mark. NOT-NOR- Mark did.
3
J 1
3. Additions always use a form of he or an
auxiliary verb (be, have, do, will or a modal
;
verb such as can, could, should, would).
a. If the statement uses a form of be, use a I'm a twin and so is my cousin.
form of be in the addition, too.
b. If the statement uses an auxiliary verb, Gerald had resigned and so had Mark.
use the same auxiliary verb in the addition. I can't drive and neither can my twin.
c. If the statement has a verb that uses do as Gerald owns a dog and so does Mark.
an auxiliary verb, use the appropriate form Gerald bought a jeep and so did Mark.
of do in the addition.

J: 4. In conversation, you can use short responses A: I've got a twin sister.
i
with JO, too, neither /nor and not either to B: So have 5. OR I have, too.
: agree with another speaker. A: I haven't got any brothers or sisters.
B: Neither have i. OR I haven't, either.

*3 USAGE NOTE: In informal speech, people say A: I'm left-handed.

kin too and Me neither or Nor me to express B: Me too.
similarity or agreement. A: I've never heard of these twins.
B: Me neither.

3
4 r
i-
\ 112 S
H

m 1.
TRUE OR FALSE •Read these short conversations between reunited twins. Write
or F (False) for the statement that follows each conversation.

MARK: I like Chinese food.

i (True)

GERALD: SO do I.
_ Gerald likes Chinese food.
Ji fj
2. ANDREA: I don’t want to go out.

mi r
BARBARA: Neither do I.
_ Barbara wants to go out.
T
ET<
3. JEAN: I’m not hungry.
JOAN: I’m not, either. f
_ Joan isn’t hungry.
I
4. AMY: I’ve always felt lucky. 7. NORA: I can’t swim.
KERRIE: SO have I. DINA: Nor can I.
_ Kerrie has felt lucky. Dina can swim.

s. MIA: I don’t eat meat. 8. JACK: I shouldn’t work so much.

BOB: Nor me. TIM: Neither should I.
Bob eats meat. Tim wants to work less.

6. JIM: I’ve got a headache. 9. JASON: I’d like to leave now.

BILL: SO have I. TYLER: Me too.
_ Both Jim and Bill have got Tyler wants to leave.
headaches.

fk CHOOSE •Circle the correct words to complete this paragraph.

Sometimes being a twin can cause trouble. At school, I was in Mr Jacobs’s history
class. Neither / 0o)was my brother. One day we took a test. I got questions 18 and
i.
20 wrong. My brother did, so / too. I didn’t spell hippopotamus correctly and
2.
either / neither did he. The teacher was sure we had cheated. As a result, I got an F
2.
in the test and so did / got my brother. We tried to convince Mr Jacobs of our
4.
innocence but he didn’t believe us. The headmaster didn’t, either / too. We finally
s.
convinced them to give us another test. This time I got questions 3 and 10 wrong.
Guess what? Nor / So did my brother. Our teacher was astounded. So / Too was the
7.
Headmaster. We weren't. We were just amused.
 :
v6-.; nm i\ioi e:ihe-' B H3

COMPLETE •Marta and Carla are twins. They agree on everything. Complete their
• $vj conversation with responses.

MARTA: I’m so happy we finally found each other.

. I am I
-ÿ CARLA: So . I always felt as if something was missing from my life.
: 1.
MARTA: So . I always knew I had a double somewhere out there.
2.
CARLA: I can’t believe how similar we are.
MARTA: Neither . It’s like always seeing myself in the mirror.
3.
CARLA: Not only do we look identical but we like and dislike all the same things.
I
MARTA: That’s true. I hate lettuce.
CARLA: I _ . And I detest liver.
’

I MARTA: SO _ 4.
. I love pizza, though.
CARLA: SO _
5.
. But only with tomato and cheese. I don’t like pepperoni.
1 I 6.
MARTA: Neither
7.
CARLA: This is amazing! I feel as if I’ve always known you.
s
MARTA: Me _!
8.

EDIT •Read this student's composition. There are six mistakes in the use of sentence
H additions. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
..

- My brother and I

My brother is just a year older than I am. We have a lot of things

in common.
j
is he
First of all, we look alike. I am 1.8m and so hs-4&. I have straight black

hair and dark brown eyes and so does he. We share many of the same interests,

too. I love playing football and he, too. Both of us swim every day but I can’t dive
and either can he.

Sometimes being so similar has its problems. For example, last night I

wanted the last piece of chocolate cake and so does he. Often I won’t feel like

doing the washing up and neither won’t he. Worst of all, sometimes I’m interested

in a particular girl and so he is. However, most of the time I feel our similarities
1
are really nice. So does my brother.

]
J
r
'
f
%
ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

Example:
Jennifer never coffee. A (B) C D :
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. Where _ A B C D
(A) does she live (C) she does live
(B) she lives (D) she lived
2. has lost this wallet? A B C D
(A) Whom (C) Who
(B) Whose (D) Who did
I
3. You’re Cynthia, you? A B C D
(A) aren’t (C) didn’t
(B) are (D) were
4. Laura loves soap operas and A B C D
(A) Jane does, too (C) Jane loves too
(B) so Jane does so loves Jane
5. I didn’t like sports and _ (D)

my brother. A B C D
(A) either did (C) so did
(B) neither does (D) neither did
6. ——No, _ . Sam’s taller.
That isn’t Sam, is it? A B C D

(A) it is (C) it wasn’t

(B) it doesn’t (D) it isn’t |
7. We didn’t eat here last week, _ we? A B C D
(A) didn’t (C) do
(B) haven’t (D) did
8. ——Who _ your bike? A B C D
Mike did.
did give you
(A) (C) you gave

9. —IWho _
(B) did you give
at the party?
(D) gave you
A B C D
— saw Stefan.
(A) saw you (C) you saw
(B) did you see (D) you see

114

fea
 115
v. ..i
10.
— I hate cabbage.
—Me _
(A) too
. I can’t even look at it.
(C) neither
A B C D

(B) either (D) do too

11. washing up tonight? A B C D
(A) Whose (C) Who are
(B) Who’s (D) Who does
12. Liam was born in Ireland. So his brother. A B C D
(A) was (C) wasn’t
(B) didn’t (D) did

(sECirsorÿi TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
'

•:
EXAMPLE:

i
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B C D
A B C®
13. This is a good school, wasn’t it? A B C D
14. We went to Stan’s party last year, hadn’t we? A B C D
.
15. Kevin has always been a great student and so his brother has. A B C D
A B c D

. 16. My sister has never gone skiing and neither did I. A B C D

A B C D

17. Where you worked last year when you were going to school? A B C D
A B C D

18. That sign is too small to read, isn’t that? A B C D

A ;; c D

19. English isn’t an easy language to learn, is itÿ A B C D

. A B C D

20. My parents are both good cooks and me, too. A B C D

A B c D
“
21. Tom and Fred hadn’t been to Italy before then, had he? A B C D
C D
22. I’m usually right about the weather, amn’t I? A B C D
A B C

23. Paul likes Italian food, doesn’t Paul? A B C D

A 3 :
24. Where did they went yesterday? A B C D
: c
25. Why you call me so late last night? A B C D
A B C D

1-
 !j :
'

«
Ii,
6
p
Can, Could, Be able to
1
: P
Can you do
V3- ;
spreadsheets?
r
\
Clirrz j POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False). [
T F The father wants to L
m. arTTTÿ" know if his daughter
V: r j
has permission to do r
k/i spreadsheets. ,
I
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS: CAN/COULD
Circle T (True) or BASE FORM ;

F (False). SUBJECT CAN/COULD* OF VERB 5:

T F The form for can "•

can and could cannot do spreadsheets now.

is the same for can't
all subjects. l/He/She/lt/We/You/They
could (not) use a computer last year.
couldn't
..
*Can and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
!
YES/NO QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD
BASE
SHORT ANSWERS
l
i
CAN/COULD SUBJECT FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE !iS
Can she do them? she can. she can't. .
Yes, No,
Could they use one? they could. they couldn't. .
'
WH- QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD
WH- WORD CAN/COULD SUBJECT BASE FORM
can she do spreadsheets?
How well !

could they use a computer?

! CHART CHECK 2 AFFIRMATIVE: BE ABLE TO ! NEGATIVE: BE ABLE TO

lick the correct answer. ! BASE BASE
SUBJECT i Be j ABLI TO FORM SUB|ECT Be + NOT ABLE TO FORM
Which part of he
able to changes for am not
Tin 'm not
different subjects?
is is not
0 be O able to He/She/It 's able to do graphs. He/She/It isn't able to do graphs.
's not
We/You/ are
are
They 're We/You/ aren't
They 're
116 .

X
 £
Si 117
V. v;i

CHART CHECK 3 YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE ABLE TO SHORT ANSWERS

Check the correct BASE
answer. BE SUBJECT ABLE TO FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
In questions with be Are you I am. I'm not.
able to, what comes able to do spreadsheets? Yes, No,
before the subject? Is she she is. she isn't.
O a form of be
WH- QUESTIONS: BE ABLE TO
CJ a form of able to
WH- WORD BE SUBJECT ABLE TO BASE FORM
are you
How well able to do spreadsheets?
is she

EXPRESS
s*‘ Complete these sentences with can or be able to. Use one word for each gap.
A: she already able use a computer?
B: Yes, she
_, and she type and do spreadsheets, too.

Gras'r v, •• czi ’ sta a .. -i.

1. Use can or be able to to talk about ability in She can do computer graphics.
the present. She's able to do computer graphics.
USAGE NOTE: In everyday speech, can is more
common than be able to in the present tense.
1

2. Use either could or was/were able to to talk Sam could read when he was four.
about ability (but not a specific achievement) in He was able to use a computer, too.
the past.
BE CAREFUL! Use managed to or was/were She managed to delete the virus from her
able to to talk about a specific achievement or computer.
a single event in the past. He was able to fix his computer when it broke
down.
NOT He could fix his computer when- it- —
Use either could or was/were able to in I couldn't do spreadsheets.
negative sentences about past ability. I wasn't able to do one problem.

3. For forms and tenses other than the present or Jen wants to be afoie to write software.
past, use be able to. (infinitive)
u By june she will be able to complete her
computer class, (future)
.

i!
118 a i.k'i-.i :. y

IDENTIFY •Read part of an article about some talented young business people.
?%1 Underline the words that express ability.

n amazing number of teenagers have enjoyed most: playing computer games. In :

managed to set up highly successful 1999, he was able to sell five games he'd
internet businesses. Take John Davidson, for developed to a famous software company. i
example. John could surf the net Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a
by the time he was six and by the WEB BUSINESSES week by selling his programs.
FOR FUN
age of eight, he could design web Katy Fischer, an enterprising 18-
AND PROFIT
pages of his own. It wasn't long year-old from Manchester, was
before he was able to persuade the bank to also able to break into the dotcom world.
lend him enough money to start up his very Although she says she can't understand why
own business. At the age of sixteen he she's been so successful, her parents certainly
managed to persuade his parents to allow can. 'Katy was determined to prove she could
,

him to leave school, and his first business, start a business when she was just fourteen,'
'Webmasters', was soon up and running, says her father, 'and through hard work, she's
Another teenager, Jim Leicester, very quickly managed to do just that.'
realised he could make money doing what he
:

COMPLETE •Read each description. Complete it with a name from the article.
1. Jim sold games to a software company.
2. got a bank loan.
3. wanted to start a business at the age of 14.
:
4. left school at sixteen.

COMPLETE •Read these paragraphs. Complete them with can, could or be able to.
Use can or could where possible. Choose between affirmative and negative.

1. Steven is enjoying his computer class. Two weeks ago, he couldn’t even
use the mouse but now he edit his homework. By next week, he
_ do research on the internet.
2. Eleni misses her family in Greece. She _ visit them for years, but
they’ve just got an email account, so now they _ _ keep in touch daily.
3. I work out how to set up a presentation. The software
insti’uctions don’t help. I think I’ll take a professional development course. In a few
months maybe I _ do that presentation.
4. Mike and I _ _ get on since we started this business. He
work alone (he needs people) and I work in a
group (I have to work alone). I hope we work out our problems soon. :
:
 119

COMPLETE •Read this advertisement. Complete it with

S the appropriate form of can,
could or be able to plus the verbs in brackets. Use can or could when possible.

WILL B. HAPPY®
Profession&t development Course-s
Time Management Presentations Career Development Teamwork ;;
Think about your last presentation: Were you able to prepare it on time?
1 . (prepare) i

you your ideas?

.
2. (communicaic) I
Will B. Happy® has helped others, and he YOU!
3. (help)

‘Before I took Will B. Happy’s course, my work was always late because

a schedule. 1 also had big piles of papers on my desk t

' 4. (follow)

. l because I
S. (decide)
what was important. Now 1
6. (manage)

my time effectively. Next month, when my workload gets heavy, I

.
it and do the important things first.’ Scott Mathis, student
7, (organise)
'

‘I didn’t use to in front of groups. Now 1 can!’

i
Mary Wells, sales manager

.
EDIT •Read this student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in expressing ability.
The first mistake has already been corrected.

.
Today in my ‘Will B. Happy’ teamwork course, I learnt about work styles - ‘Drivers' and
‘ to
TntJausiasts.li!ni3JMvemaQjLcflUjmakad£dsLQas_br£L[m_a ot abled i ate a ..iojotber
.
people’s ideas. The.Enthusiast in our. group, can communicates well but you can’t .

_j . .depend on her. Mow. I understand what was happening in my business class last year,
.when I couidr.'t got.on .with, my team. I thought that they all talked too much and didn't
able to work efficiently. I could get an A for. the course but it was hard. I can do a lot

more on my own.but some jobs are too big f or that. Our inslrucior. says ira: soon The
Drivers 'will able to listen and ihe Enlnusias: .could be more dependable. .

‘
.
,
 ':T:jr ~fTrT?.~ -A''W v'TvA 'TT,

I &S 3*•! T
}:.
?
:

t Permission:
i
i May, Can, Could,
Do you mind if . . 9
;

I think
K
I’ve got something in N
1 1 my eye. Could I take the ,
i> test tomorrow? y
HR
POINT
, Tick the sentence that describes what's
happening in the cartoon.
0 The student wants to know if his eye
will be better tomorrow.
0 The student is asking the teacher to
allow him to take the test tomorrow.

! CHART CHECKl QUESTIONS: MAY/CAN/COULD

: Tick the correct MAY/CAN/COULD* SUBJECT BASE FORM OF VERB
j answer.
: May
Which modal is used
Ldii l/we/he/she/it/they now? i

in questions but NOT

in short answers Could
about permission? *May, can, and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
0 may
SHORT ANSWERS
0 can
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
0 could
may. may not.
Yes, you/he/she/it/they No, you/he/she/it/they
can. can't.

CHART CHECK 2 -L QUESTIONS: DO YOU MIND IF ... ? SHORT ANSWERS

Circle
•qi
i (True) or Do YOU MIND IF | SUBJECT | VERB AFFIRMATIVE j NEGATIVE I
' l/we/they ! •' •
!
T F After
s . i
I he/she/it j !
M I :
the verb is the
same for all
STATEMENTS: MAY/CAN
T F
subjects.
The answer
A:!>- >ÿ :

permission.
gives
'
SUBJECT

l/He/She/lt/We/You/Tbey
MAY/CAN
may (net) j
; BASE FORM i
!
c.a«t(not) | start. I
L

i
120 5
I
J&tzs
 PamisskhM ;\iuy. C-an. Multi. DO you mind // . . a 121

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this conversation.
I A: Do you mind if he help / helps me with my homework?
B: Not at all / Yes I do. He can help / helps you, but you should do most of the work.
-
Grammas’ Sxpianatfons
1. Use may, could and can to ask for permission. May I call you next Friday?
Could we use your car?
: Can he come to class with me?

USAGE NOTE: May is a little more formal than May I leave the room, Professor Lee?
can and could.
.
BE CAREFUL! Requests for permission always A: Could I take the test tomorrow?
refer to the present or the future. When you use B: Certainly. The test starts at 9:00 a.m.
could to ask for permission, it is not past.

2. We often say please when we ask for Could I ask a question, please1
permission. Note the possible word orders. OR
Please could I ask a question?

3. Use Do you mind if . . . ? to ask for permission A: Do you mind if I clean up tomorrow?
when your action might bother someone. B: Yes, actually, I do mind. I hate seeing a mess.
BE CAREFUL! A negative answer to the question A: Do you mind if I leave the room?
Do you mind if .. . ? gives permission to do B: Not at all.
something. It means It's OK. I don't mind. (You may leave the room.)

4. Use may or can in answers. Do not use could. A: Could I borrow this pencil?
B: Yes, of course you can.
NOT Yes, you- could.
BE CAREFUL! Do not contract may not. No, you may not.
NOT
We often use polite expressions instead of A: Could I close the window?
modals to answer requests for permission. B: Yes, of course.
Certainly.
I sure.
Co ahead.
pk-mc din: . It's hot in here.

;
T S. When people refuse permission, they often A: Can I please have a little more time?
h give an apology and an explanation. B: I'm sorry, hut the time is up.
If the rules are very clear, someone may refuse DRIVER: Can I park here?
without an apology or explanation. OFFICER: NO, you can't.
b

L--
122 a

MATCH •Each request for permission goes with a response. Match each request with the
correct response.

Request Response
d 1. May we come in now? a. No, you can’t. It’s a bus stop.
2. Could I see your tickets, please? b. Not at all. There’s plenty of time.
3. Please may I speak to Harry? c. Yes, of course they can. We’ve got
plenty of room.
4. Could they come with us? d. Yes, you may. The test starts soon.
S. Can I park here? e. I’m sorry, he’s not in.
6. Do you mind if I have some more tea? f. Certainly. Here they are.

I COMPLETE •Mr Smith is supervising a test. Complete his conversations with his
jj&j students. Use a pronoun plus the correct form of the words in brackets and
short answers.

AHMED: Could we come into the test room now?

1. (Could / come)

MR H: Yes, _ certainly
2.
. Please show your registration form

__
as you come in.
SOFIA: My brother isn’t taking the test. in the
3. (Do you mind si.iv)

room with me?

MR H: Yes, _ 4.
. Only people with tickets are allowed
inside.
ROSA: a pen to write my name on the test
5. (May / use)
booklet?
MR H: NO, . You must use a pencil. And everyone
6.
please remember, the test until I tell you to.
7. {( «in'l si iii ! )

ROSA: Jamie, this pencil? I only brought a pen.

JAMIE: ___ Take it. I’ve brought several.
MR H: OK, _ your test booklets and read the
instructions now.
JEAN: I’m late because my train broke down. in?
-lea
MR H: NO, . We’ve already started the test.
12.
 '

3
i
123

1§~ ASK •Li/cy and Car! are going to a concert Read each situation. M/rife questions to ask
f|y| for permission. Use the words in brackets.
Carl wants his friend Bob to come.
1.

CARL: I have an extra ticket.

_ Do you mind if Dob comes?
(Do you mini! il)

2. Carl wants to use Lucy’s phone to call Bob.

CARL: Great. I’ll call him right now. _
(Could)
3. Carl wants to park in front of the stadium.
CARL: We’re going to the concert, Officer. _
(May)
4. Lucy, Bob and Carl want to move up a few rows. Bob asks an usher.
BOB: All those seats are empty.
(Could)
5. Carl wants to record the concert. Lucy asks the usher first.
LUCY: My friend brought a tape recorder. _
(Can)
6. Lucy hates the music. She wants to leave.
LUCY: This music is giving me a headache.
(Do you mind if)

1 Pft EDIT •Find the mistake in each item and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter
of the incorrect word or phrase Then correct tin mhtake.
, come
1. Can he es on the train with me or does he need a ticket? CD €D CD CD
A B (' n
2. I’m sorry, he couldn’t. Only passengers can board the train. CD CD CD CD
A B C D
3. Could I swapped seats with you? I’d like to sit next to my son. CD CD CD CD
A B C I)

4. Yes, you could. Go ahead. I’m getting off soon. CD CD CD CD

A B V 1)

5. Mum, may I to have some sweets? I’m hungry. CD CD CD CD

A B (' I)

6. No, you mayn’t. I’m sorry, but you’ve already had enough sweets. CD CD CD CD
.\ I! r l)

• Do you mind if he play his computer game? CD CD CD CD

C i: r ij
&ÿ Yes, I do . He can play if he wants. It won’t bother me. CD CD CD CD
S. I’m still hungry. Can we’ll get a sandwich soon? CD CD CD CD
FT l: (

10. Not at all. We can go and find the buffet car. CD CD CD CD

A i! i• TT :

J
 jJLW
m = T ; Bequests;
j
4* Will, Can, Could,
Would,
Would you mind . . 9
_ c, *

y\

p
P
. JL
•vÿÿ-yrrri

¥
!
M M dr-i~lu f'C\
'W. Tick the correct answer.
I ..... •v

I :LU The businessman is

Li giving an order.
:

Maas 1 asking someone to do something.

U
ll asking for information.

NOTE: 999 is the emergency telephone

number in the United Kingdom.
'Miss Fleming, would you mind dialling 999for me?’

CHART CHECK1 QUESTIONS: WILL/CAN/WOULD/COULD

Circle T (True) or WILL/CAN/ BASE FORM
F (False). WOULD/COULD* SUBJECT OF VERB
T F You can use will
would and Can ;
could in you post this for me?
questions but Would
NOT in short Could
answers to *These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
requests.
SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Yes, sure
Of course (I -an). >
j
I'm sorry, but I ain't.
Certainly.

QUESTIONS: WOULD YOU MIND . . .7

WOULD YOU MIND GERUND
Would you mind posting this for me?

124
 a 125

CHART CHECK 2 SHORT ANSWERS

Tick the correct answer. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Not at ai! means: No, not at all.
I'm sorry, but I can't.
OK O no I'd be glad to.

EXPRESS
i Complete this conversation.
A: you mind filing these reports now?
B: , _ at all.
A: Thanks. And _ you answer the phone, please?
B: Sorry, but I . My hands are full.

Cif - ¥: % pistfi&ikw
king.
1. Use will, can, would and could to ask someone
to do something.
We often use will and can for informal requests. SISTER: Will you answer the phone?
ne Can you turn down the TV?
im.
We use would and could to make requests Boss: Would you type this report?
more polite. Could you make ten copies?

2. We also use please with will, can, would and a Please couid you close the door?
could to make the request even more polite. OR
Note the word order. a Could you close the door, please?

f 3. We also use Would you mind + gerund A: Would you mind waiting for a few minutes?
(without please) to make polite requests. Mr Collins is still at a meeting.
B: Not at all.
Note that a negative answer means that you
(OK. I'll do it.)
will do what the person requests.

; 4. People usually expect us to say yes to polite A: Could you take this to Susan Lane's office
requests. When we cannot say yes, we usually for me?
r apologise and give a reason. B: . Vo >u;ry, I <.an I. I'm expecting an important
phone call.
f
BE CAREFUL! DO not use would or could to A: I'm cold. Would you shut the window, please?
I. answer polite requests. B: Certainly.

1
1
 TF~
&!
126 £
’

i . | IDENTIFY •Marcia has got a new colleague. Read their conversations. Underline ail the
polite requests.

1. MARCIA: Hi. You must be the new office assistant. I’m Marcia Jones. Let me know if
you need anything.
LORNA: Thanks, Marcia. Could you show me where the photocopier is?
;

MARCIA: Certainly. It’s over here.

2. LORNA: Marcia, would you show me how to use the fax machine?
'
MARCIA: Yes, sure. Just put your fax in here and dial the number.
3. MARCIA: I’m going to lunch. Would you like to come?
LORNA: Thanks, but I can’t just now. I’m really busy.
MARCIA: Do you want a sandwich from the coffee shop?
,
LORNA: That would be great. Can you get me a tuna sandwich and a coffee, please?
MARCIA: NO problem. Will you answer my phone until I get back?
LORNA: Of course.
4. MARCIA: Lorna, would you mind making some tea?
LORNA: I’m sorry, but I can’t do it now. I’ve got to finish this letter by 2:00.

'

:
CHOOSE •Lorna's flatmate, jane, is having problems today. Tick the appropriate
response to each of jane's requests.

1. Lorna, please would you drive me into town today? My car won’t start.
a. Yes, I would. b. S I’d be glad to.
:
2. Would you mind lending me five pounds? I’m getting paid tomorrow. 1
:
a. Not at all. b. Yes. :

3. Lorna, can you take these books back to the library for me? I’m running late.
_ I’m late, too. Sorry. b. No, I can’t.
Could you lock the door on your way out? My hands are full.
_ Yes, I could. Of course.
Can you turn the radio down? I need to study this morning.
cl. Certainly. b. Not at all.
6. Will you pick up some milk on the way home this afternoon?
a. No, I won’t. b. Sorry. I’ll be at work until 8:00.
 '
J ‘/Vfuiti yuu m;na ... / a 127
i
I
US’ I CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Use the appropriate imperative from the box to complete
these requests. Use please when possible, and make any necessary changes.

Buy some cereal. Call back later. CEsSÿdre-vsisdiES;

File these reports. Shut the door. Turn on the lights.

1. Can _ you close the window, please? It’s freezing in here.

•-
Could _ I’ve finished reading them.
2.
Would you mind
_ It’s too dark in here.
3.

4. Will
_ We don’t have any left.
5. Could _ Ms Blake is on another call just now.
6. Would _ There’s too much noise in the hall!

EDIT •Read these requests from Marcia's boss and Marcia's answers (in bold type). Find
py|§ and correct six mistakes in making and responding to requests. The first mistake has
already been corrected.
u_,

SuBj: Sales Meeting -Reply

DATE: 04-11-03 12:14:39 EST

To:
CC:
FROM: MarciaJones@dataline.com
JohnStone@dataline.com
AnnChalke@dataline.com
»> <JohnStone@dataline.com> 04/11/03 10:37am>»
-
could you
The meetings are going well but they have been extended by a day. Please you could call
* Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our sales meeting? -
Not at all. I’ll do it straightaway.
:
' We’ll need three extra copies of the monthly sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to
that?
Yes, I would. (Ann—Could you do this?) ,

I hate to ask but would you mind to work on Saturday? We’ll need the extra time to go over
the new information I’ve got.
Sorry, but I couldn’t. My in-laws are coming to stay. But Rob Dixon says he can come
in to help out.

One last thing. I was going to pick up those new business cards but I won’t be back in time.
Would you mind doing that for me?
Yes, I would. I’ll stop at the printer’s during my lunch break.
 '
r :
;

ULN » T
m h Advices
h!
:kii
it i
Should, Ought to,
Had bette
:

j!
I really don’t I :

!? mind starting at the

bottom and working my
way to the top. ./ f
POINT
1
J: 0

Si: Check the correct answer. r

0 The interviewer is suggesting a Maybe you I
type of job for the applicant. ought to consider
0 a job as a lift
!ÿ
;
The interviewer is telling the
applicant how to be successful. operator. l
r
CHART CHECK 1 STATEMENTS: SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER i
Circle T (True) or SHOULD/OUGHT TO/ BASE FORM
| ••
F (False).
T F The same form
SUBJECT HAD BETTER*
should (not)
OF VERB
1
of the verb I/He/She/We/You/They ought cc i souk for a new job.
|i;! follows should,
had better (not)
ought to and
had better. *Should and ought to are modals. Had better is similar to a modal.
These forms do not have -s in the third person singular.
NOTE: For contractions of should not and had better, see Appendix 24 on page 346. I

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: SHORT ANSWERS

Tick the correct
SHOULD 3
i. answer. BASE
SHOULD SUBJECT FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
In questions about i

....
advice, we usually use: i you you i
Should look? Yes, should. No, shouldn't.
1;.; 0 should he he he -
0
0
ought to
had better
WH- QUESTIONS: SHOULD
.
I
.! ; WH- WORD j SHOULD j SUBJECT j BASE FORM I :
!
:
i Where for a new job?
J _ in
j should i ,
1
i. i

Ill
I 128 j
i
!; :
 s 129

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation.
A: They’re looking for a cashier at McDonald’s. _ I apply for the job?
B: you . You can get more money working at
the bookshop.

it »•••*? EiiantpS'Ss
V

1. Use should and ought to to say that something Mark should get a new job.
is advisable. He shouldn't leave school yet.
USAGE NOTE: Should is more common than He ought to read the job ads.
ought to. NOT COMMON -He-ougbt-not-to-quit.

2. Use had better for urgent advice - when you You'd better leave now or you'll be late.
believe that something bad will happen if the
person does not follow the advice.
I USAGE NOTE: We usually use the contraction for You 'd better apply for more than one job.
had better. NOT -Yeu-had- better apply . . :
The negative of had better is had better not. You'd better not be late.
NOT You'd not better-be late:
>- BE CAREFUL! Had better always refers to the M We'd better take the bus now.
present or the future, never to the past (even You'd better call them back tomorrow.
though it uses the word had).

3. Use should for questions. We do not usually use Should I apply for that job?
ought to or had better for questions. When should I apply?

4. It is usually considered impolite to give FRIEND: Should I shake hands with the
advice to people of equal or higher status interviewer?
(such as friends or bosses) unless they ask for it. You: Yes, you should.
Boss: Where should I take our client to lunch?
You: I think you should go to Luigi's.
When we give unasked-for advice, we often Myra, maybe you ought to appj/ for this job.
soften it with maybe, perhaps or i think.
130 a

j jgjjk READ •Look at these job search tips.

•You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job.
•You’d better not leave your present job before you find a new one.
•You shouldn’t tell your boss that you are looking for a new job.
•You ought to apply for several jobs at once.
•You shouldn’t immediately ask an interviewer about job benefits.
•You should always give the interviewer accurate salary information.

ANSWER •Tick the things that are OK to do, according to the tips.
1. 0 tell your friends about your job search 4. 0 leave your job during your search
2. Cl tell your boss about your job search 5. Cl apply for several jobs at once
3. ask about job benefits straight away 6. Cl tell the interviewer your real salary

CHOOSE •Read this advice for job seekers. Complete it with the correct words.

Reader's Weekly Volume II, Issue 23

f A Tant or need a new job? When’s the best time to start looking? Right now!

You ’d better not delay, or you’ll start to feel ‘stuck in a rut’.

1. (ought to / fci better not)

These tips will help:

A lot of people wait until after the holidays to look for a job. That means there’s less

competition for you at this time of year. You wait!

2. (shouldn't / should)
Too busy at work to go to interviews? Early morning interviews have fewer interruptions. You
ask for interviews before nine o’clock.
3. (diould / 'd htdh-i no! i
If you are laid off, you _ take a lower-paid job just to get
4. ('ÿÿ I hi'llur / shout in'! i
work. If your new salary is low. vour employer won’t appreciate your skills. 1!' possible, you

ask for a salary that matches your skills.

5.
However, money isn’t everything! You take a position
6. eminl hr
with a company you dislike, or von won't do a good job there.

Don't talk about salary too soon. You . wait - learn about
7. ( tw'luf / shouicin’t )
the job and talk about your skills first.
*
 m
f >J ai ivin B 131

COMPLETE •Ken Lang's boss has invited him to dinner at his home. Complete Ken's
1 conversation with his friend, Scott. Use should, ought to or had better and the
words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative.
\ KEN: How should I dress?
1. (How / dress?)
In a suit?
SCOTT: YOU don’t have to wear a suit. 2. (look / neat)
i
but you can wear casual clothes.
KEN: ;
3. (What time / arrive?)
SCOTT: It’s really important to be on time. Your boss and his wife are expecting you
ii31
at 7:00, so . It’s OK to be a little
4. (arrive after 7:15)
late but don’t make them wait too long for you!
KEN:
5. (take a gift?)
SCOTT: Yes, but get something small.
6. (buy an expensive gift)
It would embarrass them.
KEN: ;
7. (What / buy?)
SCOTT: I think
8. (get some flowers)
;
i'
d, EDIT •Read this tetter.Fir, d and core:*
The first mistake has already been corrected.

1;
Ii!
Vear Tom,,
i:
We are so happy to hear aboutyour newjob. Congratulations!Just remember - you

; shouldnJtJtJwork too hard. The, most important thing just now isyour studies. (I

Maybeyou, better work, only two days a, week, instead, of three,. Also, we think,you’d
better ask,your bossfor time off during the exams. That wayyouill haveplenty of
time to study. You would better give this a, lot
of careful thought, OK? Please take
good care ofyourself. Yould not better start skipping meals andyou definitely '

shouldnlt worked at night. Atyour age,you shall alwaysget plenty of sleep. Doyou
need anythingfrom, home? Should we send any ofyour books? Let us know. i
-

:
!
With, love,

Mum and, Dad

t
 I
l

IJLI 1£
Suggestionsÿ
mm Could, Why don ’t?,
M
"i:v
Why not?, Let's, Shall we?, f-
I
How about?

Let’s Travel! i
i
Going to Germany?
AS
£
HOSTELLING L-
m V .
;

Why not stay at a youth hostel?

How about a magnificent one m
POINT :t
like Altena Castle? Altena is also Circle T (True) or F (False).
fun and cheap. So, why don’t

you make our castle your home? BMmB Altena Cast It*. (ItTmanv
T F The questions in the
advert are asking for
information about
youth hostels.
f

3
*
COULD
.
CHART CHECK I
Tick the correct (MAYBE) ! SUBJECT COULD* BASE FORM
answer.
(IViaybe) j l/he/she/we/you/they could stay in a castle.
The verb after could,
why don't, why not, *Could is a modal. It does not have -s in the third person singular.
shall we or let's
WHY DON'T?
O changes for
different subjects. WHY DON'T SUBJECT BASE FORM
O does not change for don't l/we/you/they
different subjects. Why stay in a castle?
doesn't he/she
*-
a
WHY NOT? LET'S
WHY NOT BASE FORM LET'S (NOT) BASE FORM
Why not stay there? Let's (not) stay there. :*

CHART CHECK 2 HOW ABOUT? SHALL WE?

| Circle T (True) or HOW ABOUT GERUND/NOUN SHALL WE BASE FORM
j F (Fai'ic).
staying in a castle? > Shall we j stay at Altena?
T F Suggestions | How about _! L
with Haw I a castle?
L. . .
about? have .
only one form.

132 I >
i
m
 IP H.Ov t <-:bOul ' 2 133

f miss
Add the correct punctuation.
i!
Let’s take the train- Maybe we could take the train.

I Why not take the train. How about the train

_
:
C?«#*»««a %' t z t Examples
i
1. Use Lei's, (Maybe) . . . could, Why don't/ A: Let's go somewhere this summer.
doesn't, Why not, Shall we and How about to B: Maybe we could go to Germany.
make suggestions. A: Why don't we ask Luke to go with us?
S
B: Good idea. Why doesn't Tom cai! him
tonight?
A: Why not call him right now?
B: How about staying at a youth hostel?

or I A: How about Altena Castle?

B: Shall we go by train?

> BE CAREFUL! When someone uses Why not and SUGGESTION

Why don't/doesn't to make a suggestion, these A: Why don't you visit Jill in Hong Kong?
expressions are not information questions. The B: That's a good idea.
speaker does not expect to receive information
INFORMATION QUESTION
from the listener.
A: Why don't you eat meat?
B: Because I'm a vegetarian.

2. Let's and Shall we always include the speaker. m Let's go to Hong Kong.
They mean: Here's a suggestion for you and me. (I suggest that we go to Hong Kong.)
a Shall we visit Jill?

1
3. Note the different forms to use with BASE FORM OF THE VERB
these expressions. Let's take the train.
Maybe we could take the train.
a Why don't we take the train?
E3 Why not take the train?

GERUND OR NOUN
m How about taking the train?
a How about, the train?

!
4. Notice the punctuation at the end of each STATEMENTS
kind of suggestion. a Let's stay at a hostel.
Vinyh: we midd stay at a hostel.
QUESTIONS
o Why don't we stay at a hostel?
n Why not stay at a hostel?
'
Shali we stay at a hostel?
m How about staying at a hostel?
a How about a hostel?
134 H
r
IDENTIFY •Emily and Megan are visiting Hong Kong. Read their conversation. Underline
'J§i all the suggestions.

EMILY: Why don’t we go to the races? I hear they’re really exciting.

MEGAN: I’d like to but I need to go shopping.
EMILY: Then let’s go to the Temple Street Market tonight. We might even see some
Chinese opera in the street while we’re there.
MEGAN: That sounds like fun. If we do that, why not go to the races this afternoon?
|
EMILY: OK, but let’s get something to eat first in one of those floating restaurants. i
'

MEGAN: I don’t think we’ll have time. Maybe we could do that tomorrow. Shall we get
;
dim sum at the Kau Kee Restaurant next door? Then we could take the Star
Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the racecourse.
EMILY: Sounds good. For tomorrow, why not take one of those small boats — kaido — to
Lantau Island? When we come back, we could have dinner at the Jumbo Palace.
MEGAN: Let’s do that. It’s a bit expensive but at least it floats!

•
j COMPLETE Read these conversations. Complete them with the appropriate expression
LJ%! brackets.
Li
1. A: I feel like having seafood for dinner but we went to Tai Pak for seafood last night.
B: Why not go again? The food’s great and so is the view.
(Why not / Let's not)
2. A: I’m really tired. have a rest before we go out?
(Lei's / Shall we)
B: That’s a good idea. I’m tired, too. ;
3. A: I want to explore downtown Hong Kong.
B: take a minibus? We’ll see a lot more that way.
(Lei's not / Why don't we)
4. A: A group of foreign students has just checked in at the hostel.
B: ask them to join us for dinner.
(Mow « i ! > t Hit / i\K:vhe W<-
;
5. A: I still need to buy some souvenirs before we leave.
B: go shopping after dinner.
(Ini's ,is. ill
A: I don’t want to go home tomorrow. I’m having a really good time here.
B: So am I. leave tomorrow.
(i i *1 no! . Why not)

l
,
 135

P&T CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete the suggestions with phrases
> from the box. Add pronouns and change the verbs as necessary. Punctuate correctly.

take a trip together try that new seafood place BujPtickefsL

go to the beach buy another one
;
1. A: There’s an Oasis concert at the Hong Kong Convention Centre next weekend.
B: We’re near there now. Maybe we could buy tickets.
_
2. A: It’s going to be hot tomorrow.
B: I know. How about _
A: These jackets are in the sale. Maybe we could buy one for Brian’s birthday.
3.
__
B: We got him a jacket last year. Let’s not
A: I don’t know what to next
doI’m of summer. sick doing nothing.
4.

B: Me too. Shall we
_
5. A: I’m hungry.
B: Let’s
_
I%- j EDIT •Read these notes. Find ana correct •.-... .. .. ....
lÿall The first one has already been corrected. Don't forget to check the punctuation.

3:00 4:00
Megan
Emily l-.oo for dinner is fine.
I’m yoiny shoppiny. I'll be back, at Shall we going to see a film afterwards.
5:00. Let's eatmy at 7:00. OK? See you later.
Meyan E.

5:00 M-
tmih) G-.00
Lets not eat at the same restaurant
I’m going to be too tiredfor a film.
tonight? Why don’t we trying a new
Magbc we conLi just hanging around
place? How about Broadway
the- hostel after dinner. Let's talk about Seafood.
I’ll meet you downstairs at l-.oo.
it later. I’m yoiny to have a nap.
E.
M.

fcig -
 "ÿTf

i .
JJJf iT
Preferences: :

;
*
W V
:ztSMsk~:
Prefer,
Would rather
Wou
prefer,
‘

i
Preferred Teen Pastimes Around the World
; 52 80
I <V
DO

£ 60 !
:
i
£
o 40
«y
DO
ro
c 20
s
-a 1 0
POINT
Tick the main point of the bar graph.
Teenagers like watching TV,
£ o reading books and listening to
watch TV read listen to shop music.
music
0 Teenagers like watching TV more
Teenagers around the world prefer watching TV to all than they like doing other things.
other leisure-time activities.
h

I CHART CHECK!
Tick the correct
; answer.
—i- j SUBJECT
STATEMENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
(WOULD) PREFER NOUN/GERUND/INFINITIVE

; Which word(s) can

S 1 l/We/You*/They >3 refer newspapers (to magazines).
reading newspapers (to reading books).
j you use with all
[ subjects? He/She prefers (not) to read newspapers.

| 0 prefer I/He/She/We/You/They
would prefer newspapers (to magazines)

J 0 ('d
would prefer
prefer) *You is both singular and plural.
d prefer (not) to read newspapers.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/ NO QUESTIONS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER

Tick the correct DO/WOULD SUBJECT PREFER NOUN/GERUND/INFINITIVE
answer.
Do you/they newspapers?
i "Which two forms
reading newspapers?
I of the verb can Does he/she prefer
to read newspapers?
I follow prefer ?
newspapers?
0 the base form or you/they/he/she
to read newspapers?
the gerund
0 the gerund or
SHORT ANSWERS
the infinitive
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
l/we/they do. l/we/they don't.
Yes, he/she does. No, he/she doesn't.

l/we/they/he/she would. l/we/they/he/she wouldn't. .

.
136 2
I
 fr
5Visf a -'srsce s: /" vVoatil nr a 137

STATEMENTS: WOULD RATHER

SUBJECT WOULD RATHER BASE FORM OF VERB
would rather read newspapers (than read magazines).
I/He/She/We/You/They
'd rather (not) read newspapers.

YES/NO QUESTIONS: WOULD RATHER SHORT ANSWERS

WOULD SUBJECT RATHER BASE FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Would she rather read? Mo, she wouldn't.
Yes, she would.
She'd rather not.
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this sentence.
I’d rather read / to read than / to shop, but Jo prefers shop / shopping.
!
1. Use prefer, would prefer and would rather a We usually prefer Italian food to French.
a to talk about things that you like more than I'd prefer to have Chinese food tonight.
1 other things. H I'd rather cook at home than at Jane's place.

USAGE NOTE: We often use prefer for a general Which do you prefer - chicken or prawn?
preference and would prefer or would rather Would you prefer chicken or prawn curry
for a preference in a particular situation. tonight?

noun
2. Prefer may be followed by a noun, a gerund or a I usually prefer vegetables to meat.
an infinitive. gerund
Does Bill prefer staying in or going out?
infinitive*
I prefer to read whenever I have any free time.
noun
Would prefer may be followed by a noun or an I think Sam would prefer the book to the CD.
infinitive. infinitive
a We'd both prefer to go out tonight.
base lorm
Would rather can be followed by only the a I'd rather stay at home tonight.
base form of the verb.
USAGE NOTE: We often use I'd rather not, by A: Would you like some dessert?
itself, to refuse an offer, suggestion or invitation. B: I'd rather not. I've had enough to eat.

BE CAREFUL! The negative of I'd rather is I'd rather rot have dessert.
I'd rather not. Nor 4-"would n'-t ra t h e r h a ve~d css c r t .

3. For comparisons, we can use to after Jack prefers comedies to action films.
prefer + noun or gerund. i jrf Ui Hi ijiiiiiid
a I'd prefer walking to swimming.
inlinilivr
We can also use than after a I'd prefer to stay at home tonight than go to a
would prefer + infinitive. restaurant.
b.iv Inrm bust* !.
We can use than after a I'd rather watch football than play it.
would rather + base form of the verb.

m
1

!:
\
I
138

i
(
_
.

j TRUE OR FALSE •Jim ranked some activities from 1 to 8 according to his preferences
S-j (1 - his favourite), look at his list. Then read each numbered sentence and write
T (True) or F (Fa's::).

Preferred Activities
Jk_ listen to music
_ go swimming
5
T 1.

2.
He prefers listening to music to playing the guitar.
He’d rather go hiking than go swimming.
"W

A_ go cycling 3. He prefers swimming to cycling.

J_ watch TV 4. He’d rather not watch TV.
8 cooking 5. He prefers cooking to reading.
1
k. _ play the guitar 6. He prefers watching TV to reading.
7 go hiking 7. He’d probably prefer a concert to a walk in the
countryside.
h_ read

s CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Jim and Anna are discussing their evening plans. Complete their
amvenaHo::.
short ans vvirs.
/ould rather (not) with one of the verbs in the box or by itself in
•

have cook see stay. go

__ _
ANNA: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
JIM: I’d rather stay at home and watch TV.
i.
ANNA: Sounds good. Maybe we could make some dinner later.
JIM: tonight. I’m too tired.
2.
ANNA: OK. you to
3.
a restaurant instead?
JIM: Let’s order some pizza.
ANNA: How about a pepperoni pizza?
JIM: . Pepperoni gives me indigestion.
mushrooms than pepperoni if that’s OK.
ANNA: NO problem. Do you want to watch the Stephen King thriller at 8:00?
JIM: . I don’t like his films.
6.
ANNA: Well ... there’s a comedy on at 8:00 and a documentary at 8:30.
JIM: the comedy. I need a laugh.
 £3 139

COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with prefer, would prefer or
. would rather. Use prefer to state general preferences. Complete the comparisons
with to or than.
Would
1. A: We’re going to Rome again next week. you
prefer to take the train or to fly this time?
B: You know me. I always the plane the train.
t
* . 2. A: have the aisle seat the window seat.
B: That’s fine with me. I the window seat. That way I can look out.
I A: Where would you like to stay? In a hotel or a pensions?
1 3.

B: Oh, I _ to stay in a pensione this time. It’s more personal.

4. A: eating in small trattorias eating in
a..
big restaurants.
B: Me too. They’re less expensive and the food is always delicious.
5. A: Speaking of food, you make the best spaghetti in the world.

: B: Thanks, but I order it in a restaurant ___

s make it at home!
*
6. A: When in Rome, you _ drinking tea or coffee?
B: I definitely _ coffee tea. You know what
they say, ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do!’

f
.

;
m EDIT •Read Anna's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of prefer and
would rather. The first mistake has already been corrected.

For my research, I interviewed fifty men and women. There was no

difference in men’s and women’s TV preferences. I found that everyone prefers
to
watching TV than going to the cinema. Men and women both enjoy news
programmes and documentaries. However, men would rather watching adventure
programmes and science fiction, while women prefer soap operas. Men also like

to watch all kinds of sport but women would rather see game shows to sports.
Reading preferences differ, too. Men prefer to reading newspapers, while women
would rather read magazines and books. When men read books, they prefer read

non-fiction and adventure stories. Women are preferring novels.

 1
!! !

»
Si
SJ
fsEgiiof ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE
Jennifer never coffee. A (B) C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. —Would you shut the door, please? A B C D

(A) Certainly. (C) Yes, I could.

i (B) No, I can’t. (D) Yes, I would.
2. Why _ a movie tonight? A B C D
(A) about seeing (C) not seeing
(B) don’t we see (D) we don’t see
:
3. Sonia can’t speak German yet but after a few lessons A B C D
she speak a little.
(A) can (C) is able to ,

(B) could (D) will be able to

_ __ _
4. In 1998, Tara Lipinski win the gold medal in A B C D
figure skating at the Winter Olympics.
(A) can (C) will be able to
(B) could (D) was able to

5. I make new friends since I moved here. A B C D

(A) can’t (C) haven’t been able to
(B) couldn’t (D) ’m not able to
:
6. She _ better not arrive late. A B C D
(A) did (C)’d
(B) has (D) would
7. ——Do__mindDoifyouI borrow
you a chair?
need only one?
A B C D

(A) I’m sorry. (C) Yes, I do.

(B) Not at all. (D) Yes, I would.

8. Would you mind me tomorrow? A B C D

(A) call (C) to call
(B) calling (D) if you call

9. I’d rather __ the film. I hear it’s very good. A B C D

(A) watch (C) watching
(B) to watch (D) not watch

140
?

Steen*.
 141

10. You miss the deadline or you’ll have to pay a fine. A B C D

(A) better not (C) ’d better not
.
(B) ’d better (D) had no better

11.
_ take
the train instead of the bus? It’s faster. A B C D
(A) How about (C) Why don’t
y: (B) Let’s (D) Why not
12. Could my sister to class with me tomorrow? A B C D
.I (A) come (C) coming
1: (B) comes (D) to come

13. I have dessert. I’m trying to lose some weight. A B C D

(A) ’d rather (C) ’d prefer
(B) ’d rather not (D) ’d prefer not

: 14. Jamie prefers working at home working in an office. A B C D

* (A) more (C) that
1
? (B) than (D) to
ri-
fSECTBOi*s| TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

I EXAMPLE:
. Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. ABC (6)
* A B c D

15. When I was ten, I could swim but I wasn’t able dive. A B C D
A B C D

16. Why don’t we have dinner and then go and see Possible Dreams A B C D
A B C D

1 7. You drove for seven hours today so maybe you’d not better drive tonight. A B C D
A B C D

18. Will you mind bringing your camera to the party tomorrow ? A B C D
A B C D

19. Dad, may Jim borrows the car tomorrow or does Mum need it? A B C D
A B CD

20. I can’t help you so maybe you should to ask Mary. A B C D

A B c n
21. Should I bring flowers to Lisa’s or should I giving her chocolates? A B C D
B C

22. Maybe you ought than just bring flowers. A B C D

A B C D
23. Sarah celebrated last year because she could win the race. A B C D
A B C 0

24. ILs really late so let’s we go out to dinner tonight. A B C D

A BCD

25. Wiry would you rather stay at home to go out tonight? A B C D

A B C D
!

JL
 j
IP

MM
'
iT
>7:

'V
l
Neoessifys i
% *
Have (got) to
mwDP!
.

and Must I ,

POINT
O
?»
VS* DW1
Tick the correct answer.
a
i
Using a seat belt is: i
d a requirement
Id a choice ;
You must fasten your seat belt. 1
It's the law.
.

CHART CHECK 1 AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: I

HAVE (COT) TO
I Circle T (True) or
| F (False). HAVE TO/ BASE FORM I-'
i T F We use have SUBJECT HAVE COT TO OF VERB CONTRACTIONS
got to in I/We/You/They Have got to = 'vc got
affirmative go.
and negative I He/She/It has (got) to I Has got to = 's got to
statements.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE TO
SUBJECT Do NOT HAVE TO BASE FORM 1
I/We/You/They don't 1
have to go. i
I
! He/She/It doesn't
'
YES/NO QUESTIONS: HAVE TO SHORT ANSWERS 1
CHART CHECK 2 '•

! i
Tick the correct BASE
answer. Do ! SUBJECT I HAVE TO j FORM ; AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
!
In questions with we you you
have to, what comes --j have to | go? j : W« •
before the subject? he he he
d a form of do
Id a form of have <;
STATEMENTS: MUST
j SUBJECT MUST* (NOT) BASE FORM CONTRACTION |
i l - - |
| l/He/She/lt/We/You/They | must (not) j go.
!
must not = mustn't j
*Mmt is a modal. It does not take -s in the third person singular.

142
I
 .s : Vi a 143

. EXPRESS
m Complete this conversation. Use one word for each blank.
-she
A: Why wear her seat belt?
=1
B: It’s the law. Everyone wear a seat belt.

'I 1. Use have to, have got to and must to

express necessity.
a. Have to is the most common expression in Everyone has to pass a driving test before
everyday use. getting a driving licence.
b. Have got to often expresses strong feelings He's got to drive more slowly. I'm afraid
in speaking and informal writing. he's going to have an accident.
c. Must is used in writing (forms, signs, notices). You must stop completely at a stop sign.
Must is used in spoken English, when
•the speaker is in a position of power. jamie, you must clean your room today.
(mother talking to her young child)
•there is urgent necessity. m You really must talk to your boss about a pay rise.
(friend talking to a friend)
BE CAREFUL! Don't have tv and must not You don't have to perk here.
have very different meanings. (See Unit 34.) (It isn't necessary to park here.)
u You must not park here.
(You can't park here. It's not allowed.)

2. Use the correct form of have to for all tenses After his accident, Gary had to take time off
L. and forms. work, (past simple)
Sheila has had to wear glasses since she was
five years old. (present perfect)
I'll have to drive tomorrow, (future)
Use have got to and must only for the present I've got to wear glasses all the time.
or the future. Everyone must take an eye test tomorrow.

3. Use for most questions. Paul hr. . ;o ri; .?

-‘tier,

(We rarely use have got to or must for questions.) When will he have to leave?

:
'
144 s wan 33
Tr
I I
,Y; IDENTIFY •Ben Leonard is moving from London to California. Read his telephone
conversation with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Underline the words that
talk about necessity.

DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May I help you?

BEN: I’m moving to the States soon. ivt

DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an American licence. '

BEN: When will I have to get my licence? |

DMV: You have to replace your old licence ten days after you become a resident. i
So come in and apply for your licence when you get here.
BEN: Do I have to take any tests to exchange my British licence for an American one?
'

DMV: Since you already have a British licence, you won’t have to take the full driving -

test. You will only have to take the written test.

BEN: HOW about an eye test? i
DMV: Oh, everyone has got to take an eye test. ;
BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You’ve been very helpful.

\ COMPLETE •Read this conversation. Complete it with the correct form of have to or i
have got to and the verbs in brackets. Use have got to and give short answers

_
whenever possible.

BEN: When do you have to use the car?

1. fuse)
ANN: I Jim’s football gear pretty soon. Why?
2. (pick up)
you still the oil?
3. (change)
BEN: NO, . I did it early this morning. Oh, and
4.
I bought some film.
ANN: Oh, you _ _ that. I bought three rolls yesterday.
BEN: We ___ 5. (not do)
lots of pictures on the trip.
Jim still
ANN: NO, _ 8.
7. k'i
. He’s done his packing and gone to Sara’s to
say goodbye. Why?
BEN: He .. me clean out the car. It’s full of his stuff.
9. (help) :

ANN: I’ll call him again. It’s difficult for him to leave his friends.
I him to come home twice already.
10. pall! :
 •v a 145

KH CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Look at these signs. Use the verbs from the box to complete the
sentences about things you must do and must not do.
SPEED
LIMIT I KEEP
55
MINIMUM
RIGHT LEFT

'
ONLY 45 ft (Ms

turn drive ride walk

1. You must turn left.

2. You right.
You over 40 mph.
i
3.

4. You
_ over 55 mph.
5. Cyclists _ _ on the left.
6. Pedestrians _ on the left.

EDIT •Read Jim's letter to Sure, rind and correct seven mistakes in expressing necessity.
The first mistake has already been corrected.

.
Dear Sara,
How are you doing? We've been here about six weeks, it's strange living in
'

the Uniteal States.

got
There's no public transport, so you've drive everywhere. I had to signs up
i. for driving lessons so I can get my licence by the summer. It's the law here that
everyone musts wear a seat belt. I used to hate wearing a seat belt but with the
traffic here, I have changed my mind. There are a lot of motorways and you've got
know how to change lanes with a lot of fast traff ic. Even my mum have had to get
used to it. Dad works from home, so he hasn't has to do a lot of driving.
Have you beaten those computer games yet? I'm having a lot of trouble with
'Doom', you got to write to me and tell me how to get past the f ifth level!

dim
 fU
t"i
I;
MM 1 T Choices Don't have to
ji
Mo Choices Must not
:: j -ai and Can’t 1
A

ji’

/J
'§
,
vt
fgft,
m zl O
rx?ive«5
A MUST NOT
ONI
THE
PARK
to r 2EBBA Cÿcssws!
j 32«
T7V
i'
t 7//
0® V'
Tfo 'U&Vt i
i

POINT I
Check the correct answer.
The driver can choose to
O park on the zebra crossing. CJ stop to ask for directions.

CHART CHECK 1 DON'T HAVE TO

Tick the correct SUBJECT Do NOT HAVE TO BASE FORM OF VERB
. answer.
I/We/You/They don't stop i
:! Which part of do not have to here. 1
have to changes for He/She/It doesn't park
different subjects?
O do O have

CHART CHECK 2 MUST NOT

Circle (True) or MUST* j BASE FORM
i
I | SUBJECT NOT

T F The form of
I j l/He/She/lt/We/You/They j must not Stop ! here.

:mi I.1.;' and

can't changes CAN'T
for different
subjects. SUBJECT \ CAN'T* I BASE FORM
L l/He/She/lt/We/You/They | can't stop here.

‘These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singular.

M6
i
#>
 1 a 147

r >•* EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
stop •He •have •here •to •doesn’t
Y&

must •fast •You •not •drive •too

Gnunmar
1. Have to and must have similar meanings. They You have to stop at the stop sign.
both express the idea that something is You must stop at the stop sign.
necessary or required.
Don't/Doesn't have to and must not have very
§ different meanings.
:k
.

a. Don't/Doesn't have to expresses that You don't have to drive. I can do it.
;;;; something is not necessary. It means that He doesn't have to turn here. He can turn

m there is another possibility. There is a choice.

b. Must not expresses prohibition. It means
at the next junction.
You must not use the car without
that something is not allowed or is against my permission.
the law. There is no choice. You must not drive without a licence.
It's against the law.

2. Must not is used to express prohibition You must not use your hooter unnecessarily.
ifS in writing, including official forms, signs
and notices.
3BP&*
USAGE NOTE: In spoken English, we do not We can't park here. There are double yellow
usually use must not when talking to or about lines.
I another adult. We use can't instead.
Sometimes people use must not to tell a child jane, you mustn't take off your seat belt
that there is no choice in a situation. while the car is moving.
>
3. You can use not have to for all tenses You don't have to drive, (present simple)
and forms. She won't have to renew her driving licence
next year, (future)
u We haven't aad to pay a lot of parking fines
this year, (present perfect)
They didn't have l a written test
last year. Now it's compulsory, (past simple)
Must not refers only to the present or the Drivers must not park on double yellow lines.
future, not the past. i must not forget to fill up with petrol
tomorrow.
To refer to the past, use had/didn't have to. B I didn't have to take a driving test when I
moved here ten years ago.
To refer to the future, use will/won't have to.

-
::
You'ii have to renew your driving licence next
year.
148 a . .
i
.
] IDENTIFY •Read this article. Underline the words that show that there is a choice about 3

i? doing something. Circle the words that show that there is no choice.

!
;

:
problems, however. Members of car¬
A New Alternative sharing groups have a car when they need m
to Car Ownership one for either short trips or holidays but
,
al I
New drivers are usually excited about their they don’t have the high expenses of
new freedom: ‘My mum doesn't have to ownership. They pay very little to use a
drive me everywhere any more! I don’t have shared car and they don’t have to worry I i
to ask my friends for lifts to school!’ When about servicing the car or paying the 1 i

i
you haven’t got your own car yet, any price insurance. Fees for short trips are only
about £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile. :
seems worth paying. But once you buy a
car, youipan’t forget)your car payments and Groups do not have strict requirements,
insurance premiums or you won’t be a either. Members must not have bad
driver for very long. You can’t leave petrol driving records or poor credit and they i

and servicing out of the budget, either. must not return the cars in bad condition
Car sharing offers an alternative to these or they will pay extra.

______
____
m COMPLETE 9 Read this conversation. Complete it with can't or the correct form of
not have to and the verb in brackets.
1

__
JIM: Austin doesn’t have to sit in a child seat. Who do I have to? It’s not fair.
1. (sit)
ANN: Jim, you really like that in the car. Your father
2. (yell)
needs to concentrate on driving. Ben, turn left for the restaurant.
BEN: I left. It’s a one-way street. I’ll go round the block.
3. (turn)
ANN: There’s the restaurant. Uh-oh. You
4. (p.irk)
here. It’s a bus stop. 1
BEN: Maybe I’ll park in that car park. That way we about
5. (worry)
our stuff while we’re eating. Remind me to buy some petrol after lunch.
ANN: We petrol, do we? The tank is still half full.
6. (i|'-li
BEN: I know. But we petrol for a long time. I’m not sure
the gauge is working.
AUSTIN: YOU your bicycle into the i-estaurant, Jim! It’s too big.
8. (hunt))
JIM: Mum said it was OK. Anyway, I to you.
9. (lisirn)

!
;
 ...•S' :..ViOiee: E 149

l
READ & COMPLETE •Look at this sign at the hotel swimming pool. Complete each sentence
«•* with must not or don't have to and the correct form of the verb in brackets.

•ball playing
Swimming Pool Rules and Regulations
•radios
Pool Hours 10:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. NO •diving
Children under 12 years NOT ALLOWED in pool •glass bottles
without an adult.
Towels available at front desk. •alcoholic beverages

Children under 12 years old must not swim without an adult.

1.

2. You
_ (swim)
your own towel.
3. You _ (bring)
ball in or around the pool.
You _
(play)
4. into the pool.
5. Teenagers
(dive)
_ with an adult.
6. You _ (be)
the pool at 8:00 p.m.
(leave)

EDIT •Read Austin's postcard to his friend. Find and correct five mistakes in expressing
necessity. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Fair.
m Holiday Hotel
Hi. Janet!
We got to the hotel late this evening because we got lost But we 22p
didn’t have to
were lucky - they kept our room so we must not find another
To:
hotel. Jimmy is really happy because he don’t have to go to bed
top. Janet Edwards
until after 10:00, when the swimming pool closes. We mustn't
ut 55 Amherst Lane
leave until 1L0Q tomorrow (checkout time) so we can stay up
Harlow
later. Plymouth is only four hours away so we won’t had to drive
Essex CM 20 2EJ
the whole day tomorrow. It’s going to be exciting. My parents
e f
say we absolutely must not to go to the beach by ourselves
because there are sharks there. I’d love to see a shark (from a
big- *
safe distance). I’ll send a postcard of one.
: Austin

1
L
 I

Expectations: i
Jl Be supposed to I
He’d better \ If
/ Oh no! N hurry up with these 'I?
I was supposed
pictures. It’s supposed
to prepare a V to rain. z7
V speech! /
°o0 o
ff %

hr I
part I
**=£>
:

B
powr
Tick the correct answers.
I
II
The best man is thinking about
!
something he has forgotten to do.
best man bride's brides- bride groom groom's the usual way something is done
parents maid parents
at a wedding.

CHART CHECK STATEMENTS SHORT FORMS •-

; BASE
Circle T (True) or BASE
F (False). SUPPOSED j FORM SUPPOSED FORM
SUBJECT BE TO OF VERB SUBJECT BE TO OF VERB
I
T F You can use
am in (not)
he supposed to I i
was wasn't
in the present
simple and (not) 's (not) stand here.
is stand He/She/It wasn't supposed to be
past simple. He/She/It supposed here.
was be
to
We/You*/ 're (not)
We/You*/ are They weren't
They were
*You is both singular and plural.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
BE SUBJECT I SUPPOSED TO \ BASE FORM
| Am
I
:
\
; Was
'

is 5
he supposed io j stand here?
| Was .i
h
j Are
you I
i

| Were i
i
150
n,
iHpectatsori-r.. 151

SHORT ANSWERS

:v AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Eire. aren't.
you you
1 were. weren't.

is. isn't.
Yes, he No, he
was. wasn't.
! airs. 'm not.
I I
was. wasn't.

, EXPRESS
Complete these sentences.
A: What we supposed to wear yesterday?
1

I B: Our suits. It _ supposed to be a dress rehearsal.

A: Oops.

J i

j
1. Use be supposed to to talk about different kinds
of expectation:
a. rufes and usual ways of doing things The groom is supposed to arrive at the
ceremony early. It's a custom.
b. predictions It's not supposed to rain tomorrow. I heard
the weather forecast on the radio.
c. hearsay (what everyone says) a The beach is supposed to be beautiful in
August. Everyone says so.
d. plans or arrangements a The ceremony isn't supposed to begin 'till noon.

2. Use be supposed to only in the present a The bride is supposed to wear white.
simple or in the past simple. The ceremony was supposed to begin at 12:00.
a It wasn't supposed to rain.
Use the present simple to refer to both the a I'-, to be at the wedding rehearsal
present and the future. tomorrow.

USAGE NOTE: The past simple often suggests B Carl is supposed to briny flowers but
that something did not happen. he forgot.
;

I;

J
152 a - •; :, wC

f\7
1
i
izs», | IDENTIFY * Read this article and underline the phrases that express expectations.

IT WASN'T SUPPOSED TO BE A BIG WEDDING

19 JULY The Stricklands wanted a quiet When Bill kissed his bride, the cyclists
wedding - that's why they went to the Isle burst into loud applause and rang their
of Skye, an island off the coast of Scotland. bicycle bells. ‘We weren’t supposed to
:
The island is quite small so the have fifty wedding guests but we love i
Stricklands packed their bikes for the ferry cycling and we’re not sorry,’ Bill said.
trip. The weather was supposed to be While packing the next day, Beth left
;
lovely and they had asked the Registrar to her wedding bouquet at the hotel. Minutes
marry them on a hill overlooking the before the ferry was supposed to leave, Bill
ocean. jumped on his bike, got the flowers and
'When we got there, we found a crowd of made it back to the ferry on time. 'Cyclists
cyclists admiring the view,’ laughed Beth. are supposed to stay fast and fit,’ he said.

TRUE OR FALSE •Read the article again. Write T (True) or F (False) for each sentence. I
;
]
F 1. The Stricklands planned a big wedding.
2. The weather forecaster predicted rain.
3. The Stricklands invited fifty wedding guests.

4. There was a scheduled time for the ferry to leave.

_
5. People generally think that cyclists should be fit.

COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with a form of be supposed to

and the verb in brackets. Give short answers. Choose affirmative or negative.
--

1. A: Nessie, Gary called while you were out.

B Am supposed to call him back?
a. (call) j

A No, you aren’t . He’ll call you this afternoon.

b.
. A: The bridal shop rang, too. They’ve delivered your wedding dress to your office.
they that?
a. !<M)
B: ! That’s why I stayed at home today. They
h.
_ it here. .

A: Come; on, hurry up! Tire rehearsal _

C. (<iv llV' ‘i ;
in a few
a. ( Hi )

minutes.
B: We’re the bridesmaids. Where ____ we __ h.

0
n
jiM
 153

4. A: Gary! You here!

a. (be)
;
B: Why not?
A: You- Nessie until she gets to the church. It’s
b. (see)
bad luck.
5. A: Sophie, could I borrow your handkerchief, please? I
a. (wear)
something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue. I haven’t
got anything borrowed.
B: It today. Maybe I should lend you my
b. (rain)
umbrella instead.
6. A: I hear Gary and Nessie are going to Egypt for their honeymoon.
B: Oh, that a really beautiful place.
a. (be)

'
EDIT •Read Sophie's letter to a friend. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
be supposed to. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Dear Katy,
was
I'm so sorry - / know / anrsupposed to let you know about my plans to visit.
j I've been awfully busy. My friend Nessie isyettiny married soon andshe's asked me
to be her chief bridesmaid. She and Cary want a biy weddiny. They're supposed to
have about two hundredguests. I'veyot a lot of responsibilities. / willbe supposed to
| give Nessie a hen party before the weddiny (that's a party where everyone brings
presentsfor the bride). / am also suppose to help her choose the bridesmaids'dresses.
The best- man's name isJim. He'sgoing to help Cary get readg. / haven't met him yet
I but he's supposes to be verg nice.
Td better sag goodbge now. I supposed to be at the rehearsalfive minutes ago.
Love,
Sophie
P.S. About mg visit
be convenient?
— Tm supposing to get some time off in Julg. Would that
1

8L
fM
ini' '

JiM 1 1
%.m Future Possibility:
i
kw s May, Might, Could

EUROPF/S WEATHER
Stockholm -3'
•m
•Moscow

I- - c
•:bÿ-r Mr
• .f
Berlin Warsaw -j-

Paris J-.

o'/
Budapest
• '

Madrid -~-
Ankara
•ÿ9
Athens||
•o ~1POINT
Circle l (True) or F (False).
Temperatures in London may drop as much as eleven degrees T F It’s definitely going
by tomorrow morning. We might even see some snow flurries to snow in London
later on in the day. Winds could reach 60 kph. tomorrow.
i
STATEMENTS
n CHART CHECK 1
Circle l (True) or SUBJECT MAY/ MIGHT/COULD* BASE FORM OF VERB
F (False).
may (not)
i T F May, might
I/He/She/It/We/You/They might (not) get cold.
and could have
only one form could
for all subjects. ‘These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singular.
11 L
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Tick the correct | may (not). !
answer. Are you going to fly to Paris?
I/We j might (not), j
Are you taking the train?
When do you use i could.
may, might or could j J
for future possibility? !
WH- QUESTIONS ANSWERS
0 in questions
When are you going to Paris? may go tomorrow.
0 in answers
I/We might
!
How long will you be there? could be there a week.

154
 m Future Possibility: May, Might. Could B 155

EXPRESS
i Complete this conversation with might or might not.
A: Are you going home after this lecture?
B: I . It’s possible. Why?
.
A: I call you about the assignment. I don’t understand it.
B: Maybe you should call Jean instead. I understand it either.

ra m a r ¥. n ?.:*I r? n &t r c n s harpies

1. Use may, might and could to talk about a It may be windy later.
future possibility. B It might get cold.
B It coult! rain tomorrow.

BE CAREFUL! Notice the difference between

may be and maybe. Both express possibility.
May he is a modal + verb. It is always B He may be late today.
two words.
Maybe is not a modal. It is an adverb. It is B Maybe he'll take the train.
always one word and it comes at the beginning NOT He'll maybe take the train
of the sentence.

2. Use may not and might not to express the a There are a lot of clouds but it might
possibility that something will not happen. not rain.
>ÿ BE CAREFUL! We don't usually contract a You may not need a coat.
might not and we never contract may not. NOT You mayn't need a coat.
.

3. Questions about possibility are not usually A: When will it start snowing?
formed with may, might or could. Instead, they B: It might start around lunchtime.
are formed with the future (will, be going to, the
A: Are you going to drive to work?
present continuous) or phrases such as
B: I might take the bus instead.
Do you think . . . ? or Is it possible that . . . ?
It's the answers to these questions that A: When are you leaving?
often have may, might or could. B: I may ieave in about an hour or so.

In short answers to yes/no questions, use may, A: Will your office close early for Christmas?
might or could alone. B: It might.
USAGE NOTE: If a form of be is the main verb, it A: is our train going to be late?
I is common to include he in the short answer. B: It might he.

!;
:

156 B ..'.viv -K#

j IDENTIFY •Alice is auniversity student who works part time; Bill is her boyfriend. Read
| their conversation. Underline the words that express future possibility or impossibility.
I
. ; •
ALICE: I’ve just heard that it may snow today. Are you going to drive to work? i
BILL: No. I’ll take the 7:30 train instead.
I !
ALICE: I’ll take the train with you. I’ve got some work to do in the library.
BILL: Great. Why don’t you miss your afternoon class and have lunch with me, too?
ALICE: Oh, I couldn’t do that. But let’s meet at the station at 6:00 and go home
together, OK?
BILL: I might have to work until 8:00 tonight. I’ll call you and let you know.

ANSWER •What will Alice and Bill do together? Tick the appropriate box for each activity. ,1

Certain Possible Impossible

1. Take the train at 7:30 a.m.
2. Have lunch.
'A-
3. Meet at the station at 6:00 p.m. a a a
.

. | COMPLETE •Alice is graduating from university with a degree in Early Childhood Education.
| Complete this paragraph from her diary. Choose the appropriate words in brackets.

’m going to graduate in June but I still haven't

C"T- 1. (might not / 'm going to)
gat any plans. Some daycare centres employ students before they graduate so I
apply for a job now. Or I
2. (could / couldn't) I

cTO
3. (might / might not)
sure though - these past two years have been hard and I
apply to do a master's degree. I'm just not
i
i
be ready to study for two more.
C / 4. (muy / m,iy no!)
c At least I am sure about my career-. I
cT~-
cT
c
5. 'm * |oii u. jit
work with children. That's certain. I've made an appointmentto discuss my plans with
— mu ;i \\

cT~- my tutor, Mrs Humphrey, tomorrow. I talk

cT- 6. (m.iviu' iu.iVi

cr> it over with her. She have an idea about

< 7. (ivnii i miglil)
what to do.
5?
cTZ-
cTZ'
CL.
r
' &
V-kXLiAV'iZ /'V:...'_y, iv'Li.j.

DESCRIBE •Look at Alice's timetable for Monday. She's put a question mark (?) next to
... « 157
!!
if

I i
each item she isn't sure about. Write sentences about Alice's plans for Monday. Use
raiay or might for things that are possible and be going to for things that are certain.
a
ii
3 call Dill at 9:00
MONDAY
go to work at 1:00
:i

buy some stationery 2 go shopping after work 2

9 go to meeting with Mrs Humphrey at 11:00 take 7:00 train 2
have coffee with Sue after lectures 2 pick up pizza ;

I Alice is going to call Bill at 9:00.

1.

I 2. She may buy some stationery.

: 3.

1 4.

5.
6.
:
7.
•1
8.

EDIT •Read this student's report about El Nino. Find and correct eight mistakes in
expressing future possibility. The first mistake has already been corrected. S
Every few years, the ocean near Peru becomes warmer. Called El Nino, this
may
variation in temperature maybe- cause weather changes all over the world.

The west coasts of North and South America might to have heavy rains. On
the other side of the Pacific, New Guinea might becomes very dry. Northern

areas could have warmer, wetter winters and southern areas could become
much colder. These weather changes affect plants and animals. Some fish

mayn’t survive in warmer waters. Droughts could causing crops to die and

food may get very expensive. El Nino may happen every two years or it
could not come for seven years. Will El Ninos get worse in the future? They
could be. Pollution holds heat in the air and it will increase the effects of
El Nino but no one is sure yet. i
;
1

::
 .

&
1 iJa:;' l
Deduction;
May, Might, Could, Must,
m& Have (got) to, Can’t
Hrnm. Right again!
You must be This man has got I
Gins Lemont. o , to be a genius! ,

Gina Sefflont =P
*
o POINT
m u, <0 Tick the correct answer.

$Smm <-
The famous detective, Sherlock

& Mfttn m Holmes, is

d guessing.
talking about an obligation. :

CHART CHECK! STATEMENTS

:
Circle T (True) or SUBJECT MODAL BASE FORM OF VERB
F (False).
may (not)
T F The third might (not)
be right.
person singular I
modal does not l/He/She/lt/We/You/They could (not)
end in -5. must work there.
can't
T

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (COT) TO :

;
SUBJECT HAVE (COT) TO BASE FORM
I/We/You/They have (got) to be right.

He/She/It has (got) to work there.

;,j
r-
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
i
( True) or MODAL/
| T (false). COULD i SUBJECT j BASE FORM SUBJECT ; HAVE (COT) TO

i T F All modals Could I he work ! there? i | rsnvri.

of deduction t \ ,rs.-’v ! ”s' : '..
are used in NOTH: For contractions with could not and : might (not).
questions. cannot , see Appendix 24 on page 346. | He i
coulcl(n't).
can't.
has (got) to.
:
I
I
158 I
i
wm mo.--. Oiz&u&imn: May. Might, Could. Musi. Have (got) to. Can't m 159
,vv

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this conversation.
A: I heard a sound coming from the basement. What could / must it be?
I
B: I’m not sure. It can / can’t be the dog. The dog’s upstairs. It can / might be the cat.

1. We often make deductions or 'best guesses', 100% certain

based on information we have about a present AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
situation. The modal that we choose depends must can't, couldn't
-e have (got) to may not
on how certain we are about our deduction.
may might not
might, couid
0% certain

2. When you are almost 1 00 per cent certain that Holmes is a brilliant detective.
something is possible, use must, have to or DEDUCTION
have got to. He must solve a lot of crimes.

I USAGE NOTE: We use have got to in informal

speech and writing and we usually contract it.
a He's got to be a genius!

When you are less certain, use may, might Watson knows a lot about medicine.
or couid. DEDUCTION
B He might be a doctor.

3. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that fl He can't be a doctor! He's only sixteen!
something is impossibie, use can't or couldn't.
Use may not or might not when you are a He may not know about the plan. His boss
1 less certain. doesn't tell him everything.
I
> BE CAREFUL! Have to and have got to are not a It can't be true!
used to make negative deductions.

4. Use couid in questions. a Someone's coming. Who could it be?

a Couid she have gone home?
USAGE NOTE: We rarely use ; and we never RARE: Might he be at home?
use may in questions about possibility. NOT May he be at-home?

5. In shuri an'. . , use a modal alone or with a A: Could Ann know Marie?
form of do. B: She must do. They're neighbours.

Use be in short answers to questions that A: Is Ron still with National Bank?
include a form of be. B: I'm not sure. He might not be.
 I? If-1
160 a Unit 37
:
MATCH 9 Each fact goes with a deduction. Match each fact with the
i
i correct deduction.

Deduction ;
Fact
i
f 1 . Her last name is Lemont. She a. can’t be at home.
j
2. He’s only thirteen. He b. must be married.
3. Her eyes are red. She c. has to be older than twenty. 4
4. She’s wearing a wedding ring. She d. can’t be married.
5. His initials are M.B. He e. might be tired.
;

6. The house is completely dark. They f. may be French. I

!ÿ: 7. She’s got grey hair. She g. could be Marc Brunner.

CHOOSE •Look at the picture and circle the correct words to complete this conversation.
8*5
; WATSON: Look! What’s going on over there? H!Ills
;)ÿ
[1
HOLMES: I don’t know. It (could)/ couldn’t be
1. m
some kind of delivery. CITY.' B;

WATSON: At this hour? It can’t / must be

2. $!ÿ
BE
a M :-:s
Ira
y .
almost midnight! Nothing’s
open now. m 1

ill HP
v.< j

i r.
fib
HOLMES: Hmm. 27 Carlisle Street. That % a
can’t / ’s got to be the bank.
3. ;
WATSON: It is the bank. ! <

HOLMES: Can you see what that man is taking out of the carriage? J
:
IB WATSON: It looks like a box. What do you suppose is in it?
HOLMES: I don’t know but it seems heavy. It could / might not contain gold.
4.
WATSON: Look at that man in front of the bank. Could / Must he be the bank manager?
5.
4
HOLMES: He might / might be.
6.
WATSON: But why are they making a delivery at this time? It can / can’t
7.
be normal.
HOLMES: The manager might not / must want people to know about it. lie
t! 8.
couldn’t / may be worried about robbers.
9.

!
I
 i
:v.u:st: :~k:vir pjou , Uun . a 161

|||pN COMPLETE •Read Sherlock Holmes's conversation with a murder suspect. Complete it
with the words in brackets and a modal that shows the degree of certainty. (There
may be more than one correct answer.)
'

: HOLMES: You must be Gina Lemont.

1. Almost certain (You / be / Gina Lemont)
LEMONT: . Who wants to know?
2. Possible (I / be)
HOLMES: Sherlock Holmes. I can hear something in the next room.
LEMONT: _ . I’m alone.
3. Possible (II / be / the cat)
HOLMES: Alone? . There are two
4. Almost certain (You / eat a lot)
plates on the table. that
S. Possible (it / be)
you are mistaken?
1 LEMONT: NO, . I was expecting
6. impossible (it / be)

I someone but he didn’t turn up.

HOLMES: Does your cat smoke? I can smell pipe tobacco.
LEMONT: _ 7. Almost certain (It / come / from your own pipe)

8. Impossible (There - be / any other e*p!«if\ilion)

HOLMES: Oh, . May we have
9. Possible (there / be*
a look at this ‘cat’?

Ilpj EDIT •Read this student's summary of a mystery novel. Find and correct six
mistakes in expressing deductions. The first mistake has already been corrected.

The main character, Molly Smith, is a university professor. She is tryiny to find her dead
be
grandparents'first home in Scotland. It may being in a nearby tou/n. The vi!layers there
seem scared. Theg could he have a secret or they must just hate- stranyers. Molly has

some old letters that might lead her to the place. Thcg are in Gaelic hut one of her
students mights translate them for her. Thcg got to he important because the author
mentions them at the beginning of the novel. The letter must contain fami/g secrets.
IVho is the bad gug? It couldn't he the student because he wants to help. It might to be
the newspaper editor in the town.

-A,:
 'T i

JIM I T
<!
Sscpresslsig R®grof
I 'W j ss&ouf the Pcii®
] could have / My parents might]
become a have encouraged J
doctor. me more-_y
J ought to * vc l shouldn’t have) '

have applied. V°” missed that Y

- to c/legf. / opportunity
\f f could have been ;

EcZ!~] POINT Lrich and famous, r

1 Tick the correct answer. r'/.i
The man
0 is planning his future.
0 regrets things in his past.
I

CHART CHECK1 STATEMENTS

Circle T (True) or SUBJECT MODAL HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
should (not)
T F You can add
(shouldn't)
not to all
:
modals that ought (not) to
l/He/She/We/You/They have applied.
express past (oughtn't to)
regret. could
might
!:

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS

Circle T (True) or SHOULD SUBJECT HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
F (False).
Should he have applied?
T F In questions
and short
answers, SHORT ANSWERS
we usually
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
only use
should have. Yes, he should h-.v/ . Mo, he shouldn't have.

.
WH- QUESTIONS O'

WH- WORD SHOULD SUBJECT HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE I

When should he have applied?

162
t
r fcxpr&i'Si.eg; Pegret atocufi me Past a 163
S j,t
r CHART CHECK 3 CONTRACTIONS
Tick the correct should have = shouid've
answer. could have = could've
:!
Which words are NOT might have = might've
usually contracted? should not have = shouldn't have
should have
Cl could have
{3 ought to have
I:
li
EXPRESS
Complete this conversation. u
Ill
A: Should I _ called you yesterday?
B: Yes, you .I waited all day for your call. ii
\

i;
i
1. Use should have, ought to have, could have a I should've applied to go to university.
and might have to talk about things that were (I didn't apply and I'm sorry.)
advisable in the past but didn't happen. These
m I ought to hove taken that job.
modals often express regret or blame.
(I didn't take the job. That was a mistake.)
I
She could've gone to a better university.
(She didn't go to a good university. Now she regrets
her choice.)
a You might've told me.
(You didn't tell me. That was wrong.)

2. Should not have and ought not to have are n He shouldn't have missed the exam.
the only forms used in negative statements. m He ought not to have missed the exam.
Should not have is more common. <j
Should have is the most common form used Should he have phoned the lecturer?
in questions.

j:

I
_ !
i
164 a ijmi 3<S
i.
i
"T ) TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the : i

1 statement that follows.

j: i. I shouldn’t have called him. 4. Felicia could have been a doctor.

T I called him. _ Felicia is a doctor.
1
2. I should have told them what I thought. 5. I ought to have practised more.
_ I didn’t tell them. Now I’m sorry. _ I didn’t practise enough.
3. He might have warned us about it. 6. They shouldn’t have lent him their car.
i|
_ He knew but he didn’t tell us. _ They lent him their car. i
i
:

__
!

COMPLETE •Read this extract from a magazine article. Complete it with the correct !
M WtS.
"s|fi form of the words in brackets and a short answer. Choose between affirmative
and negative. ,

i:
is : (
Regrets . . . I
It's not unusual to feel regret about things in the past that you think you
1:
should have done and did not do - or the opposite, about things
1. (should / do)
.
you did do and feel you . in fact, we learn by
2. (should / do)
thinking about past mistakes. For example, a student who fails a test learns that
he or she more and can improve on the

_ __ _
j
3. (should / study)
next test. Often, however, people spend too much time thinking about what they

I 4. (could / do)
differently. Many regrets are simply not based
in fact. A mother regrets missing a football game in which her son's leg was
:

injured. 'I she keeps telling herself.

5. (ought to / go)
; 'I home, i
6. (should / stay) 7. (could / prevent)
the injury. The coach at least
I me as soon as it happened.' Did she really ,
8. (miulil ' . .ill)

have the power to prevent her son's injury? the

coach ;
her before looking at the injury? No, of
9. i ‘should < t >n!.u I
course, he There is an Italian proverb that says.
!0.
'When the ship has sunk, everyone knows how they it;
; ; 11. (i uiild
. It's easy to be wise about the past; the real challenge is to solve the problems
ill you face at the moment.
1
I,
=

I
M
 iret anon. .. a 165

.
REWRITE •Read Lisa's regrets. Rewrite them using the tnodals in brackets and choose
between affirmative and negative.

1. I didn’t go to university. Now I’m unhappy with my job.

t (should) I should have gone to university.

I feel sick. I ate all the chocolate.

2.
(should) _
3. Christina didn’t come round. She didn’t even call.
(might)-- -
4.
(could)
_
I didn’t have enough money to buy the shirt. Why didn’t Ed offer to lend me some?

5.
(should) _____ _
I jogged five miles yesterday and now I’m exhausted.

6. The supermarket charged me for the plastic bags. They used to be free.
(should) _ _
7.

(ought to)
_
I didn’t invite Cynthia to the party. Now she’s angry with me.

______ _
8. Yesterday was my birthday and my brother didn’t send me a card. I’m hurt.
(might)

EDIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of modals. The first
g§| mistake has already been corrected.

(A
15 December

Aboat a week ago, Jennifer was Life for work again and Dong, our boss, told me be wanted to ejet
have
rid of bet: / was reality upset. Of course, Jennifer shouldn't bad been late so often but be might has
talked to her about the problem before be decided to let her go. Then be told me to make her job

difficult for her so that she would resign. / just pretended / hadn't beard him. What a mistake!
/ ought have confronted him right awag. Or / could tit least have warned
Jennifer. Angwag, Jennifer
is still here but now I'm worriedabout mg own job. Should / told Doug's boss? / wonder. Magbc /
should handle things differently last week. The compang should never has cmplogcd this man.

A
 '

::
h IM I T
%5fs s -V
Deduction 1
i
i
111 Post
il
1 CJh
I ifm&k »®Mk Z4-SM !
M g MX
:i?:
' h”’: Wld) m?F J I
.I ;
"1POINT
:: Check the correct answer. r •

<1
I The question under the photograph asks bs2
1
v*>Ss
; if it was possible that something happened.
j EASTER ISLAND: Could visitors from another planet
Cl if people had permission to do something. have built these giant statues?

it CHART CHECK!
Circle T (True) or
STATEMENTS
MODAL/ PAST
1
X HAD HAVE PARTICIPLE
F (False). SUBJECT TO

T F The form of ) may (not)

the modal does
l!i not change
I might fn.ot)
for different
subjects. l/He/She/We/You/They j could (not)
! must
have seen the statues.
I
had to i
1
I
CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS: COULD SHORT ANSWERS
Tick the correct
answer. COULD SUBJECT HAVE
PAST
PARTICIPLE SUBJECT
MODAL/
HAD TO HAVE
I
Which modal can be Could he have seen aliens? may (not)
used in both questions might (not)
and short answers for
deductions about the He
can't
have. I
past? could (not) t
i can
must
had u>
I
i Cl could
\ Cl might

EXPRESS
i Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
[
Could they carved / have carved the statues? They might / might have.

Hi
t:j 166

IL t
 i
r gfcr in the Past a 167
-•Vr

1. We often make deductions or 'best guesses', 1 00% certain

about past situations based on the facts that we AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
have. The modal that we choose depends on must have can't have
how certain we are about our deductions. had to have couSdn'c have
may have may not have
might have might not have
couid have
0% certain

1 2. When you are almost 1 00 per cent certain that The statues are very big.
t something was possible, use must have or
had to have.
DEDUCTION
H They must have been hard to move.

When you are less certain, use may have, The islanders were able to carve the stone.
might have or have. DEDUCTION i

The stone may have been quite soft.

3. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that The islanders couldn't have moved the statues!
something was impossible, use can't have or They were too heavy.
couldn 't have.
’
Use may not have or might not have when The islanders might not have moved the
you are less certain. statues over land. They could have taken them by
boat.
BE CAREFUL! We do not usually use had to have
for negative deductions.

| 4. Use could have in questions about Couid the islanders have moved the statues?
;
possibility or use questions without modals. OR
B Do you think they moved the statues?
til
n 5. Use been in short answers to questions that
include a form of be.
A: Could von Daniken have been wrong?
OR
1 Was he wrong?
c ’ I B: He certainly couid have been.
Use only the modal + have in short answers to A: Did the islanders work on their own?
questions with other verbs. B: They could have.
 168 L Ji'ii sy

MATCH •Each fact goes with a deduction. Match each fact with the correct deduction
1 .4jj about author Erich von Daniken.
i
Fact Deduction
e 1. The original title of Chariots of the a. He must have travelled a lot.
Gods? was Erinnerungen an b. They can’t have believed
'

die Zukunft.
his theories. i
2. Von Daniken visited every place he
c. He could have learnt about the
described in his book.
subject on his own.
3. In 1973, he wrote In Search of 1
d. He must have made a lot ;
Ancient Gods.
of money. !
4. He didn’t have a degree in e. He must have written it
: archaeology.
in German.
S. Von Daniken’s books sold millions f. He might have written other
of copies.
books, too.
6. As soon as von Daniken published
his books, scientists attacked him.
i

ANSWER •Seme archaeology students are asking questions in class. Use the modals in
a brackets to write short answers. 1
1. A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themselves?
B: They could have . They had the knowledge and the tools.
(could)

_
;•
2. A: Were many people impressed by von Daniken’s theories?
B: . His books were read all over the world.
(must)
3. A: Von Daniken says that many ancient artifacts show pictures of astronauts. Could
these pictures have illustrated anything closer to Earth?
B: . It’s possible that the pictures show
(m«iy) i
! people dressed in local costumes.
4. A: Was von Daniken upset by all the criticism he received?
B: . After all, it helped to sell his books.
(mi' it it

5. A: Do you think von Daniken helped increase general interest in archaeology?

B: Just look at the size of this class!
I.GUi'J ;

•i

:;
 Deduction ism the Past a 169 'ÿV

.lr -

(OFFIPLETE •Read pari of a review of Erich von Daniken's book Chariots of the Gods?
©
•Si
h v? Complete it with the verbs in brackets.
pit could have made
Who the Easter Island statues? According
1. (could / make)

m I- KS to Erich von Daniken, our ancestors

_ these
2. (could not / build)
l
structures on their own because their cultures were too primitive. According to
him, they help from aliens. When he
3. (had to / yet)
: wrote his popular book, von Daniken about
it 4. (can't / know)
f. the Easter Island experiments that proved that the ancient islanders
and these
5 (could / carve) 6 (transport)
statues without any help from alien visitors. Not only that, the island’s population
m--, v much larger than von Daniken believes. One
7. (might / be)
scientist speculates that as many as 20,000 people
f 8. (may / live)
on Easter Island - enough people to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?
A more logical answer is to think that our ancestors
9. (must / have)
great skill, intelligence and strength to create these wonderful things.

i E9 EDIT •Read part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of modals
for deductions about the past. The first mistake has already been corrected.

have been
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru must be-very surprised to see lines in the

shapes of huge animals on the ground below his aeroplane. Created by the ancient

Nazca culture, these forms are too big to recognise from the ground. However, from
about 200m in the air, the giant forms take

shape. Without aeroplanes, how could an ancient

I _ MWS v; . :
X;
culture had made them? What purpose could

they have had? Author Erich von Daniken

is
believes that the drawings might have mark a

KV
ESSIIIL
landing strip for the spacecraft of astronauts

from another planet. Archaeologists, however,

now believe that the ancient Nazean civilisation might develop flight.
They could built hot-air balloons and design the pictures from the air.

-
 !

1 •r‘
TP4;
I
S' %4ob
ONE
i
..
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. I -ÿ

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D 1
(A) drink (C) is drinking :
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

'J . —Wasn’t
_that Malcolm
-It
in class?
Malcolm left last week.
,.
A B C D
:

(A) couldn’t (C) couldn’t have been *1i

(B) could have been (D) couldn’t have
2. Frank watches all the United games. He to be one of A B C D
j. their biggest fans.
(A) must (C) couldn’t
(B) has got (D) should have

3. Children under five years old swim without an adult. A B C D

(A) don’t have to (C) have to
(B) must not (D) are supposed to
Where we supposed to go for the test tomorrow? A B C D
(A) do (C) will
(B) are (D) should

5. Bring your umbrella. It later. A B C D

(A) might rain (C) couldn’t rain
(B) rains (D) might have rained
!; 6. —Will your plane beairport
late this afternoon? A B C D -
—It . The was closed this morning.
(A) couldn’t be (C) maybe :
(B) may be (D) will
7. You _ told Mark. You knew it was a secret. A B C D
(A) should have (C) couldn’t have
(B) might have (D) shouldn’t have
8. They built this temple 3,000 years ago. This must A B C D
a great civilization.
(A) has been (C) was
(B) have been (D) not have been

9. John _ to call Myra yesterday but he forgot. A B C D

(A) supposed (C) supposes
(B) is supposed (D) was supposed

170 .
m
.
 .
_ Vis E 171

‘Could Amy have been at home yesterday?’ A B C D

If
3
10.
‘She
(A) could have
(B) might be
. I really don’t know.’
been (C) had to have been
(D) couldn’t have
,
i 11. Chris
_ to clean up his room. It’s a mess. A B C D
1 r
(A) have got
(B) has got
(C) must
(D) got

12. I failed the test. I studied harder. A B C D

(A) should have (C) should
(B) must have (D) may

13. Lisa was in Oxford recently. She might me to say hello! A B C D

i (A) call (C) have called
(B) has called (D) be calling
/-
v jsKCÿrlolM TWO
.1 Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A 5 C D
ABC (D) i

14. Tom didn’t wave to me so he must have known I was here. A B C D

A B CD
15. We’d better hurry or the train might leaves without us. A B C D
A B CD

16. His English is excellent so he had to has studied hard. A B C D

A BCD
17. We ought to have look at more cars before we bought ours. A B C D
A B CD

’
18. You got get dressed because Sasha may be here soon. A B C D
L.J A B C D

19. You have to fasten vour seat belt now or you couldn’t drive. It’s the law. A B C D
A CD

20. You don’t have to drive faster than 40 kph or you might get a ticket. A B C D
ABC D

Hardy and Co must has gone out of business recently. A B C D

A B C D

22. It must rain tonight so I’d better stay home. A B C D

A B C D
Jason will be supposed to be there tomorrow but he can’t attend. A B C D
A Rc e
24. It must be almost 11:00 so we really has to leave now. A B C D
A B CD

25. You should had seen that film with us because it may not be here long. A B C D
A B c D
flf II
j

JM N0 "

Wi-hi
y Adjectives and Adwertes
The ad
describes it
perfectly.
'

iP - I\
[i 9:
l\it
!l
!i
! i

r ..

i
I POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The owner thinks the flat is:
O perfect
O warm and cosy
/
1
11::r:
CHART CHECK ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
Circle T (True) or They are quiet tenants. They work quietly.
! F (False). There's a fast lift. It moves very fast.
T F Adverbs often The flat sounds nice. She described it nicely.
come before It's absolutely perfect. It's absolutely perfect.
nouns. The flat felt warm. The owner greeted the tenants warmly.
T F Adjectives often
come after
action verbs.
:
T F Adverbs often
end in -iy.
1!
EXPRESS
I Complete these sentences with the correct form of slow.

h A: There’s a _ lift. It moves very

H-
!;i B: It’s not . It just seems
; ÿ!

172

J
 H
:
v-’ iicsjectives anu Aciwsrtjs a 173
:

Grarwsifsar £xpfesiatte?ss
noun adjective pron. adjective
1. Use adjectives to describe nouns or pronouns The houses are beautiful. They are new.
I (for people, places and things).
adjective noun
Adjectives usually come immediately before the This is a small flat.
noun they describe.
verb adjective
Adjectives can also come after stative verbs such This flat seems small.
as be, look, sound or seem. :

verb adverb
2. Use adverbs to describe verbs, adjectives and They furnished it nicely.
other adverbs. jI
adverb adjective
Adverbs that describe adjectives and other It's an extremely nice house.
adverbs usually come immediately before adverb advert)

the word they describe. They found it very quickiy.

3. Use adverbs of manner to describe action verbs. It'ii sel! quickly.

:
These adverbs often answer How? questions. They (Quickly describes how fast it will sell.)
come after the verb they describe.
verb direct object
BE CAREFUL! DO not put an adverb of manner She'll rent this flat quickly.
between the verb and its direct object.
1
adjective
4. Adverbs of manner are often formed by We need a quick decision.
adding -ly to adjectives. adverb
a You should decide quickly.
adjective
> BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives also end in -ly, a It's a lovely flat.
for example, silly, friendly, lovely and lonely.

5. Some common adverbs of manner do not

end in -ly. ;!
adjective tidvcrb
a. The adverb form of good is well. a She's a good writer. She writes we!!.

b. Some adverbs have the same form as their At>|i ( HVI Anvntii
related adjectives, for example, early, fast, Bob was late. Bob came ;ait.
wrong, late and hard. She's a hard worker. She works hard.
BE CAREFUL! Lately is not the adverb form of B She hasn't met any new people lately.
late. Lately means 'recently'. Hardly is not the
a There's hardly enough time to prepare for her
I adverb form of hard. Hardly means 'almost not'.
classes. Her part-time job takes up most of her time.

!
Check it out!
For a discussion of adverbs of frequency, see Unit 2, page 7.

j
 %
174 a ij'nsv 4u

gpfc IDENTIFY •Read chis notice about c fiat for rent. Underline the adjectives and circle the
'
tfca adverbs. Then draw an arrow from the adjective or adverb to the word it I4
is describing.
f

i!
: FOR RENT .

Students! Are you looking for a special place to live?

Come to 140 Grant Street, Flat 4B. This flat is

sti
y.;
(absolutely) perfect for two serious students who are
. looking for a quiet neighbourhood, just 15 minutes from
:
campus. This lovely flat is in a new building. .

! It is a short walk to the bus stop. The bus goes directly

into town. At night the bus hardly makes any stops at 1
I
4
IS!
all. You can walk safely through the wonderful parks on I
}ÿ your way home. The rent is very affordable.
'
Call us on 020 551 6116.
i
, Don’t delay! This flat will go fast.

ii
1 figf s.. COMPLETE •Many people went to see the flat described in the advert above. Complete
f: 1 their comments about the flat with the correct form of the words in brackets. ;

rv\ i
i 1. I’m very interested. I think the flat is extremely nice
(extreme nice)

2. I was expecting much bigger rooms. I was I

(terrible / disappointed)

3. I thought the flat would be hard to find but it was

(sui prisinq / easy)

4. I was happy to hear that the park is

(extreme • sale)

5. It’s a great place and the price is reasonable. It will go

!'in< reiiil >!'ÿ '
i.!\l

The owner seems nice but she talks

i,

The advert said it was quiet but I heard the neighbours

ii. I heard them, too. I thought their voices were

I
9. Ail in all, it's an place.
:

It
•1 "'.-iB—
—
-T—
 AcsJ©ci£sves a Adverbs ts 175

I
|
r

V. ! CHOOSE •Complete Maggie's letter with the correct word in brackets.

PI
m
jbe&'i- MUSH- and 9bad,
exciting
1%
I Jlife m Jlondou ii. v&up .
1 (exciting / excitingly)
Paul and !) weneult tune
ure’d like
.4 inch a. city Isut it 4. 4o irit&ioiimp! If&Uenday we iaw- a itneet
2. (large / largely)

ffiuiician. Jle played the violin 4o we couldn’t believe he wadnt

3. (beautiful / beautifully)
in a kiy concent kail. Ijoud be iunpniied to 4ee ut. Ule walk down
4. (happy / happily)

4 the
5. (busy / busily)
itneetl and the neiie doeint boUt&i ui- at alt! 9m iendinq,
r
a photo off ouo flai. 9t looki, doeint it? 9U 4o
6. (nice / nicely)

k 7. (quiet / quietly)
w-e> can
8. (hard / hardly)
beileue tfb til Jlmdcm. Om mxi-dc&i
I
mipkbouo U- veoy M jji/iit ike teemed but
l. 9. (nice / nicely) 10. (shy / shyly)
II
V
now- wene
11. (good / well)
puendl.
'

We hope youne both well. Pleade yiue cun. love to i'KeiS

everyone and woite ioon. £ove,

Mapgie
;
gifts!!
mjSIWrmS
|R| EDIT •Read this student's diary entry. Find and
kSlj correct seven mistakes in the use of adjectives and
CC-C:
adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.

funny
LSomc adyotsforflatsareso fanni!g!Oncadvcit described a place as 'warmly nut rosy', if

----
,

Q was ret illy hot and cramped but the owner insisted[that it suited me perfect, t was trying
i vert) Inmili) not toJtuujh while he was describing it so / Inn! to leave tjuiek.lt/. Another place /

saw was si ipposetf to be 'nice and neatly'. tVhaf a mess!/ / left that place vert/ fast/y, too. I'm
i not askingfor the moon! I only want a smallplace in a dean bui/d/nij with friendly
\ neighbours, I'mJo.okiuy. at another place tomorrow. The advert sags, ’Clean and bright. Small
.

but convenient fiat on lovely, yuictly street'. J wonder, what that, really means!

:
i
 m
If-

UJ 1 T !
WT\ Participles ysed as
iu Adjectives
n i NEW FRIENDS
\
i
’WtV
New to the Area
Screen Name: newaal@XYZ.com S'
Age & Sex: 20 year old Female
Ci Location: Cambridge
Looking for: Friends
:
?
Tired of doing things alone? Me too! 20-year-old
@ Send me email! university student, new to the area, is interested in
(>)Send me an I
m
i
online greeting!
(>)Send this to
meeting interesting people for friendship and fun.
—
a friend! print/save

POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F The writer of the advert says that she is an interesting person.

CHART CHECK PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES

Circle T (True) or -INC ADJECTIVES -ED ADJECTIVES
>. F (False).
He is boring. She is bored.
l! T F There are They had a bored look on their faces.
They had a boring date.
two types of
participles She is amusing. He is amused.
i:1 used as They had an amusing date. They had an amused look on their faces.
adjectives.
The film was frightening. They were frightened.
They saw a frightening film. They had a frightened look on their faces.

The job is tiring. She's tired.

She's got a . : j job. i She's got a .. look on her face.
|
The weekend was •••oiaxir.g. 1 He felt refaxed.
,

He had a relaxing weekend. | He had a relaxed manner.

_ 176
 -
Participles used as Adjectives a 177
K'1

EXPRESS
Complete the chart.

-INc ADJECTIVES -ED ADJECTIVES

exciting
interested
frightening
amused
tiring

Cramm&r Examples
1. Participles used as adjectives are adjectives A: The last Star Wars film was amazing! i ;
yt
that end with -ing or -ed. They usually describe B: I know. I was amazed by the special effects.
feelings or reactions. The two forms have
different meanings.
i

2. Participles used as adjectives that end in That actor is always amusing.

-ing describe someone or something that (He causes amusement.)
causes a feeling or reaction.
m These directions are confusing.
(They cause confusion.)

3. Participles used as adjectives that end in We were amused by that actor.

-ed describe someone who experiences a (We felt amusement.)
feeling or reaction.
m I'm really confused by these directions.
(I feel confusion.)

4. To the right are some common pairs of annoying annoyed

participles used as adjectives. boring bored
' depressing depressed
embarrassing embarrassed
exciting excited
frightening frightened
s
relaxing relaxed :
* shocking shocked
:

surprising surprised

-
Check it out!
For a list of common participles used as adjectives, see Appendix 11 on page 339.

1
m
 178 s Unix t-i's

IDENTIFY •Read this article. Underline ail the -ed participles used as adjectives. Circle
'ÿmm all the -ing participial adjectives. .

14 •SECTION 4 •LIFESTYLES 1i
Not Personal Enough? and wanted to make friends fast. The
!
personals provided me with a quick way
In some countries, people who are of meeting many interesting people in a
interested in meeting others turn for help to short period of time.’ Others are not so
personal ads in newspapers and magazines, impressed. ‘I think it’s kind of depressing
and online. A (surprising) number of busy when people need to resort to placing ads
people view these ads as a practical way of to make friends,’ observed one man. A
increasing their social circle. ‘I’ve tried hard friend of mine tried the ads several times
to meet people on my own,’ said one and was really disappointed with the
satisfied customer. ‘I was new to the town ressuits. It’s just not personal

B CHOOSE •Read this conversation between Martin and Louise about their friend Alice.
Circle the correct words to complete the conversation.

MARTIN: What’s the matter with Alice?

LOUISE: Who knows? She’s always (annoyed)/ annoying about something.

i.

MARTIN: I know. I try to understand her but this time I’m really puzzled / puzzling.
2.

LOUISE: Really? What’s so puzzled / puzzling this time?

s.
MARTIN: I thought she was happy. She met an interested / interesting guy last week.
4.

! LOUISE: That’s nice. Was she interested / interesting in him?

5.

MARTIN: I thought she was. She said they saw a fascinated / fascinating film together.
6.

LOUISE: Well, maybe she was fascinated / fascinating by the film but
disappointed / disappointing with the guy.
.

MARTIN: I don’t know. It’s hard to tell with Alice. Her moods are always very
/ surprising.
y.

LOUISE: I’m not surprised / surprising at all. That’s just the way she is.
10.

Jl
y.
...... ised as bv a 179

feu COMPLETE •Read this conversation between Alice and her date, Jake. Complete it
i M with the correct form of the words in brackets. Choose between -ed and -ing
"~r

participles used as adjectives.

interesting film. What did you think?
ALICE: That was a very 1. (interest)

JAKE: TO be honest, I found it rather

_ .. I’m not that
:
_ 3. (interest)
in science fiction.
2. (bore)

ALICE: Really? I find it 4. (fascinate)

.. What kind of films do you enjoy?
<
JAKE: Mostly comedies. Have you seen Home Again ?

ALICE: Yes, but I wasn’t 5. (amuse)

at all. In fact, I thought it was

I 6. (horrify)
.. The story line was 7. (contuse)
and I couldn’t
V find any humour in the characters’ problems. When I left the cinema, I felt
kind of
8. (depress)

1 JAKE: I’m
9. (amaze)
that you felt that way! I thought it was veiy
.v
10. (amuse)

ALICE: Well, I guess it’s a matter of taste.

JAKE: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat?

ALICE: Thanks, but it’s late and I’m

11. (exhaust)

Ipfy EDIT* Read Alice's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of participles
used as adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.

disappointed
Justgot home. I'm disappointing with the evening. At first / thought Jake was an
interestedgag but tonight / felt somewhat bored with his compani). We saw a very
entertainedfilm but Jake didn't like it. In fact, it seems like we have completely
different tastes in things. Afer thefilm, / tried to make conversation but all / really
wanted was togo home. So, / told him / was exhausting and didn't- want to get
. home (ate. If he asks me out again - I'm not interesting. Trging to meet people can
be verg fustrated.

&.
aJ
 f NIT
Adjectives and Adverbs?
As ... as .. .
?
•j

he cycles as fast as he does. She controls her bike just as well.

: But her shoulders aren't as wide and her arms aren't as long as his.
i..-
Why should she ride a bike
;
designed for him?
y 4 v*v !

P. ,
POINT I

Tick the things the boy

and girl have in common.
r
\
0 cycling speed
w< 0 width of shoulders

i !
j J ma<ÿe to y°u-
\
V\ 0 control of bike
: -rr-.-r:’’ 0 length of arms

CHART CHECK ADJECTIVES

:
Tick the correct VERB* (not) As ADJECTIVE As
answers.
The girl fast the boy.
Which words are
always used in
comparisons with
She is
as
good
as
he is. 1
as . . . as? Her bike isn't big his.

0 not The girl's bike heavy the boy's.

0 a verb *Stative verbs like be, look, seem
i; 0 an adjective or
ADVERBS
an adverb
VERB* (not) j As i ADVERB As j
: The girl fast
| | the boy. j
She cycles well I he does, j ;

as as
n Her bike doesn't cycle smoothly his.
;
ji
The girl's bike consistently the boy's.
*Action verbs
j?i1
: 180

L
 ,
Adjectives and Adverbs: An ... as .. . s 181

y EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with as ... as and the words in brackets.
A: My old bike wasn’t _ my new one. Of course, it
didn’t perform _ (expensive)

(well)
the new one.

B: And it didn’t look the new one, either.

(good)

m
i C ra m ma r Ez pI a na11o «%s Examples .
1, You can use as + adjective + as to compare a Trax bikes are as expensive as Gordos.
two people, places or things. (The Trax bike costs a lot of money. The Gordo bike
costs the same amount of money.)
!> a The Trax bike isn't as light as the Gordo, though.
t 'j
(The two bikes are not the same weight.)
;
Use as + adjective + as to compare two a This helmet is as good as yours.
people, places or things that are equal in a It's just as expensive as yours, too.
some way. Use just to emphasise the
equality.

* Use not as + adjective + as to talk about two m The new adverts are not as effective as the old
people, places or things that are different in ones.
some way. They aren't as funny as the old ones, either.

-
d*;.

2. You can also use as + adverb + as to compare

two actions.
He rides as fast as she does.
(They ride equally fast.)
m He doesn't ride as safely as she does, though.
(They don't ride the same way. She rides more
]
safely than he does.)

5, Use as + adverb + as to talk about two actions Kleen brightens as thoroughly as Brite.
that are the same or equal. Use just to It removes stains just as effectively as Brite.
emphasise the equality.
'•>

Use not as + adverb + as to talk about two a Kleen doesn't clean as well as Brite.
actions that are not the same or equal.
.1
I- 3. You do not always have to mention both parts Trax and Gordo are both great bikes but Trax
of a comparison. Sometimes the meaning is isn't as light: (as Gordo).
clear from the context.
a Jake and Christopher both ride fast but
I
1 Christopher doesn't ride as skilfully (as Jake).
 IS :
f;

182 a untt 4S

-ms
IDENTIFY •Read this article on washing powders. Underline all the comparisons with
¥
adjectives. Circle the comparisons with adverbs.
I
i
PRODUCT REVIEWS Wusmm Pwvr&s&s. I
i i
o you were riding the trails this weekend and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look
as bad as your bike. Never mind. They’ll look as good as new next weekend. We
checked out three major brands of powder and we can tell you which ones clean best and i \;
which ones don’t remove trail stains (as effectively!ÿ others.
Overall, Brite and Kleen aren’t as expensive as Trend but they didn’t perform as well,
i
either. However, they were almost as good in particular categories. Trend removed both
mud and grass stains effectively. Brite removed mud just as effectively as Trend but it I i
didn’t remove grass stains as well. Kleen was effective on grass stains but not on mud.
if Brite cleaned clothes as thoroughly as Kleen but again, Brite and Kleen weren’t as good
:
as Trend in this category. On the other hand, Brite came out on top in brightening. Colours
washed in Kleen and Trend just didn’t look as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
;I :
:: i

i;
m -ÿ
COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with (not) as
Uie. correct /. of :!:c words in brackets.
. and

i. THOMAS: Does your new bike handle as comfortably as the old one?
i :
; DIANA: It’s great. The handlebars _ a. (handle i comloi Lillies

b. (noi lie / wide)

and the brakes
to reach. This bike was made for a small
c. (nol be / hard)
person like me.
2. CHARLIE: We need a name for this product. It should show that this washing -

powder the others but

1
a. (clean / offer live) b. (nol bo / unfriendly)
to the environment.
H
EVA: I like ‘GreenKleen’. It other product names
c. f vund '
> itincj)
and it the message _
:T : i: ,

1 theirs, too.
SAM: The last group I cycled with _ _ _— a herd of
elephants. I prefer to cycle alone but I know it’s dangerous.
;i JACK: Come cycling with me next weekend. I i d.il tjUis'l )
a I
mouse, I promise.
r 1
W'

E
i
i _ 1
 i 183

H COMPARE & COMPLETE •Read the chart comparing several models of bicycle. Complete
the sentences with (not) m . . . as and the correct form of the words in brackets.
Choose between affirmative and negative.

PRODUCT RATINGS KEY: BETTER © -> O -» O WORSE

BRAKING SPEED, BRAKING SPEED, GEAR CHANGING ON-RGAD OFF-ROAD
MODEL PRICE COMFORT DRY GROUND WET GROUND EASE HANDLING HANDLING

1 Trax £999 © o © © © ©
Huff £550 © © © © o ©
Gordo £225 © o o © o o
..
1. The Gordo doesn’t stop as quickly as the Trax and the Huff.
(slop / quick)
2. On wet ground, the Huff the Trax.
(stop / slow)
3. The Gordo the Trax and the Huff.
(be / expensive)
4. The Trax the Huff.
(feel / comfortable)
5. The Trax either.
(be / cheap)
6. Even the Gordo the Trax.
(ride / comfortable)
7. On the road, the Gordo the Trax.
(handle 1 poods
8. Off the road, the Gordo and the Huff the Trax.
_
;
'
'• - CjOOd)
'
9. The Gordo’s gears the Huff’s but
the Trax’s.
10. (be i easy to change)

j -1
Ik EDIT •Read these forum postings. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
comparisons. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Mountain Bike Forum i iss

RE: Not as many bruises!
.

Inexperienced cyclists should try the South Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is just as
beautiful
-beautifully but its cycle track isn’t as unfriendly than the North Trail’s. The slopes aren’t as
-
IS

steep and you won’t fall as frequent because there aren’t as many rocks. It isn’t as short like
the North so you’ll still get a good ride and you won’t feel as discouraged at the end of the day.

RE: The (expensive) new Trax

Does anyone have any experience of this bike? I tested it in the shop car park and I’m not
impressed. My old Trax changes gear as just easily and it handles as smoothly, too.
Of course, it’s not as lightly but then it doesn't cost £999, either.

L
*
Ill t ' : TH
\'M

.M.M i 7
'

Sr'" a.
7-
Adjectives; Comparatives
7 '

.
Ij
'.ft
7-

©pmm<& 5@@m
UNDER, NEW MANASEMENT

\ sm mm!
/ LQim&tmi
5H8
\ um mi Pi ;

POINT ® lr“
Check the correct answer. Longer
queues!
The new restaurant will be

;
O different from the old restaurant.
O the same as the old restaurant.

CHART CHECK COMPARATIVES

Circle T (True) or COMPARATIVE THAN
F (False).
brighter
T F The comparative better
adjective form The new restaurant is the old one.
always ends more comfortable
in -er. less beautiful
T F You can use the
same comparative
adjective twice REPEATED COMPARATIVES
in a statement to COMPARATIVE AND COMPARATIVE :
show a change in
a situation. better better.

worse worse.
The food is getting and :

more more delicious. .

1

less less interesting.

"1
DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
THE j COMPARATIVE ; THE| COMPARATIVE
i

'

j
j the restaurant, j th e si. ver
.
the service.

EXPRESS
Complete this sentence.

Mo’s is bigger and __ popular _ Val’s.

184
'7
 r
a 185
i A4jeca«as: -wjn

Grarasv;
•
I 1. Use the comparative form of adjectives to The new menu is bigger than the old menu.
. rr
m focus on a difference between people, places
and things.
The new waiters are more experienced than
the old waiters.

2. There is more than one way to form the

comparative of adjectives.
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE
a. For one-syllable adjectives and two-syllable bright brighter
adjectives ending in -y, use adjective + -er. friendly friendlier

> BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes nice nicer

when you add -er. big bigger
pretty prettier
BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives have irregular good better
comparative forms. bad worse
b. For most other adjectives of two or more comfortable more comfortable
syllables, use more/less + adjective. less comfortable
c. For some adjectives, use either -er or The River Inn is quieter than Joe's.
r"
more/less. The River Inn is more quiet than Joe's.

r 3. Use the comparative with than when you The apple pie is better than the cake.
mention the things you are comparing.
Use the comparative without than when it is The new desserts are better.
clear which things you are comparing. (The new desserts are better than the old desserts.)

4. Repeat the same comparative to talk about

change - an increase or a decrease:
comparative comparative It's getting harder and harder to find an
+ and +
adjective adjective inexpensive restaurant.
OR
The prices of mobile phones are going lower
and lower.
more/less + and + more/less + adjective It's getting more and more difficult.
(The difficulty is increasing.)
m Cars are becoming less and iess expensive.

5. Use a double comparative to show cause

and effect:
comparative omparative a .... the queue, ihe foster the service.
the
adjor* :ÿ? :'v:> (When the queue is shorter, the service is faster.)
m The more expensive the restaurant; ifcf
bigger the bill.
I
Check if out!
For spelling rules for the comparative form of adjectives, see Appendix 22 on page 344.
For a list of irregular comparative adjectives, see Appendix 10 on page 339.
For a list of some adjectives that form the comparative in two ways, sea Appendix 12 on page 339.

JL.
 i 186 !

Si TRUE OR FALSE •Look at these two restaurant ads. Then read the statements below and
% decide if they are True (T) or False (F). i

Luigi’s
i Italian Restaurant
Ristorante HJtalia no i

Family-style eating since 1990 Established in 1990

Open Tuesday - Sunday, 12:00-9:00 Relaxed dining in a romantic atmosphere
open seven days a week - dinner only j
EARLY-BIRD SPECIAL
(full dinner for £10.95 if ordered before 6:00) reservations suggested I
No reservations necessary all credit cards accepted
.
No credit cards 12 Broad Street
87 High Street one free drink with this ad
j
M
ij (Sill ,) i.
1
I F 1. Luigi’s is older than Antonio’s. .
,

i 4
f ; 2. Antonio’s is more romantic than Luigi’s.

:
3.

4.
Luigi’s is probably less crowded.
Antonio’s seems cheaper than Luigi’s.
I
. i S. On Tuesdays, Luigi’s has shorter business hours. i

;;
I

'
• i !
j'
j
COMPARE & COMPLETE •Look at part of Luigi's menu. Then complete the comparisons.
Use the comparative form of the words in brackets.

V Spaghetti Primavera (with lightly sauteed vegetables)

\ Spaghetti Arrabbiata (with hot chilli peppers and tomatoes)
Fettuccini Alfredo (with butter and cream)
Linguine Aglio e Olio (with garlic and oil)

The spaghetti primavera is

The linguine aglio e olio is
The spaghetti arrabbiata is
V low for, low salt

_
__
_
cheaper than

i
and spicy

(c i l< ••![>)

'.ÿÿÿ:[ *1 IMVt!

the linguine aglio e olio.

__
_
.£6.95
.£7.50
.£8.95
.£5.60

the spaghetti arrabbiata.

the fettuccini Alfredo.
and
1
I

I
il 4.
i -| >i>

The fettuccini Alfredo is

S. The spaghetti primavera is
y)

(I.illoninii)
the spaghetti primavera.
_ the fettuccini Alfredo.
I
: (h<\il!hy)
I
n
!,i
n
;
 I?
, .. a 187

COMPLETE •Read these comments about a restaurant. Complete them with the
comparative form of the words in brackets to show cause and effect or a change.
.
l . A: I can’t believe the size of this menu. It’s going to take me forever to choose.
B: The longer the menu, the more difficult the choice.
(long) (difficult)
2. A: They say the food here is getting and
(good)
B: And the food, it is.
(good) (expensive)
3. A: The service seems a little slow tonight.
B: Yes, the restaurant, the service.
(popular) (slow)
4. A: The cigarette smoke here is getting and
(bad)
B: the room, my cough gets.
(smoky) (bad)
s. A: It’s pretty loud in here.
B: the restaurant, it is.
(crowded) (noisy)
6. A: They certainly give you a lot of food. I can’t eat any more.
1
: i B:
(big)
the portions,
_ (bard)
it is to finish.
7. A: Their desserts keep getting and
(delicious)
B: And I keep getting and

a EDIT •Read this restaurant review. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the
comparative of adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.

tomato sauce in town. And leave room

BY BRUCE NEWHART for dessert. They just keep getting good
BH Pete's Place has just reopened and better.
r~ under new management. The dining room The waiters are friendly but not able to
brighter
looks bigger, more bright and prettier as the handle large numbers of people - the crowded
old one. Although the food isn't better, it is the restaurant, the slower the service. At
just as good. The menu is more varied and dinnertime, the queues outside this popular

less expensiver. Try one of their pasta restaurant are getting longer and more long.
dishes. You won't find a more fresher Try lunchtime fora quieter and relaxeder meal.

v
 !i::
Jf'f ?

_y M 8 T :

••
i w*
• Adj@ctiv@ss Superlatives - :

i
:
rrr - . >•< y, ‘-7--

;
i.
S
mage :
: l: ;
m jj
ro Who just
happens to be

$
17 ffl Rui)
C* my wife!
HAPPY
T” po/wr
Tick the correct answer.
i
.

.
i : VALENTINE’S The sender of this card thinks his . :
:/•] y'TTk DAY! wife is very: !
I
O typical
HI ;h a special
i NOTE: On Valentine’s Day (14 February), many people send cards to special people in
their lives to tell them how much they love them.
i f

i
::
CHART CHECK SUPERLATIVES i
/ ick the correct SUPERLATIVE
;! answers. ADJECTIVE FORM
Which word always the sweetest
goes before the the funniest
§ superlative form .
You are person in the world.

h
of the adjective?
a a or an
the best
the most wonderful I. ;
the least selfish :
a the a most the nicest
: Which letters do you the loveliest
! add to the end of a
That's the worst card I've ever received.
! short adjective to 1
the most arousing
form the superlative? |
!
|
a v a -est
Which words do you jl
I : the least original

add before a long

I adjective to form the
! i j superlative?
|a more or /ess
:
ia most or least
11:!
!: !
:Ji 188

Mk,.. 1
 sr
'

|f§ m ii
B 189
*V'

EXPRESS ADJECTIVE SUPERLATIVE

1:
Complete the chart. nice
'

I* beautiful
warm
W
happy

Cis R M'p’tesU'- :lk*;r?s

1. Use the stsperlative form of adjectives to You are the best parents in the world. J
single out people, places and things from other You are the most wonderful friend I've
people, places and things. ever had.

k 2. There is more than one way to form the

superlative of adjectives.
ADIECTIVE SUPERLATIVE
a. For one-syllable adjectives, or two-syllable bright the brightest
adjectives ending in -y, use the + adjective friendly the friendliest
+ -est.

> BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes nice the nicest
when you add -est. big the biggest !ii
pretty The pretties

> BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives have irregular good the best i:l
superlative forms.
b. For most other adjectives of two or more
bad
comfortable
the worst

the most comfortable

I
syllables, use the rnost/the least + adjective. the least comfortable \k
-r c. - For some adjectives use either the . . . -est The third hotel was the quietest. i
. or the most/the least. The third hotel was the most quiet.
:

- 3. The superlative is often used with expressions B You're the best mother in the world.
: j
beginning with in or of, such as in the world m He's the cleverest one of us all.
and of all.

4. The superlative is sometimes folio wed h\ m That's the

clause. Often the clause uses the present You have ?he loveliest smile ? vr
perfect with ever.

Check it out!
For spelling rules for the superlative form of adjectives, see Appendix 22 on page 344.
For a list of irregular superlative adjectives, see Appendix 10 on page 339.
For a list of some adjectives that form the superlative in two ways, see Appendix 12 on page 339. l!
;;
:i‘!
Hr! !
!
r
.lit: *

| iii
4
 190 i
| V , j IDENTIFY •Read this Mother's buy card written by a young child. Underline all the
1 ~Vi superlative adjective'.

I
<3
::
! : 1/ S3
7OD are. the Mc&ef
in. W. whole w«h.i*/orU.
loo are. tV>e- cWfeÿr , ttvt bajKÿJr c\rtA j
y IV foiYiiedrÿall fwrtS I've ever &oWh .
v'
too are We Aice&V mom \'ve ever KaA.
Yoo afe W MC6Y WMvkrfdl (fefiViWy I
1 •W. leasV" i(V7poWeAt.
:
6
No (VH)M in tte whole, wide world is I
better Wm yoo .
Yod <we W- (AclWr c{o.U .
\ love. very veAj cv\ocK|
Happy MclW's <k
Uve,
Hollÿi CJ
;

j.

___
eSjtydj CHOOSE & COMPLETE 9 Read these sentences from Valentine's Day cards. Complete them
with the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets and the expressions in the box.
! ;
of all in the school of my life in our family jaJfre-vraticT of the year
:
i
You are so good to me. I am _ the luckiest person in the world
,

!i M I V .
The day we were married was day
(!', :( MiV

You are a terrific teacher. You are teacher

You make me feel warm even in . months
You are cousin
6. Grandma, you are __ person . Maybe that’s
['.vr.cl

:
why I love you the most.

Jk .
 is 191

i
u_. j DESCRIBE •Look at these items. Write sentences about them. Use the superlative form of
the words in brackets.

I m
iP wSm P
m fm

“W (fpfl m
i
% mT
m f 'ml
%: mj
i m
Murders WL
H
;*s Bm ares
Agathÿs
v Cnrlstiej

1. The book is the least expensive gift.

(expensive)
2. The painting
(unusual)
3. The painting
(practical)
4. The book _
(small)
5. The painting

6. The scarf _
(bit!)

7. The toy _
(funny)

* h.
EDIT 9 Read this paragraph from a student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the
3 use of superlative adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.

most serious
Ramadan is the se-rieusesfe time in Muslim culture. During Ramadan, we do not eat from
dawn to sunset. This is difficult for everyone but teenagers have the hardest time.
Immediately after Ramadan is the Bid al-Pitr. This holiday lasts three days and it’s the
most happiest time of the year. On the morning of Bid, my family gets up early and goes
to the mosque. After we’ve greeted our neighbours by saying ‘Eid Mubarek’ (Happy Bid),
we go home. We eat the big breakfast you have ever seen. Our parents give us presents,
usually new clothes and money. One year, Bid came round the time I graduated from

university. That year, I got the most beautiful clothes and the fatter envelope of money

of all the children in my family. Eid Mela is pai’t of Eid al-Fitr. On that day, we all go to
a big park. Last year at Eid Mela, I had the better time of my life. I met my old friends
and we all ate junk food and showed off our new clothes.
!f: T |

if. N 1 T
7.,_

r"" i

i i
Adverbs: Comparatives
%jg and Superlatives . 1
Come on, > i
Steve, try harder,
man! > ;
Watch Jordan.
The more he plays,
6
Q
the better he gets.
0
A) 0
r Vft
/
o; 'A 0 0o
»' i
y;V'V *0° V * • A

D
•;

POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F Jordan improves every time he plays.

CHART CHECK COMPARATIVES

Tick the correct COMPARATIVE ADVERB FORM THAN
answer.
harder
What do you add to
better
long adverbs to form
the comparative?
Jordan played than Steve.
more aggressively
[~J more or less less consistently
CJ -er or -est
Which word do you SUPERLATIVES
always add to form SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORM
the superlative?
the fastest
O most
the best
the He threw of anyone in the game, j
the most j accurately
; the least j frequently
i. . . -J

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
Sims threw faster than / of Jones. He played better / the best of all.

1,
192

j£ m
\ ;.;Lv a 193
•"i
j

1. Use the comparative form of adverbs to The Bulls played better than the Lakers.
focus on differences between actions. Jordan played more skilfully than O'Neal.
Use the comparative without than when it is He played less aggressively, though.
clear which things you are comparing.

2. Use the superlative form of adverbs to Steve tried the hardest.

single out something about an action.
We often use the superlative with expressions a He scored the most frequently of any player
' beginning with of, such as of any player. on the team.

3. There is more than one way to form the

comparative and superlative of adverbs.
ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
a. For one-syllable adverbs, use adverb + -er fast faster the fastest
or the + adverb + -est. hard harder the hardest

%
> BE CAREFUL! Some adverbs have irregular well better the best
comparative and superlative forms. badly worse the worst
: b. For most adverbs of two or more syllables, skilfully more/iess the most/the least
use more/less + adverb or skilfully skilfully
he mo its the least -> adverb.
c. Some adverbs use either more/less or -er quickly more quickly the most quickly
and the most/the least or the . . . -est. quicker the quickest

4. Repeat the same comparative to talk about

change - an increase or a decrease:
comparative comparative Steve is playing better and better as the
+ and +
adverb adverb season continues.
OR (His performance keeps improving.)

more/less + and + more/less + adverb He is shooting more and more accurately.

(His shooting keeps getting more accurate.)

5. Use a double comparative to show cause !

and effect:
eosssparai ivc comparative ''he Harder he played, the better he performed.
l iu : ; he ,
tb adverb (When he played harder, his performance improved.)
a you practise, she b«4l*.*r you become.

Check it out!
For a list of irregular comparisons of adverbs, see Appendix 10 on page 339.
!;!
194 a ->ÿ:

v, IDENTIFY •Read this feature story from the sports section of the newspaper. Underline
'%lia cill the comparative forms once. Underline all the superlative forms twice.

Section 3 Sports

Norwich Beat Stowe!

In the first football game of the season, skilfully of anyone on the team. He !
Norwich beat Stowe, 6 goals to 3-The Stowe controlled the ball the best, kicked the ball
team played a truly fantastic game but its the furthest and ran the fastest of any of the
defence is still weak. Norwich defended the players on either team. He played hard and
ball much more aggressively than the Stowe helped the Norwich team look good. In fact,
team did.Of course, Joe Jackson helped win the harder he played, the better Norwich
the game for Norwich. Norwich’s star player performed. Watch Joe this season.
was back on the field today, to the delight of
And watch Stowe, too. They’ve got a new
his many fans. He was badly hurt at the end
coach and they’re training more seriously
of last season but he has recovered quickly.
this year. I think we’ll see them play better
Although he didn’t play as well as people
and better as the season progresses.
expected, he still handled the ball like the
old Joe. He certainly handled it the most

COMPLETE* R od this v 'fends. Comp-ielc ii wUR U,c comparative

'urn or superlative forms of the words in brackets. Add the and than where necessary.

1. (feist)
and
__
BILLY: Did you hear about that new speed-reading course? It helps you read
faster
2. (well)
MICHAEL: I don’t believe it! The you read, the
3. (fast)
you understand.
4. (little)
BILLY: The advert says that after the course, you’ll read ten times
and understand five times more. And the best thing is
5. (rapidly)
that you won’t have to work any
6. (!uir<i)
MICHAEL: I’d like to see that. When I was at school, I read _ of any
student in my class but I also remembered details
and _ of any of my classmates. •>. ni/ :i!v>
d;

BILLY: Maybe you could read even that and still remember
10. (ijiii- S.iv)
details. That way, you’d have more time to go to the gym.
MICHAEL: Did you read the course description properly?
BILLY: I read it I read most things.
M. diu
 •• :'pai jtivt;s .ji'ui StiperlaiiVst a 195

J Ipf-J CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Look at the chart. Then complete the sentences i
'
with the comparative or superlative form of the words in the box. j
You will use some words more than once. |
j
j as?
far good fast bad slow high
X5S

I
ATHLETE
CLARKE
LONG JUMP
4.3 m
4.2 m
POLE VAULTING
2.2 m
2.1 m
5-MILE RUN
24 minutes
28 minutes
mmm
m KM
m WM 81ÿ73
SMITH
ROGERS 4.6 m 2.3 m 30 minutes ip Si
1H
m
1

DAVIES 4.7 m 2.5 m 22 minutes a*

1. Clarke jumped further than Smith.

. Pffri.0f
the highest
mmM:
2. Davies vaulted of all.
3. Rogers ran
_
4. Smith ran _ Davies.
S. Davies jumped
3
1 6. Clarke ran _ Smith.
7. Davies vaulted Smith.
8. All in all, Davies did

9. All in all, Smith did

fT. EDIT 9 Read this student's report about a basketball game. Find and correct seven
mistakes in the use of adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
1
‘i

•i Last night, I watched the Lakers and the Bulls. Both teams played more
than
aggressivelyÿ’ve ever seen them. In fact, they played the better of any game
X I’ve watched this season. In the first half, Michael Jordan sprained his left ankle

and Shaquille O’Neal was out of the game because of fouls. But they still didn’t

start the second half any slower that the first. With Jordan out, Kukoc scored the
most frequenter of any player. He’s been playing more and more better as the
season goes on. In fact, more he plays, the better he gets. The Bulls won by
97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to get tired at the end. They played little and less

consistently as the game went on.

«
 SelfTest
isiEgrFaogdl ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. I’ve got _ job in the world. A B C D

(A) a good (C) the best
(B) best (D) the better
2. This apple pie smells A B C D
(A) wonderful (C) more wonderfully
(B) wonderfully (D) the most wonderfully
3. Our team didn’t play I expected. I was disappointed. A B C D
(A) as well as (C) as badly as
(B) well (D) better
4. I passed my driving test. It seemed much this time. A B C D
(A) easy jC) easiest
(B) easier (D) easily
5. The faster Daniel walks, A B C D
(A) more tired (C) the more tired he gets
(B) he gets tired (D) he gets more tired
6. Could you talk ____ .? I’m trying to work. A B C D
(A) more quietly (C) more quiet
(B) quieter than (D) quiet
7. Lisa is staying at home. Her cold is a lot today. A B C D
!
(A)bad (C) worst
worse
(B) (D) the worst
8. Sorry we’re late. Your house is much than we thought. A B C D
(A) far (C) further
(B) the furthest (D) the further
\ The film was so _ that we couldn’t sleep last night. A B C D
(A) excitingly (C) excite
(B) excited (D) exciting

0. Chris is working very these days. A B C D

(A) hardly (C) harder
(B) hard (D) hardest

196 i:

1
.=

'&&c Min a 197

11. Write the report first. It’s more important your other work. A B C D
(A) than (C) from
(B) as (D) then

12. The lunch menu is very short. It’s _

than the dinner menu. A B C D
(A) varied (C) less varied
(B) more varied (D) the least varied

13. Thank you! That’s _ _ I’ve ever received. A B C D

(A) the nicer gift (C) nicest gift
(B) a nice gift (D) the nicest gift
14. It’s getting more _ to find a cheap flat. A B C D
(A) hardly (C) the most difficult
(B) and more difficult (D) and very difficult

igEc?ioggi TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
*
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A B C(D)
A E C D

15. The harder Sylvia tries, less she succeeds. A B C D

A B C D

16. This has been the best day than my whole life! A B C D
A B c D

17. We’re always amazing by John’s incredible travel stories. A B C D

A 3 C D
- 18. We took a lot of photos because she was such a sweetly little baby. A B C D
'
A B C D

19. Our new car is hard to drive than our old one. A B C D
A B C D

20. Patrick doesn’t run quickly as Lee but he can run further. A B C D
ABC D

21. You did much more better in the last test than in this one. A B C D
ABC D
22. What’s tfie more popular of all the new TV shows? A B C D
23. The more I practise the piano, the most skilled I get. A B C D
•/

24. The rubbish in the street is more disgusted than the potholes. A B C D
25. Today seems as hotter as yesterday but the humidity is lower. A B C D
in
I: : V
ULN; I T
r Gerundsi :
Subject and Object
>
X I’m all N
T out of breath again. ..

S’
t'
— I really need to
give up jogging! >

.
;

4> \vr '~i POINT ;

Tick the correct answer.

’
nk
What does the woman want to give up? ;

a. a, O cigarettes i

O exercise
:

“1 T
CHART CHECK GERUND AS SUBJECT
GERUND (SUBJECT) ' VERB OBJECT
I answer. Smoking harms your health.
j What does the gerund
I end with? Not smoking makes you healthier.
:
O -ed
CJ -ing GERUND AS OBJECT -
What goes before the SUBJECT VERB GERUND (OBJECT)
gerund to make it
i ;

You should give up smoking.

negative?
i|! ii
My doctor suggests not smoking.
O not «-

O don 't or doesn 't

198
i

J
 a 199

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb drink.
Use the affirmative or negative.
A: too much coffee isn’t good for you.
__
_coffee
B: I know. I gave up last year.
i A: My doctor suggested fizzy drinks, either.

1
1. A gerund (base form of verb + -sag) is a Drinking too much coffee is bad for your health.
verb that functions like a noun.

A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. Smoking is also unhealthy.

> BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes smoke smoking

when you add -ing to the base form of the verb, jog jogging

Notice that a gerund is always singular and is Eating sweets is bad for your teeth.
followed by the third person singular form of inhaling smoke gives me bronchitis.
the verb.
cjcrnnd
BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse a gerund with the Drinking coffee isn't healthy.
continuous form of the verb. .moils k:::P
He is drinking coffee at the moment.

2. A gerund can also be the object of I enjoy exercising.

certain verbs. I've considered Joining a gym.

To the right is a short list of verbs that can be admit miss

followed by a gerund. avoid practise
consider stop
deny resent
enjoy suggest
finish (dis)iike

3. There are many common expressions with u We often go swimming in the lake.
go gurtrnd. These expressions usually
1
Yesterday I ww.i shopping for a new pair of
describe activities, such as shopping, fishing, running shoes.
skiing, swimming and camping.

Check it out!
T. For more complete lists of common verbs that can be followed by the gerund,
l see Appendix 3 on page 337 and Appendix 6 on page 338.

i
V
8
J
i
I
 ;
200

1; p1“ • IDENTIFY 9 Read part of an article from a magazine. Underline the words ending in -lug
! that are gerunds.

YOUR

11 -ti- JSL M JLJL JL, .j.

I
SWIMMING is great exercise. It’s this from personal experience. Last
I healthy, fun and relaxing. Because
swimming is a ‘low-impact’ sport,
year while I was jogging, I injured
my right knee. I don’t go jogging
most people enjoy participating in any more. After a painful month of
this activity without fear of injury recovery, I stopped running and
to their bones or muscles. Jogging, switched to water sports. I’m now
which is a ‘high-impact’ activity, considering joining a swimming
can at times be harmful. I know team and competing in races.
i
if
I
.. CHOOSE & COMPLETE 9 Read these statements about health issues. Complete them with
| the gerund form of the verbs in the box. Choose between affirmative and negative.

V increase eat do walk drink smoke swim run go

1. Smoking is bad for your heart and lungs.

ip
2. too much fat and sugar is also unhealthy.
3. water
enough is bad for your general health.
4. Doctors suggest _ the amount of fruit and vegetables in your diet.
5. Avoid _ _ too many high-impact sports such as jogging and
jumping.
6. Instead, consider _ in a pool every day. It’s an excellent J

low-impact activity.
Many health experts think that is better than
. because there is less stress on your body when your feet come
I:
into contact with the ground.
Some people are afraid of the doctor but for regular checkups
is a mistake.
IP
iiri

j!

tUin... .
u
a 201
:

|gq SUMMARISE •Read each numbered statement. Complete the following summary using
'ÿ

1S| the appropriate verb from the box and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.

admit can't stand avoid consider deny £njoy go stop

. i.

SUMMARY: Tom doesn’t

_
TOM: Ann jogs but I don’t really like that kind of exercise.
enjoy jogging
(jog)

] SUMMARY: Martina
_ __
2. MARTINA: Oh, no thanks. I don’t smoke any more.

(smoke)
3. CARL: I’m going to that new swimming pool. Would you like to come with me?
SUMMARY: Carl is going to (swim)
4. JIM: I can smell smoke, too. But don’t look at me! I didn’t have a cigarette!
SUMMARY: Jim
(smoke)
5. IZZY: I know I should exercise but I don’t want to. I guess you’re right. I am lazy.
SUMMARY: Izzy lazy.
(be)
6. PHIL: No, thanks. The cake looks great but I’m trying to stay away from sweet
things.
SUMMARY: Phil sweet things.
7. VICKY: I’m not sure but I may go on holiday.
SUMMARY: Vicky a holiday.
(lake)
8. MYLES: Traffic jams are what I hate most about commuting.
SUMMARY: Myles in traffic jams.
(be)

f EDIT •Read Jim's notes. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of the gerund.
The first mistake has already been corrected.
|

SMOKING
WAVS X CAN &IVEUP SMOKE CI6ARETTES
Choose an exact date to give up smoke.
Stop smoking completely. (Cut down is harder than stopping all at once.)
Avoid to be around other smokers (at least at the beginning).
Start exercising daily. To exercise can reduce stress.
No drinking coffee may help, too.
Imagine been a non-smoker. Positive mental images can help.
Consider to join a support group.
Don’t delay to ask for help. Call Dr Burns right away!
keep trying and don’t give up!
 i

y;? Sc:. - ;j§icfe afi6;' Prepositions

C •
:
- s23Ldj
«

- SET 1NV0L¥£D! .
ss
w

Interested in improving life on campus?

;,W ® V i
PP
m
wsV pp
Tired of hearing complaints and not finding solutions?

join tits Student Council! wm m

Next Meeting: Mon. 25 March, 8:00 p.m., Main Auditorium

We look forward to seeing you there.
Jr-., J ‘jiJis a difference!
r-J
L (
a m
*j

Smm I

po/wr
vj
R(
The Student Council is looking for students who
:
T F want to make new friends.
T F want to improve life on campus.
T F like to complain.

CHART CHECK GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

: lick the correct PREPOSITION GERUND
answers,
Do you have ideas for improving life on campus?
What part of speech
is the word to in We're good at planning ahead.
k : k forward ?
You can help by taking notes.
Ijl part of the
i
infinitive She believes ;;

I”! a preposition Are you tired I complaints?

What form of the verb :

Let's work
follows a preposition?
D the base form j I They insist to the meeting.

! O the gerund I look forward to having to ; study next summer.

O the infinitive ; | She's inteiested tv. working with i other students.

202

|l
;
 '

203
V !.•

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb Join.
A: Are you happy about
_ the Student Council?

B: Yes, I am. I’d been looking forward to a group for a while.

noun
1. A preposition is a word such as about, The council insists on elections.
against, at, by, far, in, instead of, of, on, pronoun
to, with and without. A preposition can be The council insists on them.
followed by a noun or a pronoun.
gerund
. Because a gwurwi (base form of verb + -hig) The council insists on voting.
acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition, too.
?:ÿ

: 2. Many common expressions are made up of a VERB + PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

verb or an adjective followed by a preposition. advise against afraid of
1 believe In bored with
count on excited A- ut-
These expressions can be followed by a gerund. She's counting on going to university.
He is kcrod with id;-,;: in a shop.

3. BE CAREFUL!
VERB -I- PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE I PREPOSITION
a. In the expressions on the right, to is a look forward to accustomed to
preposition, not part of an infinitive form. object to opposed to
For this reason it can be followed by resort to used to
the gerund.
a I'm looking forward to seeing you.
NOT I'm looking forward to see you.
a She's used to coming top in her class.
NOT She's used to come top in her class.

b. Do not confuse used to + base form I used to take the train.

of verb (for habits in the past) with (It was my habit to take the train but I no longer
he/a used •: rue CT- -A (meaning take the train.)
'be/get accustomed to').
a I iv A > taking the train.
(I'm accustomed to taking the train.)

a r the train.
(I'm becoming accustomed to taking the train.)

Check it out!
For a list of common verb plus preposition combinations, see Appendix 7 on page 33S.
For a list, of common adjective plus preposition combinations, see Appendix 8 on page 338.

.3
if! ft

204 a

IDENTIFY •The Student Launch wrote a letter to the Dean of the university, dead it and
underline all the preposition + gerund combinations.

We, the members of the Student Council, would like to share with you
the thoughts and concerns of the general student body. As you probably know,
many students are complaining about life on campus. We are interested
in meeting with you to discuss our ideas for dealing with these complaints.
We know that you are tired of hearing students complain and that you
are not used to working with the Student Council. However, if you really
believe in giving new ideas a try, we hope you will think about speaking to
: i our representatives. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
t

p CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read these comments from the university newspaper. Complete the
students' statements with the appropriate preposition from the box (you will use one
of them several times) and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.

at on in to about for

I don’t have any plans for the holidays but I’m not concerned _ about getting
bored. I can always go for a walk or something. Jim Clark
2. What are my plans for the holidays? I’m very interested _
(listen)
to jazz. I’m going to go to the Spring Jazz Festival. Lisa Smith
3. My friends and I are driving to Scotland. I’m excited but
(go)
I’m nervous at night. Emily Latham
4. I’m really looking forward
(drive)
_ _ at home and just
(slay)
Don Peters
(i t'id.Xj

5. I’m driving to Wales. It’s famous great scenery. Ed Davies

! I I.1VI

I love languages but I’m not good .....

.....them so I’m studying for

my Japanese class over the break. Claire Kaplan

My friends and I are going camping but my little brother insists
with us. A lot of fun that’ll be! Oscar Stephens
8. My girlfriend is keen and to the
IV id) (q<>)

cinema so I guess I’ll read a lot and see a lot of films. Tim Riley
T a 205

COMBINE •Read these pairs of sentences about student life. Combine them with the
|] prepositions in brackets.

1. You can’t walk on campus late at night. You have to worry about your safety.
You can’t walk on campus late at night without worrying about your safety. _
(without)
2. We can make changes. We can tell the Dean about our concerns.

(>>y)
3. The Dean can help. He can listen to our concerns.

(by)
In some cases, students just complain. They don’t make suggestions for improvements.

(instead of)

5. Students get annoyed with some lecturers. Some lecturers come late to class.

(for)
6. You can improve your work. Study regularly.

(by)

EDIT •Read this student's letter. Find /•ÿ ;/K or aerunds

after prep osi do n

Dear Brian,
l have been attending
studying
Bedford Collegefor agear. I'm verg happg
about studg here. Atfrst, it was quite hardgetting used to speak English
alt the time but now /feel verg comfortable about communicate in mg
second language.
I've just joined an internationalstudent group and Em excited with
meeting new people. The summer break is coming and a few of us arc-
planning on do some travelling together. Before toJoin this group, / used to
spend ho/idags alone.
Please write. / look forward to hearfrom gou!
K.
[ p'

i Jj M I ? !
Hr% \
/

fv c infinitives
after Certain Verbs I
2fei

j'. -

Lifestyles Section 4

1
ASK ANNIE
Dear Annie, i POINT
1:4 k A month ago I met this great
<M fH tVwoman, Megan, and I asked Tick the correct answer.
111 M » her to marry me straight- O Megan wants more time
g§ away. She says things are ‘moving to consider the marriage
i
too fast’ and she wants me to proposal.
think about my proposal a bit longer.
.PPIlii I’ve told her I can’t afford to wait O Megan thinks ‘Impatient’ J
forever. Am I right? Impatient should consider his
proposal more.

I:
f...
! CHART CHECK STATEMENTS: WITHOUT AN OBJECT CV§'
Circle / (True) or j SUBJECT VERB (NOT) INFINITIVE $
F (False).
decided to call
T F The infinitive = ! They (not) Annie.
base form + to. agreed to ask If
T F The negative
I
infinitive = STATEMENTS: WITH AN OBJECT

1 !ÿ T F
not + infinitive.
All verbs need
an object before
SUBJECT VERB
They
urged
OBJECT (NOT) INFINITIVE
John (not)
to call
her.
I
advised him to ask
the infinitive.
1
STATEMENTS: WITH OR WITHOUT AN OBJECT
SUBJECT j VERB (OBJECT) ! INFINITIVE !
i wanted j (John) ;
They ; her.
| needed i (him)

EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form a sentence.
to « want » Annie •write « to « I

206

lb
 ; a 207

rl
1. Certain verbs can be followed by an infinitive B I want to get married.
(to + base form of the verb). B I asked Annie to help me.

1 !i
2. Some of these verbs are immediately followed s He decided to write to Annie.
by an infinitive. H He hoped to get a quick reply.

The verbs on the right can be followed by an agree plan

infinitive. begin refuse
fail seem

3. Some verbs need an object (noun or pronoun) object

, before the infinitive. B I invited Mary to celebrate with us.
object
a I reminded her to come.
The verbs on the right need an object before advise tell
the infinitive. encourage urge
order warn

4. Some verbs can be followed by either:

0 an infinitive a He wants to leave. He's tired.
OR OR
° an object + infinitive Q He wants you to leave. You're tired.
The verbs on the right can be followed ask need
either by an infinitive or by an expect want
object + infinitive. help would like

5. Form a negative infinitive by placing not Lee remembered not to call after 5:00.
before the infinitive. (Lee didn't call after 5:00.)
Anna told me not to go to class.
(Anna: 'Don't go. The teacher is sick.')

BE CAREFUL! A sentence with a negative a Jim told me not to give up.

infinitive can have a very different meaning (Jim: 'Don't give up.')
from a sentence with a negative main verb.
Jim eiS me to give up.
()im didn't say I should give up.)

Check it out!
For a list of common verbs followed directly by the infinitive, see Appendix 4 on page 338.
For a list of verbs followed by objects and the infinitive, see Appendix 5 on page 338.
For a list of verbs that can be followed either directly by an infinitive or by an object +
infinitive, see Appendix 5 on page 338.
 1! IP

208 a

IDENTIFY •Read Annie's response to 'Impatient'. Underline all the verb + infinitive and
verb + object + infinitive combinations.

Lifestyles 17

!
Dear Impatient,
3ÿ low down! You appear to be in too much of a hurry. You’ve
4 known this person for a month and yet you’ve asked
her to marry you! What’s the big rush? Wry can’t you afford
to wait? Are you afraid that if she gets to know you better, she may
decide not to.tie the knot? I agree with your girlfriend. You need
to consider things more carefully. You can’t expect her (or yourself)
i;
to make such an important decision so quickly. If you don’t want
:i to regret a hasty decision, I advise you both to get to know each
other better before you hurry to the altar. Annie

1
i
S COMPLETE •Read this article. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Use the present simple or the imperative form of the first verb. 1

:
iP Planning for Love
ost people make careful plans when they decide to have a holiday.
1. (decide / have)
Yet when they a mate, they depend on luck.
2. (attempt / find)
Edward Driscoll, PhD, love to chance.
He _ his four-step plan when they search for a partner.
3. (warn / single people / not / leave)

- Remember: When you _

4. ( urge / them / use)

5. (fail / plan)
, you
6. (plan i fail)
:
STEP ONE: Make a list. What kind of person do you

__
7. (wish ! meet) :

Someone intelligent? Someone who loves sports? List everything.

STEP TWO: Make another list. What kind of person are you?
_ 8. : A'.l. i • v. i'l.'wK .
your list and comment on it. The two lists should match.
. .'<.<ÿ I H i<i( L: Increase your chances. __ 9. (( I . parlit ijt.lio)
in activities you like. i
I STEP FOUR: Ask for introductions. Dr Driscoll
10. (advise / people .' nol It'd)

embarrassed to ask. Everyone a matchmaker!

iilii
11. (YVJMl Iff)

-I;

liL. j
 f
a 209
i
: m SUMMARISE •Read each numbered statement. Complete the summary using the
.3
i
$
appropriate verb from the box followed by an infinitive or an object + infinitive.

agree remind would like invite need forget encourage

1. ANNIE: I really think you should take things more slowly, Mark.
SUMMARY: Annie urged Mark to take things more slowly.
KAREN: Tom, could you call me at 10:00?
2.

SUMMARY: Karen _
1 3. to
CHRIS: Emily, please remember buy petrol today.
SUMMARY: Chris_
4. JOHN: We’re out
going like to us?
for coffee, Mel. Would you join
:

SUMMARY: John _
5. JASON: OK, OK, Dad. I’ll be home by 10:30
if want. that’s what you
SUMMARY: Jason _
i

j
6. JEFF: Oh, no! It’s 1 to two
4:15. didn’t go the o’clock staff meeting!
SUMMARY: _
Jeff
7. MUM: Come Lisa,
on, Just
don’t be scared. try again.

f SUMMARY: Lisa’smother _
8. TERRY: I’m Sue to
using the car tonight. I’m taking the cinema.
' SUMMARY: Terry_
EDIT •Read this entry from a diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
n infinitives after certain verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.

to join
Amie.aMs£d.meÿmmq-.a_club.oitak£..a.ck(5S..aodllimi[ÿAidjtLL(ied(iedbecorne
A member ofthe Curdoar. Adventure Club and I went to my first meeting last night.. I'm really
excrted.abaut.it. Tbeclubisplanning a hiking, trip next weekend.!definitely want to go
rafting in the spring. At first 1 didn't want signing up bat the leader was so nice.
He urged me to not miss this trip so I put my name, on the list. After the meeting, a group
of peopje.asked.me.to.go out with them._lile went.to a coffee shop.and talked for hours.
..Well,! hoped make some friends when l joined this.club but 1 didn't expect everyone, being so
_friendly.fm_.glad Annie, persuaded me no to give up

„
 F!
j I UNIf
mÿ'%.
.1' i
infinitives C4
aa
:
1 it
after Certain Adjectives
L,
and Nouns

_
ll
f
: It’s hard to find
i
m good chips these days. *
& oO°
fI :
?
!
:

w,
:ÿk I
\
If 2$

i
I
i POINT n
A Check the correct answer.
: : Vv- ’ V:t“*£*%
Finding good chips is difficult.
: i •
: sz r\ The man hardly eats anything but chips.

; ;
;

: CHART CHECK INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES %

l- lick the correct INFINITIVE
i: ADJECTIVE
answers. : 1 >a?d
It's to find nutritious fast food.
The infinitive is
formed with: We're i eager to hear about the new restaurant.
;i-l O to + base form He seemed | surprised to find out about the amount of fat in a burger.
of verb
O to + base form of INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS
!!!ÿ verb + -ing
. NOUN INFINITIVE
|i The infinitive follows:
Gl certain nouns and It's time 1
I adjectives
'
1-j
That's a high
: Cl certain
i prepositions Does he have .
out late? :

ii i
!

;
jt
>1
210 3

lL_ i
 a 211
:

|gj EXPRESS
i Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
!
!
convenient •It’s ® eat •fast •food •to
pay ° a 9 price •low •That’s to 9

|
adjective infinitive
1. Certain adjectives can be followed by an a They were eager to try the new burger.
infinitive (to + base form of the verb).
I
Many of these adjectives describe a feeling She was glad to hear that it was low in calories.
about the action in the infinitive.
if
•
Adjectives that express praise or blame are often I was wrong to leave.
followed by an infinitive. They were brave to tell him.

Adjectives that show the order of actions are We were fast to order.
often followed by an infinitive. When the bill came, she was the first to leave
the restaurant.

2. We often use s ; a-rffr : you again.

i
f When the action in the infinitive is done by a It was silly of Tom to leave.
person, we often use of or for + noun/pronosm. It's hard for its to get there on time.
1 It's + adjective + infinitive is often used to it's convenient to eat fast food.
make general observations. it's difficult for students fo work full time.
J

noun inlinilivo
3. Certain nouns can be followed by an infinitive. It's time to take a break.
I have the right to eat what I want.
They made a decision fo lose weight.
It's a high price to pay.
He's got permission f» stay out late.

The noun < Infinitive combination often B Robin is the person <»> <«j about that.
expresses advisability or necessity. (You should ask Robin about that.)

a I have a for.
(I must study for my test.)

Check it out!
For a list of common adjectives that can be followed by the infinitive, see Appendix 9 on page 338.
 :
212 a
SlHr-
F|H { IDENTIFY •Read this questionnaire. Underline all the adjective + infinitive and
i noun + infinitive combinations. Write A over the adjectives and N over the nouns.
t

J •

N ‘ i
Please take a few minutes to complete this questionnaire about fast-food restaurants.
Tick (/) ail the answers that apply to you.
A
1. How often are you likely to eat at a fast-food restaurant?
1-3 times a week 4-6 times a week
more than 6 times a week never
•••!
2. In your opinion, fast food is:

: good to eat a way to save time

fun to order occasionally unhealthy to have every day i
id 3. Which statement best describes your feelings about the cost of fast food? . ;;

1
It's a high price to pay for convenience. You get a lot for not very much money.
4. Is it a good idea to include healthy choices in fast-food menus?
I Yes No
%
: %

j i m COMPLETE * Read these excerpts from letters to the editor of a university newspaper.
Complete them with the correct form of the words in brackets.
-.
Last year, I stopped eating in the cafeteria because the food was so bad and it was
such a terrible place to have a meal. Yesterday, I went back for the
first time. I was
1. (place / have)

2. (delighted / find)
_ Burgers Unlimited there. Fast foods
are the ! They’re. and the
3. (way!go) 4. (fun / eat)
cheerful atmosphere has made the cafeteria a in. I’ll be
II 5. (pleasure / eat)

I
i
eating lunch there every day from now on. Jeff i

It was a
6. {misi.ik-;
__ fast-food chains to the campus. It’s
biinij)
the exact same restaurants everywhere you go. The
food they serve isn’t . It contains much too much sugar,
salt and fat. For students, it’s _ a healthy meal every
day and it’s _ 10. (dillic ult , go)
9. (*‘V,f*nli.il hawt*}
off campus to eat. We just don’t have the f
:
time. Alice
•I

ji
i
IS B 213
I
m ~
CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read these conversations between colleagues. Complete them with
ffSSj the words in brackets and the infinitive form of a verb from the box.

get cry hear keep work find decide wake up show

CHRIS: Hey, Dawn. I’ve got to talk to you. Have you got
_ time to take
1. (lime)
a break?
DAWN: Of course, Chris. What’s wrong? You look like you’re 2. (ready)
m CHRIS: Mr Kay’s just asked me if I’d be _ __ from 4:00 p.m.
3. (willing)
to midnight.
DAWN: But lectures start early tomorrow! It’s early
4. (hard)

j
after working late.
CHRIS: When I told him that, he said, ‘I’m _ that, Chris.
5. (suprisod)
I thought you were a promotion to
6. (eager)
shift manager.’
DAWN: It’s your work up, too. Did he give you
7. (imparl on!)

8. (lime)
CHRIS: He just said, ‘OK. I’ll ask Steve. We’ll give him the
v.
his loyalty to the company.’
DAWN: Fast-food jobs are . Don’t worry! Just concentrate
10. (easy)
on university.

IpJ-i EDIT •Read Mr Kay's journal. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of infinitives.
kgl The first mistake has already been corrected.

_ to ask
Tonight X made the decision asked Chris t.o do the night shift. I really
thought she was going to be glad for getting the offer. She has her

own rent fa y and I know it’s hard for she to meet all her expenses.
Looks like she was the wrong person I asked! The problem was, she
wasn't willing to said Ves or No and I'm afraid I got a Little
impatient. It: was. wrong of me to threaten to ask Steve. I could tell
that shewas pretty upset to hear that. I'll think about giving her the
promotion anyway. She deserves getting a break.
'[ini
. !'*!••• "
y
!

:
SM
Wg&
1T
infinitives
I
f? 9 Uil; I
with Too and Enough i
f
f
hrf
;
o
ft 1

% i
fl
'[
:
Kj A
V/.

I T F
POINT
Circle T (True) or f (False).
The man’s parents
want the man to get
them a drink of water. 8 1
; i
I i
1

I
i
.

‘Son, your mother and. I think that you are now old enough
to get your own drink of water?
T F The man wants his
parents to get him a !
drink of water.

CHART CHECK INFINITIVES WITH TOO

Tick the correct ADJECTIVE/ (FOR + NOUN/
! % ;
ji answer. Too ADVERB OBJECT PRONOUN) INFINITIVE i
i

Which word comes We're (not) young (for people) to trust us.
before the adjective
or adverb? The teacher talked too quickly (for me) to take notes.
0 too It's (not) hard (for us) to decide. 4 i
! 0 enough
il INFINITIVES WITH ENOUGH I
'

\ ADJECTIVE/I | ( FOR + NOUN/

ADVERB ENOUGH OBJECT PRONOUN) INFINITIVE
! They're (not) old (for people) ! them.

> She hasn't come j often eno.Hik | (for me)

It's (not) (for us)
!.

I
'if
1
214 I
j
 1|:

infinitives will . loo and Enough 215

V MM
m
EXPRESS
Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
vote •She’s •to •young •too
to •enough •old •We’re •work ;ÿ

s
/f
Grantmar hpianatloiss Examples
/.it' v«u.'

I'm too young to drive.

1. Use too + adjective/adverb + infinitive to
give a reason. (I'm not seventeen yet so I can't drive.)
a She isn't too young to drive.
(She's over seventeen so she can drive.) i
l She arrived too late to take the test.
(She arrived twenty minutes after the test started
so she couldn't take the test.)
I
% a She didn't arrive too late to take the test. i!1
(She arrived only two minutes after the test
started so she could still take the test.)

, !i i

2. You can also use adjective/adverb + I'm old enough to go into the army.
enough + infinitive to give a reason. (I'm over eighteen so I can go into the army.)
a He isn't old enough to go into the army.
(He isn't eighteen yet so he can't go into the army.)
a I ran fast enough to get into the final.
(I ran very fast so I managed to get into the final.)

a She didn't run fast enough to get into the final.

(She didn't run very fast so she didn't manage to
get into the final.)

3. Notice that you don't need to use the infinitive a I'm seventeen years old and I can't vote yet.
when the meaning is clear from the context. I'm too young. I'm not old enough.

> BE CAREFUL! Note the position of too

and enough.
Too comes before the adjective or adverb. a She's too old.
Enough comes after the adjective or adverb. a I'm not old enough. Nor I'm not enough old.

4. Sometimes we use for + noun or a We are too young for our parents to allow us
for + object pronoun before the infinitive. to go out alone.
(Our parents won't allow us to go out alone.)

; a We are too young for them to allow us go out

alone.
(They won't let us go out alone.) :

I
J
m 216 £3 Unit 30

I CHOOSE •People have different opinions about things. Read each numbered statement
.
_ of opinion. Then circle the letter of the sentence (a) or (b) that best summarises that
; = opinion.
jjr
l. Teenagers are responsible enough to stay out past 10:00 p.m.
(a) Teenagers should have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m.
b. Teenagers shouldn’t have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m.

2. Teenagers are too immature to vote.

a. Teenagers should be able to vote.
:
"I
b. Teenagers shouldn’t be able to vote.

3. Teenagers are responsible enough to use the internet without censorship.

a. Teenagers can use the internet without censorship.
!:! b. Teenagers can’t use the internet without censorship.

4. Adults are too afraid of change to listen to children’s ideas.

a. Adults listen to children’s ideas.

5.
b. Adults don’t listen to children’s ideas.

At the age of seventy, people are not too old to work.

1
a. At the age of seventy, people can work.
b. At the age of seventy, people can’t work. 1
V
6. Sixteen-year-olds are not experienced enough to drive.
‘i
a. Sixteen-year-olds can drive.

: b. Sixteen-year-olds can’t drive.

jj |Pjh| UNSCRAMBLE •Gina wants to drive to Milton Keynes for a concert but her mother thinks
1 she's too young. Make sentences with the words in brackets. Then write G (Gina) or
Mi M (Mother) to show whose opinion each sentence represents.

>u 1. You’re too young to be out so late. M I

(too / You're / young / to / out / be / so / late) ..."

2.
(get / It's / to / by ten / us / too / home / far / for)

3.
( i ()!<! “ )t / m.iimv (nysoil / I'm / to / onoucjli)

4.
ni<ihl ; l!\ / io / drive / el)

5.
Io. ijivc i vvnny h id i MS missit »i \ 0

6.
(th.il • experienced / drive / aren't / l.ir / e nough / to / You;
'W
siiiv&s with ",'uo ..nxi Enough a 217

COMPLETE •Some teenagers are leaving a concert. Complete the sentences. Use the
r-i words in brackets with the infinitive and too or enough.

1. I couldn’t hear that last song. The guitar was too loud for me to hear the words.
(loud / me / hear)

2. Let’s get tickets for the concert at Hampton. They’re

(cheap / us / alford)

3. I hope the concert hall is all the fans!

(large / hold)

4. I hope my mother lets me go. This concert is going to be

(good / me / miss)

5. Let’s get a pizza at Luigi’s. The large ones are

(big / share)

6. It’s 9:30 already. It’s for pizza.

(late / stop)

7. I hate this! I think we’re out past 10:00!

(old / stay)

8. Tom didn’t get out of work tonight.

(early / come)

9. Zak, I’m playing basketball tomorrow. Are you still me?

(slow / beat)

10. Let’s find out. But I want to walk. Your car isn’t
(sale •' drive)

EDIT •Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of
infinitives with too or enough. The first mistake has already been corrected.

t. 1 to sleep
Tk& Phish, concert was brilliant! Nour I’m too excitedfor-sleeping: That Mike
Qordon, realty COM, sing. My voice, Unit enoughgood to dug In the. shower! After
the, concert, we, were, realty hungry but it was to late to go pizza,. I NATE
-
for
going home, so early! It’s too weird understand. Myfriend Stan, works and has
to pay taxes but the, law says heis tooyoungfor staying out past 10:00! That’s
crony enough, to make, me, want to scream. That reminds me,. I sure, hope, my
mother changes her mind soon, enough,for I to buy a, ticket to the, Hampton,
concert. They sell out- very cjuickly. Why doesn’t she, think. I’m mature to drive
fifty miles? I’ll have to do it sometime! Well, I’d better try toget some sleep or
I’ll be too tired tooget up In the morning.
 in:

3T j
Infinitives of Purpose
3U
. ;

g
:: i
tk
i
Personal Digital Assistant £99

Use me 1
: to look up words U
s.
•y to check meaning and pronunciation P
i
« m-i y to store names and phone numbers I

! to add and subtract

I0 t/ to write down ideas
i 1/ to surf the net! J :

j
1
POINT
Tick all the correct answers.
What can you use the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as?
:!! [~) an address book CJ a telephone L~J a dictionary O a note pad O a radio

CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

Circle T (True) or I put his number in my PDA I put his number in my PDA
F (False). (in order) to save it. in order not to Jose it.
T F There are two I made a note (in order) to I made a note in order not to
ways to form remember our meeting. forget our meeting.
the affirmative I left at 9:00 (in order) to I left at 9:00 in order not to
infinitive of arrive early. arrive late.
purpose. I ran (in order) to catch the bus. I ran in order not to miss the bus.
T F There are two 1
ways to form
the negative
infinitive of
purpose.

2 !8

yiliiL.. M
 kmo .risves -/A Purpose B 219

: EXPRESS :v;;
Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
store ° addresses •use •I •a •PDA •to

in order •I •not •set •oversleep •my •alarm clock •to

I 1. Use an infinitive (to + base form of the verb) A: Why did you go to Lacy's?
: to explain the purpose of an action. It often B: I went there to buy one of those PDAs
answers the question Why? I saw in an advert.
USAGE NOTE: In spoken English, you can answer A: Why did you go to Lacy's?
the question Why? with an incomplete sentence B: To buy a PDA.
beginning with To.

2. You can also use the longer form in order to + H I bought a PDA in order to store names and
base form of the verb to explain a purpose. phone numbers.
USAGE NOTE: TO + base form of the verb is a I bought a PDA to store names and phone
more common in informal speech and writing. numbers.

3. Use in order not to + base form of the verb I use my PDA in order not to make mistakes in
to express a negative purpose. pronunciation.
(I don't want to make mistakes.)

4. You can also use noun/pronoun + infinitive m I need a PDA to help me remember
to express the purpose of an object. my appointments.
I need it to heip me remember my
appointments.
 III! M
220 a
4
ft] IDENTIFY •Read this conversation. Underline all the infinitives that express a purpose.

JUDITH: It’s 5:00. Aren’t you going home?

LEE: NO. I’m staying late to finish this report. What about you? Are you going
straight home?
JUDITH: No. I’m going to stop at the bank to get some cash. Then I’m going to Lacy’s to :
ii-r take advantage of the sale they’re having.
LEE: Oh, what are you going to get?
JUDITH: One of those new PDAs they’re advertising. I’ve been looking for something to
help me with my work.
LEE: What’s wrong with a normal organiser?
•4 JUDITH: Nothing. But sometimes I need to surf the net.
...
LEE: What else are you going to use it for?
h
;

I- JUDITH: Oh, to store important names and phone numbers and to do my accounts.
l\
;u LEE: What did we do before they invented all these electronic gadgets?
JUDITH: We made a lot of mistakes!

ANSWER •look at Judith's list of things lo do. then wi-.e a phrase to answer
j i|jt) each question.

i
To Do
I
: - Check tyres If
- Make dental appointment
- Buy batteries
- Withdraw £100

____
i .
! - Invite Rick and Tina to dinner
- Buy milk and eggs -t
I]

1. Why did she ring the surgery? To make a dental appointment.

2. Why did she go to the bank? _____

S. Why did she ring her friends?
Why did she go to the supermarket? ___
_ i
i
5. Why did she go to the electrical shop? :__ I
6. Why did she go to the petrol station? ;,V-

I
;
 __
'

infinitives of Purpose a 221

MATCH •Find the correct purpose for each action.

• ’•o'

Action Purpose
3 1 . He enrolled on the course because he a. didn’t want to get any phone calls.

_____ b 2.

3.
She caught a bus because she
She went to the shop because she
b. didn’t want to be late.
c. wanted to store information.
4. We disconnected our phone because we d. wanted to listen to the news.

__
5. He turned on the radio because he e. didn’t want to worry me.

__ 6.

7.
He didn’t tell me he was ill because he
She bought a PDA because she
f. needed to buy some pasta.
g. wanted to learn a new language.

REWRITE •Combine the sentence parts above. Use the infinitive of purpose.

1. He enrolled on the course to learn a new language.

2. She took a bus in order not to be late.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

IjA. EDIT •Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the
infinitive of purpose. The first mistake has already been corrected.

to get

appointment. After the dentist, / checked my calendar andsau/ 'Riclc and Tina, dinner.
7:30'. (should use it in prefer to not forget appointments! Luckily, my recipes are ajreiulif
on the PDA so / used them for making a quick shopping list. When / not home, there
ivas a note on mg door - 'Call PLB'. / checked the PDA dictionary tofind 'PLB'. The
"plumber' minted to cyme in orderfix the taps! Rick. Tina and /planed with the PDA
./ yyi/yrs?/.? /V- ./.
/ lived without it!
 U N I T1
I
Gerunds and Infinitives
-c_
—
I’m so N- ~
How '
' embarrassed. '
could you
I didn’t remember t
V meeting Bob. / psj] (C<U\
forget?
<} y

/M
TO po/Nr
Circle T (True) or F (Folse).
Ui T F The woman had an appointment
=5ÿ with Bob but she forgot to go.
T F The woman forgot that she had
met Bob once before.

CHART CHECK GERUNDS INFINITIVES

! Circle T ( in re) or Joan enjoys going to parties. Joan .-jasiU iu go to parties.
F (False).
She loves meeting new people. She loves to meet new people.
T F Some verbs
can be followed She stopped buying ice cream. She stopped to buy ice cream.
by either the

___
gerund or She's worried about forgetting
the infinitive. people's names.
T F The infinitive Meeting new people is fun. It's fun to meet new people.
sometimes
!ÿ follows a
preposition.
T F A gerund can
be the subject
of a sentence.
EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs go or talk.
° Phil wants
___ to the party.
to parties is exciting.

° Phil enjoys
_ about a lot of different things.
o It’s fun _ to new people.

222

1
T" Gerunds and infinitives a 223

CvramiisiSr &x.. - - .

1. Some verbs are followed by a gerund. Joan enjoys meeting people.

She misses going to parties.

2. Some verbs are followed by an infinitive. Joan wants to meet people.

She'd like to go to parties.

3. Some verbs can be followed by either Joan loves meeting new people.
a gerund or an infinitive. OR
Joan loves to meet new people.

4. BE CAREFUL! A few verbs can be followed by Joan stopped eating ice cream.
either a gerund or an infinitive but the (She doesn't eat ice cream anymore.)
meanings are very different.
Joan stopped to eat ice cream.
(She stopped another activity in order to eat some
ice cream.)
Richard remembered posting the invitation.
(First, he posted the invitation. Then, he
remembered that he had done it.)
Richard remembered to post the invitation.
(First, he remembered. Then, he posted the
invitation.)

Joan never forgot meeting Richard.

(Joan met Richard. It was an important meeting
that she still remembers.)
Joan forgot to meet Richard.
(Joan had plans to meet Richard but she didn't
meet him because she forgot about the plans.)

5. A gerund is the only verb form that can preposition

follow a preposition. Joan's worried about forgetting names.

6. To make general statements, you can use:

•gerund as subject ivieetiny new people is fun.
V: OR OR
•Vi s r adjective/ noun + infinitive it's fun so meet new people

Check if out!
For a list of common verbs followed by the gerund, see Appendix 3 on page 337.
For a list of common verbs followed by the infinitive, see Appendix 4 on page 338.
For a list of verbs that can be followed by the gerund or the infinitive, see Appendix 6 on page 338.

J
 Ill 1.
Ill 224 a Unit 52
fi

;
H TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.
?
i
1. Joan remembered meeting Mr Jackson.
T Joan has already met Mr Jackson.
2. Richard stopped smoking.
_ Richard doesn’t smoke any more. p
3. She didn’t remember to buy a cake for the party.
_ She bought a cake.
4. She stopped eating desserts.
Vi:
!,!
_ She used to eat desserts.
hi
5. Richard forgot to invite his boss to the party.
_ Richard invited his boss. ;
:
i
6. Richard never forgot seeing Jane for the first time.
_ Richard forgot about Jane.
7. Richard thinks giving a party is fun. p
I-
_ Richard thinks it’s fun to give a party.
8. Joan likes going to parties. ji
fi Vi _ Joan likes to go to parties.
1:?ÿ!;1 V
W*S, CHOOSE •Circle the correct words to complete these ideas from a book about memory.
I ;

J
1. Get into the habit oftrepeating)/ to repeat things aloud.
2. Never rely on someone else’s memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.
3. It’s easy forgetting / to forget what you don’t want remembering / to remember.
4. Study immediately before going / to go to sleep. You’ll remember a lot more.
s. Our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to remember. I
6. Make it a habit to look back at your car every time you get out and you’ll never
forget turning off / to turn off your headlights.
7. Playing / To plav games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills.

Si
;
 Gerunds and Infinitives a 225
v

SUMMARISE •Read each numbered statement or conversation. Complete the summary

'
statement using a gerund or an infinitive.

1.

SUMMARY: Roger remembered to bring the drinks. _

ROGER: Hi, Richard. I brought the drinks. Where do you want me to put them?

JOAN: You’re Natalie! We met last year at Richard’s party! How have you been?
2.

SUMMARY: Joan remembers

_ _
ROGER: Don’t at me! I
look the sofa!
didn’t spill juice on

—_
1 3.

SUMMARY: -
Roger
denied
4. NATALIE: I’m so glad Richard plays jazz at his parties. I listen to it a lot at home, too.

-
SUMMARY: Natalie enjoys -
5. LEO: Would you like to go dancing some time?

SUMMARY: Leo suggested

_____
JOAN: Sure. I’d like that very much.
_-
_____ .

- 6.
Joan agreed
NATALIE: Joan, can we give you a lift home?
—__
JOAN: Thanks, but I think I’ll stay a little longer.
.
SUMMARY: Natalie offered
Joan decided
. .
. .
_
. .

I
•:

EDIT •Read Joan's diary entry about Richard's party. Find and correct seven mistakes in
the use of the gerund and infinitive. The first mistake has already been corrected.

_What agreatparty!J. usually avoid going

toy? to parties because it's, such a problem for. me to
u remember people's names. I'm soylad / read that book about improveyour memory. The
author suggested to do exercises and they really helped. / stopped to worry about what
people would think of- me and / tried to pay attention to what people were saying. /Is a
result, / had agreat time! Pm even planning going dancing with this guy Leo next week.
/ have an English test tomorrow so!shouldstop writing now and start studying.
The book even had somegood tips about study for an exam. / hope l remember using some

of them tonight!
 K
n
SI i
inr;i! Sh-JT?ÿ 1

a » j and Oef 1
(is

Oh no!
/ She’s not going to \ _
tS
apmi illet us leave when the/77 \
u bell rings! x 1
y.V •;
She’ll
Wt yo make me do my
.essay again. ,
:|i
im ™p,m
: v
5

US ::j
M ;
m. M rrr:r~ POINT
i! :
IJ :
'

Circle T (True) or F (False).

!; : ?
T F The teacher in the picture
;
ill has very strict rules.
?]. ill'! Alice Roberts with two of her students. i
'ÿ

|jf

CHART CHECK MAKE, LET, HELP

!i
Circle i (True) or BASE FORM a
R
;•
F (False).
T F Make and
let are always
followed by the
base form of the
SUBJECT

The teachers
MAKE/LET/HELP

(don't)
make
let
heip
OBJECT
us
students
OF

do
VERB

homework.

verb. j|
: T F Get can be GET, HELP
followed by SUBJECT GET/HELP OBJECT INFINITIVE 1
either the base
form of the get us
I The teachers (don't) to do homework.
verb or the help students ;
infinitive.
FJ T F Help can be
followed by
i
either the base
H; form of the
,1
verb or the
!.{ infinitive. : q

i:l
1:]
;

fey

226 I
gf
f:
L.
WWWHUMM -
j
 T .

EXPRESS

B: Yes. He got them _

A: Do you think he’ll make them
B: I don’t think so. But he’ll let them

a3T i
_
_
their essays in groups.
_ late again today?
_

Examples
Maks, L&t, Help and Qei 8

Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs correct or stay.

_
A: Did the teacher get the students _ their essays?

late if they need help.

227

1. Use make and let followed by object + base The teacher makes his students do homework
form of the verb to talk about things that every night.
: someone can require or permit another person (He requires them to do homework.)
H to do.
He lets them choose their own essay topics.
(He allows them to choose their own essay topics.)
e
You can also use make to mean 'cause to'. This will make you become a better student.
(This will cause you to become a better student.)

r 2. Help can be followed by either:

•object -r base fcrni of the verb She helped me understand the homework.
OR OR
•object + infinitive. She helped me to understand the homework.
r. The meaning is the same.
USAGE NOTE: Help + base form of the verb is
more common.

3. Get has a similar meaning to make but it is H The teacher got us to help the weaker students.
followed by object + infinitive, not the base NOT The -teacher got us help the weaker students.
form of the verb. (The teacher persuaded us to help the weaker
students.)
She always gets me to do my best.
(She always motivates me and I do my best in her
lessons.)
 :«F
228 a Unit 53
ii
Ifÿ. TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
I
; statement that follows.

1. My teacher made me rewrite the report.

1 I wrote the report again. I1
2. Ms Trager let us use our dictionaries during the test.
_ We had to use our dictionaries. :
:

3. Mr Goldberg got us to translate a short story. 4:

_ We translated a short story.
4. Paul helped Annie do her homework.
; _ Paul did Annie’s homework for her. 1 :4
5. Ms Bates got the director to arrange a class trip.
_ The director arranged a class trip.
1
6. Professor Washington let us choose our own topic for our essay.
_ We didn’t choose our own topic.

H CHOOSE •Circle the correct words to complete this article about Bill Roberts.

Miracle Teacher
T he day Bill Roberts arrived to start his first
teaching job at Sunnyfields, he was
sing the school song, whether they wanted to
or not! By the time each lesson began, he had
..

i' amazed to see that the other teachers made /(let) got / made his students to pay attention to
;i !ÿ
students hand in their homework late and
i. 7.
every word he said. Bill knew his methods
I
4
Ii
miss classes altogether. Even in sports lessons, were unconventional but he couldn't
no one made / let students take part: they make / let his students miss out on an
2. 8.
could just sit on the grass and chat if they education. He believed in them too much to
wanted to. But Bill believed in teaching too help / let that happen. He intended to
9.
much to help /let his own students waste their get / help them see the value of learning, and
"
3. 10.
education. So from the start, he decided to that’s exactly what he achieved. As an ex¬
help /make them to achieve their best. Every student of Bill’s once said, 'He made / let
4. n.
morning, he got / let them to do five minutes me realise that I could do anything if I really
5.
of aerobics exercises, then he made /let them tried.'
6.
 ,V;ake, Lsi, Help and Get a 229

SUMMARISE •Read each numbered statement. Complete the summary with the correct
ii form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.

1. Ms ALLEN: Peter, you can rewrite this essay but only if you want to.
.
SUMMARY: She didn’t make Peter rewrite his essay.
I 2.
(make / rewrite)
Ms ALLEN: I know you prefer working alone, Anna, but you really need to work in a
% group today.
SUMMARY: She in a group.
l (make / work)
1 3. Ms ALLEN: Listen, everyone! No dictionaries during the test, please. You should be
able to guess the meaning from the context.
SUMMARY: She dictionaries.
(let / use)

4. Ms ALLEN: Freddy, could you do me a favour and clean the board before you leave?
SUMMARY: She the board.
(got / clean)
5. Ms ALLEN: Simon, show your teeth and say e -, ecole. Yes! That’s it!
SUMMARY: She a French e.
(get / pronounce)
6. Ms ALLEN: Julie, please use French in class!
SUMMARY: She in English.
(let speak)
7. Ms ALLEN: Janet, you can take the test in the classroom. Just move your desk to
a comer.
SUMMARY: She the room.
(make / leave)

jPjy EDIT •Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
make, let, help and get. The first mistake has already been corrected.

play
was a teenageÿ my parents never let me -to-play- until I had finished all my
When I
homework. They even made me helping my brothers with their homework before
I could have any fun. On the one hand, they certainly got me learn a lot. On the other
hand, they made me became too serious. I wish they had let me to have a little more
fun. When I become a parent, I want to get my child learns about responsibility but
also I would wantto let he or she have fun. As Ben Franklin said, 'All work and no play
makes Jack a dull boy’. I want to avoid that mistake.

4
 SelfTest n
!:ÿ'
4J
;
Ss&cfrBOiÿj ONE :
C/rc/e the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. :
3# EXAMPLE:
i : Jennifer never
(A) drink
coffee.
(C) is drinking
A®C D |
;
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

1. Maria’s going to stop dinner so she may be late. A B C D

(A) eating (C) to eat
J
(B) for eating (D) eat
2. My glasses are in my bag but I don’t remember A B C D
them there.
(A) putting (C) I put i
1
I (B) to put (D) put |
3. I asked him but he went anyway. A B C D
g (A) not to go (C) not going
i: (B) to not go (D) he doesn’t go
4. in a foreign country is sometimes difficult. A B C D
: (A) I live (C) Live
(B) Living (D) Lives . I
A B C D
ft!
:
5. He’s not used to
(A) wake
up so early.
(C) wakes
ti
(B) waken (D) waking
6. We’re eighteen so we’re _ vote. A B C D ;
(A) too old to (C) old enough to
(B) young enough to (D) old enough for
7. I don’t think Tom enjoyed . _ me study for the test. A B C D
(A) helping (C) helped
(B) to help (D) helps
8. I bought this new software _ Chinese. A B C D
(A) for learning (C) to learn
(B) learning (D) learned
H- 9. We got a new card holder _ _ lose our credit cards. A B C D
(A) in order not to (C) not to
(B) not (D) for not
10. It isn’t difficult_ ithis textbook. A B C D
(
(A) understand (C) for understanding
(B) in order to understand (D) to understand
1!!:
j! ;
230 I
ill.
 Seif rest IX a 231

11. Are you ready? It’s time A B C D

(A) for going (C) going
(B) to go (D) go

12. I resented _ that. He could have been more polite. A B C D

(A) he said (C) his saying
(D C D (B) he saying (D) him to say

13. I talked to the students about working harder but I couldn’t A B C D

them to study.
(A) make (C) got
BCD (B) get (D) let

14. My mother _
do my homework before I go out. A B C D
(A) makes me (C) gets me
BCD (B) helps me (D) lets me

[sEcrraoeFS] TWO
i B C D Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

i B C D EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B C D
ABC®
i B C DI 15. I decided changing jobs because my boss makes me work overtime. A B C D
A B CD
! 16. Most students appreciate their head teacher try to improve school conditions. A B C D
A BCD
B C D- 1 7. I succeeded in to find a job so my parents didn’t make me go to university. A B C D
A B CD

18. Get more exercise appears to be the best way to lose weight. A B C D
f A B C D
BCD! 19. In order to not forget things, I put a string around my finger. A B C D
ABC D

20. Harry is only fourteen but he seems enough old to stay out until ten. A B C D
A BCD
BCD
21 . I know you’re too busy to stay but I look forward to see you again. A B C D
A B c D

22. a petrol station before I ran out. A B C D

A B C D
BCD
23. Getting enough sleep is important in order not fall asleep in class. A B C D
A B CD

24. Let’s stop to watch so much TV and read or go out instead. A B C D

A B c o
.BCD
25. I’m trying to persuade my sister to drive but I can’t get her do it. A B C D
A B C D
 i
L- hCTiSE !

*
£
QfSiinmst i? ;

I
t 1. A phrasal verb (also called a multi-word verb) 3
verb
We often eat out.
f- particle

f
consists of a verb + particle.

verb + preposition 1
2. Particles look the same as prepositions. a She ran into another runner because she
However, particles are part of the verb phrase wasn't paying attention.
and they often change the meaning of the verb. (She collided with another runner.)
verb + particle
a I ran into John at the supermarket.
(I met John by accident.)

I
3. The verb and particle are usually common words Please go on. I didn't mean to interrupt.
but their separate meanings may not help you (Please continue.)
guess the meaning of the phrasal verb.
We got back after dark.
USAGE NOTE: Phrasal verbs are very common in (We returned after dark.)
everyday speech.
B They called off the meeting.
(They cancelled the meeting.)

direct object
4. Most phrasal verbs are transitive. (They take You should go after your goals.
direct objects).
direct object
Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. She ran into her friend at the library.
This means that both noun and pronoun objects NOT She ran her friend into at the tibfafy.
always go after the particle. You cannot separate
direct object
the verb from its particle. m She ran into her.
NOT She ran her into:

5. Some phrasal verbs are used in combination She came up with a brilliant idea.
with certain prepositions. These combinations B I dropped out of school and got a job.
are usually inseparable.

Check if ouf!
For a list of some common inseparable phrasal verbs, see Appendix 17 on pages 341-342.
To learn about separable phrasal verbs, see Unit 55, pages 236-237.

t I
 234 s cinii sus*
I
H IDENTIFY •Read this article. Circle all the phrasal verbs. 4

I
The Art of Feng <9
u£amebacR).
o new restaurant was failing. His customers
Da-ming’s rarely
X
f I Why? Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to find out.
Feng shui (meaning ‘wind and water’) is the ancient Chinese art of placing things in your
surroundings. According to this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors and windows 1!
; affects our health, wealth and happiness. Mr Ho was concerned about his business but

H he didn’t give up. Following the consultant’s advice, he remodelled and redecorated his
•r
restaurant. His actions paid off. Soon business picked up and Mr Ho became rich. ‘It
was the best decision I ever made,’ he says happily. And he isn’t alone in his enthusiasm.
Feng shui has caught on with modern architects and homeowners everywhere.
*-
MATCH •Write each phrasal verb from the article next to its meaning.

i*; ih Phrasal Verb Meaning Phrasal Verb Meaning

i. has become popular 4. learn information i
-i
2. came back returned 5. stop trying

“li i:
3. were worthwhile 6. improved n

CHOOSE •Complete this student's diary entry by circling the correct particles.

I’ve just finished reading an article aboutfeng shui. At the end, the author suggests sitting
|!j me and thinking about how your surroundings make you feel.
i.
So, today when I got up / back from university, I tried it. I noticed that my flat is
2.
really quite dark and it makes me feel down. I think with the addition of some lights,
I'd cheer away /up a lot. I've come out / up with a few other ideas, too.
'

! i. 4.
(My flat is small but I think it will look more spacious if I just tidy out / up more often.
5.
Putting up some more shelves for my books might work down / out well, too. With just a few
6.
small changes, I could end out / up feeling happier in my own home.
7.
It's certainly worth trying on / put!
8

j
 J s 235

CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read this article about the architect i. M. Pei. Complete it using
the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box.

come up with give up go back go up ijf&waljo carry on pay off turn out

Born in 1917, Ieoh Ming Pei (better known as I. M. Pei)

grew up
m 6
R
i
in Canton, China. When he was
seventeen, he went to the United States to learn about building. IfH
Ir --
As it Pei became one of the most
5IJgpfflP m
•Qjfc §H famous architects of the twentieth century.
.

/-.T
Pei is famous for his strong geometric forms. One of his
&
;
most controversial projects was his glass pyramid at the Louvre in Paris. The old museum
Hf|f- had a lot of problems but no one wanted to destroy it. Pei had to
3.
f a solution. Many Parisians were shocked with his proposal for a 71-foot-high glass
1911 ' pyramid. It
4.
anyway, blending with the environment. Today

P €' many people say that it is a good example of the principles of feng shui.
m Pei despite criticism. He strongly believed that ‘you have

* His determination
5.
to identify the important things and press for them and not
6.
.. He continued to build structures that
1 % 7.

|p reflected the environment. Pei received many prizes for his work. He used some of the
ve¬ HIm the United States and then to
prize money to start a scholarship fund for Chinese students to study architecture in
to China to work as architects.
8.

EDIT •Read Bob's note to his flat mate. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of
inseparable phrasal verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.

m up
fe;
Sorry the flat is such a mess. I got down late this morning and didn’t have time to tidy out. I’m
$ going to the gym now to work off for an hour. I should get across before you and I’ll clean up
then. How about eating tonight out? Afterwards, we can get together with some of the guys

I and maybe see a film. Or maybe we'll come over with a better idea. Bob

mMl
'

P.S. I ran Tom into at the library. He’ll drop off to see you later.

A-
- ih
 ;"U" jm§
i

ii I
?T: ; .. Phrasal Verbs*
f!: Separable
Cjk R: I
I 5P
:
Glove sticks to burr. -
?ÿ! 3urr sticks to fur. V\
ill
oO° Why? Work this out!/ j VK,

Ni.
f

* VV
W Uh-oh. I can see ;

I v,
another weird invention
coming. George is dreaming
it up right now!
o°°
III \\\

Ip 'M » t
’/A> POINT
i T/c/c the correct answer.

r.': i
« m
Cÿf
The dog thinks that
George is dreaming.
IEl Vl: Burr O George is getting an idea for
3
an invention.
E! III
Il
I SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
rtlf
i CHART CHECK NOT SEPARATED
Tick the correct SUBJECT VERB PARTICLE DIRECT OBJECT
•: answer.
dreamt up the idea.
O Direct objects He
a .

|jl|
that are nouns
can go before or
worked out the details.

II D
after the particle.
Direct objects
SEPARATED

that are pronouns SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT PARTICLE

always go after
it! 3 the particle. dreamt
the idea
it
up.
He
the details
worked out.
them
ii;H
EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
iii Who
(tln\im up / llul iduti)
? Did you __ (ilrtMin up / il)

If
236
«.N::
msr-f
l Pvirasa' Verbs; Sepambfe a 237
'.I,

•;

verb + particle
1. A phrasal verb consists of a verb + particle. She set up an experiment.
Z verb + preposition
Particles look the same as prepositions but He looked up at the sky.
they are part of the verb phrase. They often (He looked in the direction of the sky.)
change the meaning of the verb.
verb 4 particle
i
He looked up the information on the internet.
(He found the information on the internet.)
: i
The separate meanings of the verb and particle They turned down my application.
may be very different from the meaning of (They rejected my application.)
the phrasal verb.

2. Most phrasal verbs are transitive (they take

direct objects). Most transitive phrasal verbs
are separable.
This means the direct object can go:
verb + particle + direct object
1 a. after the particle I just dreamt up a new idea.
(verb and particle are not separated) OR ! ;
OR verb + direct object + particle
b. between the verb and the particle I just dreamt a new idea up.
(verb and particle are separated)
direct object
Notice that when the direct object is She dreamt up an unusually complicated
in a long phrase, it comes after the new device.
particle. NOT She dreamt-an inusually complicated new i
device up.
BE CAREFUL! When the direct object is a She dreamt it up.
i
pronoun, it must go between the verb and NOT she dfeamt-up itr
the particle.

.
3. With a small group of phrasal verbs, the verb
and particle must be separated.
keep something on m Keep your hat on. 1

NoT-Keep-
talk someone into She talked her boss into (giving her) a pay rise.
NOT She talked into her boss a pay rise:

Check it out!
For a list of common separable phrasal verbs, see Appendix 17 on pages 341-342.
<1
For a list of common phrasal verbs that must be separated, see Appendix 17 on pages 341—342.
For information about inseparable phrasal verbs, see Unit 54, pages 232-233.

i
li
 w
j f
: 238 a Unix 55
fj
i
j;
'
IDENTIFY •Read this article. Underline the phrasal verbs. Circle the direct objects. i

l'
m-

.....
O

K id you know that two university dropouts thought up(the idea)of the first
i .
personal computer? What’s more, they put it together in a garage.
Inventions don’t have to come out of fancy laboratories. Average people in classrooms,
kitchens and home workshops often dream up new and useful ideas.
The ability to think of something new seems like magic to many people but in fact
il. anyone can develop the qualities of an inventor. First, inventors follow their curiosity.
The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted to find out the reason it was so hard to
i
: remove burrs from his dog’s coat. His answer led to the idea for Velcro®, now used to
;
fe: fasten everything from trainers to space suits. Second, inventors use imagination to put
Mj things together in new ways. Walter Morrison watched two men throwing a pan to each
'

other and thought up the Frisbee®, one of the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps
!:ji
ii; most important, successful inventors don’t give up. They continuously look up
information about their ideas and try new designs out until they succeed.

_____
II
1* n J CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Read about one of history's greatest inventors. Complete the
|U information with the correct form of the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box.

hi! fill up keep away bring about Tty>ec[t set up carry out pay back pick up

As a child, Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) tried out

i.
almost everything he heard about - he even tried to hatch goose

$1; eggs by sitting on them! Before he was twelve, he

_ his first laboratory using money he had
2.
earnt himself. He had hundreds of bottles and he
them __ with chemicals for
IP j _ 3.
his experiments. He labelled the bottles ‘poison’ to
his family . When he was fifteen, Edison
4.
a new skill. He had saved a child’s life and the grateful father, a
5.
telegraph operator, Edison by teaching him
6.
telegraphy. After that, Edison was able to work at night and his
j i: 7.
experiments during the day.

i •
:
 Phrasal Verbs: Separable a 239
I
In 1869, Edison made a piece of equipment for a company that supplied prices
his first useful invention - the stock ticker

B
_
W&'Z., to gold brokers. This 8.

for which he received $40,000. He was then able to spend all his time working on
n I§1§: his new inventions. During his lifetime, Edison was issued with 1,093 patents!

tr. COMPLETE •Read these conversations that take place in a school laboratory. Complete
4 them with phrasal verbs and pronouns.

A: Please put on your lab coats.

l.

B: Do we really have to
_ put them on .? It’s hot in here.
2. A: I can’t figure out this problem.
B: I know what you mean. I can’t _ either.
3. A: Remember to fill in these forms.
B: Can we _ at home or do we have to do it now?
4. A: Are you going to hand out the next assignment today?
~
I B: I a few minutes ago. Weren’t you here?
5. A: I can’t get this to work. We’d better point the problem out to the teacher.
B: OK, I’ll to her.
i 6. A: Are we supposed to hand in our lab reports today?
B: No. Please next week.

EDIT •Read an inventor's notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of phrasal
verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.

up
3 May I dreamt wee-a, really goodidca,- a,jar
ofpaint with,an,applicator like, the, kind usedfor shoe,
polish/. It can be/ used to touch, on/ spots on a, wall token/people/ don’t want to paint a/ svkote/
room,. I know so
manufacturer. I’ll call up- him, and order several types so I aw, try them, In,.
3 luly Ifilled, down, application/for a,ptatent and,posted, ityesterday. I'll be, able, to set a, strong and
art,

convincing demonstration, of the-product upsoon.

30 August I demonstrated the,product at an, exhibitionfor decorators. I wanted to point out that it's very

clean to use, so I put white,glovesfor the, demonstration. It went very well.

 y;
;

=r:,
1
&
;
jSEcrfiolÿi ONE ii
K!i: Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. i
! EXAMPLE: 1i
1 Jennifer never
(A) drink
coffee.
(C) is drinking
A (B) C D <

if; (B) drinks (D) was drinking

1
1. Come in. Please sit _ A B C D
i (A) down (C) it down I
(B) down it (D) up
2. Your mother called. She wants you to call her _ tonight. A B C D
(A) in (C) back
(B) off (D) over I
_ the music so we can sleep? i
3. Could you turn A B C D
| (A) down (C) over
(B) away (D) up
1
put _
!

4. Please your lab coats before you leave the laboratory. A B C D

(A) off (C) up
(B) away (D) in
Mark works so hard that he’s sure to A B C D
II 5.
(A) give up (C) turn over

il 6.
(B) work off
Kevin is going to
(D) get ahead

from holiday tomorrow. A B C D

(A) call back (C) get back
(B) give back (D) get along
7. A lamp will _ this corner nicely. A B C D i
(A) turn on (C) put up
(B) blow up (D) light up

8. Instead of arguing about the problem, let’s A B C D '

(A) look it over (C) take it away

(B) charge it up (D) talk it over

9. That’s very original. How did you dream that idea? A B C D

(A) about (C) of
(B) down (D) up
:
10. That kettle is hot. Don’t pick A B C D
(A) it up (C) up
(B) up it (D) it 5
J

!: 240

-
i
r 3-srlTest X a 241

11. ——OK. __
It’s cold outside.
I’ll put
You need your jacket. A B C D

(A) it on (C) on it
(B) it over (D) over it

12. She ran _ on the way home. A B C D

(A) him into (C) into Jason
(B) into (D) Jason into

13. Slow down. I can’t keep up _ you! A B C D

(A) of (C) after
(B) with (D) to

IsEgrrgQgssj TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
2 or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B C D
ABC®
14. Could we talk over it before you turn the whole idea down? A B C D
A B CD

15. I know I let Andy down when I forgot to pick his suit out from A B C D
ABC D
the dry cleaner’s.

-
;
16. I ran into him while I was
A B
getting
c
the bus off.
D
A B C D

1 7. As soon as I hand in mv report. I’m going to take all these books A B C D

A B c
on to the library.

18. We’d better get the bus on now or we’re going to miss it. A B C D
A B C D

19. Instead of calling off the meeting, maybe we can just put it over A B C D
A B c D
until next week.
'

20. If you don’t use out the milk by Monday, please throw it away. A B C D
A BCD

21. Jim had to cheer her after the company turned down her application.
up A B C D
A B c D

22. Do you want to get up by yourself or would you like me to wake up you? A B C D

25. Tom asked me to pick some stamps for him at the post office up. A B C D
A 8 C D

24. Did you find out how Jane talked into Meg working on Saturday? A B C D
A B C D

25. We got over well after we found out we were both from Dublin. A B C D
A B C D

r
 m >
m

1 M I
Nouns i
:ll
<§ '1
u

ACROSS THE ATLANTIC (f

ATLANTIC OCEAN
ON A REED BOAT CANARYr
ISLAND
/

BARBADOS
explorer
—17 May 1970. Norwegian
Thor Heyerdahl, along with
equatorial currenL 4a
T/> Morocco

Canaryÿrr«£ i AFRICA
an international crew, has crossed the -RAI
I
Atlantic Ocean on Ra II. The reed boat, r- Barbados RA II
\
modelled on those of the ancient
Egyptians, made the journey in 57 days. SOUTH AMERICA \

for-gscsÿ] POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The name of Heyerdahl’s boat was: O Ra II O Reed Boat

CHART CHECK! PROPER NOUNS

Circle T (True) or Heyerdahl sailed Ra II across the Atlantic.
F (False).
1
T F Common nouns COMMON NOUNS '
are written
with capital The explorer sailed his boat across the ocean.
letters.

CHART CHECK 2 COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Circle T (True) or ARTICLE/
F (False). NUMBER NOUN VERB NOUN VERB
T F Countable A
nouns can be sailor is Fire
One
plural. brave, j dangerous.
T F Uncountable (The)
i sailors are Sailing I
. nouns can Two
be plural.
.1
EXPRESS
Circle Ur: correct words to complete these sentences.
The boats was / were made of reed. The voyage was / were hard.

242
r Nouns a 243

1. Proper nouns are the names of particular People Heyerdahl, Egyptians

people, places and things. On the right are some Places Africa, Morocco, the United States
categories and examples of proper nouns. Months September, October
Days Monday, Tuesday
Capitalise the first letter of most proper nouns. Easter, Passover, Ramadan
Holidays
We do not usually use an article (a/an or the) Arabic, Spanish
Languages
with proper nouns.

1 Note that the is used with some nouns of places. Heyerdal sailed across the Atlantic.

1s
2. Common nouns refer to people, places and People explorer, sailor, builder, doctor
things but not by their individual names. For Places continent, country, city, mountain
example, explorer is a common noun but Things pots, eggs, fish, honey, table
Heyerdahl is a proper noun.

I a a sailor, the sailor, two sailors

3. Common nouns are either countable or
uncountable. Countable nouns are things that a an island, the island, three islands
you can count separately. They can be singular a a ship, the ship, four ships
or plural. For example, you can say a ship or
three ships. You can use a/an or the before
countable nouns.
Form the plural of most nouns by adding ship ships potato potatoes
-s or -es to the noun. There are sometimes watch watches country countries
spelling changes when you form the plural.
BE CAREFUL! Some nouns are irregular. They do foot feet man men
not form the plural by adding -s or -es. child children mouse mice

4. Uncountable nouns are things that you Abstract words courage, education, time
cannot count separately. For example, in English Activities exploring, sailing, farming
you can say gold but you cannot say a gold or Fields of study geography, history, medicine
two golds. Uncountable nouns usually have no Food corn, chocolate, fish, meat
plural forms. We usually do not use a/an with Gases air, oxygen, steam
uncountable nouns. On the right are some Liquids water, milk, coffee, petrol
categories and examples of uncountable nouns. Materials cotton, plastic, silk, leather
Natural forces cold, electricity, weather, wind
Particles dust, sand, sugar, salt, rice

Some common uncountable nouns do not fit advice furniture jewellery money
into these categories. You need to memorise clothing rubbish luggage news
nouns such as the ones on the right. equipment homework post work
food information

BE CAREFUL! Uncountable nouns take singular M-'Steed is a good material for boats.
verbs and pronouns. m It floats in the heaviest storm.

Check it out!
For a list of some common irregular plural nouns, see Appendix 18 on page 343.
 ir
: 1

I . 244 a Unit 5S

H IDENTIFY •Read this article about Thor Heyerdahl. Circle all the proper nouns.
Underline once all the common countable nouns. Underline twice the common
uncountable nouns.
:
ii 1
;; Was v°lumbus) really the first explorer to honey, oil, eggs, nuts and fresh fruit. Ra, the I
discover the Americas? Thor Heyerdahl expedition's boat, carried an international
didn’t think so. He believed that ancient group including a Norwegian, an Egyptian,
1
I; people were able to build boats that could an Italian, a Mexican and a Chadian.
& !
cross oceans. To test his ideas,
Who Really
>S73KSSffiEgg
The first trip failed but |
he decided to build a copy of everyone survived and wanted )
the reed boats that were
Discovered to try again. Departing on ('
I America?
pictured in ancient paintings 17 May 1970, under the flag of /
and sail across the Atlantic from North Africa the United Nations, Ra II crossed the (
M
!ÿ: to Barbados. Heyerdahl’s team also copied Atlantic in 57 days. The expedition proved /

ancient Middle Eastern pots and filled them that ancient civilisations had the skill to I
with food for their journey - dried fish, reach the Americas long before Columbus. }

i
E§ COMPLETE •Megan and Jason McKay are planning a
hiking trip. Complete their conversation with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
: Fiji

JASON: There >s still a lot of

t- (be)
work to do this evening.
2. (work)
We have to plan the food for the trip.
MEGAN: You’re right. certainly
3. (Food)
. important. I’ve been
4. (be)
reading this book about camping. There some good
5. fhi')
i : ;
in it.
6. (irle.i)
JASON: Oh? What does it say?
MEGAN: We should bring a lot of and
7. 8. Oil <•)

JASON: good on camping

9. (Pol Jit >) 10. (l><‘)
% n. (Hi!
, too.
MEGAN: No, fresh too heavy to carry. Maybe we
I 2. ' ' TM 5 3. •!..
can get some when we go through a town.
 Mauris a 245

JASON: the ready? We should go through

14. (Be) 15. (equipment)
the list.
MEGAN: I’ve done that. We need for the radio.
16. (battery)
JASON: Why do we need a radio? I thought we were running away from civilisation.
MEGAN: But the never . I still want to know
17. (news) 18. (stop)

* what’s happening.
JASON: That’s OK with me. By the way, have we got enough warm 19. (clothing)
r~ It gets chilly in the mountains.
MEGAN: That’s true. And the really me at night.
20. (cold) 21. (bother)
JASON: But we’ve got warm sleeping
22. (bag)

t EDIT •Tina Jameson sailed around the world alone on a small boat. Read her diary
entries. There are fifteen mistakes in the use of nouns and subject-verb agreement.
: ! Find and correct them. The first two mistakes have already been corrected.

Canary
27 October I’ve been on the -cmary- Islands for three days now. I’ll start back home
weather is
r when the weathers-are better. I was so surprised when I picked up my posts
today. My family sent me some birthday presents. My Birthday is the 31st.
I won’t open the presents until then.
J f,
29 October I think the weather is getting worse. I heard thunders today but there
r wasn’t any rain. I stayed in bed with my cat, Typhoon. Every time it thundered,
typhoon and I snuggled up closer under the covers. I started reading a Novel,
‘Brave New World’.
30 October I left the Canary Islands today - just like columbus. There’s a strong
wind and plenty of sunshine now. I travelled 500 kilometres.
31 October I’m 21 today! To celebrate, I drank some coffees for breakfast and I
opened my presents. I got some perfume and pretty silver jewelleries.

1 November The electricities are very low. I'd better not use much until I get near
Plymouth. I’ll need the radio then. It rained today so I collected waters for cooking.

.
 1 I

IB" 1 op*33

6
Bgggv W
: ;
1
H 1
.a
I§ -.,‘f ;Ti

:
Hi; I’m glad
it I I bought a iot feaaa
of batteries. /£>
X
:i Are there
B%
It:
!
Si? mtycmuites?
y/jÿf m /

I hope we’ve fc.«s£c:ÿ j POINT

33

/////; got enough

; «

'MmM
w chocolate. 7/c/r the correct answer.
S3! :
3!
The child wants to know if
i they’ve got S
m
Itstllii.
; I*®
MPHIT'
CJ chocolate.
""m
It: lii;I: O a good supply of chocolate.
1

Hi -i CHART CHECK QUANTIFIERS AND QUANTIFIERS AND

-
:;i Circle T (True) or
COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS :

F (False). QUANTIFIER NOUN QUANTIFIER NOUN

T F A lot of is used some some
fi I with both
enough enough
countable and
; uncountable a lot of a lot of
I've got I 've got
nouns. a few batteries. a little coffee.
T F Several is used several biscuits. a great deal of water.
with i
uncountable any any
norms. I haven't enough I haven't enough
T F A few is got a lot of got a lot of
used with many much v
i countable 5
nouns.
T F Any is used
in negative
sentences. EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with much or many. 1
A: We didn’t buy batteries.
;
time before the storm.
'

B: Well, we didn’t have

i
246 .
*
!
 ir {iijsniiri&rts B 247

L-HVH.

1. Quantifiers are expressions of quantity such as We used a lot of water last summer.
a lot of and many. They are used before a noun. There aren't many sweets left in the bag.
Quantifiers can also be used alone, when it is A: How many eggs do we have?
clear what they refer to. Note that in a lot of, B: Not a lot, just a few.
of is dropped.

countable uncountable
2. Use some, enough, a lot of and any with both We've got some batteries and some petrol.
* countable and uncountable nouns.
uncountable countable
,
We've got enough water and eggs for a week.
I
'
countable uncountable
We've got a lot of beans and rice left.
S
uncountable countable
Use any in questions and in negative sentences. A: Have we got any milk or teabags?
B: No, and we haven't got any coffee or
paper plates, either.

ite. Use some when you make an offer. Would you like some coffee?

3. Use a few, several and many with a A few people got ill.
plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences. Several children went to hospital.
m Many people agreed.
Use a iiitie, a great aeai or and much with a They had a little trouble with the radio.
uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. They threw away o great deal of food.
J Much planning went into the rescue.
'
USAGE NOTE: In affirmative sentences, many is MORE FORMAL: Many rescue workers arrived.
more formal than a lot of; much is very formal. LESS FORMAL: A lot of rescue workers arrived.
1 VERY FORMAL: He showed much courage.
LESS FORMAL: He showed a lot of courage.
BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse a few and a little They received a little news last night.
with few and little. Few and little usually mean (not a lot but probably enough)
'not enough'.
' They received little news last night.
(probably not enough news)

4. Use many with countable nouns and nuch A: Hois many s< did you see?
with uncountable nouns in questions and B: We didn't see man-/.
negative sentences.
USAGE NOTE: In questions and negative sentences, A: Hov much food did they carry?
many and much are used in both formal and B: Not much.
informal English.
 248 B uml : 1
ft S IDENTIFY •Read this article about preparing for natural disasters. Underline the
quantifiers + countable nouns. Circle the quantifiers + uncountable nouns.
!

BE PREPARED f?
A re you ready? Many people don’t realise that some natural disasters such as earthquakes
:
j
can strike withQittle warning). It may take several days for assistance to reach you. Prepare your '
s
disaster kit in advance! Here are a few tips.
Water may be unsafe to drink. Store enough water for several days. Each person needs
i If five litres per day for cooking and washing.
You will also need food for several days. It’s a good idea to store a lot of of tinned meat,
j!
r fruit, vegetables and milk. However, also include several kinds of high-energy food, such as
peanut butter and raisins. And don’t forget some ‘comfort food’ like biscuits and chocolate!

If you haven’t got any electricity, you might not have any heat, either. Keep some blankets, |
sleeping bags and extra clothes for everyone.
Prepare a first aid kit with some pain killers, several sizes of plaster and an antiseptic. j
The cash machines might not be working. Have you got any cash? You shouldn’t keep much r
money in the house but you should have a lot of small notes and a few larger notes, too. I:
1!

ill m CHOOSE •Circle the correct words to complete this radio interview between This Morning
(TM) and food psychologist Angie Webber (AW).

TM: Dr Webber, in a crisis/a lot of)/ much people crave chocolate. Does comfort food have
l.
any / many real benefit?
2. :ÿ

AW: Yes. Several / A little types of food help give emotional balance. Chocolate gives an
3.
emotional lift because it contains a great deal of / many sugar, for example.
4.

i
: TM: What about mashed potatoes? When I’m down, I cook a lot of / much potatoes.
AW: They remind you of childhood, when you felt safe. Much / Many traditional foods
5. i
:
comfort us in this way.
TM: I have a few / a little friends who eat comfort food to celebrate. Why?
. AW: We have much / many changes in our lives today and a few / few ways to calm Ti
8. 9.
down. Comfort food tells us, ‘Don’t worry. Some / A little things are still the same.’
10.
TM: We only have a few / a little time left. Tell us - what is your favourite comfort food?
ii. i"
AW: Strawberry ice cream. I always feel better after I’ve eaten a few / few spoonfuls.
12.

I
A
 k;:
Quantifiers a 249

# 8 1.
COMPLETE •Read these conversations. Complete them with the correct words.

much, many, a few, a little

many trees in the storm?
A: Hi, Barbara. Did you and Jim lose
B: Just one. And the house is OK. We only lost windows.
I i How about you?
_
b.

: A: We didn’t have problems either. We didn’t have

C.

I1 we had _1
d.
time to shop before the storm but, thanks to the disaster kit,
candles and food on hand.
e. f.
‘M
» 2. little, a little, a few, few

:
A: It’s interesting to see what we used up from the disaster kit. I noticed we’ve only
got hot chocolate left.
B: That’s because _ things taste better in a crisis. I bet there are
b.
more than tins of spinach, though.
A: Six tins. I suppose there’s reason to buy more of that.
B: We learnt _ d.
things about comfort foods during the storm,
didn’t we?

EDIT •Read this child's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of
i quantifiers. The first mistake has already been corrected.

a
O We.had a big storm last week and we lost the electricity forfew days. Once I got
over being scared, it was fan - a bit like camping. We've got an electric heater so we
didn’t have some heat We slept in oar sleeping bags aroand the fireplace. We ased ap
many wood! Mam baked some bread in a pan in the fireplace. She had to try several
times bat it was really good when it worked. We ate it with little batter. The first
i
|
night we had roach problems working out what to do. It got dark early and we only

j had a little candles - and no TV! Jane is five and she was really frightened until we
made hot chocolate over the fire. Finally, everybody took tarns telling stories. I found
oat that Dad knows a lot good stories.

;
L:
 1
JAJj 3 T
i:i i
i 4: Articles;
:

indefinite and Definite

:
iJLi
s;i

Jgjgf
;j
An evil magician from a universe beyond
n
ifib ours is trying to conquer the Earth. r>
!;:ÿ!ÿ il 0.
: , The magician is Zado.
—
He has four helpers
and only YOU can
si
-4-
'N--'wsr
m Mi destroy him!
I
ii
IIII ] POINT
I
Tick the correct answer.
According to the advert for the video game:

: O There is only one universe beyond ours. O There is only one Earth.
i!!
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
! CHART CHECK SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUNS SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUNS
|
Circle T (True) or A/AN NOUN THE NOUN
F (False).
Let's rent a video game. Let's rent game by Playzap.
T F A/An can the
be used with It's an adventure. It's adventure of Zado.
uncountable
nouns.
PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS/ PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS/
r
T F The can be UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS I.
used with
singular and (SOME) NOUN THE NOUN
plural nouns. Let's play video games. Let's play games we rented.
: T F Use the when (some)
you mention a I won gold. It's gold Zado lost.
noun for the
second time.

EXPRESS
Circle the correct articles to complete these sentences.
I; Playzap has a / the new video game. A / The game is called
ii
-!ÿ Space Defender.

250

i J:
.JM
 indefinite ana Dstsnstv-; n 251

Cr&mm,z ;ÿ ;ÿ

tsszsr.‘i&&'. ••••ÿÿÿ' *ÿ="

-
The article you use before a noun depends on the
kind of noun it is (countable or uncountable) and
on how you are using the noun.
1. Use the indefinite article a / an with Let's buy a video game.
singular countable nouns when you mention a (Any video game. Not a particular game.)
person, place or thing for the first time or when m I'm reading about a magician.
you are not referring to a particular person, (This is the first time I've mentioned the magician.)
place or thing.
Also use a / an for singular countable nouns I'm a pilot.
-ÿ
when you are classifying a person, place or Rome is a city.
thing. A Dalmatian is a type of dog.

Use a before consonant sounds. a magician, a dog, a chair

Use an before vowel sounds. an author, an umbrella, an orange
BE CAREFUL! It is the sound, not the letter, that a universe
determines whether you use a or an. a hostile army
an honest man

2. Use no article or some with plural countable There are (some) books on the shelf.
nouns, and with uncountable nouns when you (It isn't important which books they are.)
mention a person, place or thing for the first I need to buy (some) sugar.
time or when you are not referring to a (I haven't mentioned this before.)
particular person, place or thing.

3. Use the definite article the with singular and The magician I told you about is on TV tonight.
plural nouns and countable and uncountable (This is the second time I've mentioned him.)
nouns when you mention a person, place or Your glasses are in the kitchen.
thing for the second time, or when you are (You know which kitchen I'm talking about.)
referring to a particular person, place or thing
that your listener knows about.

4. Use the when the person, place or thing is The moon is 250,000 miles away.
unique - there is only one. (There's only one moon.)
u Jack's in the garden.
(VYe’ve only got one garden.)

5. Use the when a phrase or adjective such as first, Donkey Kong was the first video game that had
best, right, wrong or only identifies which person, a story.
place or thing you are talking about. Moonraker is the last Bond film I saw.
The beach is the only place to be on a hot
summer's day.
 ifi!
i 1
252 a Unit SS
i
i

CHOOSE & DESCRIBE •Read these conversations. Circle the letter of the statement that 35

pift best describes each conversation.

i. Liz: I’m bored. Let’s rent a video game.

FRED: OK.
a. Fred knows which game Liz is going to rent. i
]•
•! 2.
(h) Fred and Liz aren’t talking about a particular game.
Liz: Mum, where’s the new video game?
I
MUM: Sorry, I haven’t seen it. I.
•i : a. Mum knows that Liz has rented a new game. it .

: h. Mum doesn’t know that Liz has rented a new game. :

3. FRED: I’ll bet it’s in the kitchen. You always leave your things there.
LIZ: I’ll go and look.
a. There are several kitchens in Fred and Liz’s house.
b. There is only one kitchen in Fred and Liz’s house.

4. FRED: Was I right? 1

LIZ: You weren’t even close. It was on a chair in the hall.
a. There is only one chair in the hall.
b. There are several chairs in the hall.
J
5. FRED: Wow! Look at that! The graphics are brilliant.
LIZ: So is the music.
a. All video games have good graphics and music.

!; b. The game Liz has rented has good graphics and music.
6. Liz: That was fun. But why don’t we rent a sports game next time?
FRED: Good idea. I love sports games.
a. Fred is talking about sports games in general.
b. Fred is talking about a particular sports game.
ii
CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Circle the correct articles to complete this paragraph.

Board games are popular all over a_ lG/ an / the example of

Til 7. -
a / an very old one. I had an /_a uncle who had an / the old set from Singapore.
3. i. 3. 1

He kept a / the set in the / a beautiful box in a / the living room. He used to open j
i;b : 6. 7. 8.

! the /_a box and tell me about the / a pieces. They were made of bamboo and each
9. 10.
ill; one had a / the Chinese character on it. To me, they were the / a most fascinating
12.
things in a / the world.
13.

ii
SMrjlUi, . J
1
K
inciefinte as. :iku: K 253
” *'5
&
t COMPLETE •Read each conversation. Complete it with the appropriate article
7i (a, an, or the).
V:~
1. A: A car has just pulled up. Are you expecting someone?
B: No, I’m not. I wonder who it is.
m _
- 2. A: Can we use
B: OK, but bring it back by 11:00 o’clock.
car?

game system before we leave.

3. A: Let’s turn off
B: We don’t have to. We can just leave it on pause.
4. A: Have you got game system?
B: Yes, I have. I’ve just bought a Sega Genesis.
5. A: Can you see the video shop? I was sure it was on the High Street.
B: I think it’s on side street but I’m not sure which one.
6. A: There it is.
B: Good. You can park opposite _ shop.
7. A: Excuse me, have you got any new games?
B: newest games are over there.
8. A: We’d better go. We’ve been here for hour.
B: That was shortest hour I’ve ever spent.
9. A: Excuse me. I’d like to rent this game.
B: Just take it to cash desk.

EDIT •Read this magazine article about video games. Find and correct nine mistakes in
the use of articles. The first mistake has already been corrected.

The plumber
nee there was a plumber called Mario. Plumber- had beautiful girlfriend. One day, a ape fell in
love with the girlfriend and kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to rescue his girlfriend.
This simple tale became Donkey Kong, a first video game with a story. It was invented by
Sigeru Matsimoto, a artist with Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved the video games but he wanted
to make them more interesting. He liked fairy tales so he invented story similar to a famous

fairy tale. Story was an immediate success and Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
The rest is video game history.
 1!
.
f •*
lift
f
|
’

.....I?
:

II I
;

1 m W
&<ÿ

0 (No
Article) and TThe
So how
ft you enjoying j—
——I are the
1
1
M

ride?
siIK gg S
Roller coaster
l \V
IH
i
rides are like life.
You just have to WM Wo ox
relax and enjoy
jli;
1
i
v yourself. >

iffn
;;e\
ilta
ib

|1 =rrl I
C
;r

% C P
1
|!:
; POINT
Tick the correct answer.
Who is talking about roller coaster rides in general?
P the little girl P the little boy

CHART CHECK NO ARTICLE (INDEFINITE) THE (DEFINITE)

Tick the correct 0 + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN THE + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
answer.
Do you like candy floss? The candy floss in this park is great.
You can use 0 (no
article) for a noun
that is: 0 + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN THE + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN
[P indefinite Rides can be very exciting. she rides in this park are exciting.
P definite ....
-i
You can use 0 for THE + SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUN
a countable noun
The ride near the entrance is exciting.
that is:
| P singular
| P plural
1
HPil:
is
254

111
 T (No Article} and The a 255

'

EXPRESS 5
C/rc/e the or 0 (no article) to complete these sentences.
A: Did you enjoy 0 / the roller coaster ride?
B: Yes, I love 0 / the roller coaster rides.
A: And did you try 0 / the candy floss?
;? B: No. I don’t like 0 / the candy floss. It’s always too sweet.

Grammar E&jpiaraa&ionis Examples

m 1. We often use 0 (no article) before
uncountable nouns and plural countable
nouns that are indefinite (not specific).
L Use 0 when you:
a. have no specific person, place or thing A: What do you want to do tonight?
in mind. B: Let's stay at home. We can listen to music or
- watch videos.
V.
b. classify (say what something or someone is). A: What's that?
B: It's candy floss.
A: And what are those?
B: They're tickets for the roller coaster. I bought
them while you were on the phone.
c. make general statements. Candy floss is very sweet.
(candy floss in general)
U 1 Roller coasters are popular.
! (roller coasters in general)
:
L_
2. Use the with uncountable nouns and countable A: Can I taste the candy floss?
nouns (singular and plural) that are definite - B: Of course. Have as much as you like.
when you are talking about a specific or
Li | unique person, place or thing that you and
A: Where are the tickets for the roller coaster?
B: I put them in my pocket.
your listener know about.
A: This is the best roller coaster in the world.
W

3. BE CAREFUL! Singular countable nouns cannot This is a delicious meal.

stand alone. You must always use either an NOT T-his-is-delicious meal.
article, a pronoun, one or a word such as this,
It's hard to eat just one biscuit, isn't it?
! that, each or every before a singular countable
Give me that biscuit! You've had enough.
noun.
It's my biscuit.
i
 256 a Ur.i,
%
M:

IDENTIFY •Read this announcement for a new theme park. Underline all the common
'

nouns that have no articles. Circle all the nouns with the.

Grand Opening! f
il * Do you enjoy theme parks? Tomorrow, Blare Gardens will open to
A
III r (the "public) for the first time. The park features a wide variety of L
rides and games that will appeal to both adults and children. And, of course, a theme
1
park would not be complete without candy floss and hot dogs. The food at Blare
Gardens promises to be very good. Come early, bring the whole family and be sure to • 3
stay for the firework display that takes place just after the sun sets. So check it out! You
:
won't be disappointed. .

i ;
CHOOSE 9 Circle the correct words to complete this magazine article.
I
:
#
Why do people around (the)/ 0 world flock to
i.
the / 0 theme parks? The / 0 places like
Disney World and Alton Towers offer the / 0 fun, relaxation and escape from the / 0
4. S.
problems and boredom of everyday life. They offer the / 0 adults and children alike a
6.
chance to take the / 0 risks without the / 0 consequences. Thanks to advances in
i
7. 8.
the / 0 technology, the / 0 accidents in the / 0 theme parks are now rare. You can go on
9. 10. 11.
the / 0 rides that look scary but are actually safe. You can scream and laugh as the / 0
f
12. 13-
roller coaster races down toward the / 0 ground and loops up to the / 0 sky again,
leaving your cares and troubles behind.
14.

m
15. 1
Even though the / 0 roller coasters are the / 0 most
16. 17.
popular of all the / 0 rides, they are not for everyone. But
18.
don’t worry. Today’s theme parks offer a lot more than
mm
hr'
I
-

the / 0 thrills and spills. There are train rides through a

19.
are the / 0 games
20. 21.
with the / 0 prizes, too. The / 0 hot dogs, ice cream and
22. 23.
candy floss complete the /.0 picture of this perfect
getaway for the / 0 whole family. 7
22.

i.
 0 (No Article; and Yti& a 257
m
J COMPLETE •Read this conversation about a theme park. Complete the
a f| sentences with the where necessary. Use 0 if you don't need an article.
A: I’m going to Blare Gardens next weekend. You work there. What’s it like?
B: That depends. Do you like 0 scary rides? If you do, then you’re going
i.
to love rides at Blare Gardens.
2.

1 A: What’s most exciting ride there?

1 3.
B: The Python. I’ve seen people actually shaking with fear before they got on it.

1
-
A: Sounds like
4.
fun. By the way, what’s
s.
food like? I
hate hot dogs.
6.
B: Then you might have a little problem. They sell hot dogs and
7.
pizza and that’s about all. But do you like music?
8. 9.
A: I love it. I listen to music all the time. Why?
10.
* B: music at Blare Gardens is great. They have best
0 11.
pop groups in
_ 13.
whole country.
12.

A: What exactly do you do there? Maybe we’ll see you.

B: I dress up like a cartoon character and guide people around park.
14.

EDIT •Read this postcard from Blare Gardens. Find and correct eight mistakes in the
use of the and 0 (no article). The first mistake has already been corrected.
1
Blare Gardens Amusement Park
Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This
the
isjjest holiday we've ever been on! [24p
/ love the rides here. I've been on the roller coasters

before bat nothiny is tike the one they'veyot here! And To: Richard Turner
\ food is great, too. / asualhj don't eat the hot dogs bat 27 Park Street
hot dogs here are great. So is pizza. Do tjoa like the OXFORD
theme parks? If so, goa’ve got to get goar famihj to
0X2 GPP
come. The only problem is crowds here. People have to
gaeae to get into even /thina - even the toilets!
See goa soon. Nickg
"

I.
 '

P
MM. . s T
jiP
;V:
Reflexive Pronouns and
is Reciprocal Pronouns
k'
K
J .

'

i:
/ :
l! i . P

€t \

7 will not talk to myself, I will not talk to myself.’

•i :TT: S POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F The man is talking to
another person.

CHART CHECK REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Circle T (True) or SUBJECT REFLEXIVE SUBJECT RECIPROCAL
h F (False). PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN
;
T F Singular I myself. We
reflexive each other.
You looked at
pronouns end You yourself. one another.
in -selves. They
He himself.
T F Reciprocal
pronouns She herself.
always refer looked at
to more than It itself.
one person. We ourselves.

You yourselves.
They ihfiii'l selves.

EXPRESS
Circle the corra i <v ,nis C> complete this conversation.
A: Is someone in there with you or are you talking to
yourself / themselves?
Is: No one's here. I'm just talking to one another / myself.

258
7/1
fi
 Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns 259

Grammar ExpSasialioiBS Examples

subject object
1. Use a reflexive pronoun when the Sara looked at herself in the mirror.
subject and object of a sentence refer to the (Sara looked at her own face.)
same people or things.
t
In imperative sentences use:
- yourself when the subject is singular 'Don't push yourself so hard, Tom,' Sara said.
- yourselves when the subject is plural 'Don't push yourselves so hard, guys,'
Sara said.
iZJtSSU&Al'M S

2. Use a reflexive pronoun to emphasise a noun. Tom was upset when he lost his job. The
In this case, the reflexive pronoun usually job itself wasn't important to him but he
follows the noun directly. needed the money.

— ;
3. By + a reflexive pronoun means alone or
without any help.
Sara lives by herself.
(Sara lives alone.)
We painted the house by ourselves.
(No one helped us.)
I
Be + a reflexive pronoun means behave in m Just be yourself at your interview.
the usual way. (Behave the way you usually behave.)
m He wasn't himself after he lost his job.
(He seemed different.)
I

4. Use a reciprocal pronoun when the subject subject object

and the object of a sentence refer to the Tom and Sara met each other at work.
same people and these people have a (Tom met Sara and Sara met Tom.)
»
two-way relationship. Use each other when subject = object
the subject is two people. Use either one We all told one another about our jobs.
another or each other when the subject is OR
more than two people. subject = object
We all told each other about our jobs.
(Each person swapped information with every
other person.)
BE CAREFUL! Reciprocal pronouns and plural Fred and Jane talked to each other.
reflexive pronouns have different meanings. (Fred talked to jane and jane talked to Fred.)
Fred and Jane talked to themselves.
(Fred talked to himself and Jane talked to herself.)
I
5. Reciprocal pronouns have possessive forms:
each other's, one another's.
•Tom and Sara took each other's numbers.
(Tom took Sara's number. Sara took Tom's number.)

T.
Check it out!
For a list of verbs and expressions commonly used reflexively, see Appendix 16 on page 340.
 '
*

260 ,

-
a3 Unit SO
0

1: y IDENTIFY •Read this article about self-talk. Underline the reflexive pronouns
the reaprocal pronouns tw,ce. Draw an arrow to the word that
once and
each pronoun refers to.

elf-talk is the way we explain a problem to ourselvpg it can affect the

way we feel
and the way we behave. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost their }
jobs when their
company laid off a lot of people. Sara kept herself fit and spent time with friends. Tom i
gained ten pounds and spent all his time by himself. They were both
unemployed so the
situation itself can't explain why they acted so differeÿTfeÿ each 'other main
difference was the way Tom and Sara explained the problem to
*
themselves. Sara believed
that she herself could change her situation. Tom saw himself as helpless. Later, I
i! everyone
got their jobs back. When they all talked to one another back at the office, Tom grumbled,
.
'They must have been desperate.' Sara replied, 'They finally realised they need us!' I

CHOOSE •Tom and Sara's company held an office party. Choose the
' correct reflexive or
reciprocal pronouns to complete the conversations.

1. A: Do you mind if we pour ourselves a drink?

(myself / ourselves)
B: Of course not. And there’s food, too. Please help
(yourselves / themselves)
2. A: That’s the new head of Marketing. She’s standing by
(herself / himself)
B: Let’s go and introduce
(himself / ourselves)
I
3. A: I’m nervous about my date with Niki. I cut twice shaving.
(myself / herself)
B: You’ll be fine. Just relax and be
(yourselves / yoiiiÿjf)
4. A: My boss and I always give the same presents. Every year
(ourselves / each oilier)
I give him a book and he gives me a scarf.

_—
B: Funny. I always thought you bought a lot of scarves.
iwiiT fvn'
5. A: The new software is so easy, it just seems to run by
llM II '111
B: Really? In our department, we’re still teaching

.......
... (II V'iM'.cl-
how to use it.
1 1! ;
6. A: Did you and Andrew go to Japan by or with a tour group?
V.CC, !~Cj
B: With a group. We’ve ail kept in touch with SinCG thG trip‘
WW7-

A
i
T'

I
__ HefisxiV'S ProfiOuns >

rfr%,; COMPLETE •George Prudeau is a French teacher. Complete his talk to a group of new
teachers. Use reflexive and reciprocal pronouns.

I teach French but the subject itself

i.
experience applies to all subjects. Your first year may be hard so teach
_ 2.
to think positively and keep things simple. Remember that a
good teacher helps students learn by _
students, was having trouble teaching
3.

4.
Reciprocal Pronouns

isn’t that important. I think my

.. Recently, John, one of my

_ how to bake French bread.
a 261

I encouraged him to keep trying and in the end he succeeded. As far as discipline
goes, I have a few rules. I tell my students, ‘Keep busy. Discuss
the lessons but don’t interfere with _ s.
_ ’s work.’ Keep teaching
6.
materials simple, too. I pride on being able to teach anywhere,
even on a street corner. Finally, the salary for teachers is not great but
: you have a lot of freedom. I run my class by _ - just the way I want
_
to. You will all have to decide for
8.
if it’s worth it. I can’t afford to
travel much but I satisfy _
9.
with trips to Calais!
JO.

: pfjk EDIT •Read this woman's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of reflexive
and reciprocal pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected.

myself
I jbrgot to call Sam, on, his birthday. I reminded, m& ail day and I stillforgot!

I felt terrible,. My sister, Anna,, said, ‘Vonlt be, so hard on,yourselves,’ but
1didnit beliewe, her. She,prides her on, remembering everything. Then,

1read, an, article, on, self-talk,. It said that people, can, change, the, may they

explain,problems to theirselves. I realised that the, way I talk, to me- is

insulting - like, the, way our matlvs teacher used to talk, to us. I thought,
Sam, and I treat each, other well. He,forgave, myselffor my mistake,
straightaway and Iforgone, himforforgetting our dinner date, two weeks
ago. Sam, and, I couldforgive, themselves so I suppose, I can,forgive, me,.

..
 ji

I
H
iSECiraoKij ONE
!! Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. Choose 0 when
no article is needed.

ti EXAMPLE:
iff Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking
Iftr
::
i
_ to Bill as soon as I saw him.
i §j
1. I introduced A B C D
(A) himself
i lj (B) me
(C) myself
(D) each other

li; 2. The job _ isn’t a problem. It’s my boss. A B C D

(A) myself (C) himself
(B) itself (D) it
3. The students write cards to ___ during the holidays. A B C D
(A) themselves (C) each other’s
Ii! (B) ourselves (D) one another
4. What a beautiful bracelet! Is it made of gold? A B C D
(A) the (C) 0
(B) some (D) a
5. I bought _ _ bottled water before the trip. A B C D
(A) a lot of (C) twelve
(B) a few (D) many
:
6. How _ eggs do you need for the cake? A B C D
(A) many (C) 0
(B) much (D) more
7. She was lonely because she had friends at first. A B C D
(A) little (C) few
(B) a little (D) a few
8. That’s _ best film I’ve ever seen. A B C D
(A) a (C) the

i
(B) an ID) 0
9. Sue’s in Germany on holiday. A B C D
(A) a (C) 0
(B) an (D) the
! 10. Frank’s astronaut. There are six of them on this mission. A B C D
;
(A) 0 (C) an
(B) a (D) the

h
•j 262
l|
iF
Serfs'eat XI a 263

11.- I’ve just rented _ video. A B C D

- Great! Which one?
(A) the (C) a
(B) some (D) any

12. We haven’t got _ fruit left. Could you buy some apples? A B C D
(A) much (C) little
(B) some (D) many

[iicTBoavil TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B c D
A B C®
13. There are a lot of food in the fridge so help yourself. A B C D
ABC D

14. Do your families come for Christmas or do you celebrate A B C D

A B c
by yourselves?
D

IS. The news are starting so let’s watch TV in the living room. A B C D
AS CD

16. Lee wants to open his business in may and start working A B C D
A B c
for himself.
o
17. I myself don’t eat chilli but it’s the most popular spice in a world. A B C D
A BCD

18. A money isn’t everything - the job itself has to be interesting. A B C D

A B CD

19. Mathematics isn’t Jeff’s best subject but he succeeds with the A B C D
ABC D
hard work.
20. How many times do we have before the film starts? A B C D
ABC D

21. Smith was an unpopular MP so he had a few friends in politics. A B C D

A 3 CD
22. We have only a few milk left so could you pick some up for us? A B C D

23. We didn’t know one another names before Maria introduced us. A B C D
A c B D
24. Ben has to save a few money so that he can go to school in the autumn. A B C D
A B CD

25. I met an accountant and a lawyer at your party and an accountant A B C D

A B C D
said he’d help me.

;
 I

m
I -m The Passive: Overview

M;
The World Keeps I
3Y,->

if gf| I
:
!;| r*

il / ick the information you can get from the

Deader’s
i
b advert.
iVDigest i
0 the name of the founder Reader's Digest was founded in 1922.
0 the number of years the magazine Today it is read by people in every country in the world.
has existed Shouldn’t you be one of them? Subscribe today.
if;
0 the price of the magazine

CHART CHECK ACTIVE PASSIVE

Circle T (True) or V
OBJECT SUBJECT
F (False).
Millions of people buy it. tt is bought by millions of people.
T F The object of an
1 active sentence OBJECT SUBJECT
becomes the
a subject of j Someone published it in 1922. it was published in 1922.
the passive
i sentence. PASSIVE STATEMENTS
T F Passive
PAST
statements BE (NOT) (BY + OBJECT)
always have SUBJECT PARTICIPLE
a form of the It is not/isn't bought by millions of people.
verb be.
It was not/wasn't published in 1922.
Y T F Passive
it statements
always have YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
an object.
PAST
BE SUBJECT PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
is
it sold in China? Yes, it J No, it j
Was was. I wasn't.
J 1
: ;
r WH- QUESTIONS

if! WH- WORD j BE j SUBJECT

PAST
PARTICIPLE

if Where is it sold?

111
ii.ii
264
 she Passive: Overview a 265

EXPRESS

:
How many copies of Reader’s Digest
_
Complete this sentence with the passive form of the verb print.
last year?

Crasssmar Motes
1. Active and passive sentences usually have ACTIVE
the same meaning but the focus is different. Millions of people read the magazine.
(The focus is on the people.)
PASSIVE
' The magazine is read by millions of people.
(The focus is on the magazine.)

2. Form the passive with the correct form of be It is written in nineteen languages.
+ past participle. It was published in 1922.
These copies have just been printed.

3. Use the passive when:

a. the agent (the person or thing doing the The magazine was founded in 1 922.
action) is unknown or not important. (I don't know who founded it.)

b. the identity of the agent is clear from * The magazine is sold in newsagents.
the context. (We can assume that the people who work in the
newsagent's sell it. We don't need to mention them.)
c. you want to avoid mentioning the agent. Some mistakes were made in that article.
(I know who made the mistakes but I don't want

r to blame the person who made them.)

4. Use the passive with by if you mention The article was written by a psychologist.
the agent.
Mention the agent when:
1 a. you introduce necessary new information John Dent is a famous sports writer.
about the agent. He has just been hired by Sports Weekly
to write a monthly column.
(The name of John's employer is necessary
new information.)
1 b. you want to give credit to someone who H The article was written by John Dent.
created something.
c. the agent is surprising or interesting. Our windows are washed by a robot.
BE CAREFUL! In most cases, you do not need N The magazine is published once a week.
to mention an agent in passive sentences. NOT The magazine is published by the publisher
Do not include an agent unnecessarily. once a week.
 266 a Us-iii 6 s

ill
f! H P
CHOOSE •Read these sentences and decide if they are Active (A) or Passive (P).

1. Reader’s Digest was founded in 1922.

2. Millions of people read it.
m' m.
!!: 3. A large-type edition is also printed. Scfei m
I#
4. They also record it. ipppSÿm
5. Reader’s Digest is published once a month.
6. It has been translated into many languages.
7. Many readers subscribe to the magazine.

HIr 8.

9.
It is sold in newsagents throughout the country.
I read an interesting article in it.
i!
!ÿ 10. The article was written by a famous scientist.
I
READ & COMPLETE •Look at
the chart. Then complete
the sentences. Use the verb
I Arabic
I— 246
speak in the active or the
passive form. Cantonese (China) 71
English 508
i
Ho (Bihar and Orissa States, India) j 1
Japanese 126
Spanish 417
Swahili (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, 49
Democratic Republic of Congo)
Tagalog (Philippines) 57

1 Japanese 15 sP°ÿen 126 million people

2. One million people speak Ho _

by 57 million people
A
4. Spanish
7
5. Cantonese
6. 246 million people
7. More than 500 million people
8. in Uganda

SL
 r 'i he Cassava: Overview a 267
‘Vti }i

LL! COMPLETE •Use the passive form of the verbs in the first set of brackets to
complete this report. Include the agent (from the second set of brackets)
only if absolutely necessary.

Modem Reader Newsletter TENTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

DID YOU KNOW. . . ?

was founded by A. J. Thompson ten years ago.
% Modem Reader 1. (found) (A. ). Thompson)

£ At first it was printed _ only in English.

. 2. (print) £!±n5=priatE0
Today it . in three foreign-language editions.
3. (publish) (the publisher) :

It in more than ten countries.

4. (redd) (renders)
Since 2000, twenty new employees
5. (hire) (our international offices)
Back at home, ten new computers last month.
They _ 6. (purchase) (the company)
to write our award-winning articles.
7. (use) (our writers)
} Modem Reader all over the world.
8. (ddveriiscr) (advertisers)
|Our editorial staff last month.
9. (interview'} (Uvuof Tun TV)
The interview
10. (see) (millions ol viewers) 1

i
§i EDIT •Read an editor's notes for a story for Modern Reader. Find and correct
eight mistakes in the use of the passive. The first mistake has already been corrected.

are located
Two-thirds of Bolivia's five million people locate in the cool western highlands known as the Altiplano.
For centuries, the grain quinoa has been grew in the mountains. Llamas bred for fur; meat and
transportation. And tin, Bolivia's richest natural resource, is mining by miners in the high Andes.

The Oriente, another name for the eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is the major food
crop and cows are raised for milk. Oil is also find there.
Although Spanish is the official language, Native American languages are still spoken by
people. Traditional textiles are woven by hand and music played on reed pipes whose tone resembles
the sound of the wind blowing over high plains in the Andes.

J
 ;;
I!
1 iHili
II ggpPÿ
I#?/.]
m
!;i
W' The Passive with Modals
I
! Bill, something x.
should be done about Ed.
He snores so loudly he’s going
v to knock us out of orbit! A
tiiBig zZzZzZ
: alii
;

:
n POINT
Tick the correct answer.
I know, Carla.
!'• He can be heard According to Carla,
back on Earth! 0 Ed needs to do something
{!ÿ about his snoring.
!.
:3ST-. 0 somebody should do
I! \ *-
•S something about
Ed’s snoring.
IF
I CHART CHECK1 STATEMENTS
| PAST
f (raise). SUBJECT MODAL* BE PARTICIPLE
| T F Passives with will not/won't
modals always The crew should not/ shouldn't be replaced next month.
use be.
must not/mustn't
T F You cannot use
modals with
the passive to HAVE (COT) TO/ PAST
talk about the SUBJECT BE come TO BE PARTICIPLE
future. have (got) to
The crew don't have to be replaced next month.
i
are (not) going to

. ........
. . . .. . .
:

*Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.

CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

m If
lit I Tick the correct answer. I j | PAST ! !
Ii
Ip What comes MODAL
.
SUBJECT j BE PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
before the subject
.
r - !: i~- :
m in questions?
I will
- they ,I i won't .

0 Should* i theY j should. shouldn't.

(i
he L
0
'

a modal or an
auxiliary verb

llII Li :
i
268
u
f H 269
f
YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
AUXILIARY HAVE TO/ PAST
VERB SUBJECT GOING TO BE PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Do have to Yes, do. No, don't.
they be replaced?
Are going to they are. theY aren't.

EXPRESS
Complete this conversation with the passive form of wi!J prepare.
A: food on board?
B: No, it . It on Earth.

1. To form the passive with a modal, use The Space Shuttle will be launched soon.
modal + be + past participle. The launch won't be postponed.
The crew must be given time off.
Decisions shouldn 't be made too quickly.

2. Use will or be going to with the passive to talk It will be launched very soon.
about the future. OR
It's going to be iaunched very soon.

3. Use can with the passive to express The blastoff can be seen for miles.
present ability. It can't be done.
Use could with the passive to express It could be seen very clearly last year.
past ability. The reports couldn't be filed in time.

4. Use could, may and might with It could be launched very soon.
the passive to express future possibility. French scientists may be invited to participate.
Plants might be grown on board.

5. Use should, ought to, had better, have (got) to

and must with the passive to express:
a. advisability The crew should be prepared to work hard.
Crew members had better be given a day off.
Privacy ought to be respected.
b. necessity a Reports have to be filed.
Everyone must be consulted.
 w
Pi IDENTIFY •Read this article about the international Space Station, Unity. Underline all
:: the passives with modals.

I
I Living in Outer Space
pace Station Unity will be completed within the next decade and international
; 'teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of time.
.
What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here's what former
astronauts suggest:
FOOD It doesn't taste as good in zero gravity. Food should be made spicier to
overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered.
4 CLOTHING Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top layer
could be removed or added as temperatures vary.
if SLEEPING Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space.
: Comfortable restraints must be provided to give a sense of stability.
if EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest time in space just as they do on Earth.
Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy.

COMPLETE •Comet Magazine (CM) is interviewing aerospace engineer

Dr Bernard Kay (BK). Complete the interview with the passive form of the verbs

__
: in brackets.
!
CM: Dr Kay, I’d like to ask how meals will be handled _ in the Space Station.
ill food
.
1 (will / handle)
on board or
2. (Be going to / prepare)
from tubes?
3. (squeeze)
BK: Neither. Gourmet meals on Earth and then they
0 4. (will / prepackage)
on board.
5. (can / warm up)
CM: The Space Station will have an international crew. How

i food to suit everyone’s taste?

BK: An international menu _
6. (should / c hr Hist'}
Food
7. (h.ive to / offer) 8. (could / scler-n
from food preference forms that the crew members complete.
CM: dishes on board?
9. (Will : use)
•I 1 BK: Probably. But utensils to the plates so they won’t fly
1 around! Meals
10. (had hollor / .lU.H'h)

11. (ought lo / moko)

as pleasant as possible.

Ill
:

i
 5-i-asslve with ivied;.. a 271
*1
m CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Some scientists have just completed a simulation of life on the
Station. Complete their conversations with the modals in brackets and the correct
verbs from the box.

design improve keep remove SjstesT

r
I BRUCE: These simulations showed that there are still some problems. I hope they
can be solved before the real thing. For example, the temperature
1. (can)

at 68°F but I was uncomfortably warm most of the time.

2. (should)

JOHN: The material for our clothing .. Maybe clothing

3. (ought to)

in layers. A layer __
4. (could) 5. (can)

it’s too warm.

do deliver give store

DAVID: I didn’t like the food very much. We more fresh food.
6. (ought to)

STEPHEN: Well, fresh fruits and vegetables by the shuttle regularly.

7. (he going to)

DAVID: What with the rubbish? Litter is already a problem.

f '
STEPHEN: I’m sure it on board and carried to Earth by the shuttle.
9. (will)

EDIT •Read an astronaut's diary notes, rind and correct seven mistakes in the use of
the passive with modals. The first mistake has already been corrected.

be made
I used the sleeping restraints last nigbt and slept a lot better. They ought to msks- more comfortable,
though. I felt trapped. I’ve just looked in the mirror. My face is puffy and my eyes are red. I’d better
be got on the exercise bike right away. I can be misunderstanding when I look like this. Last night,
Max thought I was angry with him for turning on ‘Star Irek'. Actually, I love that programme. I might
be given early lunch shift today. I hope they have more chilli. It’s nice and spicy and the sauce can
.1
actually been tasted, even at 2ero gravity. Some of it had better be fly in on the shuttle pretty soon or
Ci there might be some unhappy astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, Katy called and told me
IIi she was planning to leave school. I think she could be talk out of it but I'm afraid I'll get angry and
shout if we discuss it. I might overheard by others. We need some privacy here!

?:
1
 f,
IS'
III iff
!!l: The Causative
a
: aS:
!
Hi, Emily! . . . X
Hi Hmm . . . Something’s
One week later . . . different. Have you
:
Sye, Emily, had your hair cut?ÿ
see you
next week.
)0}\\
i
Jf CO P
5 % 7
&P 96 t,

P
lA « l *4
r

1L h
71 POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The man wants to know if his girlfriend
i D cut her own hair.
I! O went to a hairdresser’s.
I
!;

CHART CHECK STATEMENTS 1

.1 :
Circle T (True) or PAST
ill F (False). SUBJECT HAVE/CET OBJECT PARTICIPLE (BY + AGENT)
! i: T F The causative
ii She has her hair cut by Colin.
always has a
form of the He has had his beard trimmed.
verb be.
I got my car repaired.
!
; T F You can form
the causative She is going to get her lawn cut.
!
with have or
!j get. ?
YES/NO QUESTIONS !
T F The causative
always needs AUXILIARY j
' j VERB PAST
an agent. ! 1 SUBJECT j HAVE/GET OBJECT PARTICIPLE j (BY + AGENT)

:
Does she have her hair cut i by Colin?
Has he had his beard trimmed?
|j Did you get your car repaired?
is she going to get her lawn cut?

1
272
 The Causative a 273
•ÿÿV/v

FXPfffSS
Complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb do.
•

~ A: Where do you have your hair

I
• | B: I don’t have it
_ ,1 it myself.

Grammar &«.

1. Use the causative to talk about services that you I used to colour my own hair but now
arrange for someone to do for you. I have it coloured at the hairdresser's.
I get my groceries delivered by Derek.
BE CAREFUL! DO not confuse the past simple SIMPLE PAST CAUSATIVE
causative (had something done) with the past I had it done last week.
perfect in active sentences (had done something). (Someone did it for me.)
PAST PERFECT
I had done it before.
(I did it myself.)

2. Form the causative with the appropriate form I always have my hair cut by Colin.
of have or get + object + past participle.
a I haven't had it done since June.
The causative can be used in all tenses and with Last year I got my jacket cleaned once.
modals.
Next week I'm going to have my
windows cleaned.
a I'm getting them done by Spotless.
B I had them cleaned a long time ago.
B You should get the car serviced.
B You ought to have it done soon.
L
3. Use by when it is necessary to mention the B Lynne has her hair done by Colin.
person doing the service (the agent).
L
Do not mention the agent unnecessarily. B Where does Lynne gel her hair done?
NOT Where-does Lynne got her hair done
o- baifdres5ef?

Check it out!
For more information about when to use an agent, see Unit 61, page 265.
 I
274 a unit -S3
liiv--
l TffUF Off F4IS£ •Read each person's statement. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
ii!
•v .
sentence that follows. I
\
1. JACK: I’m going to get my hair cut tomorrow after work.
i _F Jack cuts his own hair.
2. DEBRA: I’m colouring my hair this afternoon.
_ Debra colours her own hair.
3. AMY: I didn’t pack any nail polish because I had done my nails before the trip.
II- _ Amy did her own nails.
•M
1M 4. JACK: I’m thinking of getting the floors polished before the party.
_ Jack might hire someone to polish the floors.
;ÿ

1
ii |:
5. MARIE: I had my flat painted two months ago.
_ Marie painted her own flat.
6. TONY: I’ll wash the car this weekend.
i _ Tony is going to wash the car himself.

I FIND OUT & REPORT •It's 15 February. Look at the Davies's calendar and write sentences
about things they had done and things they are going to have done.
it
FEBRUARY
l; SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 Debra - 7
hairdresser
8 9 10 11 Jack- 12
carpets
13 Amy- 14
barber dog groomer
Today’s 15 windows 16
17 18 19 20 21
date food and drinks party!
22 23 24 Amy- 25 26 27 28
ears pierced family photos

1. They / have / photos / take _ They are going to have photos taken.
2. Debra / get / her hair / perm Pebra got her hair permed.

Amy / have / the dog / groom

h
:
. 4. They / get / the windows / clean _
_—
•T. They / have / the carpets / shampoo I

__
6. Amy / have / her ears / pierce
7. Jack / get / his hair / cut
|\ 8. They / have / food and drinks / deliver
:=!

i
 Yh© Causativa a 275
'v

•\~7 CHOOSE & COMPLETE •Debra and jack are going to have a party. Complete the
conversations with the passive causative of the appropriate verbs in the box.

i dry clean colour cut paint iSnorten clean

1. DEBRA: Your new dress is a bit long. Why don’t you get it shortened

AMY: OK. They do alterations at the cleaners. I’ll take it in tomorrow.

2. DEBRA: My blue dress has a small stain on it. I have to
-
•i AMY: I can drop it off at the cleaners with my dress.
3. JACK: The house is ready, except for the windows. They look pretty dirty.
DEBRA: Don’t worry. We tomorrow.
4. DEBRA: Your hair is getting really long. I thought you were going to cut it.
AMY: I decided not to do it myself this time. I _
by Colin.
5. DEBRA: My hair’s getting a lot of grey in it. Should I
JACK: It looks fine to me but it’s up to you.
6. GUEST: The house looks beautiful. you

JACK: NO, actually we did it ourselves last summer.

PjfL EDIT •Read Amy's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive
causative. The first mistake has already been corrected.

21 February
The party was last night. It went really well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors
cleaned
polished and all the windows clean professionally so everything sparkled. And of course we had the
whole house painted ourselves last summer. (I’ll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my
new black dress that I have shortened by Jill and I got cut my hair by Colin, lie did a great job. There
were a lot of guests at the party. We had almost fifty people invited and they almost all turned up!
The food was great too. Mum made most of the main dishes herself but she had the rest of the
food prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad hired a professional photographer so at the end of the
party we all took our photos. Dad’s getting them back next week. I can’t wait to see them!
 m
1 •: a. r- fi
L ••ÿsw

%
m
[IIlllSiONE
III!!!! Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.
i
r
% EXAMPLE:
.ÿ?

H.
m Jennifer never
(A) drink
coffee.
(C) is drinking
A®C D I
! (B) drinks (D) was drinking
: i
I'

I l. This book _ written in 2002. A B C D

'!
(A) is (C) was
(B) has (D) were :s
_ in Colombia.
ii 2. Coffee is
(A) grow (C) been growing
A B C D

(B) grew (D) grown

3. Millions of people . the film. A B C D
(A) saw (C) will be seen
(B) were seen (D) must be seen
•!!
i 4. The meeting won’t A B C D
(A) cancel (C) been cancelled
(B) be cancelled (D) cancelled

5. Sally doesn’t cut her own hair. She

(A) cuts it
at the hairdresser’s.
(C) has it cut
A B C D J
(B) has cut it (D) gets it

__
6. That book was written Maya Angelou. A B C D
i (A) at
(B) by
(C)
(D)
from
of
7. The report _ soon. A B C D
1
(A) publishes (C) will be published
(B) is published (D) will publish

I
8. ——ItWhen will thebework be completed?
by June, but I’m not really sure.
A B C D

(A) has (C) will

(B) might (D) won’t
ii.; 9. How often _ your car serviced since you bought it? A B C D
(A) do you get (C) had you got
(B) did you get (D) have you got
] 0. I need to get my photo for my website. A B C D
(A) take (C) taking
I! ; (B) taken (D) took
1

276
 SeSfTest XH a 277
1
fsiciToSgl TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE:
M Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B c D
ABC®
.
n. A B C D
1 A B c
Jake uses.
D

12. The reports were arrived late so I had them sent to you this morning. A B C D
A B CD

13. Some mistakes were made in the brochure but they might corrected A B C D
A c
before you get back.
D

14. You’ll see a copy before theyYe printed by the printer. A B C D

A BCD
15. A funny thing was happened when your office was painted yesterday. A B C D
A BCD

16. Will your stay be extended or will you be returned next week? A B C D
A B c D
17.1 used to do my own taxes but now I have done them by an accountant. A B C D
A BCD

18. Before a final decision is reached, the various possibilities should A B C D

A B
probably discussed by the whole team.
c D

19. more than three years ago but I’m not going to A B C D
A B
have it done again for a while.
c D

f 20. We didn’t know about the problem so it shouldn’t be handled in time. A B C D

A B CD

21. A lot of crops can’t be grew in the mountains because it gets too cold. A B C D
A B CD

22. That bit of pottery was found by an archaeologist while she was worked in A B C D
ABC D
this area.
23. Does the lightbulb have to replaced or is it still working? A B C D
A BCD
24. Have you had your teeth clean yet by the new hygienist? A B C D
D
25. The last payment shouldn’t make until all the work has been A B C D
A .ÿ
completed and carefully checked.
c D
 i
lifej .*•

Hi UN i T
?1 w: m Men/
f III!!
jl I i,
.I %
il ! I- >•3
llli
III If you don’t fit, \/7
1
.H
077
$0?
you can’t board.

|f|j
i / J 00000-0 c
li
in n
w

i
I
gj
:!!

n POINT
I
n Circle T (true) or t- (raise
T F The man may not be able to board the plane.
II
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS STATEMENTS
Circle T (True) or IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE j
F (False).
it snows, the airport closes. The airport closes it snows.
: T F The verbs in if if
both clauses it's foggy, planes can't leave. Planes can't leave it's foggy.
are in the i

i|l
I present.
YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
T F The if clause
;b always comes j RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
it first. .i
ti Does the airport close
a i
i it snows? it does. i it doesn't.
I:
I;
: T F There is always Yes, No,
:
a comma Can planes leave it's foggy? they can. they can't. 1
1 between the
if two clauses. WH QUESTIONS
RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE 1
Why does air get lighter if it expands?
If
: It
278
ill!
hi.
1
J
 Zero Conditionals a 279
•n;\

EXPRESS
Match the if clauses with the result clauses.
- 1. If you hate aeroplane food, a. they often get jet lag. \
1 2. You might not be able to board b. you can order a special meal.

t 3. If people travel a long distance, c. if you don’t check in at the gate. :

n !
Csi-smmar Explanations Examples
1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general //clause result clause
truths and scientific facts. if it's noon in Lima, it's 6:00 p.m. in Rome.
if clause result clause
The if clause talks about the condition and If air expands, it becomes lighter.
the result clause talks about what happens if
the condition occurs. Note: If means when in these contexts.

if Use the present simple in both clauses.

’I 2. You can also use zero conditionals to talk if clause result clause
about habits and recurring events (things that If Bill flies, he orders a special meal.
•Hi happen again and again).
U it clause result clause
Use the present simple or present continuous If I'm travelling a long way, I always fly.
in the //clause. Use the present simple in the
result clause.

3. You can also use modals in the result clause. If you practise your Chinese every day,
you can improve quickly.
You might learn more if you listen to
Chinese CDs.

4. Use the imperative in the result clause to give If you want the seat to recline, press the button.
instructions, commands and invitations that
If the seat belt light is on, don't leave your seat.
depend on a certain condition.
If you come to Tokyo, stay with us.

S. You can begin conditional sentences with s if the light goes on, fasten your seat belt.
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is OR
the same. n Fasten your seat belt if the light goes on.
Use a comma between the two clauses only
when the //clause comes first.

JiiM
 31-
280 a i... 64
1
I
IDENTIFY •Read this article. In each zero conditional sentence, underline the result :

'j clause once. Underline the clause that expresses the condition twice. *

PASSENGERS’ RIGHTS
you run into problems on your journey, remember your rights as a passenger. Often the airline '

illii company is required to compensate you for delays or damages. For example, the airline provides

f meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed. However, the airline owes you a lot more if it
caused the delay by overbooking. This can occur especially during holidays if airlines sell more
tickets than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is overbooked.
;;
Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers who volunteer to take a later
li
flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay
you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight.
If the delay is more than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.

1
SUMMARISE •Read these conversations about Hong Kong. Summarise the advice with
zero conditional sentences.
u!!
1. A: I hate hot weather. *
B: The best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.
| If you hate hot weather, the best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December.

:i: 2. A: I’m travelling with my children.

B: Take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon.
i:
i1 3. A: We need a moderately priced hotel.
I
B: I suggest the Harbour View International House. I

1
4. A: We like seafood.
! B: There are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.

S. A: I’m fascinated by Chinese opera. .

B: You might like the street opera in the Shanghai Street Night Market.

6. A: I’d like to get a good view of Hong Kong.

B: You should take the funicular to the Peak.

—
 Zero Ck»KEtion&is m 281
A\

||Y~ COMBINE •Complete this interview between Careers Magazine (CM) and flight
if fgj| attendant Mary Soames (MS). Combine the sentences in brackets to make a zero
conditional sentence. Use the same order. Make necessary changes in capitalisation
$ and punctuation.
.
‘
CM: How long are you usually away?
MS: If 1 no to the Bahamas, I have a two-day stopover.
1. (I cjo to the Bahamas. I have
_
a Iwo-day stopover.)
CM: What do you do for two days?
MS: 2. (I spend a lot of time at the pool. I stay at a hotel.)

3. (I stay with friends. I spend time with them.)

CM: Sounds nice.
I
MS:
4. (It's not so nice. I gel a 'Dracula' Slight.)
*

That’s when you fly somewhere at midnight, spend four hours, and then fly back.
CM: Sounds like a tough job. Is it worth it?
i 1 MS:
s 5. (It's very rewarding. You don't mind hard work.)
CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you’re away?
MS:
6. (You hove three flatmates. You don't hove trouble finding dog walkers.)
CM: What’s the best thing about this job?
MS: Free trips.
'
I 7. (A flight has an empty seat. I travel free!)

*
jlpPi. EDIT •Read Mary's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of zero
conditionals. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check
... J
punctuation!

r What agreat weekend! ifLon and Tony aren't the best hosts in the world, / toomt knour who is.
don’t

I’ve invited them to London bat you live in the Bahamas, you rarely want to leave. Tomorrow at
if
midnight, / am doing a round trip fom London to Singapore. There's always a price to pay. if Iyet a fee
weekend, I alwaysyet a 'Dracula 'fight aforwards. Oh, well, if I won’t fall asleep, / can usuallyyet a
lot of reading done. Pat and Ken both flew to London yesterday. / hope someone can aIk Frisky for me.
Usually, if I'll be working, one of them is off. If Frisky is alonefor a tony time, he barked a lot. That
disturbs the neighbours. Maybe / should just leave the TV on for him. He’s always very calm, if
the TV is on. Or maybe !'d better call Pat and ask her about her timetable. If it was 6:00 p.m. here in
Singapore, it's 11:00 a.m. in London.

..
 If
'1
m
- U .N I T
I.; • m***
" •

•j ;

Mm
§
mm
* M
i
:
I
!!

Hi
j. a
4* m
i
& ‘-*1 J 7;
jrw si
I if
,
cs? " #6J
i!
i
$
I r“—““ T|
po/wr
Circle T (True) or F (False).
\W T F Baker is definitely going m
l to raise taxes.
\ T F Small businesses are
definitely going to leave.
If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.

CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Tick the correct IF CLAUSE: PRESENT RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE ,
answer.
;; Use the present If Baker wins,
he'll raise taxes. -
he's going to fight crime.
simple in
d
O
the if clause.
the result clause.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS !
IF CLAUSE: PRESENT RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
Use a comma between
the two clauses If he doesn't lower taxes, businesses won't survive.
(3 when the if clause
i>
comes first. YES/NO QUESTIONS I
O when the result RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE IF CLAUSE: PRESENT
V'
clause comes first.
Will he lower taxes
if he wins the election?
| Is he going to fight crime

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
will. won't. •ft
Yes, he No, he
is. isn't. %

282 I
M
 First Conditionals a 283

WH QUESTIONS
RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE IF CLAUSE: PRESENT
vviii he do
What if he wins the ejection?
is he going to do

EXPRESS :
Unscramble these words to form a sentence. Add a comma if necessary.
fight •she •crime •she’ll •If •wins

•V
1. Use first conditional sentences to talk about if clause result clause
what will happen under certain conditions in the if Baker wins, he'll raise taxes.
future. The if clause states the condition. The (It's a real possibility that Baker will win.)
result clause states the result.
Use the present simple in the if clause. Use if Dent wins, she'll improve housing.
the future with will or be going to in the If Dent wins, she's going to improve housing.
result clause.
You can also use a modal in the result clause. If you want to vote, you must register.
If you don't vote, you might regret it.
v
BE CAREFUL! Even though the if clause refers to If she wins, she'll fight crime.
the future, use the present simple. NOT If she-wiil win —
2. You can begin conditional sentences with If you vote for Dent, you won't regret it.
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is OR
the same. You won't regret it if you vote for Dent.
Use a comma between the two clauses only
when the if clause comes first

3. if and .mless can both be used in conditional if you vote, you'll have a say in the future
sentences but their meanings are very different. of our country.
Use unless to state a negative condition. Unless you vote, you won't have a say in the
future of our country.
OR
Unless often has the same meaning if you don't vote, you won't have a say in the
as if . . . not. future of our country.
 II 284 a ami w

m
Hi
MATCH •Each condition will have a result. Match the condition with the
appropriate result.

Condition Result
1_ 1. If Dent wins, she a. won’t stay out of trouble.
__ 2. If she lowers taxes, business people b. won’t have a say in the
_ government.
___ 4.
3. If the education system improves, we
Unless young people have hope for
c. will have an educated
work force.
the future, they
_ 5. If crime decreases, this
d. won’t be able to vote.
_ 6. Unless you register, you
e. will move their companies
back to the city.
_ 7. If you don’t vote, you f. will lower taxes.
g. will be a safer place to live.

COMPLETE •Read this interview between Politics Today (PT) and MP Daniel Baker
•ÿ8 (D8). Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and if or unless.

PT: What’s the first thing you _ ’ll do if you

_ 3. (c|Pt)
elected?
1. (do; 2. (if / unless)

L DB: Well, it’s been a long, hard campaign.

4. (If / Unless) 5. (win)
a short break before I begin my new job.
V 6. (lake)
; PT: Sounds good. Where?
DB: Sorry, but I’d rather not say. elected,
7. (If / Unless) 8. (be)
I to keep my personal life private. Even politicians need
9. (iry)
privacy.

:
PT: I can understand that. Now, every election has a winner and a loser.
What you
TO. (do) 11. (if / unless)
you
IT DB:
52. c l* no I
_ this election, I to be
|ij]
1m
13. (I! / l Inlev, I
active in politics.
14. ilnv l
all parties
_ 15. I* oiilinu!-;

., this country

i in- •! i )»';
_ as great as it can be. Finally,
16. ill 1 1; ,1: 17.

19. 01
unpn.ile)

/ unless)
_ the people
me to office this time, I back next time
20. (not elec I) 21. (he)
ilil to try again!

fflII
 .

COMBINE •Amy Chatsworth is trying to decide whether to go to law school. She made
:%gj| a decision tree to help her decide. In the tree, arrows connect the conditions and the
results. Write sentences about her decisions. Use first conditional sentences.

take out a student loanÿ~

be in debt for yearsJ
not have to depend \
on my family J
be able to
go to law school? earn more money l0|Bf pay for my sister )
\

Jo go to universityJ
go into politics >T
get elected
as an MP Commons ;
sit in the House of

1. If I go to law school, I’ll take out a student loan.

2. If I take out a student loan, I’ll be in debt for years.

3.

4. |

5.

6.

r
L.
7.

8.

9.
;

10.

L |P% WIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of first conditionals.
The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation!

want
Should I campaign for student union president? I'll have to decide soon if I wanted to run. If I'll be
busy campaigning, I won't have much time to study. That's a problem, because I'm not going to get a

good job if I get good marks this year. On the other hand, there's so much to do in this university and
nothing is getting done if John Healy becomes president again. A lot of people know that. But will I
know what to do if I'll get the job? Never mind. I'll deal with that problem, if I win.
 «!!!
jr 11
1 i!j
Hji Second Conditionals
Mi
•I •
•.SMU ii
«

'!!ÿ WlWtl s
H Y I WOULDN’T N
!
’
'MRfiYTOU UNLESS
10U WERE THE LAST,
.6IRLON EARTH!/ \r _ 1 (0? V „ \(HOPEI)
i
c
%I v $9 4feY es J
I! ҤL
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! “
I POINT
i!
Circle T (True) or F (False).
s T F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy.
3j
i
CHART CHECK AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
in!
| Circle T (True) or IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM OF VERB 1
F (False).
he loved her, he would get married.
T F Use the present if
he were* in love, he'd get married.
simple in the if
clause. *Note that were is used for all subjects with be.
T F Use were for
all subjects. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
;
ii!
T F Use a comma
between the
IF CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD + BASE FORM OF VERB 1
he didn't love her, he would not get married.
;! two clauses if
i!i he weren't in love, he wouldn't get married.
I
li
when the
result clause i
I!1 comes first. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
i
: RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
I loved her?
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE 1
Would I get married if Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't.
I were in love?
J
I' it

IVH- QUESTIONS
'j
! RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
k
. What would you do
. • you ioved her?
& you were in love?
IS

ti
m ! i
286
1
A
 Seconct Conditionals a 287

EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this question.
What will / would he do if / when he was / were a millionaire?

Q ra ms&a r Ex g>I a r*a t ions Example*

it clause result clause
1. Use second conditional sentences to talk // 1 loved him, I would marry him.
about unreal, untrue, imagined or impossible (But I don't love him so I won't marry him.)
conditions and their results in the present.
: if clause result clause
The if clause presents the unreal condition. If I had more time, I would travel.
The result clause presents the unreal result of (But I haven't got time, so I don't travel.)
that condition.
.

If clause result clause

2. Use the past simple in the if clause. a If they had money, they wouldn't live there.
Use would + base form of the verb in the
result clause.
BE CAREFUL!
a. The if clause uses the past simple form but a If I had more money now, I would go on a trip
the meaning is not past. round the world.
b. Don't use would in the if clause in present If she knew the answer, she would tell you.
unreal conditional sentences. NOT If she would know the answer . . ;
c. Use were for all subjects when the verb in
the if clause is a form of be. .....—-
If I were rich, I would travel round the world.
NOT If I was rich :
USAGE NOTE: You will sometimes hear native
speakers usetvos in the if clause. However,
many people think that this is not correct.

L-
3. You can also use a modal in the result clause. If I had time, I could read more.

4. You can begin conditional sentences with If I had more money, 1 would move.
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is OR
the same. I would move if I had more money.
Use a comma between the two clauses only
when the //clause comes first.

5. Statements beginning with If i were you, . . . * If I were you, I'd read Peanuts.
are often used to give advice. It's really funny.
 288 a Unix 6©
1
!
;" i TRUE OR FALSE •Read each quotation from these Peanuts characters. Write T (True)
or F (False) for the statement that follows.

!!; 1. SNOOPY: If I were a human being, I wouldn’t even own a dog!

E Snoopy is a human being.
2. LUCY to SNOOPY: YOU wouldn’t be so happy if you knew what was going to happen.
_ Snoopy is happy.
•:
3. LUCY to LINUS: If I were you, I’d sleep underneath that tree.
_ Lucy is giving Linus advice.
4. SNOOPY to WOODSTOCK: What would you do if you had forty dollars?
[
_ Woodstock has forty dollars.
5. SNOOPY: If I ate one more snowflake, I’d turn into a blizzard.
li! _ Snoopy plans to eat another snowflake. :

6. LUCY: If we were married, Schroeder, I’d come in every morning and dust your piano.
i
_ Lucy dusts Schroeder’s piano every morning.
;
Ip-i. COMPLETE •Read part of an article about the comic strip Peanuts. Complete it with the
LjjfjjJ correct form of the verbs in brackets. [

!ÿ

'
........
....... .
wliat makes Peanuls so popular? Of course, if it

funny, people
2. (not like)
more than just laughs. It addresses such universal themes as love, jealousy, loneliness and
weren’t
1. (not be)
it so much. But Peanuts provides

hope. If the characters so real, we with them.

3. (not be) 4. (couldn't / identify)
Take Lucy, for example. In love with the piano-playing Schroeder, Lucy complains, ‘If we
: 5. (be)
married, and you
6. (love)
golf, I
7. (hole)
i
your golf clubs! If you a sports car, I your sports
8. (drive) 9. (h.rle)
car! If you a bowler, I your bowling ball.’ Without
10. (be) 11 . Ml, ilt:)
lb;
looking up from his piano or missing a beat, Schroeder asks, 'So?' ‘I hate your piano!’ shouts Lucy

, as she kicks it out from under him. Recognisable behaviour? In Peanuts we see ourselves along
with our weaknesses and hopes. But we don’t have to analyse Peanuts to enjoy it.
If it for comic strips tike Peanuts, our lives 1
12. (not be) 1 3. (nikjht / hi-)
a little less fun.
:
::

li :

ii&L..
’il -
i
 Second ConaltlonaSe a 289
v>,

';ÿr COMBINE •Read about these Peanuts characters. What would happen if their situations
were different? Combine the two sentences into one, using second
conditional sentences.

1. Schroeder ignores Lucy. She gets angry with him.

If Schroeder didn’t ignore Lucy, she wouldn’t get angry with him.

2. Schroeder loves Beethoven. He plays his sonatas all the time.

3. Charlie Brown doesn’t have enough friends. He feels lonely.

4. Sally doesn’t know her teacher’s name. She can’t send her a card.

5. Linus is clever. He finds intelligent solutions to life’s problems.

6. Woodstock and Snoopy have a close relationship. Woodstock confides in Snoopy.

7. Rerun’s parents refuse to let him have a dog. He tries to borrow Charlie’s dog.

8. Pigpen doesn’t have enough baths. He’s filthy.

EDIT •Read this boy's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the second
1”%§a conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected.

would
. J’-vagot.to .stop staying.upJate.reading.‘Peanu.ts_’{JfJ_weren’t.alwaya.so..tired, T wiH-hp. nhlft
..tQÿtay.awakejndass...WheneYerthe.teachen.asksme.son!ething,Idon’t.know_what.tQ_say.
_ Then I get really embarrassed because .of .that nice red-haired girl that I like.. I would talk to.
.. . her if I.wouldn’t be so shy. My friend, Jason, says, ‘If. I was you, I’d ask her to a party.’ but
j Ire.too afraid that if I asked her, she would have said no. After school, I played football.
. .Wobody wanted.ree in their teanLBLI.play.bet.ter, I.wQuld.get.chosen.soreetjmes..Ufe.is.hardl_I
..caareally. understand ihat.Charlie..BrQ.wn-characfec ia‘Peanuts’In.fact,.if.Ididn’tJaugh.so
...........
. . hacd-while.reading.‘Peanuts.’,.I..w.Qu!dncied! .........
.
..... .....
. ...
......
...
n\
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II
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JP* 1 VI
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•'••Si;.

* w
Section 5/ENTERTAINMENT

fi Best Bets for Holidaij Viewing

Third Conditionals

It's a Wonderful Life

_
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9
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Rating: out of
1
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1§
w hat would have happened if you had never been
bom? George Bailey's guardian angel, Clarence,
shows George that life in Bedford Falls would have been
(
i

[n
I very different if George hadn't been there. In the process,
N
f

Clarence teaches us all how our lives touch those of others. i

Highly recommended for the whole family.

George (seated)
I with his guardian angel
;

j
f :::::: POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.

if
CHART CHECK STATEMENTS i
TicK the correct IF CLAUSE: RESULT CLAUSE:
III answers. PAST PERFECT WOULD (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Use the past perfect in If I had (not) had money, I would (not) have moved away.
0 the if clause.
i
; 0 the result clause. YES/NO QUESTIONS I
:: i Use a comma between RESULT CLAUSE | IF CLAUSE
| the two clauses when
Would you have left i if you had had money?
| 0 the if clause
comes first.
SHORT ANSWERS
0 the result clause
comes first. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Yes, 1 wouid (have), j No, I wouldn't (have).
: i !jj;
1
j?

I!
II
290
s
 7
:ÿ ii r-j. cOi-«<jti:ittrw3ss a 291
•V

I
:§ WH- QUESTIONS
m CONTRACTIONS
RESULT CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
would have = would've
What would you have done if you had had money?
would not have = wouldn't have

EXPRESS
Complete this sentence with the correct form of the verb study. Add a comma if necessary.
if I had known about the test today.

Cramntar Sxpianatiom Examples

il clause result clause
1. Use third conditional sentences to If George had died young, he wouldn't have
talk about past conditions and results that had children.
never happened. (But he didn't die young and he did have children.)

The if clause presents the unreal condition. if George hadn't been born, many people's
The result clause presents the imagined result lives would have been worse.
of that condition. (But George was born so their lives were better.)

clause result clause

2. Use the past perfect in the if clause. /f the film had won an Oscar, it would have
Use would have + past participle in become famous immediately.
the result clause.

i. You can also use modals in the result clause. If George had gone to university, he might have
become an architect.

P If George had become an architect, he could

have designed bridges.

4. You can begin conditional sentences with if he had won a million dollars, he would
-
the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is have travelled to China.
the same. OR
He would have travelled to China if he had
Use a comma between the two clauses only
won a million dollars.
when the if clause comes first.

5. Third conditionals are often used to express If I had known Mary was back,
1
1
regret about what happened in the past. I would have invited her to the party.
(I regret that I didn't invite her.)

f
1
m
;

L
n 292 a unit ©v j
;

m TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the

...
statement that follows.

; 1. If I had had time, I would have watched It’s a Wonderful Life.

I X_ I didn’t have time to watch It’s a Wonderful Life.
2. I would have recorded the film if my DVD hadn’t broken.
!
_ I recorded the film.
3. If Clarence hadn’t been there, George might have killed himself.
_ Clarence was there.
4. George wouldn’t have met Mary if he hadn’t gone to his brother’s party.
_ George didn’t go to the party.
•i

5. George would have been happier if he had become an architect.

_ George became an architect.
6. The film wouldn’t have been so good if James Stewart hadn’t played the part of
George Bailey.
James Stewart played the part of George Bailey.

J COMPLETE •George is thinking about the past. Complete his thoughts with the zorrect
I %m form of the words in brackets.

1. I didn’t go into business with my friend Pete. If I h ad gone into

(go)
business with him, I would have become a success.
(become)
2. I couldn’t go into the army because I was deaf in one ear. I
(go)
into the army if I my hearing in that ear.
(not lose)
3. Mary and I weren’t able to go on honeymoon. We away if
(can / go)
my father ill.
(not become)
4. Clarence showed me how the world would look without me. I
(not know)

that I was so important if Clarence me.

'tint '.i
5. My old boss once made a terrible mistake. If I him, he
_ to prison.
(not hc‘!|)}

6. Mary _ a happy life if she _ me.

7. Life here
(ni/iv / not

(be)
___ really different if I (no! nurry)

(not live)

M
 y~
Thsrcs CondmoriaSs a 293

;;
f; REWRITE •Read each true situation. Then write a third conditional sentence to express
how things could have been different.

1. Clarence wasn’t a first-class angel so he didn’t have much self-confidence.

If Clarence had been a first-class angel, he would have had more self-confidence.

2. George was unhappy about his business. He shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve.
1- i.l;

m 3. Poor people could buy houses because George’s business lent them money.

IT:
4. Mr Potter wasn’t able to trick George so George didn’t sell Potter the business.

5. George’s Uncle Billy lost $8,000. George got into trouble with the law.

6. George’s friends didn’t know about his troubles. They didn’t help him straightaway.
::v
i
m 7. George’s friends collected money for him so he didn’t go to prison.

IS EDIT •Read Clarence's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the third
conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to check punctuation!

Dear Diary,
hadn’t
K
gt
It’sfunny howthings work, out sometimes. If Qeorgehosnst wonted to jump
off that bridge on, Christmas Etse, I might neuser housegetting an, important ;
job tike sousing him,. And, fke hadn’t been, so stubborn,, I would, neuer had,
thought of the idea, of showing him, life in, Bedford, Falls without him,. One of thesaddest
things was seeing all thosepeople who didn’t house homes. ifQeorgegaue up and,sold, his
business to Mr Potter, then, Potter would, house rented, run-down,flats to all those people.
But because Cjeorge, they now- housegood homes. By the time we werefinished, Qeorge
of
realised he really had a, wonderfullife. In,fact, he will housegone, to prison, happily, f
hisfriends hadn’tgiusen, him the money he needed. Well, lucidly they helped him, out
and he didnltgo to prison,. And Igot my wings and became, a,first-class angel!

%
 i I
!
I m &
1
i Wishs Present and Past :
J
:
!
|!|]!|
m Tiny Fairy Tales Tin: TKRI-:I; WISHES
!
:
The an ;. , Pffiggsramrii T
: Ihree Wishes %n\/ 0 77
ne day, a poor woodcutter was given aa® %
| I three wishes by a tree elf. When his
hungry wife heard the news, she
said, ‘I wish I had some sausages.’ l

At once five sausages appeared on a plate.

The woodcutter was furious about wasting a wish. ‘I wish those sausages were hanging
from your nose,’ he shouted. At once the sausages hung from her nose. The two struggled to
get them loose but they could not. ‘I wish I hadn’t made that wish,’ the woodcutter sighed.
At once the sausages were on the plate again. The couple happily ate the sausages and
wished for nothing more.

!
L„; POINT
II Tick the correct answer.
The woman wanted sausages
1 O that day.
O the day before.

CHART CHECK1 WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT

I Tick the correct MAIN CLAUSE WISH CLAUSE

answer.
had some food now.
; In wishes about the She wishes she
present, what tense were* rich.
follows wish? I
*Note that were is used for all subjects with he.
the present simple

3 0 the past simple

III f
- >

If 294
 Wish: Present and Past a 295
m
"-3 CHART CHECK 2 WISHES ABOUT THE PAST

1 Tick the correct MAIN CLAUSE WISH CLAUSE

t answer.
had had some food last night.
3 In wishes about the He wishes he
f past, what tense had been rich as a child.
f follows wish?
: 0 the past simple
the past perfect

EXPRESS
Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verb know.

•I wish I a good story to tell my next class.

•I wish I more stories as a child.

Grammar gxfsiarsatioiis Examples

\

1. Use wish followed by a verb in the past simple n He wishes he had a yacht.
to talk about things that you want to be true (He doesn't have a yacht but he wants one.)
now but that are not true.

J USAGE NOTE: After wish, you can use were

instead of was.
m Sometimes I wish I were a child again.
OR

Sometimes I wish I was a child again.

;
2. Use wish followed by the past perfect to They wish they had moved to the country.
express regrets about events in the past. (They didn't move to the country and now they
think that was a mistake.)

3. Use would after wish to express a desire for I wish you would cook breakfast. You've got
someone or something to act in a different way. more time than I have.
This often communicates a complaint or a regret.
I wish she would visit more often. I really
miss her.

Do not use will after wish. Nor I wish she will visit more- often.

4. Use could or could have after wish to H He wishes he couid earn more money.
express ability.
He wishes he could have found a better job
when he was younger.
Do not use can after wish. NOT He wishes he can earn more money.
 \\ '

%5
ill 296 a a u
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TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write i ( true) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.
'i'i' i

1. I wish I were a princess.

T I’m not a princess.
1
2. I hated living in a big house as a child.
_ I wish I had lived in a small house.
3. He wishes he could find a better job.
_ He likes his job.
4. They couldn’t do computer classes at school so they are doing them now.
1: _ They wish they could do computer classes.
i
5. Jim’s wife plays computer games a lot. He wants her to stop.
. _ He wishes she wouldn’t play computer games.
6. He wishes he had a lot of money.
__ He hasn’t got a lot of money.
i
|P Pi§~~] COMPLETE •Read this article from a psychology magazine. Complete it with the correct
f ; ;
-
form of the verbs in brackets.

PSYCHOLOGY FOR YOU

WISHES Am SOLUTIONIS 1!

f he old saying goes, 'If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride.' 'I wish it
T
problems
were
1. (be)
that easy,' says therapist Joel Grimes. 'But we can't just wish
. We have to find our own solutions.' According to him,
2. (will / go away)

______
complainers are really saying, '1 wish I a magical solution. I wish
3. (have)
!1 i with this myself.' One client, for example, kept complaining,
4. fnol have to / do, ill
; ‘I wish I people but my flat is too small.' Grimes urged her to solve
s. ! i !!' T kiln;

the problem. This year, she gave an open-house party, with people coming at different times.

/; She still wishes she her whole family last year but she learnt she
6. -ft .Hi invil*
could solve her own problems. 'At first clients get angry with me for not handing them
solutions,' says Grimes. 'But when they experience their own power, they wish they

about it sooner.’
7. (know)
H

ii
 Wish: a H'sf.-i a 297
V.'

REWRITE •Joel Grimes's clients complain about things in the past and in the present.
Rewrite their complaints as wishes.

1. I didn’t have time to read bedtime stories to my children.

I wish I had had time to read bedtime stories to my children.

2. My husband won’t ask for a pay rise.

3. We didn’t save any money last month.

4. My boyfriend is unfit.

5. I’m too old to go back to school.

6. I can’t stop smoking.

7. My son doesn’t phone me.

a. My parents didn’t understand me.

EDIT •Read this diary entry. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of wish.
The first mistake has already been corrected.

were
Today, X said to Pr &rimes, 'I wisH there was a way to spend more time with my boyfriend
but we’re both too busy.’ He just said, 'If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.’ That’s an
easy thing to say but I wish I understand its meaning. Maybe it means that wishing won’t
solve problems. WelL, that’s why I went to see him!!! I wish he will tell me what to do

right then and there but he refused. Speaking of wishful thinking, I wish Mark and I couLd
have spent the weekend together next week. My exams are over but he’s got to fly to Paris
for his job. If wishes were horses, I’d ride one to Paris. Hey! Mark is always saying, 'I wish
you would come with me sometimes.' I suppose I can go with him to Paris. Pr Gtrimes must
have meant that I can solve my own problems. Now I wish I haven’t been so rude to him.
 :
m
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!l A
!i!l !
fsamoil] ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
I
i||!
Jennifer never coffee. A®C D &

-
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking
.'
• ;

l. If you . a headache, you should take an aspirin. A B C D

. (A) ’ll have got (C) have got
(B) had got (D) are having
|!
2. I wish we _ _ a bigger house. This one is too small. A B C D
(A) have (C) would have
(B) had (D) had had
3. it rains very hard, the streets flood. A B C D .
(A) If (C) During
:
(B) Always (D) Unless
4. We’ll be late unless we now. A B C D
(A) leave (C) had left
! (B) don’t leave (D) have left
5. What would Tom do if he _ the truth? A B C D
i;
(A) would know (C) knows
(B) has known (D) knew
6. If I you, I’d call and apologise. A B C D
(A) am (C) were
(B) would be (D) was
7. If I you were ill, I would have called sooner. A B C D
(A) have known (C) would have known
(B) had known (D) know *

8. If you want to go skiing, _ to Les Arcs. A B C D I

r (A) you go (C) go
(B) you’ll go (D) went
9. Jennifer has trouble with maths. She wishes she A B C D
more at school.
(A) studies (C) had studied
(B) has studied (D) studied

: I
::
:

298

J
 Self-fast XSsi a 299

10. - If we invited
- Of course I
(A) do
__
you, would you come?

(C) would have

A B C D

(B) am (D) would

11. Thomas will win the election if he

_ harder. A B C D
(A) campaigns (C) will campaign

12. If you
_
(B) would campaign (D) campaigned
told us about the bad service, we would have A B C D
eaten there.
(A) didn’t (C) haven’t
(B) wouldn’t have (D) hadn’t

[sECTaow] TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word
or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B C 0
A B C®
1 3. If you had been here yesterday, you would have see Jean. A B C D
A B CD

14. I wish our family could of taken holidays when we were younger. A B C D
A B C D

15. Unless we work harder, we will finish on time. A B C D

A B C D

16. If I will have to make a difficult decision*. I always discuss it with A B C D

A B CD
my friends.

1 7. If Lara is older, she would try to get a job in Edinburgh. A B C D

A B C D

18. We could had done more if we had had more time. A B C D

A B C D

19. We ate outside tomorrow unless it rains. A B C D

A B c D

20. I would take the job if I am you. A B C D

A C D

21. What would you do if you will won the lottery? A B C D

A B CD

22. It’s hot, so you will feel better* if you drink more water. A B C D
A BCD

23. If I did set my alarm clock, I would have got up on time. A B C D

A B c D
24. If I have to flv, I would get very nervous, so I usually drive. A B C D
ABC D

25. Lynn wishes she had a bigger house and can buy a car. A B C D
B c D
 1
p'

__—
I:
I ril

I
m ft: '1. Relative Clauses with
fi J Subject Relative Pronouns
’
Bill, come and
dr]

i
_
fgr
meet the woman who has
changed my life.
-m- l

u,
I:

LA
EZMm POINT
! Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F The man is talking
1ii about the woman
!i holding a report.
If
RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

CHART CHECK MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

Tick the correct SUBJECT
answers. RELATIVE PRONOUN VERB
Relative clauses t
i:i describe: That's my friend who lives in Rome.
O nouns
01 verbs RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
Relative clauses
can go: MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
r CJ before the main
(CONT.)

clause SUBJECT
RELATIVE PRONOUN VERB
! O in the middle of
I
the main clause :
My friend who fives in Rome is a dancer.
a>.
is
OJ after the main
clause
II
I; i:
1 EXPRESS
!5i i Unscramble these words to form a sentence.
if
the man •works •who •in the cafeteria •That’s
I
300
•I

fL
 T X -tin .. <* .. a 301

r,;. .:x im
I
1 1. Use relative cSauses to identify or give
additional information about nouns or
m I know the woman who lives there.
(The relative clause identifies the woman we are
I indefinite pronouns such as someone, talking about.)
somebody, something, another and other(s).
u Rome is a city which attracts tourists.
I (The relative clause gives additional information
about the city.)
The relative clause directly follows the noun (or Someone who has a lot of friends is lucky.
pronoun) it is identifying or describing. NOT Someone is lucky who has a lot oHriends-.

2. Sentences with relative clauses can be seen I have a friend. + He loves to shop. =
as a combination of two sentences. I have a friend who loves to shop.
My friend lives in Rome. + She paints. =
M My friend who lives in Rome paints.

3. Relative clauses are introduced by

relative pronouns.

Subject relative pronouns are:

a. who or that for people I have a friend who lives in Mexico.
USAGE NOTE: That is less formal than who. I have a friend that lives in Mexico.

b. which or that for places or things New York is the city which never sleeps.
USAGE NOTE: That is less formal than which. New York is the city that never sleeps.

c. whose + noun for people's possessions He's the man whose dog barks all day.

> BE CAREFUL! DO not use both a subject relative Scott is someone who loves sports.
pronoun and a subject pronoun (/, you, he, she, NOT Scott is someone who he-loves-spofte.
it, we, they) in the same relative clause.

l
4. Subject relative pronouns have the same form That's the man who lives next door.
whether they refer to singular or plural nouns That's the woman who lives next door.
or to masculine or feminine nouns. Those are the people who live next door.

5. The verb in the relative clause is singular if Ben is my friend who lives in Leeds.
the subject relative pronoun refers to a singular Al and Ed are my friends who live in
noun. It is plural if it refers to a plural noun. Nottingham.
BE CAREFUL! When whose + noun is the subject Meg is a person whose friends depend on her.
of a relative clause, the verb agrees in number
with the subject of the relative clause. on her.
 !! *
302 a Unit ©s .1
fpf

1
|
i
ry IDENTIFY * Read this paragraph about friendship. First circle the relative pronouns and
underline the relative clauses. Then draw an arrow from the relative pronoun to the
noun or pronoun it describes.
1
:

Almost eVeryovie ha<; -frievicte but ideas about friendship vary from person to

persoK.. For some, a friend f IVL r\ For '

others, a friend is a person who lias known you aLL your Life - someone whose
family knows you, too. Others onLy use the term for someone who knows your
:rj

friendship. there is one element which is always present and that is the eLement. of
avt>i-tbt_pÿo_p.Le,

I that take t-he bus with us but we can choose our friends. As avithropol onist _ .

'h

Mi n

f
COMPLETE •A magazine, Psychology Today, conducted a survey on friendship.
jll Here are some of the results. Complete each sentence with an appropriate relative
pronoun and the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. People who have moved a lot have fewer friends.

2. People
(have)
lived in the same place have more friends.
1
3. The qualities
(have)
_ most important in a friend are loyalty,
(be) :
warmth and the ability to keep secrets.
l; 4. Someone __ a crisis turns to friends before family.
Betrayal is the cause _ _ most often responsible for
! (face)
5.
:j (be)
ending a friendship.

1 6. Many people have friends social or religious backgrounds

i.
different from theirs.
7. Most people __ friends _ members of the opposite sex say
(in< In* J<v')
that these relationships are different from relationships with people of the same sex.
:
1 8. A survey
(appear)
in a magazine may not represent everyone.
9. Someone the magazine might have other ideas.
(not it'rid)
 CSawsss with Subject Relative Pronouns, s 303
*»

! COMBINE •Read each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun to combine them into
yg; j
one sentence.
1
! 1. I have a friend. My friend lives in Mexico City.
1
? i have a friend who lives in Mexico City.

2. Mexico City is an exciting city. The city attracts a lot of tourists.

3. Steph has a brother. Her brother’s name is Eric.

I 4. He works for a magazine. The magazine is very popular in Mexico.

5. Eric writes a column. The column deals with relationships.

6. An article won a prize. The article discussed friendships.

7. A person is lucky. That person has a lot of friends.

I EDIT •Read part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of relative
clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.

A writer once said that friends are born, not made. This means that we
automatically become friends with people who Jhejf are compatible with us. I don’t
agree with this writer. Last summer, I made friends with some people who’s

completely different from me.

In July, I went to Barcelona to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there
was a teacher which was much older than I am. We became really good friends. In
my first week, I had a problem which was getting me down. Barcelona is a city who

has a lot of distractions. As a result, I went out all the time and I stopped going to

my classes. Bob helped me get back into my studies. After the trip, I kept writing to

Bob. He always writes stories that is interesting and encouraging. Next summer, he’s
leading another trip what sounds interesting. I hope I can go.
 1
JUN 1 1
| Relative Glayses with
iHii .
XsW i
Ai-

Object Relative Pronouns

||il •' k or When and Where
!!ÿ
M
Sophia,
il
h m
mm
;
cttu'e, with,
the, MAM
:
picture, of earn
••

; ji, a®.
£ Jurith/th#
‘ ‘ ' ;ss
J time'. CM/yOU/fM'
new mm
Hcs a, writer, ttnthjoyeous -,-Q POINT
'
:
:i 2
.]
preen, eyM! I’m, to low! Luo/
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T F Lisa is pointing out
her favourite cafe.

j:
: RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE
f
!'

CHART CHECK MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

I Tick the correct
answer.
OBJECT
RELATIVE
I PRONOUN SUBJECT VERB
The verb in the
relative clause
! agrees with She reads all the books that he writes.
O the noun in the
!; main clause. RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
I O the subject of the
MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONT.)
l; : relative clause.

;
Circle T (True) or
F (False).
OBJECT
RELATIVE
PRONOUN SUBJECT VERB
s
T F The relative
clause always v
follows the i The book that they borrowed seems very interesting.
main clause.
|i
EXPRESS 4
f:| Unscramble these words to form a sentence.
IjS I ° the •films •all he •directs •watch * that

!
304
i
 ¥
*'ÿ

Relative Clauses wiln Object Relative Pronoun.-; or vv-/ :>;uj whare a 305
s
m
Grammas ib(j»iatta$io»& Examples
..
.TWfSIl 'toUil,; :••

1. A relative pronoun can be the object obj.

of a relative clause. Notice that: Eva is a writer. + / saw her on TV. =
:: obj.
a. The object relative pronoun comes a Eva, who I saw on TV, is a writer. ;
at the beginning of the relative clause. 1

b. Object relative pronouns have the same a That's the man who I met.
:
form whether they refer to singular or plural a That's the woman who I met.
nouns or to masculine or feminine nouns. a Those are the people who I met.
subj. verb
c. The verb in the relative clause agrees a I like the columns which he writes.
with the subject of the relative clause. a I like the column which they write.
BE CAREFUL! Do not use both an object relative She is the writer who I saw on TV. i
pronoun and an object pronoun (me, you, him, NOT She is the writer-who f-saw-heF on-TV:
her, it, us, them) in the same relative clause.
NOTE: Object relative pronouns are often left out. a She is the writer S saw on TV.

2. Object relative pronouns are:

:
a. who, that or whom for people m She's the writer who I met.
USAGE NOTE: Whom is very formal and is a She's the writer that I met. 1
rarely used in speech. a She's the writer i met. J :
a She's the writer whom i met.
i
b. which or that for things I read the book which she wrote.
a I read the book that she wrote. |
a I read the book she wrote.
L-~-
c. whose + noun for people's possessions a That's the author whose book I read.

.
3. A relative pronoun can be the object of
a preposition.
He's the writer. + / work for him. =
USAGE NOTE: In informal speaking and writing, a He's the writer that I work for.
we put the preposition at the end of the clause a He's the writer I work for.
and we often leave out the relative pronoun.
In formal English, we put the preposition at the a He's the writer for whom I work.
beginning of the clause. In this case, we use a That's the book about which I told you.
only whom and which (not who or that).

i
j
4. Where and when can also be used to introduce
relative clauses:
That's the library. + She works there. =
a. Where refers to a place. a That's the library where she works.
I remember the day. + / met him then. =
b. When or that refers to a time. a I remember the day when ! met him.
a I remember the day that l met him.

M
 ;

306 a unit ; o
,

IDENTIFY •Read this part of a book review. Underline all the relative clauses with object
relative pronouns. Circle the object relative pronouns and when or where. Then draw
:i a line from the circled word to the noun it refers to.
I
Section 4 BOOKS

Lost in Translation: her friendship with the

A life in a New language ,.i M boy whose home she
Sc visited daily and whom
, t the age of nine, Eva Hoffman left Poland gra she assumed she would
•< X with her family. She was old enough to jjf| /
i:
|l marry one day. Worst of all,
kpowwhat she was losing: Krakow, a
city(that)she loved its one loves a person, the
||
H
H
however, she missed her
language. For years, she felt
j Eva Hoffman
sun-baked villages where they had spent no connection to the ?
i;i summer holidays and the conversations and
escapades with her friends. Disconnected
English name of anything that she felt was
important. Lost in Translation: A Life in a
:

; from a city where life was lived intensely, her New Language (Penguin, 1989) tells how
-
father was overwhelmed by the transition to Eva came to terms with her new identity
Canada. Eva lost the parent whom she had and language. It’s a story that readers will
IS watched in lively conversation with friends find fascinating and moving.
I in Krakow cafes. And nothing could replace

! ;

r
:
m.
]il§
COMPLETE •A school newspaper, the Chelsea Bugle (CB), interviewed one of the
school's international students, Maniya Suarez (MS). Com piste the interview with
relative pronouns, when or where and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

0
If
: -ÿ0 l aafi
WM
X
,
i who
CB: Maniya Suarez is a student many of you already
. ;ÿ i.
know . Maniya, why did your family settle in London?
2. (know)
|
y '
MS: The cousin
3.
we
4. (stay)
with at first
mm
Mnnivn Suarez
lives here. That’s the reason we chose London.
CB: What was the most difficult thing about going to school in the UK?

MS: The class in the biggest problems at first was

_ 5.
English. It was hard to say the things
a. ili.ivc)
to say.

:. C'B: What is the biggest change _

7.
_ you 8. IWtinl )
SO fell*? j
i
V. 10. (c-Aiit -ncnc < •

MS: We used to live in a house _ there always

Vi. 12. Che)
V a lot of people. Here I live with my parents and two younger sisters
13. »
1
after school. I get a bit lonely sometimes.
14. (V)ki’ rare* of)
*

;
!: ::
5 5
y
 lorn or -Minn ana Wrutre B 307
i
pteT COMBINE •Read each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun or when or where, to
combine them into one sentence.

1. That’s the house. I grew up in the house with my sister Emily.

That’s the house that I grew up in with my sister Emiliy.

2. The house was beautiful. We lived in the house.

3. Emily and I shared a room. We spent a lot of time playing in it.

4. I had a good friend. I went to school with her.

.ÿ
V.;

5. I took piano lessons from a woman. I met her at my mum’s office.

6. I remember one summer. The whole family went to the seaside then.

7. Those were good times. I’ll always remember them.

EDIT •Read this student's essay. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of relative
clauses with object relative pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected.

where OR. in which

Tai Dong is the small city in southeastern Taiwan wMek- 1 grew up. My family

moved there from Taipei the summer I was born. The house in which I grew up in

is on a main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea and my mother had a food stand

in our front courtyard, where she sold omelettes early in the morning. A customer

who I always chatted with him had a son my age. We were best friends. A cousin

who his family I visited evex-y summer lived with us. He was an apprentice which
my father was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our house, we had

a huge kitchen in where we all gathered for dinner. It was a noisy place. The
bedrooms where the family slept was upstairs. My two brothers slept in one

bedroom. I slept in one what I shared with my older sister. My younger sister

shared a bedroom with another cousin which my family had adopted.

 m
)]} ! I
m
( nr §g
3
ir Relative Clausesÿ
Iff m
iLi *
«1
Defining and *

;
Non-Defining
Oops!
This must be the
picture file he told me
Y. not to open!
doO
mm
»ÿ37

i!
1f
S: POINT
Circle T (True) or F (False).
:l.i T F There is only one picture file on
the computer. .V

i CHART CHECK DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Tick the correct SUBJECT ;
! answer. RELATIVE PRONOUN
|
‘ Which type of relative The computer which is in the study is broken.
clause has commas
3 around it?
(OBJECT
O defining RELATIVE PRONOUN)
;
O non-defining The computer (which) she bought last week is not working.
Circle T (True) or |
if F (False). NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES :

T F You can leave

out a relative SUBJECT
RELATIVE PRONOUN
pronoun only
! '! when it is an The computer, which is in the study, is broken.
m ;
object relative
pronoun in
a defining OBJECT
RELATIVE PRONOUN
relative clause.
The computer, which she bought last week,
j is not working.

EXPRESS
Cross out the relative pronouns where possible.
•I gave away my computer, which was only three years old.
•I bought a new one that had a lot more memory.
•It was the computer which we saw at E-Lectronics.

308
 i

fteiat-ve C-auses: ueftning anc Non-uefini?.ÿ a 309

'.s

Grammar Explanations £jtampias :

.
1 Relative clauses can be defining or
non-defining.
a. Use a defining relative clause to identify I've got three phones. The phone which is in
which member of a group the sentence talks the kitchen is broken.
about. (The relative clause is necessary to identify which
!ÿ
phone is meant.)
r
b. Use a non-defining relative clause to u I've got only one phone. The phone, which is in
if give additional information about the noun the kitchen, is broken.
it refers to. The information is not necessary (The relative clause gives additional information, but
to identify the noun. it isn't needed to identify the phone.)
BE CAREFUL! DO not use that to introduce a
non-defining relative clause. Use who
for people and which for places and things. ...
Marie, who introduced us at the party, rang
me last night.
NOT Marie, that-intreduecd us at the-party;-.-. -.

2. A non-defining relative clause is separated The switch, which is on the back, is off.
from the rest of the sentence by commas. (The machine has got only one switch. It's on
the back.)
Without commas, the clause is a defining The switch which is on the back is off.
relative clause and the sentence has a very (The machine has got more than one switch. This
different meaning. one is off.)
USAGE NOTE: Non-defining relative clauses are
much more common in writing than they are in
speech.

3. You can leave out:

a. object relative pronouns in defining That's the computer that I bought.
relative clauses That's the computer I bought.
b. when I remember the day when I met him.
I remember the day I met him.
USAGE NOTE: The most common spoken form is
the one with no relative pronoun.

4. You cannot leave out:

a. relative pronouns in a non-defining She remembers Mark, who she visited often.
relative clause NOT She remembers- Mark she visited often.
b. whose That's the author whose book i read.
NOT That's the author book I read.
c. where * That's the library where i work.
NOT That's the library-t-work.
:
!;
f
1
:|
\l

II
i

.
'
310 a

ifT]
I

1.

2.
__
Unit 7

TRUE OR FALSE •Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.

Use the computer which is in the living room.

_F

3. My sister
There is only one computer.
Press the red button, which is on the right.
There is probably only one red button.
who mends computers lives in Manchester.
_ I have more than one sister. 3.
!
i

I.

1.
I

11

4. My stereo, which worked yesterday, doesn’t work today.

r
_ It’s likely that I have another stereo I can use.
1. No

5. A mobile phone which has voice activation is very convenient.

•• _ All mobile phones have voice activation. 5. Dr
h 6. My flatmate, who is afraid of computers, has never been on the internet.

i
_ I probably have more than one flatmate. >. I wt
?ÿ
l A lo;
| ADD & CROSS OUT •Read this article about technophobia. Add commas where necessary.
I Cross out the relative pronouns that can be left out.
,i. Som<
li¬ lted! ’ 310 -'pH© • bia {noun) a fear JhecC some people have about using technology
f you have it, you're one of the 85 per cent of about the effects of technology on people 1
people that this new ‘disease’ has struck. blames the designers of these devices, not the I EDIT
Maybe you've bought a phone on which you people who use them. ‘The best way to cure and
can programme 99 numbers - but you can’t technophobia is to cure the reasons that cause
turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read that
your new CD player, which you have finally
—
it that is, to design things that people can
use and design things that won't break,’ claims |l’ve just
learnt to use, will soon be replaced by DVD Norman. Michael Dyrenfurth who is a Her co-
which you have never even heard of.
'

University lecturer believes we cause our own

Aceordib
Some experts say that things have just problems by buying technology that we just
become too complex. William Staples who don’t need. ‘Do we really need electric 'pagers,
T' wrote a book on the electronic age tried to toothbrushes?’ he asks. According to Williams, can, peoj
help a friend who had just bought a new important technology that we can’t afford to
Y stereo. The stereo which worked before wasn’t run away from actually exists. To prosper, we to lean
working any more. ‘On the front of the stereo, need to overcome our technophobia and learn overwheii
there were literally twenty buttons,’ says to use it.
Staples. Donald Norman who has written book wl :
H

!!!ÿ
f:

Relative Glauses: Defining and Non-Defining a 311

COMBINE •Read these pairs of sentences. Combine them by changing the second
*
sentence into a relative clause. Use a relative pronoun only when necessary.
Use commas for non-defining relative clauses.
n
1. I bought a mobile. I can use it to send and receive email.
I bought a mobile I can use to send and receive email.

2. My new mobile has become a necessary part of life. I bought it only a month ago.

3. I remember the day. I was afraid to use my new computer then.

4. Now, there are psychologists. They help technophobes use technology.

:
5. Dr Michelle Weil wrote a book about ‘technostress’. She is a psychologist.

6. I work in an office. In my office, the software changes frequently.

7. A lot of people suffer from technostress. Those people work in my office.

8. Some people dream of a job. They can do the job without technology.

EDIT •Read this student's book report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of defining
2s|§ and non-defining relative clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.

I’ve just read a book called Technostress, which was written by Dr Michelle Weil.

Her co-author was Dr Larry Rosen, that is her husband and also a psychologist.
According to the authors, everybody feels stress about technology. Our mobiles and

pagers, that we buy for emergencies, soon invade our privacy. Just because they
can, people contact us at places, where we are relaxing. Another problem is having
to learn too much, too fast. Technological changes, used to come one at a time, now
overwhelm us. Dr Weil suggests dealing with technostress using tips from her latest

book which can be purchased via her website.

 1
i[ •V
F«1
SeifTest :

fsEcriosÿi ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence. Choose 0 when
no word is needed.
i
i: EXAMPLE:
;
Jennifer never coffee. A (B) C DL_
I (A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking l
(

1. That’s my friend _ lives in Corby. A B C D

I

(A) which (C) whom

: (B) who (D) where
2. The plants which _ . in the living room need a lot of water. A B C D
(A) are (C) is
ft (B) be (D) am 1:

3. She’s the woman _ sister babysits for us. A B C D U

(A) who (C) that’s
(B) which (D) whose U

4. That’s the doctor for _ Cliff works. A B C D u

(A) that (C) whom
(B) which (D) whose 17.
I 5. Marie, _ I met at the party, called me last night. A B C D 18
(A) that (C) which
(B) who (D) whose
6. I remember Alan, _ walked to school with. A B C D;
19.

(A) I (C) which I

(B) who I (D) who 20.

7. I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic. A B C D 21.

(A) where (C) which
(B) when (D) that 22.

8. Take in the roll of film _ Uncle Pete took at the wedding. A B C D

(A) what (C) 0
2- '-•*
(B) with which (D) whom
ill 9. Please pay all the bills _ are due this week. A B C D 24. x

$ (A) 0 (C) when

|| (B) that (D) they
25. G
”9. Let’s try to agree on a time . we can all get together. A B C D
i (A) which (C) 0
(B) where |D) ;<i

f 312
 SeffFest XiV u 313

11. Tell me about the town

_ you grew up. A B C D
(A) that (C) which
(B) where (D) 0
12. Annie found the souvenirs that wanted at the gift shop. A B C D
(A) 0 (C) she
(B) where (D) which
••

pECTio¥5j TWO
1 ' Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
)

I EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A B c D
ABC®
3
€
13. After five hours, we finally got to Glas gow. that my aunt fives. A B C D
- if A BCD

14. My favourite uncle, which fives in Franceÿ arrived last night. A B C D

A B CD

15. Paul is someone who he really loves rugby. A B C D

ABC D
16. One singer who’s voice I like a lot is Madonna. A B C D
ABC D

17. The stories what I’ve told you are all true. A B C D
A A B C D

18. I enioved reading the article that you told me about it. A B C D
A B c D

; 19. She’s read some books that discusses the time when this area A B C D
A B C D
was undeveloped.
20. San Francisco, that is a beautiful city, has a population of six million. A B C D
A B C D

21. Do you know whom wrote the song that Jo was singing last night? A B C D
A B C D

22. My aunt’s new house is next to a beautiful beach in where we go A B C D

A B c D
J swimming every day.

D
23.

24.
-
Ken, who with I went to school, has become a famous writer.
3 C

Do you remember the night which we ate at the restaurant that

A B C D

A B C D
c
Bill owned?
25. Our neighbours, who their daughter babysits for
A
usxc have
D
moved. A B C D
 I 1
i!K
frr'- i
$J I T
'W M Direct and Indirect
it mjjr Jmi- Speech* imperatives
i
' Sara! x I’ve been having
Hi What are you trouble sleeping. The
doing?! doctor told me not to eat
a heavy meal before bed,
H I: i \iso I’m having it now. S
// v,
! 5
il
M
fi5&g!cs£j POINT
!] i
: if =>£ Tick the doctor's exact words.
L~3 ‘Eat a heavy meal before bed.’

j
;1
iPPilSl
•mmm
*
H
O ‘Don’t eat a heavy meal
before bed.’
f3 ‘Not to eat a heavy meal
before bed.’
li:
I;
CHART CHECK DIRECT SPEECH
Tick the correct REPORTING
answer. SUBJECT VERB DIRECT SPEECH
Which type of 'Drink milk.'
|I1 speech uses He said,
'Don't drink coffee.'
quotation marks?
O direct speech
INDIRECT SPEECH
O indirect speech
I Circle T (True) or
REPORTING
SUBJECT VERB
NOUN/
PRONOUN INDIRECT SPEECH i
F (False).
told her to drink milk.
T F Indirect
il imperatives
He
said not to drink coffee. !
always use the
lir infinitive form
il :ÿ of the verb
(to + base form).

wI

EXPRESS
|L Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
.is;; •The doctor told me go t to sio to bed at the same time every night.
•She said, ‘Don’t work / Not to work too hard.’ i

1
: :
314

IL
 ‘nÿ*recÿ Speech: Imperatives S3 315

Grammar Explanations Examples

•Jf «**»»««*

1. Direct speech is the exact words a speaker 'Come early and bring your National
used. In writing, use quotation marks. Health card/ said the doctor.

Indirect speech reports what a speaker said The doctor told her to come early and bring
without using the exact words. There are her National Health card.
no quotation marks.
r«a«aK.*Aa!*4w“.ajK4

2. The reporting verb (such as say or tell) is DIRECT SPEECH

usually in the past simple for both direct and 'Drink warm milk/ he said.
indirect speech.
INDIRECT SPEECH
He told me to drink warm milk.
BE CAREFUL! Put a personal direct object or
someone's name after tell. Do not put a m He said I should call him in the morning.
personal direct object after say. NOT Ho told I should caH-hkn in tho morning.

3. Imperatives in direct speech use the base form

of the verb. Imperatives in indirect speech
use the infinitive to report: INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
a. instructions 'Come early/ he said. He said to come early.
' b. commands 'Wait.' He told me to wait.
c. requests 'Could you please She asked him
arrive by 8:00?' to arrive by 8:00.

d. invitations 'Could you join She invited me to join

us for lunch?' them for lunch.

4. Use a negative infinitive (not + infinitive) DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

to report negative imperatives. 'Don't go.' He told her not to go.

5. In indirect speech, make changes to keep the

speaker's original meaning.
a. Change pronouns and possessives. He said to Ann, 'Tell me your problem.'
He told Ann to tell him her problem.
b. Change time phrases. 'Call me tomorrow.'
She said to call her the next flay.
c. Change this and here. 'Sign this form here.'
She told him to sign that form there.

Check it out!
For punctuation rules for direct speech, see Appendix 25 on page 347.
For a list of common reporting verbs, see Appendix 13 on page 340.
For a list of common time word changes in indirect speech, see Appendix 14 on page 340.
 '1
:!! ! 316 s Una

I
IDENTIFY •Read this article about sleep disorders. Circle all the reporting verbs. !
j! , fm Underline all the direct imperatives once. Underline all the indirect imperatives twice. 1

Being an insomniac myself, I asked J

Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He told me |
: BY CONNIE JAMES i
to stop drinking coffee. He said to have a
ii
IE Iÿan’t sleep? You’re not alone. Millions of warm glass of milk instead. ‘A lot of old-
people are up tossing and turning fashioned remedies work. Have a high-
j'i!
instead of getting their beauty sleep. Dr Ray carbohydrate snack like a banana before you
Thorpe, Director of the Sleep Disorders go to bed,’ he said. But he advises patients
Clinic, (says), ‘Don’t think that loss of sleep not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for
i.
is just a minor inconvenience.’ During an the night. What about exercise? ‘Regular
:i: interview he (toid)me to think about what exercise helps but don’t exercise too close
! can happen if people drive when they’re to bedtime,’ he suggested. Finally, he told me
'i -
f! tired. Every year up to 200,000 car accidents not to despair. ‘Don’t worry about not
!
i: !
I are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he sleeping. It’s the worst thing to do,’ he said.
asked me to think about a recent industrial I don’t know. After thinking about those
disaster. Chances are that it was caused at industrial accidents, I doubt I’ll be able to
?! least in part by sleep deprivation. sleep at all!

r
,
i
CHOOSE •Connie James visited Dr Thorpe's sleep clinic. Complete her notes with the
correct words in brackets.
j
Last week I visited the sleep clinic. Dr Thorpe rang and asked me to arrive
1 . (arrive / to arrive)
at 8:30 . He me to bring
2. (tonight / that night) 3. (said / told) 4. (my / your)
Is! nightshirt and toothbrush. I arrived on time. The nurse, Jean Blake, invited me
TV in the lounge. She to relax
\ sJ
5. (watch / to watch)

7. (here / there)
6. (said / told)
while they got my room ready. An hour later, Jean came back and
jfi got me ready for bed. She attached electrodes to my body and hooked me up to a

machine. ‘Could you please what’s going on?’ I asked. The machine
: 8. (ID plain Mo i-*.|
records brain activity. Jean told me leave the bed until !
I; 9. (don'l not loi
morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep at once. In the morning,
30. tit ani II [MVV I liv 110.I)
Dr Thorpe told me that, apart from some leg movements during the night, I have healthy

sleep patterns. He advised me _ some more exercise.

 :
itnr-ÿ-of intisr-'ace Speecrt: tn iperauvos * 317

REWRITE •Read the advice that a TV reporter gave viewers about the common and very
IÿLd dangerous problem of feeling sleepy when driving. Rewrite his advice in indirect
speech.

1. Tull over and have a brief nap.’ He told them to pull over and have a brief nap.

2. “Don’t have a long nap.’ He said not to have a long nap.

3. ‘Sing to yourselves.’ _
4. Tune your radio to an annoying station.’
5. “Don’t eat while driving.’ _
_
6.

7.
‘Open your window.’
“Let cold air in.’
_
'V 3. “Be careful when you stop your car.’
9. __
‘Don’t stop in a deserted place.’
10. “Don’t drink and drive.’ _
|

•Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct fourteen mistakes in the
1 EDIT
use of indirect
check
The first mistake
imperatives. already been has corrected. Remember
to punctuation1.

. In class today, John read one of his stories. It was wonderf Ml. After the lesson, the,
O teacher asked
to
meÿread a story in class next week. However, l begged, her no to ask me
. next week because. I'm having, trouble getting ideas. She said me. not to. worry and she ...
.

said to wait for two weeks, then I talked to -John and I asked him tell.me the source.of
your ideas. He. said that they came from hi$ dreams and he told me keep a dream diary
for ideas. He invited me to read come of his diary'. It was. very interesting so I asked
him to give me some tips on remembering dreams. He said getting a good night's sleep
because the longer dreams come after a long period of sleep. He also tell me to keep my
diary by the bed and to write as soon as I wake up. He said to no move from the sleeping
position. He also told me to don't think about the day at first. (If you think about your
day, you might forget your dreams.) Most important - every night he tells himself that
to remember his dreams tomorrow morning.
J
 1
)H4,,;

1 i w Indirect Speeens
Statements (1)
: r He said \

It looks it looked great on me.

great on you! \ I’ll take them all! y
III
si
are.
V
m 40?
J,
i
* 411
M
/§•'wm w \/
/

! m
Wm,
ml: /

:
i I
l / y/
'A

I AA. L>

f
1 POINT
.!. T/c/c the man's exact words.

? O ‘It looks great on you!’ O ‘It looked great on me!’

,Si
M
fi
I CHART CHECK DIRECT SPEECH
Tick the correct REPORTING
II
K;
answers. SUBJECT VERB DIRECT STATEMENT
What can change 'I like the dress.'
when you go from a She said, 'I bought it in the sale.'
H direct to an indirect
SI statement? 'I've worn it twice.'
1
||!i!I
3 the punctuation
(3 the word order in INDIRECT SPEECH
the statement REPORTING NOUN/
W;
O the verb tense in SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN INDIRECT STATEMENT
f '

the statement |im she liked the dress.

I told
3 pronouns in the She me (that) she had bought it in the sale, j
statement
i
said she had worn it twice.
I
EXPRESS
Circle the correct words to complete this sentence.
She said / told the salesperson that she is / was going to buy the dress.

318
 Indirect Speech: Statements (1) a 3X9

Grammar Examples
1. An indirect speech statement reports what a DIRECT SPEECH
*; speaker said without using the exact words. The 'It's a great dress,' he said.
word that can introduce the indirect statement
but you can also leave it out. INDIRECT SPEECH
He told her that it was a great dress.
He told her it was a great dress.
BE CAREFUL! Use say as the reporting verb when
the listener is not mentioned. Do not use tell. He said that it was a great dress.
NOT -He-told- that- it was- a -great dress.

2. When the reporting verb is in the past

simple, the verb in the indirect speech
statement is usually in a different tense from the
verb in the direct speech statement.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Present simple -» Past simple He said, 'It's lovely.' He said it was lovely.
Present continuous -> Past continuous 'I'm leaving.' She said she was leaving.
Past simple -> Past perfect 'I did it.' He said that he had done it.
Present perfect -> Past perfect He said to her, He told her that
'I've never lied.' he had never lied.

3. In indirect speech the change of verb tense

is optional when reporting:
a. something someone has just said A: What did you just say?
B: I said I'm tired, OR I said I was tired.

b. something that is still true Rick said the bank wants a cheque.
Rick said the bank wanted a cheque.
c. a general truth or scientific law H She said that everyone lies sometime.
H She said that everyone lied sometime.

4. When the reporting verb is in the present 'I run a mile every day.'
simple, do not change the verb tense in
She says that she runs a mile every day.
indirect speech.

5. REMEMBER! Change pronouns, time expressions, a Ann told Rick, '! bought this dress here.'
this and here in indirect speech to keep the Ann told Rick that she had bought that dress
speaker's original meaning. there.

Check it out!
For a list of common reporting verbs, see Appendix 13 on page 340.
For a list of common time word changes in indirect speech, see Appendix 14 on page 340.
 v

320 a i.

% IDENTIFY •Read this article about lying. Circle all the reporting verbs. Underline all the :
direct statements once. Underline all the indirect statements twice. $

TUI PI
BY JENNIFER MORGAN !

:
Mt 9:00, Rick Thompson’s bank phoned and(sai3)that his credit card payment was late.
'The cheque is in the post,’ Rick{replied)quickly. At 1 1:45, Rick left for a 12:00 meeting.
Arriving late, Rick told his client that traffic had been bad. That evening, Rick’s fiancee
wore a new dress. Rick hated it. ‘It looks great on you,’ he said.
Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just an ordinary guy. Each time, he told himself that
1: sometimes the truth causes too many problems. He told himself that his fiancee was
happy with her purchase. Why should he hurt her feelings?
Is telling lies a new trend? The majority of people in a recent survey said that people
were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn’t really born yesterday. In the
eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he
wrote, ‘All men are born truthful and die liars.'

COMPLETE •Read this magazine article. Complete it with the correct words in brackets.

!
'Lying during a job interview is risky business,’ said Nikki Mason,
1. (said / told)
director of a management consulting firm. 'The truth always _ 2. (has / had)
a funny
way of coming out.' Nikki tells the story of one woman applying for a job as an office
manager. The woman the interviewer she
3. (said / told) 4. (that / what)
a B.A. degree. Actually, she hadn't. She also said
5. (has / had)
£30,000 in her last job. The truth was £5,000
6. (I / she) 7. (earnt / had earntj
less. When the interviewer rang to check the information, the applicant’s former boss told
her that the applicant . Another applicant, Gwen, reported that she
8. (It T: lief! Kid !lvt!)
her current job to advance her career. She got the new job.
9. (i\ ItMvinfi / it M visit j)
All went well until the company employed Pete, who had worked at Gwen’s old company.
Pete eventually told his boss that his old company Gwen.
10. d!M‘i j | hit I jilt'd)

The new company fired her too, proving, once again, that it doesn’t pay to lie.

.
 srscsirscs Speech; Statements <1; a 321
'»* ». 'M
L...
m
IE
REPORT •Lisa and Ben are talking about Ben's job hunt. Use the verbs in brackets
to report their conversation. Make necessary changes in verbs and pronouns.

1. BEN: I’m still looking for a job.

(tell) He told her he was still looking for a job.

2. LISA: I’ve just heard about a job at a scientific research company.

(say) _
3. BEN: I got a B.Sc. in Biochemistry from London.

-
(say)
4.

(tell)
_
LISA: They want someone with some experience as a programmer.

5. BEN:

(tell)
_
I work as a programmer for Data Systems in Basingstoke.

6.

(say)
_
LISA: They don’t want a recent graduate.

7. BEN: I got my degree four years ago.

(tell) _
8. LISA: It sounds like the right job for you.
(say)
_
Sjf||J EDIT •Read this student's essay. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of indirect
'NH statements. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Once, when I was a teenager, I went to my amt’s house. She collected pottery and
told
when I got there, she said: me that she wants to show me a new howl. She told she

has just bought it. It was beautiful. When she went to answer the door, I picked up

the bowl. It slipped out of my hands and smashed to pieces on the floor. When my amt
came back, I screamed and said what the cat had just broken your new bowl. My
amt looked at me in a funny way and told me that it isn’t important. I couldn’t sleep
that night, and the next morning, I rang my amt and confessed that I have broken

her bowl. She said I had known that all along. I promised that I am going to buy her
:
a new one. We still laugh about it now.
 ij

's
i

i
;
i

i
c I
Indirect Speech:
Statements (2)

They said it would

be windy but this
7ÿ
3
1

m is ridiculous!
.O'
;
rV POINT
7
% wi.
J
Tick the weather forecaster's
exact words.
1
d ‘It would be windy.’
V: * •* O ‘It will be windy.’
1
$

CHART CHECK DIRECT SPEECH

Tick the words that REPORTING "'3
I
l do not change when SUBJECT VERB DIRECT STATEMENT
ii you go from direct to
'I'll leave now.'
indirect speech.
'I'm going to drive.'
O will 'The traffic may be bad.'
I
: O ought to 'She might move.'
Ii O might He said, 'He can help.'
'They have to stay.' ;
(3 must
Ii (3 may
'You must be careful.'
'They ought to buy batteries.'
Ti
1!’ii i
3 should have 'We should have left earlier.' I
I
ill INDIRECT SPEECH
ai REPORTING NOUN/
SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN INDIRECT STATEMENT
he would leave then.
Ifii:' he was going to drive.
si the traffic might be bad.
ill! Jim
; He told me (that)
she might move.
: li¬ them
he could help.
they had to stay.
I/we had to be careful.
Hijj they ought to buy batteries.
*
said they should have left earlier.
J

322

SL i
 indirect Speech: Statements (2) a 323

EXPRESS
Read Jim's words. Tick the sentence that correctly reports what he said.
JIM: ‘I may move soon.’
CJ Jim said that I may move soon. Jim said that he might move soon.

Grammar Explanations Examples

1. As you learned in Unit 73, when the reporting DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
verb is in the past simple, the verb tense She said, She said
usually changes in the indirect speech 'It's windy.' it was windy.
statement.-
Modals often change in indirect speech, too.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
will -4 would I said, 'The wind I said the wind
will be strong.' would be strong.
can — could They told us, 'You
can stay with us.'
They told us we
could stay with them.
may — might He said, 'The storm
may last all night.'
He said that the storm
might last all night.
must -4 had to She told us, She told us
'You must leave.' we had to leave.

2. Some verbs do not change in indirect speech.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
a. Do not change should, could, might and 'You should listen He told us that we
ought to in indirect speech. to the weather should listen to
report,' he told us. the weather report.
b. Do not change the past perfect in indirect '1 had just moved She said she
speech. here a week before,' had just moved there
she said. a week before.
c. Do not change verbs in the second and 'If I knew, Jim said if he knew,
third conditional sentences in indirect I would tell you.' he would tell me.
speech.
'If I had known, He said if he
I would have told had known, he
you,' said Jim. would have told me.
d. Do not change past modals in 'I should have He said that he
indirect speech. left.' should have left.

3. REMEMBER! Change pronouns, time phrases, 'i got here yesterday.'

here and this in indirect speech to keep the Sam told me he had got there
speaker's original meaning. the day before.

M
 324 a una
|
CHOOSE •Read what someone reported about the weather forecast, then tick the

I 1.
sentence that shows the weather forecaster's exact words.

She said it was going to be a terrible storm.

!
‘It was a terrible storm.’
0 ‘It’s going to be a terrible storm.’
2. She said the wind might reach 170 miles an hour.
I' O ‘The wind may reach 170 miles an hour.’
0 The wind would reach 170 miles an hour.’
3. She said there would be more rain the next day.
0 There will be more rain the next day.’
0 There will be more rain tomorrow.’
4. She told people that they should try to leave the area.
0 “You should have tried to leave the area.’
0 You should try to leave the area.’
5. She said that they could expect a lot of damage.
;;
0 ‘We can expect a lot of damage.’
0 We could expect a lot of damage.’ I
i
REPORT •You are on holiday in New York. Imagine you heard these rumours about a
hurricane in Rondo ycsterdo'/ and you are reporting them today. Use They said to
report the rumours. j

l. The hurricane will change direction tonight.’

They said that the hurricane would change direction last night.
5
2. ‘It’s going to pass north of here.’
%
.S'.
3. ‘It may become a tropical storm when it lands here.’

4. They had to close some bridges yesterday because of high tides.’

5. ‘They won’t restore the electricity until tomorrow.’

6. ‘The schools here may be closed for a while.’

‘Vv jght H use bottled water for a few days.’

 «w&!"ec-i Speech; dlyte«iwr.«; a 325

REWRITE •Read this interview with a meteorologist. Rewrite his answers as indirect
Tdjjjj speech. Change verb tenses when possible.

1. Q: A hurricane is just a bad storm, isn’t it?

A: To be a hurricane, a storm must have winds of at least 74 miles an hour.
He said that to be a hurricane, a storm must have winds of at least 74 miles an hour.

2. Q: We seem to be having more of these big storms.

A: It’s true, and they will probably become more frequent.

3. Q: Why is that?
A: The planet may be getting warmer, and that can cause more severe storms.

4. Q: What went wrong after the last storm?

A: The emergency services should have arrived much more quickly.

5. Q: Is there a positive side to all this?

A: The new satellites will help. If we didn’t have them, we wouldn’t be able to warn people.

Ij . EDIT •Read Rita's email to her friend Emily. Find and correct thirteen mistakes in the
3*|j use of reported speech. The first mistake has already been corrected.

W Re: Hurricane
We had some excitement here because of the hurricane last week. Jim’s mother called
was
just before the storm. She said she is- listening to the weather report and that she was worried :
about us. She told Jim that if you two weren’t so stubborn, we will pack up and leave
immediately. Jim’s father told us how to get ready for the storm. He said we should have put ft

tape on our hotel windows tonight and that we ought to fill the bath with water. He also told
Jim that we should buy a lot of batteries before the storm strikes today. My friend Sue
called. She said that her place was too close to the coast and that she couldn’t stay here.
She told me I wanted to stay with me and Jim. She said she should called us sooner. I told
her she should come now. Then we listened to the weather forecast and the weather V
forecaster said that the storm is going to go out to sea. He said it won’t strike this area at all!

a
 1
t!i
I .

gjpeRBaaEHa&? •••

m &v

Perhaps you
didn’t hear the question.
Ms Bentley asked why you
V were still single. z'
rvi.';:-:
l |TA
©•

I if)
? VI icrsifSiEciil P0///r
k
Tick Ms Bentley's exact words.

1 A'H
The Stress Interview
O
d
‘Why were you still single?’
Why are you still single?’

!
!if . CHART CHECK 1 DIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS
if
n Circle T (True) or
F (False). SUBJECT VERB
REPORTING
DIRECT QUESTION
T F You can leave 'Do you speak French?'
out /f or He asked,
'Can you use a computer?'
whether in
f indirect yes/no
questions. INDIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS
T F You do not REPORTING (NOUN/
use do to form SUBJECT VERB PRONOUN) INDIRECT QUESTION
indirect yes/no
I, (Melissa) if she spoke French.
questions. He asked
(her) whether she could use a computer.

i
CHART CHECK 2 DIRECT SPEECH: WH- QUESTIONS
hi;:;
#i Circle T (True) or
F (False). SUBJECT VERB
REPORTING
DIRECT QUESTION
/j T F An indirect
;!ii 'Who told you about the job?'
question always He asked,
% 'When do you want to start?'
ends in a j
:
:/i
question mark.
|| T F You do not INDIRECT SPEECH: WH- QUESTIONS
use do to REPORTING j (NOUN/
form indirect SUBJECT VERB j PRONOUN) INDIRECT QUESTION
teh- questions.
(Melissa) who had to hi her about the job.
He j asked
(he-) wkcr. she wanted to si .-h

326
 finiiireci: 'Questions s 327

EXPRESS
;; Unscramble these words to complete the indirect question.

r I
why •he
He asked him
_
•job •his * left •had

I
Grammar

I
.
1 Use if, whether or whether or not to form DIRECT SPEECH
r
indirect yes/no questions. 'Can you type?' she asked.
INDIRECT SPEECH
• 1 She asked if 1 couid type.

. USAGE NOTE: Whether is more formal than if. She asked whether (or not) I could type.
rI
2. In indirect yes/no questions, the subject DIRECT SPEECH
comes before the verb, the same word order as 'Can i start tomorrow?'
in statements. INDIRECT SPEECH
He asked if he couid start tomorrow.
r NOT He asked could he start-tomorrow.
li
Do not use do, does or did to form DIRECT SPEECH
indirect questions. a 'Does the job provide benefits?'
INDIRECT SPEECH
a He asked If the job provided benefits.
Nor He asked docs the job provide-benef-fe.

'

i 3. Use question words to form indirect DIRECT SPEECH

•3
wh- questions. a 'Where is your office?' I asked.
INDIRECT SPEECH
l._
a I asked where his office was.

4. In indirect wh- questions, the subject also DIRECT SPEECH

comes before the verb as in statements, and you 'Why did you leave your job?'
do not use do, does or did. INDIRECT SPEECH
a She asked me why i had left my job.
NOT Shc-askcd-me why did- 1 leave my job.

In indirect wh- questions about the Dimer SPEECH

subject, the question word is the subject and a Bob asked, 'Who gal the job?'
the verb follows as in statement word order. IMDIRIT: I SPI ECU
a Bob asked who had got the job.

5. Indirect questions often end in a ridl point, a I asked why I didn't get the job.
not a question mark. Nor -l-osked-why -didn't I get the job ?

Check it out! For a list of common verbs used to report questions, see Appendix 13 on page 340.

j.
*
 !ÿ
:: 328 a r
"it

IDENTIFY •Read this article about stress interviews. Underline all the indirect questions.
;

:
TSl@ mtenriew SuPP°se- for example, that there is an accident
in a nuclear power plant. The plant's public
A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a stress relations officer must remain calm when -
interview, one which featured tough, tricky reporters ask how the accident could have
questions and negative evaluations. First, the happened. Be aware, however, that in some
interviewer asked why she couldn't work countries, like the United States, certain
under pressure. Before she could answer, he questions are not allowed unless they are
asked who had written her application for her. directly related to the job. If your interviewer
Melissa was shocked but she handled herself asks how old you are, you can refuse to answer.
very well. She asked the interviewer whether The interviewer also should not ask whether
he was going to ask her any serious questions, you are married or how much money you owe.
Then she left. If you think a question is inappropriate, ask
Companies sometimes conduct stress inter- how it relates to the job. If it doesn’t relate to
views to see how candidates handle pressure, it, you don't have to answer.

MATCH •Tick the direct questions that match the indirect questions in the article.
O 1. Can you work under pressure? CJ 4. Was there an accident in a nuclear
power plant?
(21 2. Who wrote your application
for you? l~] s. How old are you?

P 3. Are you going to ask me any serious O 6. When did you get married?
!i questions?
O 7. Is it an inappropriate question?

|jK~ REPORT •Claire's friend James wants to know all about her interview. Report
ijjj his questions.

l. mat kind of job is it?’ _ He asked what kind of job it was.

.1 2. ‘When is the interview?’ .

3. ‘Where’s the company?’ _
4
4. ‘Do you need directions?’
5. ‘How long does it take to get there?’
J
‘Are you going to drive?’
_
6.

7.
_
‘Who’s going to interview you?’
it 3. ‘When will they let you know?'
I :
Ii!
p|
:

k
 Indirect Questions a 329

REWRITE •These questions were asked at Claire's interview. Decide which ones
Tsm Claire asked and which ones Pete, the manager, asked. Rewrite each question as
indirect speech.

i
__
,
h. ‘What training is available for the job?’
Claire asked what training was available for the job.

2. “What experience do you have?’

Pete asked what experience she had.

3. ‘Are you going for interviews with other companies?’

4. ‘What will my responsibilities be?’

5. ‘How is job performance rewarded?’

6. ‘What was your starting salary at your last job?’

7. ‘Did you get on well with your last employer?’

8. ‘Do you employ many women?’

j EDIT •Read part of a memo an interviewer wrote. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use
'’ÿjg of indirect questions. The first mistake has already been corrected. Check the punctuation!

Memo
I did some stress questioning in my interview with Miles Denton this morning. I
he couldn’t
asked Mr Denton why eouldrr’-t-he- work under pressure. I also asked him why did

his supervisor dislike him. Finally, I enquired when he would leave our company?
Mr Denton answered my questions calmly and he had some excellent questions of

his own. He asked ‘if we expected changes to the job.’ He also wanted to know how
often do we evaluate employees. I was impressed when he asked why did I decide to

join this company. I think we should employ him.

 MM I T I
:7
••

\
n
M
m&s ;

!i r i
I1
: :
—C\ wonder
' I’m not
' what kind of '
tip these people
I.
sure whether- are going 7
!
A The service '""A
service is *
included
to leave. }
o I;
o
was terrible! I wonder . or not. /
if we should vd-
.! leave a tip.
<ÿ
„°
il llo.
l! fA
POINT
i:. ..
i
Tick the questions the
i people are asking themselves.
!;
s.
n O Should we leave a tip?
O Was the service any good?
: LJ Are these people going to
leave a tip?
\
Is the service included?
I
CHART CHECK MAIN CLAUSE EMBEDDED QUESTION
Circle T (True) or if I left the right tip.
! F (False). I'm not sure
whether it was enough.
T F Embedded
questions how much it was?
Can you remember
always end where we ate?
! with a full
stop. I don't know whether to tip.
I i
T F You can use the
infinitive after how much to tip?
T whether or a
Do you know
where to leave the tip?
question word.
I
1
I
1:! EXPRESS
Punctuate these sentences.
A: Do you know how much to tip-
i B: About 15%. But I’m not sure where to leave the tip .

s 330
 Embedded Questions a 331

Explanations Examples
1. Unit 75 deals with indirect questions to DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
report another person's words. Should I tip? He asked if he shouid tip.
Indirect questions are a kind of embedded EMBEDDED QUESTION
question - one that is included in another DO you know whether
sentence. This unit discusses embedded questions I shouid tip?
that do not report another person's words.

2. If the embedded question is in a statement, MAIN SENTENCE = STATEMENT

use a full stop at the end of the sentence. If the / don't know who our waiter is.
embedded question is in a question, use a MAIN SENTENCE = QUESTION
question mark at the end of the sentence. Do you know who our waiter is?

3. We often use embedded questions to

a. express something we do not know. I wonder why he didn't tip the waiter.
b. ask politely for information. Can you tell me if the tip is included?
USAGE NOTE: With strangers or in a formal LESS FORMAL
situation, an embedded question is considered Does the bill include the tip?
more polite than a direct question. MORE POLITE
Can you tell me if the bill includes the tip?

4. Introduce embedded yes/no questions with Do you know if he tips?

if, whether or whether or not. Do you know whether (or not) he tips?
USAGE NOTE: Whether is more formal than if.
Many tourists wonder how much they should
Introduce embedded wh~ questions with a
tip their waiter.
question word.
Many tourists wonder how much to tip.
You can also use the infinitive after a question
Some wonder whether to tip at all.
word or whether.
We wondered why we should ieave a tip.
BE CAREFUL! Do not use the infinitive after
NOT We wondered why to Icave-a-tip.
if or why.

5. BE CAREFUL! Use statement word order Could you tell me where they are?
in all embedded questions. NOT Coutd-you-tdl me where are they?
Do not leave out if or ether in embedded Could you tell me if it is 6:00 yet?
yes/no questions. NOT Gould you tell me is-K-6fOQ-yet-?
Do not use do, does or aid in embedded I don't know when Ihe pizza came.
questions. NOT I don't know when-did- the pizza cc

Check it out!
For a list of common phrases introducing embedded questions, see Appendix 15 on page 340.
 '
332 a Ursit ?s
4"' '

IDENTIFY •Read this online advert for a book about tipping. Underline the f
life
m embedded questions.

!
S'- Tips, on Tipping = HI
I <v
\e Oecrels oi r By IRENE FRANKEL ;

Read this book if . . .

! you've ever wanted to know exactly how to tip.
you've ever cancelled a restaurant booking because you didn’t know whether to tip i
or not.

i| :
you’ve ever forgotten to tip or not realised that you were supposed to tip.
you’ve ever left a small tip and then wondered if it should have been bigger.
1
- you’pfe ever left a large tip and then wondered if you needed to tip at all. t.
you’ve ever been uncertain whether the tip is included in the bill.
you've ever wondered why you should tip.

1
you’re new to the United Kingdom and you're not sure who to tip.
I
;
A REWRITE •Complete these questions about tipping customs. Change the direct
fj|j questions in brackets to embedded questions. Use the infinitive whenever
possible. Use correct punctuation.

l. Can you tell me whether to tip in Canada?

(Should I lip in Canada?)

2. I’m going to France. Please explain

(How can I tell if the tip is included in the bill?)

3. Can you tell me

(Why did waiters in Iceland refuse my tips?)

4. I’m moving to Japan. I’d like to know ( ! low h should I lip airport porters/)

. We’re visiting Australia. Please tell us u i who t io< srh! :’)

(Who (/XpfC is r i lip (it

I’m going on holiday to Norway. I’d like to know if i ii< i i lip hiv '•I ! instill* t«»i/)

. I’ve got a new job in China. I need to know whether Is tippinu siiii iii' sjal

In Germany the tip is included. I don’t know whether (Should i tip anyway/)
 ;;
i
i BvaoeddscS Questions m 333

. CHOOSES REWRITE •Two students from Newcastle are visiting Washington D.C.
gU Complete their conversations. Choose the appropriate questions from the box and
change them to embedded questions. Remember to punctuate the sentences correctly.

How much should we tip the taxi driver? Where is the Smithsonian Museum?
Could we rent a car and drive? What did they put in the sauce?
2
•, Where can we buy metro tickets?

1. MARY: We’re going to the Hotel Edison. Do you know where it is?
DRIVER: Sure. Get in and I’ll take you there.
.. 2. MIKE: (whispering) Do you know _
MARY: According to the book, we’re supposed to leave 10 to 15 per cent. I’ve got it.
3. MARY: Excuse me. Can you tell me _ ____
OFFICER: Just turn right at the corner. You’ll see it.
4. MIKE: I’d like to take the metro to I _
the zoo, but don’t know
MARY: Probably at the station.
5. MARY: I want to visit Williamsburg. Do _
you think
MIKE: Let’s find out. That sounds fun.
6. MARY: This is delicious. Let’s try to find out
MIKE: It tastes like ginger and garlic to me.

1 EDIT •Read this entry from a student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the
use of embedded questions. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to
check the punctuation!

When you live in a foreign country, even a small occasion can be an adventure' Before my date
I should
with James tonight, I didn’t even a
smart restaurant but it was James’s birthday and I wanted to make it a big occasion. Alison
was very helpful, as always. I knew how to get to John’s Grill but I didn’t know how long it was
going to take to get there? I left at 6:00. which should have given me plenty of time, but
when I got off the bus, I wasn’t sure if to turn left or right. I asked a police officer where
was John's and I was only a few minutes late. I had planned to take James out for a drink
afterwards but I couldn't remember how I to find the place Alison had suggested and James
has been here even less time than me. Anyway, when we got the bill, I was wondering whether
to tip or no. I had to ask James did he know. Fortunately, he had read a great book called Tips on
Tipping so he told me to leave about 15 per cent.
 U-
SelfTest mv
i
fSÿCTfioiSl ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never coffee. A(B)C D
(A) drink (C) is drinking
(B) drinks (D) was drinking

A B C D
l.
Last night she told me _ _
“You look beautiful in that dress.’
beautiful in that dress.
M (A) you look
(B) you looked
(C) I’ll look
(D) I looked
I!
ni
2. We’d better find out
_ the train has left. A B C D
(A) if (C) has
(D) did
!
(B) does i

——
Should we turn left or go straight on? A B C D
3.
Hmm. I’m not sure which way _ i

(A) do we turn (C) should we turn

(B) to turn (D) it turned

4. Why don’t you join us for coffee, Don?’ A B C D

After the film, we asked Don us for coffee. I"
(A) would he join (C) to join
(B) why he didn’t join (D) for joining
i
5. We must leave immediately!’ A B C D
When the fire alarm rang, our teacher said leave immediately.
•I (A) we had to (C) not to
, (B) we have to (D) he must

6. ‘Today is the happiest day of my life.’ A B C D

At the reception last night, the groom said the happiest day
of his life.
(A) today was (C) yesterday was
(B) that day is (D) today is

7. I wonder who _ A B C D
(A) our waiter is? (C) our waiter is.
(B) is our waiter. (D) is our waiter?

8.
My mother is always telling me
_
‘Please don’t leave your boots in the hall.’
boots in the hall.
A B C D

(A) not to leave my (C) to not leave my

(B) net to leave your (D) don’t leave my

33-1

i
si~.. -t
'

SelVTest XV a 335
"V.
‘Hi, Bob. Did you get the job?’ A B C D
* 9.
Bob’s friend asked him
(A) did he get
_ the job.
(C) if he had got
(B) did you get (D) had he got
a
10. ‘Weather patterns change.’ A B C D
Experts now say that weather patterns
'
(A) changed (C) had changed
(B) are changing (D) change
I
I
m TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
: word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.

.
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
A C D
A B C®
11. The teacher said the class that hot air rises and cold air sinks. A B C D
A B C D

12. I asked Sean how to pronounce his name? A B C D

A B C D
13. Gerry called last week and said that he needed the report now. A B C D
A B c D

14. Two days ago, the weather forecaster warned us that a storm is coming. A B C D
ABC D

15. Sandy called from Miami and said she was swimming here. A B C D
A B C D

16. Do you know if or not we need to bring our passports? A B C D

A B c D

17. She didn’t know if to tip so she asked me what to do. A B C D

A BCD

18. Ron said that he wasn’t sure but the rain might stop already. A B C D
ABC D

19. I’d like lobster but the menu doesn’t sav how much does it cost. A B C D
A BCD
20. Luke always says that he ran a mile every day these days. A B C D
ABC D
2? Could you tell me when the next train leaves and where to buy tickets . A B C D
fi

22 Tf you can wait a few minutes, I will give you a lifin Rhoda said. A B C D
A 8 C D
Jim wants to know could call him and tell him where to meet you.
you A B C D
A B c u
: 24. The dentist said to brush three times a day and don’t eat sweets. A B C D
A B c D"
25. At the interview they asked me when can you start worfr. A B C D
A BCD

1
J
 i

Appendices
!!:
Irregular Verbs
1 it,:;; BASE PAST PAST BASE PAST PAST
jl FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE
1 arise arose arisen ’ grind ground ground
awake awoke awoken grow grew grown
be was/were been hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
beat beat beaten have had had
become became become hear heard heard
begin began begun hide hid hidden
bend bent bent hit hit hit
bet bet bet hold held held
bite bit bitten hurt hurt hurt
bleed bled bled keep kept kept
blow blew blown kneel knelt knelt
: . break broke broken know knew known
bring brought brought lay laid laid
build built built lead led led
burn burnt burnt leap leapt leapt
burst burst burst learn learnt learnt
buy bought bought leave left left
catch caught caught lend lent lent
choose chose chosen let let let
. cling clung clung lie (lie down) lay lain
f light lit lit
! come came come
cost cost cost lose lost lost
creep crept crept make made made
cut cut cut mean meant meant
deal dealt dealt meet met met
dig dug dug pay paid paid
do did done prove proved proved/proven
draw drew drawn put put put
i dream dreamt dreamt quit quit quit
I drink drank drunk read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
: drive drove driven ride rode ridden
earn earnt earnt ring rang rung
eat ate eaten rise rose risen
fall fell fallen run ran run
feed fed fed say said said
feel felt felt see saw seen
fight fought fought seek sought sought
find found found sell sold sold
fit fit fit send sent sent
- flee fled fled set set set
- fling
fly
flung
flew
flung
flown
' sew
shake
sewed
shook
sewn
shaken
forbid forbade forbidden shine shone shone
forget forgot forgotten shoot shot shot
forgive forgave forgiven show showed shown
freeze froze frozen ' shrink shrank shrunk
11 get got got shut shut shut
give gave given sing sang sung
11 go went gone

Ii
|1ill:

336

iL.
 1n

r
BASE PAST PAST BASE PAST PAST
FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPLE
sink sank sunk swear swore sworn
sit sat sat sweep swept swept
sleep slept slept swim swam swum
r slide slid slid swing swung swung
smell smelt smelt take took taken
speak spoke spoken teach taught taught
speed sped sped tear tore torn
spell spelt spelt tell told told
spend spent spent think thought thought
spill spilt spilt throw threw thrown
spin span/spun spun understand understood understood
spit spat spat upset upset upset
split split split wake woke woken
spread spread spread wear wore worn
spring sprang sprung weave wove woven
stand stood stood weep wept wept
steal stole stolen win won won
r stick
sting
stuck
stung
stuck
stung
wind
withdraw
wound
withdrew
wound
withdrawn
stink stank stunk ** wring wrung wrung
strike struck struck write wrote written

|
Common Stative Verbs
EMOTIONS MENTAL STATES WANTS AND APPEARANCE POSSESSION
admire agree know PREFERENCES AND VALUE AND RELATIONSHIP
adore assume mean hope appear belong
appreciate believe mind need be contain
care consider presume prefer cost have
detest disagree realise want equal own
dislike disbelieve recognise wish feel possess
doubt estimate remember PERCEPTION look
envy expect see (understand) AND THESENSES matter
fear feel (believe) suppose feel represent
hate find suspect hear resemble
like guess think (believe) notice seem
love hesitate understand observe signify
regret imagine wonder perceive smell
respect see sound
trust smell taste
taste weigh

,7'C
_.Ss
i,j Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing)
admit consider dislike imagine mind (object to) recall resist
advise delay endure justify miss recommend risk
appreciate deny enjoy keep (continue) postpone regret suggest
avoid detest feel like mention practise report tolerate
can't help discontinue finish propose resent understand
celebrate discuss forgive

337
 !
LI

i
l Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To + Base Form of Verb) j
|
afford choose grow learn pay request want
agree consent help manage plan seem wish
appear decide hesitate mean prepare struggle would like/ >1
arrange deserve hope need pretend swear love/hate
ask expect hurry neglect promise volunteer yearn
, attempt fail intend offer refuse wait m
i
|Swiss'-
Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive
!
ail
advise challenge encourage get need* persuade require want*
allow choose* expect* help* order promise* teach warn
;
ask* convince forbid hire pay* remind tell wish*
cause enable force invite permit request* urge would like/
love/hate*
! 1

*These verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: ask to leave or ask someone to leave).

1.
v= ,;l Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
f
begin continue hate love remember* stop*
can't stand forget* like prefer start try
*These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but there is a big difference in meaning.
JsI
m i
H I Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
j
admit to believe in deal with look forward to rely on think about
advise against choose between dream about/of object to resort to wonder about
m -U apologise for
approve of
complain about
count on
feel like/about
insist on
pay for
plan on
succeed in
talk about
worry about
1
:

Lji Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations

J
accustomed to bored with famous for opposed to sick of
afraid of capable of fed up with pleased about slow at
amazed at/by careful of fond of ready for sorry for/about I
angry with/about concerned about glad about responsible for surprised at/about/by
ashamed of content with good at sad about terrible at
aware of curious about happy about safe from tired of
| awful at different from interested in satisfied with used to
bad at excited about nervous about shocked at/by worried about

Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive*

;!i:
iirl afraid ashamed determined eager excited hesitant proud sad touched
!ÿ
alarmed curious disappointed easy fortunate likely ready shocked upset
:H!
;ii amazed delighted distressed embarrassed glad lucky relieved sorry willing
;fr
anxious depressed disturbed encouraged happy pleased reluctant surprised

'Example: I'm happy to hear that.

•j
338

Ik.
 ' "V_

Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers

ADJECTIVE ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bad badly worse worst
far far further furthest
good well better best
little little less least
many/a lot of more most
much*/a lot of much*/a lot more most
*Much is usually only used in questions and negative statements.

Common Participles used as Adjectives

-ed -ing -ed -ing -ed -ing
alarmed alarming disturbed disturbing moved moving
amazed amazing embarrassed embarrassing paralysed paralysing
amused amusing entertained entertaining pleased pleasing
annoyed annoying excited exciting relaxed relaxing
astonished astonishing exhausted exhausting satisfied satisfying
bored boring fascinated fascinating shocked shocking
confused confusing frightened frightening surprised surprising
depressed depressing horrified horrifying terrified terrifying
disappointed disappointing inspired inspiring tired tiring
disgusted disgusting interested interesting touched touching
distressed distressing irritated irritating troubled troubling

jÿt~j Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative in Two Ways
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
common commoner / more common commonest / most common
deadly deadlier / more deadly deadliest / most deadly
friendly friendlier / more friendly friendliest / most friendly
happy happier / more happy happiest / most happy
lively livelier / more lively liveliest / most lively
lonely lonelier / more lonely loneliest / most lonely
lovely lovelier / more lovely loveliest / most lovely
narrow narrower / more narrow narrowest / most narrow
pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant
polite politer / more polite politest / most polite
quiet quieter / more quiet quietest / most quiet
shallow shallower / more shallow shallowest / most shallow
true truer / more true truest / most true

339
 'SfP
.
14-
!

jTfej Common Reporting Verbs Si

INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS,
STATEMENTS REQUESTS AND INVITATIONS QUESTIONS
acknowledge claim indicate reply advise invite ask &I
i add complain maintain report ask order inquire
admit conclude mean say caution say question
announce confess note state command tell want to know
answer declare observe suggest demand urge wonder
argue deny promise tell instruct warn
assert exclaim remark warn
believe explain repeat write

Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now -> then
today
tomorrow
—>
-»
that day
the next day OR the following day OR the day after
: yesterday -> the day before OR the previous day
this week/month/year that week/month/year
last week/month/year -> the week/month/year before
next week/month/year -> the following week/month/year

I r* * j Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions

I don't know . . . I'd like to know . . . Do you know . . . ?
I don't understand . . . I want to understand . . . Do you understand . . . ?
I wonder . . . I'd like to find out . . . Can you tell me ... ?
I'm not sure . . . We need to find out . . . Could you explain . . . ?
I can't remember . . . Let's ask . . . Can you remember . . . ?
I can't imagine . . . Would you show me ... ?
It doesn't say . . . Who knows . . . ?

Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively

amuse oneself behave oneself feel sorry for oneself keep oneself see oneself
ask oneself believe in oneself forgive oneself kill oneself take care of oneself
„. avail oneself of blame oneself give oneself look after oneself talk to oneself
/ be hard on oneself cut oneself help oneself look at oneself teach oneself
I be oneself deprive oneself of hurt oneself pride oneself on tell oneself
. be pleased with oneself dry oneself imagine oneself push oneself treat oneself
be proud of oneself enjoy oneself introduce oneself remind oneself wash oneself

i
\j
:
-

340
 Some Common Phrasal Verbs
(s.o. = someone s.t. = something)
NOTE 1: Inseparable phrasal verbs are shown with the object after the particle (go after s.t.).
Separable phrasal verbs are shown with the object between the verb and the particle (call s.o. up).
Verbs which must be separated are shown with an asterisk (*) (keep s.t. on).
NOTE 2: Separable phrasal verbs can have the noun object either between the verb and the particle
or after the particle (call Jan up OR call up Jan). These verbs must, however, be separated when there
is a pronoun object (call her up NOT coll-up-her).
PHRASAL VERB MEANING PHRASAL VERB MEANING
ask s.o. round invite to one's home drop s.o. or s.t. off take someonelsomething to a place
block s.t. out stop from passing through (light, noise) and leave themlit there
blow s.t. out stop burning by blowing drop out (of s.t.) leave
blow s.t. up fill something with air (a balloon, eat out eat in a restaurant
a water toy) empty (s.t.) out empty completely
blow (s.t.) up (make s.t) explode end up 1. do something unexpected
break down stop functioning or unintended
break out occur suddenly 2. reach a final place or condition
bring s.t. about make something happen fall off become detached
bring s.o. or s.t. back return someone or something figure s.o. or s.t. out understand (after thinking about)
bring s.t. out introduce (a new product, a book) fill s.t. in complete with information (a form,
bring s.o. up raise (children) an application)
burn (s.t.) down burn completely fill (s.t.) up fill completely
call (s.o.) back return a phone call find (s.t.) out learn information
call s.t. off cancel follow (s.t.) through complete
call s.o. up telephone someone fool around be playful
carry on s.t. continue get s.t. across get people to understand an idea
carry s.t. out pursue a plan get ahead make progress, succeed
catch on become popular get along relate well
cheer (s.o.) up (make someone) feel happier get back return
clean (s.o. or s.t.) up dean completely get by survive
clear (s.t.) up make clear get out (of s.t.) leave (a car, a taxi)
come about happen get s.t. out of s.t.* benefit from
come along accompany get together meet
come back return get up rise from bed
come in enter give s.t. away give without charging money
come off s.t. become detached give s.t. back return something
come out appear give s.t. out distribute
come up arise give (s.t.) up stop, abandon
come up with s.t. invent go after s.o. or s.t. pursue
cover s.t. up cover completely go along with s.t. act in agreement with
cross s.t. out draw a line through go back return
cut s.t. down bring down by cutting go off explode (a gun, fireworks)
cut s.t. off 1 . stop the supply of something go on continue
2. remove by cutting go out leave
cut s.t. out remove by cutting go up be built
dream s.t. up invent grow up become an adult
dress up put on special or formal clothes hand s.t. in give some work to a boss or teacher
drink s.t. up drink completely hand s.t. out distribute
drop by/in visit unexpectedly hang up put the phone down
hang s.t. up put on a hook or hanger

(continued on next page)

341
 i

lb
,W

PHRASAL VERB MEANING PHRASAL VERB MEANING

help (s.o.) out assist show s.o. or s.t. off display the best qualities
hold on wait, not hang up the phone show up appear
keep (s.o. or s.t.) away (cause to) stay at a distance sign up register
i keep on continue sit down take a seat
keep s.t. on* not remove (a piece of clothing stand up rise
or jewellery) stay up remain awake
keep up stick with /to s.o. or s.t. not give up, not leave
(with s.o. or s.t.) go as fast as straighten (s.t.) up make neat
lay s.o. off end someone's employment switch s.t. on start a machine
leave s.t. on* 1 . not turn off (a light, a radio) take s.t. away/off remove
2. not remove (a piece of clothing take s.t. back return

m11
or jewellery) take off depart (a plane) i
' leave s.t. out omit take s.o. on hire, employ
let s.o. down disappoint take s.t. out borrow from a library
let s.o. or s.t. in allow to enter talk s.o. into* persuade \
let s.o. or s.t. out allow to leave talk s.t. over discuss <
lie down recline team up with s.o. start to work with
light (s.t.) up illuminate tear s.t. down destroy
look out be careful tear s.t. up tear into small pieces
look s.o. or s.t. over examine think s.t. over consider
look s.t. up try to find in a book or on the internet think s.t. up invent
make s.t. up create throw s.t. away/out discard
pass s.t. round distribute touch s.t. up improve by making small changes
pay s.o. or s.t. back repay try s.t. on put clothing on to see if it fits
pay off be worthwhile try s.t. out find out if something works
pick s.o. or s.t. out 1 . select turn s.o. or s.t. down 1 . reject
2. identify 2. decrease the volume (a radio, a TV)
pick up improve turn s.o. or s.t. into change from one form to another
.. pick s.o. or s.t. up 1 . lift turn s.t. off stop a machine
2. get (an idea, a new book, an interest) turn s.t. on start a machine
8 play around have fun turn out have a particular result
point s.o. or s.t. out indicate turn up appear
put s.t. away put something in an appropriate place turn s.t. up increase the volume
put s.t. back return something to its original place use s.t. up use completely, consume
put s.o. or s.t. down stop holding wake up arise after sleeping
lii? put s.t. off postpone wake (s.o.) up awaken
put s.t. on cover the body with a piece of clothing watch out be careful
or jewellery work s.t. off remove by work or activity
put s.t. together assemble work out 1 . be resolved
I put s.t. up erect
work s.t. out
2. exercise
solve
run into s.o. meet accidentally
run out (of s.t.) not have enough of a supply write s.t. down write on a piece of paper
f; see s.t. through* complete write s.t. up write in a finished form
set s.t. off cause to explode
set s.t. up 1 . establish (a business,
!i an organisation)
2. prepare for use

If!:
i

342
 '
"r=2
Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
analysis analyses half halves child children mouse mice
basis bases knife knives man men
crisis crises leaf leaves woman women deer deer
hypothesis hypotheses life lives fish fish
loaf loaves foot feet sheep sheep
shelf shelves goose geese
:;y' wife wives tooth teeth person people

& Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous

?! 1. Add -ing to the base form of the verb. However, do not double the last consonant in words that end
read reading in w, x, or y.
stand standing sew sewing
fix fixing
2. If a verb ends in a silent -e, drop the final -e and add -ing.
enjoy enjoying
leave leaving
take taking 4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant -
vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant
3. In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are a
£ consonant - vowel - consonant combination (CVC), double
only if the last syllable is stressed.
admit admitting (The last syllable is stressed,
the last consonant before adding -ing.
so you double the -f.)
CVC
whisper whispering (The last syllable is not stressed,
ill so you don't double the -r.)
si t sitting
5. If a verb ends in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing.
CVC
die dying
run running

m Spelling Rules for the Present Simple:

Third Person Singular (he, she, it)
1. Add -s for most verbs. 3. Change the y to i and add -es when the base form ends in
work works a consonant + y.
buy buys study studies
ride rides hurry hurries
return returns dry dries
2. Add -es for words that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z. Do not change the y when the base form ends in a vowel
watch watches + y. Add -s.
pass passes play plays
rush rushes enjoy enjoys
relax relaxes
4. A few verbs have irregular forms.
buzz buzzes
be is
do does
go goes
have has

343

L
 f!
5

iiA' '
PI
ys Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs I
1. If the verb ends in a consonant, add -ed. However, do not double the last consonant in one-syllable
return returned words ending in -w, -x, or -y.
help helped bow bowed
2. If the verb ends in -e, add -d. mix mixed
play played
live lived
create created 4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant -
die died vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant
only if the last syllable is stressed.
3. In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant -
prefer preferred (The last syllable is stressed,
vowel - consonant combination (CVC), double the final
. consonant and add -ed. so you double the -r.)
CVC visit visited (The last syllable is not stressed,
ill so you don’t double the t.)
hop hopped
I
5. If the verb ends in a consonant + y, change the y to / and
add -ed.
CVC
| j worry worried
rub rubbed carry carried !
6. If the verb ends in a vowel + y, add -ed. (Do not change
they to /.)
play played j
annoy annoyed
—
..... — —
Exceptions: pay paid, lay laid, say said

j%] Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and

! Superlative (-est) of Adjectives

1. Add -er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. 4. If the adjective ends in a consonant - vowel - consonant
Add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative. combination (CVC), double the final consonant before
cheap cheaper cheapest adding -er or -est.
bright brighter brightest CVC
2. If the adjective ends in -e, add -r or -st.
bi g bigger biggest
nice nicer nicest
However, do not double the final consonant in words
3. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to /
ending in -w or -y.
before you add -er or -est.
slow slower slowest
pretty prett/er prettiest
coy coyer coyest
Exception: shy shyer shyest

i I Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly

w

1 . Add -ly to the corresponding adjective. 3. If the adjective ends in -le, drop the e and add -y.

i nice
quiet
beautiful
nicely
quiet/y
beautiful/y
possible possibly
However, do not drop the e for other adjectives ending in
extreme extreme/y
-e.

2. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change they to i Exception: true truly

before adding -ly.
11 easy easily
4. If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally.
V basic basically
fantastic fantastically

344
....I 8
m
i
m Contractions with Verb Forms
1, PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND IMPERATIVE
Contractions with Be
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I am = I'm
I'm a student. I'm studying here.
you are = you're
He's my teacher. He’s teaching verbs.
he is = he's
We're from Canada. We're living here.
she is = she's
it is = it's
we are = we're
you are = you're
they are = they're
I am not = I'm not PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
you are not = you aren’t or you're not
he is not = he isn't or he's not She's not ill. She's not reading.
she is not = she isn't or she's not He isn't late. He isn't coming.
it is not = it isn't or it's not We aren't twins. We aren't leaving.
we are not = we aren't or we're not They're not here. They're not playing.
you are not = you aren't or you're not
they are not = they aren't or they're not
Contractions with Do
PRESENT SIMPLE IMPERATIVE
do not = don't
does not = doesn't They don't live here. Don't run!
It doesn't snow much.
2. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
Contractions with Be
PRESENT SIMPLE IMPERATIVE
was not = wasn't
were not = weren't He wasn't a poet. He wasn't singing.
Contractions with Do They weren't twins. They weren't sleeping.
did not = didn't We didn't see her.

3. FUTURE
Contractions with Will PRESENT SIMPLE
I will = I'll
you will = you'll I'll take the train.
he will = he'll It'll be faster that way.
she will = she'll We'll go together.
it will = it'll He won't come with us.
we will = we’ll They miss the train.
you will = you'll I
they will = they'll
will not = won't

(continued on next page)

345
 !! :
Iff1
B ;i Contractions with Be going to §
#i FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO
‘ I am going to = I'm going to
IP you are going to = you're going to I'm going to buy tickets tomorrow.
he is going to = he's going to She’s going to call you. 1
she is going to = she's going to
il
i it is going to = it's going to
It's going to rain soon.
We're going to drive to Leeds.
we are going to = we're going to They're going to crash!
you are going to = you're going to 1
they are going to = they're going to
i
4. PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Contractions with Have

a
You've already read that page.
I have = I've We've been writing for an hour.
you have = you've
i She's been to Africa three times.
he has = he's It's been raining since yesterday. >
she has = she's
We haven't seen any elephants yet.
it has = it's They haven't been living here long.
we have = we've
She hasn't taken any photos today.
you have = you've
they have = they've
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't i
5. MODALS AND MODAL-LIKE EXPRESSIONS
cannot = can't
She can't dance. I
could not = couldn't
We shouldn't go.
should not = shouldn't
They'd belter decide.
had better = 'd better
I'd prefer coffee.
would prefer = 'd prefer
She wouldn't.
would not = wouldn't
I'd rather take the bus.
would rather = 'd rather
i
could have = could've
should have = should've
We could've walked.
would have = would've
We might've arrived late.
must have = must've
J
j
might have = might've
;

6. CONDITIONALS WITH WOULD

i! Contractions with Would

If I had time, I'd travel.
I would = I'd If you moved here, you'd be happy.
* you would = you'd
If she knew the answer, she'd tell you.
he would = he'd
j We d buy a new car if we had the money.
N she would = she'd
j If you invited them, they'd come.
we would = we'd
| If I had known, I would've told you.
you would = you'd
i I wouldn't do that if 1 were you.
id they would = they'd
would have = would've
would not = wouldn’t

346
ile:i
 L
Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech
Direct speech may either follow or come before the reporting Example: 'I heard him shout "Come here! " but I ran away,' he
verb. When direct speech follows the reporting verb, said.
a. Put a comma after the reporting verb. When direct speech comes before the reporting verb,
b. Use opening quotation marks before the first word of the a. Begin the sentence with opening quotation marks.
direct speech. Quotation marks can be single {') or double (") b. Use the appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech.
but note that single quotation marks are more common in If the direct speech is a statement, use a comma (,).
British English. If the direct speech is a question, use a question mark (?).
c. Begin the quotation with a capital letter. If the direct speech is an exclamation, use an exclamation
d. Use the appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech. mark (I).
It may be a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an c. Use closing quotation marks after the end punctuation for
i exclamation mark.(!). the direct speech.
e. Put closing quotation marks (') or (") after the end d. Begin the reporting clause with a lower-case letter.
punctuation of the quotation. e. Use a full stop at the end of the main sentence (.).
Examples: He said, 'I had a good time.' Examples: ‘I had a good time,’ he said.
She asked, 'Where's the party?' 'Where's the party?' she asked.
They shouted, 'Be careful!' 'Be careful!' they shouted.
f. For quotations inside quotations, use double quotation
marks inside single quotation marks.

Pronunciation Table
VOWELS CONSONANTS

Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word
i: beat, feed 3 banana, among p pack, happy r ship, machine, station,
special, discussion
bit, did ai bite, cry, buy, b back, rubber
ei date, paid eye t tie 3 measure, vision
e bet, bed au about, how d die h hot, who
ae bat, bad 31 voice, boy k came, key, quick m men
D box, odd, 13 beer
9 game, guest n sun, know, pneumonia
o: bought, four, ea bare tj church, nature, watch 9 sung, ringing
: door a: bar, father w wet, white
d3 judge, general, major
3U boat, road U3 tour f fan, photograph light, long
u book, good 3: bird v van r right, wrong
u: boot, food, e thing, breath y yes, use, music
A but, mud, 5 then, breathe
mother STRESS s sip, city, psychology
’ shows main stress.
z zip, please, goes

347
 «
!

Pronunciation Rules for the Present Simple:

"ÿa Third Person Singular (he, she, it)
ij
1. The third person singular in the present simple always ends 4. The final sound is pronounced /z/ after w, y and all vowel
in the letter -s. There are, however, three different ways of sounds. I
pronuncing the final sound of the third person singular. agree agrees
H Isl IzI Iizl try tries
talks loves dances stay stays
know knows
2. The final sound is pronounced Isl after the voiceless sounds
/p/, IV, Ikl, and III. 5. The final sound is pronounced Iizl after the sounds Isl, hi,
I top tops If I, I5I. Ifl. and !&,!. Iizl adds a syllable to the verb.
get gets relax relaxes
take takes freeze freezes
laugh laughs rush rushes
ip! 3. The final sound is pronounced hJ after the voiced sounds
massage massages
watch watches 4
Ibl, /d/, /g/, l\il, Idl, Iml, Ini, IQI and /I/. judge judges
describe describes
spend spends 6. Do and say have a change in vowel sound.
hug hugs say Iseil says Isezl
live lives do /du:/ does /dAZ/
breathe breathes
seem seems
remain remains
sing sings
tell tells

ft ! Pronunciation Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs

1. The regular past simple always ends in the letter -d. There massage massaged
are, however, three different ways of pronuncing the final change changed
sound of the regular past simple. rhyme rhymed
IV Idl /id/ return returned
raced lived attended bang banged
enrol enrolled
2. The final sound is pronounced IV after the voiceless sounds appear appeared
Ipl, Ikl, IV, Isl, Ip, and /tf/. breathe breathed
nop hopped 4. The final sound is pronounced Idl after all vowel sounds.
work worked
laugh laughed agree agreed :
El- address addressed play
die
played
died
publish published
watch watched enjoy enjoyed
iii row rowed
3. The final sound is pronounced Idl after the voiced sounds
Ibl, Igl, IMI, hi, I3I. /cty, Iml, Ini, IQI, l\l, IV, and Idl. 5. The final sound is pronounced /id/ after IV and Idl.
/id/ adds a syllable to the verb.
rub rubbed
hug hugged start started
live lived decide decided
H
surprise surprised

*
£
1 348
r~-M
"V

m Used to or would?
1. Use used to and didn't use to + base form of the verb to 2. You can also use would + base form of the verb to describe
talk about past habits and states. repeated past actions.
People used to live here.
(But now they don't.) Be careful! You cannot use would to describe past states.
I didn’t use to like coffee but now I love it. As a child I would walk along the beach collecting shells.
Did you use to have long hair when you were younger? Some evenings, I would go down to the beach to watch
the sunset.
NOT I would have long hair when I was- younger.

-
- { c- Have or have got?

1. Use have or have got to talk about possessions. These two 3. Use have to talk about routines or regular activities.
verbs mean the same thing. Have got is a present tense of I often have a salad for lunch.
have not the present perfect form of get. Have got is more NOT l-often-have got a-salad for lunch.
common than have in British English. The baby has a bath every night.
I have a flat in Manchester. I've got a flat in Manchester. NOT a-bath-eveiy night.
The hotel has a swimming The hotel's got a swimming
4. Use have in many common expressions.
pool. pool.
have lunch have a bath have a rest
2. Have got is most common in the present and less have a chat have a go
common in the past.
I had a bad headache yesterday.
NOT f had-got a-bad headache . . .

Sjy Compound Nouns

1 . Compound nouns are very common in English. Use two or 3. Some short compounds are written as one word.
three words together to make compound nouns. bathroom
toothbrush = a brush you clean your teeth with postman
bookshop = a shop where you buy books hairbrush
sister-in-law
4. A few have hyphens.
a letter box
job centre mother-in-law
T-shirt
2. Most compounds are written as two separate words. X-ray
service station bus stop hot dog
credit card head office paper clip

349
 ?j H
'V :
IfH''
I
!

*!i ; i |%rj British and American English

GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
British English American English British English American English !
l! The present perfect is used for The past simple or present aeroplane airplane )
recent past actions: perfect is used for recent past angry angry/mad
I've just seen Jim. actions: autumn fall/autumn
I just saw Jim. OR I've just seen barrister lawyer/attorney
Jim. bill (in a restaurant) check
biscuit cookie
The past participle gotten is The past participle gotten is bonnet (of a car) hood |
not used: used: boot (of a car) trunk
;
Your French has got better Your French has gotten better car park parking lot
since I last saw you. since I last saw you. chips french fries/fries
crisps potato chips
Have got and have are both Have is more common in crossroads intersection/crossroads
used in negatives and questions: negatives and questions: dustbin trashcan
Have you got my book ? OR Do you have my book? film movie
Do you have my book? first floor second floor
I haven't got a car. OR I don't have a car. flat apartment
I don't have a car. gear lever gear shift/stick shift
ground floor first floor
; Collective nouns are more Collective nouns are more holiday vacation
C commonly used with a plural commonly used with a singular hooter horn
:
verb. Singular verbs are also verb: jab shot/injection
possible: lift elevator
[ The crew arelis on deck. The crew is on deck. lorry truck
The crowd arelis shouting. The crowd is shouting. mad crazy
main road highway
:!] Can't is used to say that Can't and must not are both motorway freeway
something is not possible: used to say that something is nappy diaper
T not possible: pavement sidewalk
Sally can't be here. All the Sally can'tlmust not be here. All • petrol gas
lights are out. the lights are out. post mail
public lavatory/toilet rest room
The definite article the is used The definite article the can be line; stand in line
queue (noun); queue (verb)
with musical instruments: left out: raise
rise
: I play the violin. I play violin. OR / play the rubber eraser
violin. _ rubbish trash; garbage
shop store
I And is usually used after the And is often left out after the
solicitor lawyer/attorney
verb go: verb go:
stupid dumb/stupid
Let's go and see Mike. Let's go see Mike. surgery doctor's office
sweets candy
SPELLING faucet/tap
tap
British English American English timetable schedule/timetable
centre, fibre, metre, theatre center, fiber, meter, theater torch flashlight
colour, favourite, flavour, color, favorite, flavor, trainers sneakers i
!•
labour, honour labor, honor trousers pants
defence, licence defense, license underground subway
practice (noun), practise (verb) practice windscreen windshield
: programme program zebra crossing crosswalk
analyse, paralyse, realise analyze, paralyze, realize zip zipper
analogue, catalogue, dialogue analog/analogue, catalog,
dialog/dialogue (continued on next page)

350
!

OTHER DIFFERENCES
British English American English
in Oxford Street on Fifth Avenue 11 June; the eleventh of June; June 11 ; June eleventh; 06-1 1 -95
at the weekend on the weekend June the eleventh; 11-06-95
stay at home stay home do something again do something over/again
in the team on the team Monday to Friday Monday through/to Friday
different from/to different than/from A to Z /3ed/ A to Z /ji:/
outside the city outside of the city/outside the city

te Appendix Quiz
i
Read and answer the questions and tick the correct answers.
1 What is the past participle of the verb light? 1 5 If you cheer someone up, they feel . . .
2 envy is . . . worse. better.
an action verb. a stative verb. 16 The plural form of sheep is .. .
3 If someone lets you down, are you . . . sheep. sheeps.
happy? sad? 17 Which sentence is correct in British English?
4 What is the superlative form of the adjective far? I didn't pack my suitcase yet.
I haven't packed my suitcase yet.
5 If something doesn't interest you, are you . . . 1 8 The verb want is followed by the . . .
boring? bored? -ing form. infinitive.
6 If you used to drink coffee, do you still drink coffee? 1 9 You eat out . . .
Yes No at home. in a restaurant.
7 tooth has . . . 20 Your friend gives you a hot dog. Do you . . .
a regular plural form. an irregular plural form. stroke it? eat it?
8 If you dress up, do you wear jeans and trainers? 21 Tick the correct sentence.
Yes No I'm really annoying! Nothing is going right.
9 What are chips called in American English? I'm really annoyed! Nothing is going right.
22 There are two ways of forming the comparative and
10 You form compound nouns with more than one word. superlative of some adjectives.
True False True False
11 Which is correct? 23 Are you aware . . .
I've got a shower every morning. of something? to something?
I have a shower every morning. 24 If you ask for the check at the end of your meal, you are
1 2 would can be used with both action and stative verbs. in . . .
True False a British restaurant. an American restaurant.
13 The past participle and the base form of the verb hit are 25 The verb remember cannot be followed by the -ing form.
True False
the same. different.
14 The verb weigh can have a stative meaning.
True False

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351
 ifP !
m '
Wi
i;
Answer Key
1 NOTE: In this answer key, where the contracted form is given, the full form is also correct,
: and where the full form is given, the contracted form is also correct.

WM Present Continuous
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why are you touring again?
What are you working on these days?
Who’s singing now?
Is she replacing Tina?
L; POIN 7. No, she isn’t. OR No, she’s not.
It’s happening now!
CHART CHECH I
El ’mI write
writing
to you from my hotel room. Everyone
sleeping 'm sitting
be + base form of verb + -ing
be
the sea. We’re staying at the Plaza in Atlantic
CHART CHECK 2 Beach and the view is beautiful. The tour is
F going
-gees well. The audience is crazy about the
EXPRESS are
are . . . leaving new songs but the fans 4s always asking for
are . . . performing OR ’re . . . performing you. How’s the baby? Has she got a good
Are
I(fm working very hard these days, but I voice? Bo you teaching her to sing yet? Maybe
have some good news. Right now, I’m sitting both of you will come along for the next tour!
at a desk in the Entertainment Section of
the Tribunel Of course I(m) still pairing)
journalism classes at night as well. The job
is temporary - Joe Sims, the regular reporter,
W Present Simple
((staking) this month off to write a book. This
week we(re preparing to interview your L ZD POINT
John’s Typical Working Week
I favourite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this
very moment they’re flying into town by CHART CHECK
T, T, F
helicopter. Theyiÿe performing) at the Theatre
Royal all week. How (are)you (getting on? EXPRESS
(Xrejyou still Oops! The crew Why does he work
: are calling me. We’re leaving for the
theatre now. Write soon! | In today’s fast-paced world, we (never) escape
stress. Stress (always affects us psychologically
l>J 2.
3.
are . . . going
’m going
but according to Dr Roads, author of the
new bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects
4. is waiting OR ’s waiting
5. ’m working us physically. For example, stress causes
6. aren’t doing OR ’re not doing high blood pressure. Doctors (often: prescribe
7. ’re . . . sitting medication for stress-related illnesses.
8. ’m sitting
- 9. ’m . . . thinking
Medicine (usually) lowers a patient’s blood
to. are staying

352

J.
 Answer Key a 353

pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, “You don’t EXPRESS

(always)need pills. Relaxation exercises ’m weighing, weighs
are Sometimes) as effective as pills. For
example, breathing exercises relax you and ly| ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your
lower your blood pressure at the same time salmon looks good, too.
- and it only takes a few minutes!’ Ben: Here, I’m putting some on your
plate. I think you’ll like it.
|3. go 7. doesn’t finish ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually
4. rushes 8. worries (Son’t likÿ fish.
5. isn’t 9. hasn’t got
6. is to. hasn’t got BEN: Red(ha§) that effect on people.
ANNA: I have no idea what you’re talking
Y| 3. Does he work on reports in the afternoon? about. What do you mean?
No, he doesn’t. BEN: Well, colours can change the way we
4. When does he see clients? He sees clients (feel). For example, people often(feel)
from 9:00 to 12:00.
5. Does he have a lunch break? Yes, he does. hungrier in a red room. I notice that
6. What does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? He you’re looking at the red wallpaper.
returns phone calls. ANNA: And I certainly feel hungry. I’m
7. Where does he go at 5:30? He goes to
eating half your salmon.
evening classes.
BEN: That’s OK. I’m tasting your steak.
never have
§g rm so study
It’s delicious!
I work all day and studies all night. My boss 2. is looking 8. doesn’t suspect
tells
teR me that I need a holiday. I agree but 3. cost 9. know
I’m think 4. wants 10. is thinking
f afraid to take one. Does my boss thinks 5. hates 11. hasn’t got
that the office can function without me? 6. seems 1 2. is listening
don’t 7. likes
1 dent want them to think I’m not necessary.
complains fey don’t know
But my wife is unhappy, too. She complain 2. ’m tasting 11.
3. needs 12. is
that she never sees me any more. My 4. Do . . . want 13. ’m smelling
is 5. tastes 14. ’m not
schedule are crazy. I don’t think I can keep 6. think is. love
want
this up much longer. I don’t wants to give up 7. ’m thinking 16. smells
often think 8. isn’t 17. know
evening classes, though. I thiafe-efben that 9. sounds 18. mean
10. ’m looking 19. feel
there has got to be a better way.
I
| \ Not a good day! I feel depressed and
need
M1T I’ve got a headache. I’m -needing to do
Stative Verbs
something to change my mood and get rid
ru-id
of this pain. Last week, I’-m-readmg an
J POINT
has the flavour of chicken article about how smells can affect mood
'm smelling
CHART CHECK and even health, so at the moment I smell
T, T an orange (for the depression) and a green
(continued on next page)
 :•

354 a ,-%r:s wee Key

If!i!
apple (for the headache). They smell nice but
. don’t.think 28 June: l(m sitting)in a seat 3,000 metres
I . 4 «-» 4-
I notice a difference in above the earth en route to Argentina!
prefer
how I feel! I think I’s-p? sg to eat I usually have dinner at this time but
right now l(ve got) a headache from the
something when I feel down. But I worry
J weigh excitement. The person next to me
i, at the (is eating my food. She(look§) happy.
’m having
moment I have a cup of peppermint tea with 30 June: It’s 7:30. My host’s parents (arg)
lemon. The article says that the peppermint still forking). Carlos, the father, works at
home. The youngest son, Ricardo, is
smell helps you eat less. Well, I don’t know
sweet. He looks (and behaves) a lot like
about that! A chocolate ice cream sounds Bobby. Right now, he(s~Iooking) over my
seems
pretty good right now! It’s-sooming that shoulder and (trying to read my diary.
there are no easy solutions. 4 July: The weather(is)cold now. I usually
spend the first weekend of July at the
beach but today I(m walking around in a
: heavy sweater.
i Present Continuous and
6 August: Iffeel) so tired tonight. Everyone
•

Present Simple
else feels great in the evening because
POINT they have long naps in the afternoon.
F,F 1
i. b. ’m waiting
CHART CHECK K
look
two parts 'I ’m working
two forms e. ’s talking
f. isn’t looking OR ’s not looking
EXPRESS
g. looks
h. doesn’t mean
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 2. a. ’s talking
: SUBJECT BE BASE FORM + -INC b. ’re doing
c. ’re standing
i am buying d. Do . . . think
You are buying flowers now. e. ’re going out
f. don’t think
He is buying
i
g. means
: r PRESENT SIMPLE
h.
i.
come
stand
SUBJECT |
!
VERB 3. a. is . . . walking
if1 b. doesn’t start
T i--ay r. ’s ... got
You usually ' buy chocolates. d. walks
e. seem
He ! buy.-
4. it. are . . . shaking
know
c. shake
d. meet

%;

H
u
J.
T Answer Hey 3 355

ggsn 'm sitting

IÿJj It’s 12:30 and I -sit- in the library. My NEGATIVE

classmates are eating lunch together but I’m DON'T BASE FORM OF VERB
never eat Don’t listen to the music.
not hungry yet. At home, we eat e? this
Don’t touch your toes.
early. Today our homework topic is ‘culture
Don’t stan d up straight.
shock’. It’s a good topic for me right now
because I’m BliiSg. pretty homesick. I miss my
old routine. At home we always are having a
have m 2.
3.
c
b
4.
5.
e
d
6.
7.
a
f
pi
big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we 2. Wash six strawberries.
I have 3. Cut the strawberries in half.
rest. But here in Toronto I’m having a 4. Pour orange juice into the blender.
conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost 5. Add the fruit to the orange juice.
asks 6. Blend the ingredients until smooth.
fall asleep in class, and my teacher -ask me,
‘Are you bored?’ Of course I’m not bored. I
just need my afternoon rest! This class
H 2.
3.
Learn
Reduce
7.
8.
Take
Choose
4. Improve 9. Don’t delay
is always 're working
»•CAJ is- fun. This term, we work- on a project 5. Get 10. Register
6. Don’t miss
with video cameras. My team is filming
groups of people from different cultures. We
analysing
El For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons
gave us
Write
are analyse-‘social distance’. That means how
close to each other people stand. According something important to you. My topic is The
!- 'm leaving
to my new watch, it’s 12:55, so I leave now Right Way, the rules of life for the martial
respect
for my one o’clock class. Teachers here really arts. First, respeets other people - treat them
don’t like
are late! the way you want them to treat you. Second,
help
helped people in need. In other words, use
don’t
your strength for others, not to use it just for
Imperative don’t
your own good. Third, no he or steal. These
are the most important rules to me.
ZZZZE POINT
giving instructions on how to do an exercise
CHART CHECK
don’t include a subject
SelfTest 1 '• fe; l
L—sai
HH
EXPRESS (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
AFFIRMATIVE :
ONE
BASE FORM OF VERB 1. B 5. D 9. C 13. D
2. D 6. A 10. B 14. D
Listen to the music.
3. A 7. B 11. A IS. B
Touch | your toes. 4. A 8. B 12. A
Stand up j straight.
 If!:
'
356 a Answer Key M
E |SggfTiog>l| TWO 2. wrote 10. addressed
! (Correct answers are in brackets.) s. were
4. led
11.
12.
appeared
happened
16. A (swims) 21. C (hate)
i 17. C (is raining) 22. A (usually arrives) 5. became 14. saw
!
18. B (are you) 23. B (aren’t OR are not) 6. left is. bit
19. C (don’t) 24. D (’m always losing) 7. saw 16. ate
-:i
20. B (seems) 25. B (delete you) 8. wore 17. drank
9. wrote is. hopped
..... '”7
J
J "nr"

Today in class we read a poem by Robert

Past Simple: ** enjoyed
Affirmative Statements Frost. I really enjoy it. It was about a person
i chose

. ,:;i POINT spent

:
l Before he made his decision, he spente a lot
1989
i 1999 of time trying to decide which road to follow.
was
CHART CHECK Many people thought the person were Frost.
it il two
-d or -ed
took
In the end, he take the road that was less

v yv- travelled on. He decided to be a poet. That

EXPRESS changed
was, were decision change his life a lot.
came j
Sometimes I feel a little like Frost.
saved decided
Two years ago I doeide to come to this
pTjjJ Matsuo Basho (wrote)more than 1,000 three- was
country. That were the biggest decision of
line poems or ‘haiku.’ He(chose)topics from
my life.
1 !|rr
nature, daily life and human emotions. He
(became)one of Japan’s most famous poets
and his work established haiku as an IT Past Simple:
important art form. 1 Negative Statements
\l Matsuo Basho (was)born near Kyoto in and Questions
1644. His father wanted him to become a ] POINT
samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to ?,F,T
Edo (present-day Tokyo) and studied poetry.
i: CHART CHECK 1
By 1681, he(had)many students and admirers.
not
Basho’s home burnt down in 1682. Then, did not
1
in 1683, his mother died. After these events,
CHART CHECK 2

-
*•

Basho felt restless. In 1684, he travelled on

1 was, were
foot and on horseback all over Japan. did
Sometimes his friends joined him, and they
wrote.' poetry together. Travel wasidifficult in
i EXPRESS
Did she have a navigator?
: the seventeenth century and Basho was ) No, she didn’t.
often ill. He died in 1694, during a journey
to Osaka. At that time he(had)2,000 2. No 4. No 6. Yes
students. 3. Yes 5. Yes 7. No

1
II
 Answer Key a 357
"V

2. Where did she study? At Columbia EXPRESS CIOS

University. used to
3. How long was she a social worker? For use to
two years. say
4. Where did her last flight leave from?
From New Guinea. In many ways, fashion used to be much
5. How many books did she write? Three.
6. "What was her nationality? American. simpler. Women didn’t use to wear trousers
7. When did she disappear? In 1937. to the office and men’s clothes never used to

m 3.
4.
Were
No . . . weren’t
9.
10.
Did . . . dream
didn’t think
come in bright colours. People also used to
dress in special ways for different situations.
5. didn’t want n. Were
6. Did . . . feel 12. No . . . wasn’t They didn’t use blue jeans as business
7. Yes . . . did 13. Was
8. didn’t stop 14. No . . . wasn’t clothes or wear tracksuits when they

receive travelled. Today you can go to the opera and

know find some women in evening gowns while
knew your new address so I sent it to your
did you move others are in blue jeans. Even buying jeans
old one. When you moved? Did your flatmate
used to be easier - they only came in blue
move with you? Right now I’m on board a
denim. I’m still not used to buying green
plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana. Did you
meet jeans and wearing them to work!
met her at the conference last year? I
didn't Have used to have
2. 5. used to wear
3. used to dress 6. used to carry
time. At first I was going to drive from Los 4. used to dance
Angeles but I decided to fly instead. This is
didn’t (Answers may vary slightly.)
i only my third flight but I love flying! I d!4nt- 2. Trainers used to come in only two colours
know flying could be so much fun! Hope to
- black and white.
3. They didn’t use to cost as much as they
hear from you. do these days. OR They used to cost less
than they do these days.
4. Did people use to wear jeans fifty years
IT ago?
© 5. Jeans and trainers didn’t use to cost very
Used to much thirty years ago.
6. Did women use to wear jeans?
POINT !B use
a habit he had in the past [ J Wÿien I was younger, clothes didn’t used to

CHART CHECK 1 be a problem. All the girls at my school used

wear
T to wore the same uniform. I used to think
CHART CHECK 2 that it took away from my freedom of choice.
did . . . use to Now I can wear what I want but clothes cost

(continued on next page)

J
H
'

358 S Afiauvcsr
.w;
H- -
so much! Even blue jeans, today’s ‘uniform’, jpT] were
used This evening, Sheila and Iwa&-looking at
used to be cheaper. My mum uses to pay less
use some photographs from my skiing trip with
than £30 for hers. I suppose they didn’t used
Fritz’s family last year. By the end of the
to sell designer jeans back then. You know, I were
evening, we like crazy. That was my
was used to be against school uniforms but
first experience on skis so the pictures were
now I’m not so sure! coming
really embarrassing. In one shot, I was easae-
down the slope on my back. In another one,
were
%Jt Past Continuous
my skis was- falling out of the ski lift while I
took
was riding up the slope. Fritz was-t-aklng that
[sHligil POINT picture from the lift entrance. Good thing he
wasn’t
what she was doing at the time of net- standing right under me! Where was I
her accident
when Fritz was falling down the slope? Well,
CHART CHECK! carrying
unfortunately I wasn’t carry my camera.
F
That would have been a great picture! It
CHART CHECK 2
before the subject was amazing how fast Fritz’s girlfriend,

EXPRESS Karyn, learned that weekend. She was doing

A: were . . . staying jumps by the second day. By that time, I
B: was staying was spending
spent- a lot of time at the ski cafe.
2. F 5. T
3. T 6. F
4. ?
Past Continuous and
IS Past Simple
3. were sitting outside.
wasn’t snowing.
4.
s. were wearing sunglasses. LZ77~ ~ POINT
6. weren’t wearing their gloves. 2,1
7. was serving drinks.
8. wasn’t serving lunch.
CHART CHECK
9. wasn’t smiling. F, T
10. was using a mobile phone.
EXPRESS
When
H 3. was recovering was he driving

m
4. wasn’t performing
s. were . . . thinking F
2. F .
6. were waiting
3. T 3- T
7. wasn’t thinking
s. were watching
9. Were . . . competing py 4. were waiting
s. noticed
9.
io.
was going
reached
10. was
11. was training 6. Was . . . speeding 11. wasn’t
12. were . . . taking 7. got 12. were crossing
8. was 13. hit
 'W1

Answer Key a 359 "V

'ÿ

14. Did . . . stop 21. were crossing

15. saw 22. Was . . . snowing iSEcrBOFil TWO
16. didn’t 23. happened (Correct answers are in parentheses.)
17. was talking 24. was 13. C (call) 20. A (did)
18. was driving 25. wasn’t 14. C (was) 21. D (got)
19. didn’t stop 26. started 15. A (were) 22. C (got)
20. weren’t paying 27. arrived 16. D (were sleeping) 23. B (was driving)
1 7. B (not) 24. B (delete comma)
5ÿ1 2. she was driving home, she listened to her 18. D (dropped) 25. D (saw)
car radio. 1 9. A (was)
3. She pulled over to the side of the road . . .
the visibility got very bad.
4. She heard about the accident . . . she was 4£|T
listening to the news. Present Perfects
5. She drove to the police station ... it M Since and For
stopped snowing.
6. she was talking to the police, she was (HHsU POINT
thinking about her article for the T
morning paper.
CHART CHECK 1
J
Yesterday, a man was talking on his mobile have + past participle
driving base form of verb + -d or -ed
phone while he was drive his car. Maybe
was CHART CHECK 2
heÿchecking his diary while he was making
a length of time
his next appointment. He was certainly not
EXPRESS r
concentrating on the road when the lights driven: irregular
turned
suddenly was turning red. The two men in competed: regular
tried won: irregular
the street were trying to jump out of the way tried: regular
when they saw him but it was too late. No
jÿy|j Martina Hingis picked up her first tennis
one was badly hurt but that was just luck. racket at the age of two. (Since then), she has
didn’t pass
become one of the greatest tennis players
in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived
the ‘talking and driving’ law. We need that
in Switzerland (for many year$). She became
law! the outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine.
(Since theq) she has won many international

0
competitions including Wimbledon, the US
SeifTest Open and the Australian Open.
For young stars like Martina, life has
= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
(Total its difficulties. They are under constant
pressure to win and they don’t have time
IsEcrrioM1 ONE
to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina
i. A 4. B 7. A 10. C
2. D 5. A 8. B 11. C
hasn’t been to school (since 1994) and she has
3. D 6. B 9. D 12. B been in the public spotlight (for year§). But
she seems to be handling her success well.
(Since she turned professional, she has played

(continued on next page)

MU
 If!: 1
360 a Answer Key
.

tennis all over the world and has earned

if- Present Perfects
millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal
because tennis has been the most important Already, Just and Yet
thing to her (since she was a little girl).
POINT

H 3.
4.
’ve been
for
io. hasn’t got
n. Since
F
CHART CHECK 1
JSS
5. For 12. has met
use already or just
j 6. has attended 13. hasn’t thought
use not . . . yet
7. hasn’t done 14. ’s known
3. Since 15. since CHART CHECK 2
9. has taken T

-
ii
y 2. How long has she lived in Switzerland?
(She has lived in Switzerland) for
EXPRESS
Have you had lunch yet?
; f! many years. Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven’t.
L 3. Has she won any competitions since the
outdoor Swiss championship? 2. C 4. b
Yes, she has. 3. a 5. d
4. Has she been to school since 1994? 9

Hi 5.
No, she hasn’t.
How much money has she earned since
her career began?
PH 3.
4.
Has . . . disappeared already OR yet
Yes . . . has
ij 5. have already developed
(She has earned) millions of dollars.
6. haven’t been able . . . yet
6. How long has tennis been important to her? 7. Has . . . made . . . yet
(Tennis has been important to her) since
8. No . . . haven’t
she was a little girl.

1:
i
KgT~| have been
IÿD I -am in Ms Clark’s physical education class
for
H 3.
4.
Helmut has already baked the cake.
Gisela has already bought flowers.
since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have 5. Helmut hasn’t put the turkey in the
rt: missed
only miss- two classes since the beginning of
oven yet. !
:
6. Gisela has already washed the windows.
Helmut has already mopped the floor.
I the term. I especially like tennis but since
haven’t played
7.
8. Gisela has already hung the balloons.
, September we 9. Helmut hasn’t washed the dishes yet.
has 10. Gisela hasn’t wrapped the present yet.
weather -have been too cold. I also like
won
volleyball and my team has win two mm
HK~ |

L—
been
I’m in a hurry. I haven’t went shopping
yet
matches since we fiav£ started to compete already but I’ll do it on the way home. Rita
has
Oi with Lincoln School. I’m looking forward to have just had dinner and she’s already had
the next match. her bath. Have you call Mr Jacobson yet?
already called
He’s called already three times today.
hasn’t-
His daughter has had her flu shot yet.
;,j| Is it too late? See you later.

'!
 Answer Key a 361
L
started to fancy her. Last night, Alison Jtas'

% Present Perfect:
Indefinite Past
moved next door to Gary but he doesn’t
know yet! I can’t wait to see what happens
’

I7__L_ 1 POINT in the next episode. Does anyone know when

now
Gary’s book is coming out?
CHART CHECK1
T
CHART CHECK 2 Present Perfect and
before the past participle Past Simple
CHART CHECK 3 n POINT
F
T
EXPRESS
CHART CHECK 1
Have you ever watched ‘The Simpsons’?
Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven’t. the present perfect
CHART CHECK 2
2. F 4. F 6. F have + past participle
3. T 5. F 7. T
EXPRESS
SI 2.
3.
’ve had
’ve . . . eaten
6.
7.
’ve . . . wanted
have . . . wanted
met, have been
;
4. ’ve . . . been 8. ’ve travelled j%Jfe| Many modern marriages are finding
5. have . . . wanted 9. have . . . tried interesting solutions to difficult problems.

m 2.
3.
4.
I’ve never even been in a chat room.
How have you changed as an actor?
I’ve become more tolerant.
Joe and Maria, for example,(have been)
married since 1995. After their wedding, the
couple settled down in Ipswich, where Maria
5. who has been your role model? opened an accounting business. Then, in
6. Charlie Chaplin has had great influence 1997, Joe lost his job. By that time, Maria’s
on me.
7. What has been your best moment on new business was booming, so they didn’t
this show? consider moving. Joe never found a new job
8. I’ve won the award. in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an exciting
9. what have you found most rewarding
offer on the other side of the country - in
about the experience?
10. I’ve met some fantastic people. Bristol. The couple (jiave lived) apart ever
laughed since. How <liave)theyfhandled) this
I’ve never laugh- so much in my life! Did you ‘commuter marriage’ up to now? Joe notes,
see the blind date episode on ‘Family’? Have ‘It certainlyfhasn’t been) easy. We’ve been
ever geographically separated for a few years but
you never seen anything so funny? I LOVE
seen we’ve grown) a lot closer emotionally. For
the show! It’s the best show I have ever saw that reason, it’s beem worth it.’
’ve
in my life. IAreally enjoyed it lately. By the 2. F 4. F
noticed
way, have you nefeiee that Gary and Alison 3. F 5. T
has
are beginning to get on? I think Gary have

—
 362 a Answer £fey

3. haven’t stopped
CHART CHECK 2
I
:: 4. has . . . been been + base form + -ing
j • s. slept
6. haven’t had
EXPRESS
A: has
mm
II; 7. saw
8. didn’t do B: For
9. didn’t bother A: been
TO. Have .. . tried OR Did . . . try
B: collecting
! ;ÿ 31. Yes, I have. OR Yes, I did.

::
12. ’ve already drunk
13. drank
H 2.
3.
b
a
4.
5.
b
a
6. b

H 5. Did you start your business before your

marriage?
3.
4.
have been selling
has been living
6. No, I didn’t. 5. has been sending
6. have been appearing
fi 7. How long have you owned your own
business? 7. has . . . been attracting
8. (I’ve owned my own business) since 8. has been buying
1995/for six years. 9. Have . . . been queueing
! 10. No, they haven’t
; 9. When did you find your job in Bristol?
10. (I found my job in Bristol) in li. haven’t been asking
1998/three years ago.
ij
i; 11. Has your commuter marriage been very 2. He hasn’t been testing the rollerblades.
?! difficult? 3. He hasn’t been playing basketball.
12. Yes, it has! 4. He’s been eating pizza.
’s been
5. He hasn’t been drinking Coke.
BE I
| It’s 8:00 P.M. It was a hard week and it’s not 6. He’s been building a racing car.
7. He’s been playing video games.
over yet! I still have to finish that report. 8. He hasn’t been sending emails.
!
started
I’ve started it last Monday but so far I’ve
li!
r: written
only five pages. And it’s due next
has been
—-:'s‘
Thank you very much for the Pokemon
playing
cards. My friend and I have been play with
-
!

week! Work was so difficult lately. I’ve ’ve

them all day. So far, I -am been winning.
worked late every night this week. I’m tired has
didn’t get I really love Pokemon. My mumjoeen buying

! saw the toys for us because she thinks they’re

have been
fun, too. All my friends were collecting the
seems like a long time ago.
cards for months now. Tonya loves the
5he’s
|JUg 1 T computer game you sent, too. SheH-e been

It*
— Present Perfect
Continuous

POINT
The girls are still collecting Beanie Babies.
asking me to play with her but I’ve been
having too much fun with my cards.
I hope you are well. I’ve been thought
i ng

about you a lot. I hope you can come and

CHART CHECK! visit us soon.
T Love,
ii!i
Patrick

\
if,
i

]L
T Answer Key a 363

UNIT Present Perfect and areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa

Jg[ JS Present Perfect and forests in West Africa.
Continuous
Because of their great size and strength,
fascinated
rSffecki POINT elephants have always fascinating humans.
F, T
Our fascination has almost caused African
CHART CHECK
elephants to become extinct. Poachers
T killed
EXPRESS ME3B
A: eating hundreds of thousands of elephants for the
B: has . . . been
ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became
A: has OR ’s
B: Has illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant
A: No . . . hasn’t grown OR been growing
population has been grown steadily.

S3 2.
3.
T
T
4.
5.
F
T
6. T Recently, several countries have been
protecting elephants in national parks and

13 2.
3.
has published
have already died
become
herds have besa-ras larger and healthier.

4. has given
5. has spoken
6.
7.
8.
have been waiting
has lived OR has been living
has worked OR has been working
% Past Perfect

9. has set up pom

u 2.
3.
4.
’ve . . . seen
has been living OR has lived
has experienced
Oprah decided on a career.
CHART CHECK I
T
5. has survived
6. have tested CHART CHECK 2
7. have hunted before the subject

HIm
8. have saved
9. has been moving EXPRESS
10. has been eating A: arrived
11. (has been) resting B: hadn’t
12. has been raining OR has rained
13. have found OR have been finding m 2.
3.
T
T
4.
S.
F
F
6. T

Elephants and their ancestors have been

living 2. hadn’t yet got
on this planet for 5 million years.
3. had already got
Scientists have found their bones in many 4. hadn’t yet got
s. hadn’t yet got
places, from Asia to North America. Present- 6. had already been
have
day elephants has also survived in different 7. hadn’t yet built
8. had already starred
kinds of environments, including very dry
 364 Ansva-ai- Key !
f
S|2 2- Had he reviewed ...
reviewed . . .
3 Had he
4. Had he met . . .
No, he hadn’t.
Yes, he had.
No, he hadn’t.
m 2.
3.
e
d
4.
5.
a
f
6. C

5. Had he recorded . . . Yes, he had. 2. had been planning

6. Had he worked out . . . Yes, he had. 3. had been laughing and joking
4. had been training

—— ™
Oprah Winfrey is an amazing person! By the
had
time she was twelve, she has already decided
5. had been running
6. had been looking forward
7. had been waiting

on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her

had
first radio job. Although she hadn’t have any
P|y|] had you been running
4. had you been going out
experience, she became a news reporter. s. Had you been living
6. No, I OR we hadn’t
WTien she got her own TV chat show, she 7. Had you been expecting
had 8. No, I hadn’t
has already acted in a major Hollywood
K: film. By the late 1980s, ‘Oprah Winfrey’ had I’ve just got back from the marathon! I’m
become
'
became a household word. Then in 1994, she tired but very happy. When I crossed the
!! had
decided to improve the quality of chat show finishing line, I have been running for four
themes. She also made a personal change. hours and twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was
waiting
She had always had a weight problem but in standing there. He had been waited for me
1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She
lost
the whole time. We were both soaking wet —
had lesed almost 40 kilos as a result of I, because I had been sweating; he, because
lil! dieting and working out. She had also
had
it has been raining just a little while before.
competed looking

a compete- in a marathon. She has really been

an inspiration to many people.
I was so glad to see him. I had been leek
forward to this day for so long and hoping
that I could finish the race in less than four

4IT Past Perfect

and a half hours. When I got home, I called
been
1 my parents. They hadÿwatching the
Continuous
~ POINT marathon on TV and had actually seen me
!,
T cross the finishing line!

CHART CHECK
been 'n-
i
SelfTest a
EXPRESS
;
A: had . . . been practising (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
B: had been practising
A: Had . . . been practising k:g.cFioMi ONE
: B: hadn’t, had been practising 5. B
C 9. C 12. A
I 1.
2. D 6. C TO. A 13. D
f 3. C 7. B 11. B 14. A
i.
IT 4. A 8. B

*!i
£
- ’ll . . . control
Answer Kay a 365

16. will . . . cost

iSE«CTZP3-?31 TWO 13.
14. Will . . . prevent 17. won’t be
(Correct answers are in brackets.) is. will
15. C (delete has)
won’t
16. D (yet)
17. C (seemed)
§3 I’m sorry that we will no be able to get
miss
18. A (’ve been reading)
19. A (Have)
20. D (for) too. Perhaps we can get together sometime
are
21. D (taken) next month. Martha and I am going to be in
22. B (has already been in business OR for
fifty years already) Birmingham until 15 July. After that, we are
23. C (drink) to
24. C (delete ’ve)
goingAvisit our son in Brighton. His wife is
is going to
25. C (had) pregnant and will have a baby in July. It’s
are OR ’re
hard to believe that weÿgoing to be
* T Future: Be going to grandparents!
1 are OR ’re
and Will How exciting that youAgoing to talk at
will
the conference! I’m sure it wills be great. I’ve
POINT
The man is going to fall into the hole. got to run now. The sky is getting really dark
’s going to be
CHART CHECK 1 and there’H-fee a storm. I want to get out of
three this office before then. More later. Greg
CHART CHECK 2
F
CHART CHECK 3 Future: Contrast
T
EXPRESS POINT
It’s going to rain. T, F
I’ll get an umbrella.
CHART CHECK

H Items ticked: 2, 4, 5 T, F
EXPRESS

m 2. He’s going to go on a journey.

3. He’s not going to drive. OR He isn’t going
I’m leaving in five minutes.
Are you going to the conference in May?
to drive.
4. He’s going to give a speech.
4] Russ: Ellen! It’s nice to see you. Are you
5. He’s going to answer the phone. presenting a paper this week?
6. He’s not going to watch TV. OR He isn’t GREEN: Hi, David. Yes. In fact, my talk
going to watch TV. starts at two o’clock.

m 3.
4.
5.
’ll . . . use
Will ... get
won’t
8.
9.
10.
will ... be
will have
will look
Russ: Oh, maybe I’ll come. What are you
going to talk about? Robots?
GREEN: Yes. I’m dealing with personal
6. will have n. ’ll open robots for household work.
7. ’ll repair 12. ’ll adjust

(continued on next page)

 '

366 a Answer Key

jf Russ: I’d like one of those! Where’s your arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight’s
1
t

son, by the way? Is he here with you? temperature on the planet is a mild minus
GREEN: No. Tony stays in Norfolk with his
20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning the
ii grandparents in the summer. will be ’s going to feel OR ’ll feel
I’m going to visit him after the temperature is- 18 degrees but it io feeling
I
conference. So, what are you more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.’
working on these days?
il! Russ: I’m still with the Mars Association.
In fact, we’re holding a news JT
"
Future Time Clauses j
conference next month about the
Mars shuttle launch.
fy POINT
GREEN: That’s exciting. Maybe I'll see
you there. The child is planning her future.
Russ: Great. The conference begins at CHART CHECK
I-; noon on the tenth. T, F

2. it’s going to rain 6. I’m posting

EXPRESS mm
What will she be when she grows up?
3. I’ll see 7. I’m giving
4. I’ll call 8. will you be, lands, I think she’ll be a scientist.
5. I’m going I’ll see
2. T 4. T 6. T
3. F 5. F
W-m 1-
2.
’llwait
’s going to rain, ’ll check OR ’M going to
I!:
check |ÿ| 2. They are going to move to a larger
house . . . Jeff gets a pay rise.
3. A: do . . . board OR will . . . board OR
are . . . going to board 3. . . . they move to a larger house, they’re
B: ’re flying going to have a baby.
I 4. ’ll carry 4. Sarah will get a part-time job . . . they
have their first child.
5. A: do . . . land OR are . . . going to land OR
Ii will . . . land OR are . . . landing s. . . . Sarah goes back to work full-time,
B: ’re going to be OR ’ll be their child will be two.
6. A: ’re going to get OR get OR ’re getting 6. Sarah will work full-time . . . Jeff goes to
OR ’ll get university OR Jeff will go to university . . .
B: ’m having OR ’m going to have Sarah works full-time.
7. ’re going to start OR ’ll start OR start 7. Jeff will find another job ... he graduates.

djg| ‘Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This

are
is graduate
! wifr-be your captain speaking. We fee going II.
l. get, ’ll have OR ’m going to have
to leave the Earth’s field of gravity in about
will be 2. ’ve got, ’ll buy OR ’m going to buy
fifteen minutes. At that time, you are able to 3. ’ll feel OR ’m going to feel, ’ve got
III.
!
unbuckle your seat belts and float around 1. get up, ’ll buy OR ’in going to buy
are going to Of. will
the cabin. Host robotsÿtake orders for 2. speak, ’ll ask OR ’m going to ask
•j 3. ’ll look OR ’m going to look, go
dinner soon. After these storm clouds, 4. go, ’ll improve OR ’M going to improve
’re going to have OR ’ll have
IIj we are-having a smooth trip. The shuttle

il; !
;
V.
1
&ÿ;
 Answer Key m 367
"V*,.

robots be playing football or fighting wars?

Tomorrow is my first dance recital! By the
Scientists aren’t sure. What is certain,
time I ywil write my next diary entry, it will however, is that robots will be playing a
already be over! As soon as we finish the more and more significant role in our lives.
is
performance, there are- going to be a big
party for us. Reporters will be thera< when
I!1- 2. a.
c. ’ll be going
will ... be leaving
b. won’t be getting
we enter the room. While we>4-3j celebrate, 3. a. will ... be coming
the press will interview members of the dance b. ’ll be taking
c. Will ... be having
group. As soon as I get up on Sunday d. No, we won’t.
morning, I’ll buy the paper and read the 4. a. ’ll be visiting
b. won’t be buying
interviews. We’re going to perform this show
for two weeks. As soon as it’s finished,
’re going to learn OR ’ll learn
we learned a new programme. I’m so
su will be dusting OR is going to be dusting . . .
is vacuuming OR vacuums the sitting room.
3. will be repainting OR is going to be
repainting ... is doing OR does the
excited. Ever since I was little, I’ve wanted laundry.
to be a ballet dancer. 4. is making OR makes . . . will be recycling
OR is going to be recycling the rubbish.
5. will be giving OR is going to be giving
I Mr Gee ... is shopping OR shops for food.
: IT
6. will be cooking OR is going to be cooking . . .
Future Continuous is helping OR helps Tony with homework.
7. is playing OR plays . . . will be taking OR is
fcSs-Cbsc 1 POINT going to be taking the dog for a walk.
Before 12:00 SET! performing

CHART CHECK
*n fWure, robots will be p
more and more tasks for humans. This
T have
will bs- g both positive and negative
apussESSa
Will you be working tomorrow? effects. On the one hand, while robots
are doing OR do
Yes, I will. OR No, I won’t. VT-llf-be doing the boring and dangerous
What will you be doing?
(Answers will vary.) jobs, humans will be devoting more time to
interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots
Today we find most robots working in will
::i
factories around the world. But what will making life a lot easier for humans.
the robots of the future be doing? One On the other hand, the widespread use of
be
designer predicts that in just a few years, robots willÿcreating a lot of future
small intelligent robots will be dealing with
unemployment. There is a risk that robots
all the household chores. This is going to make be
life a lot easier. While one robot is cooking willÿtaking on jobs that humans need
dinner, another one will be vacuuming the in order to earn a living. And some
floor. But what about outside the home? Will

(continued on next- page)

I
Ii
368 a Ai.avv*:' s'i.-j

pgr—I have been

robots could even become dangerous.
By August I’ll fee a secretary for

ill!! nil I’m afraid that in the not-too-distant future, —

1 have earned OR have been earning
ten years. And I’ll earn almost the same
robots will be operating nuclear power
salary for three years! That’s why I’ve made
stations! And before too long, robots will te
a New Year’s resolution to go back to college
be fighting in wars. Although, on second
this year. First, I’m going to write for college
thoughts, that will be better than humans
magazines and start saving for tuition. By
1!s worked

;
a killing each other!
March, I’ll have werk- out how much tuition
will cost. Then I’ll start applying. By
I Future Perfect and ’ll have
Future Perfect summer, I had received acceptance letters.
4L Continuous In August, I’ll talk to my boss about working
Li~::dCZ!] POINT part-time and going to college part-time. By
already saved
He hasn’t been saving for three years yet. that time, I’ll have saved-afready enough to
CHART CHECK I pay for a term’s tuition. By next New Year’s
1 :
F studying
Day, I’ll have been study for a whole term!
I CHART CHECK 2
T

i! •
EXPRESS
driving, driven
SelfTest
YJ
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
H 2.
3.
F
T
4.
5.
F
F
6. T
fsEcnraorai ONE
1. C 5. B 9. C 13. C
\
i US 3.
4.
won’t have graduated
will have studied OR will have been
2.
3. A
A 6. B
7. A
TO.
11.
A
B
14. B

studying 4. B 8. B 12. C
5. won’t have bought
6. ’ll have been driving
|SEO~IOIM1 TWO
7. won’t have opened (Correct answers are in brackets.)
jl 8. ’ll have been saving is. B (be)
id 9. will have accomplished 16. D (will go)
1 7. D (finish)

El 3.
4.
graduate
’ll have been thinking
18.
19.
C (driving)
A (be travelling)
i 5. is born 20. A (will have finished OR will finish)
6. won’t have graduated 21 .B (work OR be working)
1 7. will have already finished 22. C (already OR delete yet)
8. celebrate 23. A (will you)
9. won’t have started 24. D (is)
io. ’ll have already been getting 25. B (have)
11. open
;
12. ’ll have already become

i
T '

Answer Key s 369

•y_*

-
ia_a
Wh- Questions:
Subject and Predicate
m v Question Tags

!cSHcHl POINT fcÿ&csÿ] POINT

the events on the night of 12 May The man is commenting on the weather.
the names of people who saw the witness
CHART CHECK
CHART CHECK! F, T, T
T
EXPRESS mim
CHART CHECK 2 You’re an actor, aren’t you?
F,T
EXPRESS mm
What happened last night?
KAY: Hi, Tom. It’s a nice day, isn’t it?
TOM: It certainly is. Not a cloud in the sky.
How are you doing?
What did you do next? KAY: Fine, thanks. You don’t know of any
j
flats to rent, do you? My son
H 2.
3.
a
d
4.
s. c
b 6. e is looking for one.
TOM: IS he? I thought he was staying with you.
KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his
j 2. How did you get home? own. Do you know of anything?
3. Who gave you a lift? TOM: AS a matter of fact, I do. You know the
4. What happened next? Simpsons, don’t you? Well, I’ve just
5. Who(m) did you see? found out that they’re moving to
6. Who is Deborah Collins? Cheltenham next month.
7. What did you do? KAY: They are? What kind of flat have they
8. How many people called you? got?
TOM: It’s a one-bedroom flat.
,
m 3.

4.
What time (OR When) does the court
session begin?
How many witnesses testified?
KAY: It’s not furnished, is it?
TOM: NO. Why? He doesn’t need a furnished
flat, does he?
5. Why did the jury find Adams guilty? KAY: Well, he hasn’t got any furniture. But
6. What happened? I suppose he can always buy some, can’t
7. How long (OR HOW many weeks) did the he?
trial last? TOM: Why don’t you give your son my
3. Who spoke to the jury? number and I’ll give him some more
9. How much did Adams pay his barrister? information?
TO. Who(m) did the prosecution question? KAY: Will you? Thanks, Tom.

pfE~l
L._3S
did
timeAthe suspect return home?
saw
EH 2. j
3. h
5. b
6- g
8. C
9. e
Who did-see him? Were there any witnesses? 4. f 7. a io. d
Who
Whom was at home?
2. did you 5. aren’t you
Why did he call A. Smith? 3. doesn’t it 6. haven’t you
happened 4. haven’t they 7. isn’t it
What dithhappen next?
did he El hasn’t
Where he-did go? ~J BEN: It’s been a long time, Joe, haven’t it?
did he take
How much money fee-toek with him? JOE: That depends on what you mean by a
it
long time, doesn’t -that?
(continued on next page)
 370 a Answer Key
if
BEN: What are you doing round here,
;
|y| My brother is just a year older than I am.
anyway? It’s dangerous.
We have a lot of things in common.
JOE: I can take care of myself. I’m still
First of all, we look alike. I am 1.8 m and
t aren’t
alive, arnn’t I? is he
so he- io. I have straight black hair and dark
BEN: Yes, but you’re still wanted by the
aren’t brown eyes and so does he. We share many of
police, are you?
the same interests, too. I love playing
II JOE: Look, I need a place to stay. You’ve got does
football and heÿtoo. Both of us swim every
a place, haven’t you? Just for one night. neither
day but I can’t dive, and oithcr can he.
BEN: I have to think of my wife and kids.
:h
can’t Sometimes being so similar has its
You can find somewhere else, saa you?
problems. For example, last night I wanted the
JOE: NO. You’ve got to help me! did
last piece of chocolate cake and so dees he.
BEN:: I’ve akeady helped you enough. I went
didn’t Often I won’t feel like doing the washing up
u, will
and neither -wsn-’t he. Worst of all, sometimes
JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. You remember what
don’t* I’m interested in a particular girl and so
happened last June, da you? is he
. However, most of the time I feel our
s BEN: OK, OK. I can make a phone call.
don’t similarities are really nice. So does my brother.
*OR: Youÿ remember what happened last
June, do you?
H1:
IT
h'
6
Additions with So, Too,
SelfTest

(Total
5
= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
Neither and Not either
/
IsECTsoivT) ONE
ICHSCiKl POINT 1. A 4. A 7. D 10. A
The men like the same things. 2. C S. D 8. D 11. B
3. A 6. D 9. B 12. A
CHART CHECK
T, F,T jSEcmori] TWO
li EXPRESS Mim (Correctanswers are in brackets.)
and neither is Mark 13. C (isn’t)
;
and so does Gerald 14. C (didn’t)
is. D (has his brother)
16. D (have)
2. F 4. T 6. T 8. T
17. A (did you work OR were you working)
3. T .5. F 7. F 9. T 18. D (it)
19. D (?)
2. too 4. did 6. So 20. D (I am, too OR so am I)
3. neither s. either 7. So
f 21. D (they)
22. C (aren’t)
did I do, too do I too 23. D (he)
11H; 2.
3. can I
4.
5. do I
6.
7. do I
8.
24. C (go)
25. A (Why did you)

i
?!
 Answer Key a 371
•V

JT
Ability: |2. Were . . . able to communicate
M Can, Could, Be able to 3. can help
4. couldn’t follow
jcg-asc/scj POINT 5. couldn’t decide
6. can manage
F 7. ’ll be able to organise
CHART CHECK 1 8. be able to speak
T
YAM Today in my “Will B. Happ/ teamwork course,
CHART CHECK 2
be I learnt about work styles - ‘Drivers’ and
CHART CHECK 3 ‘Enthusiasts’. I’m a Driver so I can make
to
a form of be decisions but I’m not ableAlisten to other
EXPRESS mm
A: Is ... to
people’s ideas. The Enthusiast in our group
communicate
B: is . . . can can communicates well but you can’t depend
on her. Now I understand what was happening
pfjjj An amazing number of teenagers have
managed to set up highly successful internet in my business class last year, when I couldn’t
businesses. Take John Davidson, for example. get
:
get on with my team. I thought that they all
John could surf the net by the time he was weren’t
six and by the age of eight, he could design talked too much and didn’t- able to work
web pages of his own. It wasn’t long before was able to
he was able to persuade the bank to lend efficiently. I eeuW get an A for the course
him enough money to start up his very own but it was hard. I can do a lot more on my
business. At the age of sixteen, he managed
to persuade his parents to allow him to leave own but some jobs are too big for that. Our
school, and his first business, ‘Webmasters’,
instructor says that soon the Drivers will
was soon up and running. be will be able to
Another teenager, Jim Leicester, very Aable to listen and the Enthusiast eouH be
quickly realised he could make money doing
what he enjoyed most: playing computer more dependable.
games. In 1999, he was able to sell five Permission:
si i T |
games he’d developed to a famous software
company. Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a
May, Can, Could,
week by selling his programs. Do you mind if . . .?
Katy Fischer, an enterprising 18-year-old
from Manchester, was also able to break into -ZD POINT
the dotcom world. Although she says she can’t The student is asking the teacher to allow
understand why she’s been so successful, her him to take the test tomorrow.
parents certainly can. ‘Katy was determined
CHART CHECK 1
to prove she could start a business when she
was just fourteen,’ says her father, ‘and through could
hard work, she’s managed to do just that.’ CHART CHECK 2
2. John F,T
3. Katy
EXPRESS
4. John
A: helps
1. can, ’ll be able to B: Not at all, help
2. hasn’t been able to, can
3. can’t, ’ll be able to 2. f 4. c 6. b
4. haven’t been able to, can’t, can’t, ’ll be able to 3. e 5. a
 ;

372 a Answer Key

i .1
V
3. Do you mind if he stays :iy|i i . MARCIA: Hi. You must be the new office
4. I do (mind) assistant. I’m Marcia Jones. Let
5. May I use me know if you need anything.
6. you may not OR you can’t LORNA: Thanks, Marcia. Could vou show
7. you can’t start me where the photocopier is?
8. do you mind if I borrow MARCIA: Certainly. It’s over here.
9. Not at all OR No, I don’t OR Go ahead 2. LORNA: Marcia, would you show me how
10. you may open to use the fax machine?
; 11. Can I come MARCIA: Yes, sure. Just put your fax in
12. you can’t OR I’m sorry here and dial the number.
3. MARCIA: I’m going to lunch. Would you
:

H (Answers may vary slightly.) like to come?

~=”
2. Could I use your phone? LORNA: Thanks, but I can’t just now. I’m
3. May I (OR we) park here? really busy.
:
4. Could we move up a few rows? MARCIA: DO you want a sandwich from
s. Can we (OR he) record (OR tape) the the coffee shop?
concert? LORNA: That would be great. Can you get
6. Do you mind if I (OR we) go home now me a tuna sandwich and a
(OR leave)? coffee, please?
MARCIA: NO problem. Will you answer
my phone until I get back?
2. B (can’t) LORNA: Of course.
| 3. B (swap) 4. MARCIA: Lorna. would vou mind making
4. B (can) some tea?
5. C (have)
6. A (may not OR can’t)
LORNA: I’m sorry, but I can’t do it now. I’ve !
got to finish this letter by 2:00.
7. D (plays)
8. A (No, I don’t OR Not at all)
9. C (we) 2. a 4. b 6. b
L_3§i
10. A (Yes, of course) 3. a 5. a

2. you file these reports, please?

UNIT Requests: 3. turning on the lights, please?
you buy some cereal, please?
!„
Will, Can, Would, Could, 4.
_ Would you mind . . .? 5. you call back later, please?
6. you shut the door OR you mind shutting
POINT the door, please?
asking someone to do something
The meetings are going well but they have
CHART CHECK 1 could you
been extended by a day. Please you could
T
call Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our
CHART CHECK 2
OK sales meeting?
Certainly OK Of course
EXPRESS Not- at all. I’ll do it straightaway.
:
A: Would
B: No, not We’ll need three extra copies of the monthly
A: would OR could
sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to
i B: can’t
t that?
Certainly OK Of course OK No problem
li
:r —
YesÿT would. (Ann Could you do this?)

!
J
!
L
’ÿ'-sir:

Answer Key a 373

working
I hate to ask but would you mind do-work on 7. What should I buy?
8. you should (OR ought to) get some flowers
Saturday? We’ll need the extra time to go
over the new information I’ve got. We are so happy to hear about your new job.
can’t
Sorry, but I couldrPt. My in-laws are Congratulations! Just remember — you

coming to stay. But Rob Dixon says he shouldn’t work too hard. The most
can come in to help out. important thing just now is your studies.
ought to
Maybe you better work only two days a
One last thing. I was going to pick up those
week instead of three. Also, we think you’d
new business cards but I won’t be back in
better ask your boss for time off during the
time. Would you mind doing that for me?
Not at all OR I’d be glad to exams. That way you’ll have plenty of time
Yes, I would. I’ll stop at the printer’s y
to study. You wetdd better give this a lot of
during my lunch break.
careful thought, OK? Please take good care
better not
of yourself. You’d not better start skipping
Advice: work
Should, Ought to,
should
Had better at night. At your age, you shaH always get
I
“
POINT plenty of sleep. Do you need anything from
The interviewer is suggesting a type of job for home? Should we send any of your books?
the applicant.
Let us know.
CHART CHECK 1
T
CHART CHECK 2 TTl Suggestions:
V Could, Why don’t?, Why
; should I
Ly not?, Let’s, Shall we?,
EXPRESS U How about?
A: Should
B: No . . . shouldn’t
r— , i POINT
Items checked: 1, 5, 6 F
CHART CHECK I
2. shouldn’t 5. should does not change for different subjects
3. should 6. ’d better not
4. shouldn’t 7. ’d better CHART CHECK 2
F
l_ÿyj 2. You should (OR YOU ought to) look neat EXPRESS
3. What time should I arrive? Let’s take the train.
4. you shouldn’t (OR you’d better not) arrive Maybe we could take the train.
after 7:15 Why not take the train?
5. Should I take a gift?
How about the train?
6. You shouldn’t (OR You’d better not) buy an
expensive gift

:
 374 a Answer Key
rv
Megan 4:00
% EMILY: Why don’t we go to the races?
I hear they’re really exciting. 7:00 for dinner is fine.
MEGAN: I’d like to but I need to go shopping. go ?
i!
EMILY: Then let’s go to the Temple Street Shall we going to see a film afterwardÿ
Market tonight. We might even see See you later.
some Chinese opera in the street
while we’re there. E.
MEGAN: That sounds like fun. If we do
that, why not go to the races this Emily 5:00
afmrnoon?
EMII.Y: OK, but let’s get something to I’m going to be too tired
eat first in one of those floating
restaurants. for a film. Maybe we could
hang
j! MEGAN: I don’t think we’ll have time. just hanging around the hostel after
Maybe we could do that tomorrow.
Shall we get dim sum at the Kau dinner. Let’s talk about it later.
Kee Restaurant next door? Then we I’m going to have a nap.
could take the Star Ferry to Hong
Kong Island and the racecourse. M.
EMILY: Sounds good. For tomorrow, why
not take one of those small boats -
M— 6:00
kaido - to Lantau Island? When we
come back, we could have dinner at Let’s not eat at the same restaurant tonights
the Jumbo Palace. try
MEGAN: Let’s do that. It’s a bit expensive Why don’t we trying a new place?
but at least it floats! ?
How about Broadway Seafood*

[Si 2.
3.
Shall we
Why don’t we
5.
6.
Let’s
Let’s not
I’ll meet you downstairs at 7:00.
E.
4. Maybe we could

U 2.
3.
going to the beach?
buy another one.
Preferences:
Prefer, Would prefer,
4. we take a trip together?
5. try that new seafood place.
Yh Would rather
hYYY£g:s<i POINT
PHI Emily 3:00 Teenagers like watching TV better than they
like doing other things.
I’m going shopping. I’ll be
eat
:
back at 5:00. Let’s eating CHART CHECK 1
would prefer Cd prefer)
at 7:00. OK?
CHART CHECK 2
Megan
the gerund or the infinitive
EXPRESS
read, than, shopping

:
ii
B 2.
3.
F
F
4.
5.
F
F
6.
7.
T
T
 Answer Key a 375

2. I’d rather not cook 5. I’d rather have jsggfrsoiil TWO

3. Would . . . rather go 6. I’d rather not (Correct answers are in brackets.)
4. I’d rather not 7. I’d rather see 15. D (able to dive) 21. D (give)
16. D (?) 22. C (to)
[||j| 1- A: prefer ... to 1 7. C (better not) 23. C (was able to)
A: ’d rather . . . than
2. 18. A (Would) 24. C (delete we)
B: prefer OR ’d prefer 19. B (borrow) 25. D (than)
3. B: ’d prefer 20. D (ask)
4. A: prefer ... to
5. B: ’d rather . . . than
6. A: do . . . prefer . . . Jjl 1 1
B: prefer ... to Necessity:
-?
Have (got) to and Must
For my research, I interviewed fifty men and
'OBECikj POINT
women. There was no difference in men’s
a requirement
and women’s TV preferences. I found that
to CHART CHECK 1
everyone prefers watching TV than going to F
the cinema. Men and women both enjoy CHART CHECK 2
news programmes and documentaries. a form of do
watch
However, men would rather -watching EXPRESS
A: does . . . have to
adventure programmes and science fiction,
B: must
i while women prefer soap operas. Men also
i DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May
like to watch all kinds of sport but women
than I help you?
would rather see game shows ts sports. BEN: I’m moving to the States soon. Will I
have to get an American licence when
Reading preferences differ, too. Men prefer I move?
to read OR reading
DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an
American licence.
rather read magazines and books. When men BEN: When will I have to get my licence?
to read OR reading DMV: You have to replace your old licence
read books, they prefer -read non-fiction and ten days after you become a resident.
prefer
adventure stories. Women arc preferring novels. So come in and apply for your licence
when you get here.
BEN: DoJ have to take any tests to
exchange my British licence for an
: SeifTest American one?
Ljy DMV: Since you already have a British
licence, you won’t have to take the full
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) driving test. You will only have to take
fsiEcVioKil ONE the written test.
BEN: How about an eye test?
1. A 5. C V. A ; 2. A DMV: Oh, everyone has got to take an
2. B 6. C 10. C 13. B eye test.
3. D 7. B 11. D 14. D BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You’ve been very
4. D 8. B helpful.
 *

376 a ftnswsr Key

2. have to (OR have got to) pick up

CHART CHECK 2
3. Do . . . have to change F
4. I don’t EXPRESS mZ
5. didn’t have to do
[ 6. have to (OR have got to) take He doesn’t have to stop here.
7. Does . . . have to pack You must not drive too fast.
; 8. he doesn’t
!!!i 9. ’s got to (OR has to) help
’ve had to call
[ÿ[||| New drivers are usually excited about their !
10. new freedom: ‘My mum doesn’t have to drive
me everywhere any more! I don’t have to
n:; B 2.
3.
must not turn
must drive
5.
6.
must ride
must not walk
ask my friends for lifts to school!’ Wien you
haven’t got your own car yet, any price seems
3

4. must not drive

worth paying. But once you buy a car, you
How are you doing? We’ve been here about (can’t forged your car payments and insurance

six weeks. It’s strange living in the United premiums or you won’t be a driver for very
long. You leavÿ petrol and servicing out
States. There’s no public transport, so you’ve of the budget, either. Car sharing offers an
got sign
-get to drive everywhere. I had to signs up alternative to these problems, however.
for driving lessons so I can get my licence by Members of car-sharing groups have a car
when they need one for either short trips or
the summer. It’s the law here that everyone
must holidays but they don’t have the high expenses
musts wear a seat belt. I used to hate of ownership. They pay very little to use a
wearing a seat belt but with the traffic here, shared car and they don’t have to worry
i I have changed my mind. There are a lot of about servicing the car or paying the
got to insurance. Fees for short trips are only about
motorways and you’ve get- know how to
- £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile. Groups do
change lanes with a lot of fast traffic. Even my not have strict requirements, either.
has
mum have had to get used to it. Dad works Members (must not have) bad driving records
had or poor credit and they (must not returrÿ the
from home, so he hasn’t has to do a lot of
cars in bad condition or they will pay extra.
driving.
Have you beaten those computer games 2. can’t yell 6. don’t have to get
Ve 3. can’t turn 7. haven’t had to buy
yet?J’m having a lot of trouble with ‘Doom’. 4. can’t park 8. can’t bring
s. don’t have to worry 9. don’t have to listen
You got to write to me and tell me how to
get past the fifth level! pfej 2. don’t have to bring S. don’t have to be
3. must not play 6. don’t have to leave
Choices Don't have to 4. must not dive
i Mo Choice: Must not
... and Can't We got to the hotel late this evening because
we got lost. But we were lucky - they kept
POINT didn’t have to
stop to ask for directions our room so we must-net find another hotel.

1:i! CHART CHECK 1

do

Bk.
 Arw»iv«&r Key a 377

doesn’t
Jimmy is really happy because he don% have Fifty wedding guests but we love cycling and
to go to bed until after 10:00, when the we’re not sorry,’ Bill said.
don’t have to While packing the next day, Beth left
swimming pool closes. We mustiFt leave
her wedding bouquet at the hotel. Minutes
until 11:00 tomorrow (checkout time) so before the ferry was supposed to leave. Bill
we can stay up later. Plymouth is only four jumped on his bike, got the flowers and
have made it back to the ferry on time. ‘Cyclists
hours away so we won’t had- to drive the
are supposed to stay fast and fit,’ he said.
whole day tomorrow. It’s going to be exciting.
2. F 3. F 4. T s. T
My parents say we absolutely must not M
go to the beach by ourselves because there 2. a. Were . . . supposed to do
b. No, they weren’t
are sharks there. I’d love to see a shark c. were supposed to deliver
(from a
3. a. is supposed to start
safe distance). I’ll send a postcard b. are . . . supposed to stand
'
of one. 4. a. aren’t (OR ’re not) supposed to be
b. aren’t (OR ’re not) supposed to see
5. a. ’m supposed to wear
b. ’s supposed to rain
«,T 6. a. ’s supposed to be
Expectations:
Bbz. | was
Be supposed to I’m so sorry - I know I -arm supposed to let
POINT you know about my plans to visit.
something he has forgotten to do I’ve been awfully busy. My friend Nessie is
CHART CHECK getting married soon and she’s asked me to
T
be her chief bridesmaid. She and Gary want
EXPRESS
a big wedding. They’re supposed to have
A: were
B: was about two hundred guests. I’ve got a lot of
am
responsibilities. I will be supposed to give
It Wasn’t Supposed to Be a Big Wedding
Nessie a hen party before the wedding
19 July - The Stricklands wanted a
(that’s a party where everyone brings
quiet wedding - that’s why they went to the supposed
Isle of Skye, an island off the coast of presents for the bride). I am also suppose to
Scotland. The island is quite small so the help her choose the bridesmaids’ dresses. The
Stricklands packed their bikes for the ferry
best man’s name is Jim. He’s going to help
trip. The weather was supposed to be lovely
and they had asked the Registrar to marry Gary get ready. I haven’t met him yet but
supposed
them on a hill overlooking the ocean. he’s supposes to be very nice.
was
‘When we got there, we found a crowd of I’d better say goodbye now. to
cyclists admiring the view,’ laughed Beth.
be at the rehearsal five minutes ago.
When Bill kissed his bride, the cyclists supposed
burst into loud applause and rang their P.S. About my visit - I’m supposing to get some
bicycle bells. ‘We weren’t supposed to have time off in July. Would that be convenient?
 378 s Answer Key

u IT weather changes all over the world. The

Future Possibility: west coasts of North and South America
in May, Might, Could
might fix have heavy rains. On the other side
: •: POINT become
i of the Pacific, New Guinea might becomes
F
very dry. Northern areas could have warmer,
CHART CHECK I I
wetter winters and southern areas could
T
become much colder. These weather changes
CHART CHECK 2
i? in answers affect plants and animals. Some fish maya-t
may not
i
EXPRESS
B: might
mm- survive in warmer waters. Droughts could
cause
causing crops to die and food may get very
A: might
B: might not expensive. El Nino may happen every two
may OR might
years or it eeuld not come for seven years.
[lÿ ALICE: I’ve just heard that it may snow Will El Ninos get worse in the future? They
today. Are you going to drive to
do
work? could be-. Pollution holds heat in the air and
BILL: No. I’ll take the 7:30 train instead. may OR might OR could
ALICE: I’ll take the train with you. I’ve got it willr increase the effects of El Nino but no
some work to do in the library.
BILL: Great. Why don’t you miss your one is sure yet.
afternoon class and have lunch with
me, too? Deduction;
ALICE: Oh, I couldn’t do that. But let’s meet -AL.M1T
May, Might, Could, Must,
i:
at the station at 6:00 and go home
together, OK? tm Have (got) to, Can’t
f BILL: I might have to work until 8:00
tonight. I’ll call you and let you know. LZIZZJ POINT
guessing
i. Certain
! 2. Impossible CHART CHECK 1
3. Possible T
:; 2. could 4. may not 6. may CHART CHECK 2
3. might 5. ’m going to 7. might F
1
3. She’s going to a meeting with
EXPRESS I
Mrs Humphrey at 11:00. A: could
4. She may (OR might) have coffee with Sue
B: can’t, might
after lectures.
5. She’s going to go to work at 1:00. 2. d 4. b 6. a
i'
6. She may (OR might) go shopping 3. e 5- g 7. C
after work.
7. She may (OR might) take the 7:00 train.
mj 2. must •5. might be
8. She’s going to pick up a pizza.
YM 3. ’s got to 7. can’t
i 4. could 8. might not
r
!:
m Every few years, the ocean near Peru s. Could 9. may

becomes warmer. Called El Nino, this

may
I variation in temperature maybe cause

1
 .fenswer Key B 379
•V'.
I
i|| 2. I might (OR could) be
may) be the cat
EXPRESS
A: have
3. It could
(OR might OR
4. You must eat a lot B: should have
5. Could it be
6. it can’t (OR couldn’t)
be " ' 2. T 4. F 6. T
7. It must come from your own pipe. 3. T 5. T
8. There can’t (OR couldn’t) be any other

9.
explanation.
there could (OR might OR may) be S3 2.
3.
shouldn’t have done
should have studied
4. could have done
Y|| The main character, Molly Smith, is a 5. ought to have gone
6. shouldn’t have stayed
university professor. She is trying to find her
7. could have prevented
dead grandparents’ first home in Scotland. 8. might . . . have called
be 9. Should . . . have contacted
It may feeing in a nearby town. The villagers TO. shouldn’t have
11. could have saved
there seem scared. They could fed have a
might OR may OR could
secret or they must just hate strangers.
Molly has some old letters that might lead
m 2.
3.
I shouldn’t have eaten all the chocolate.
She might have called.
4. He could have offered to lend me some
her to the place. They are in Gaelic but one (money).
might 5. I shouldn’t have jogged five miles yesterday.
of her students mights translate them for 6. They shouldn’t have charged me
have to/have got to
her. They gehto be important because the (for the plastic bags).
7. I ought to have invited Cynthia
author mentions them at the beginning of (to the party).
8. He might have sent me a card.
the novel. The letter must contain family
secrets. Who is the bad guy? It couldn’t be the pely|] About a week ago, Jennifer was late for
student because he wants to help. It might work again and Doug, our boss, told me he
Mbe the newspaper editor in the town. wanted to get rid of her. I was really upset.
have
Of course, Jennifer shouldn’t had been late
have
L'T Expressing Regret so often but he might has-talked to her
C
'-SJ
about the Past about the problem before he decided to let
her go. Then he told me to make her job
1 -iHS"--- '

\ POINT
regrets things in his past difficult for her so that she would resign.
CHART CHECK 1 I just pretended I hadn’t heard him. What a
to
F mistake! I oughtÿhave confronted him
CHART CHECK 2 right away. Or I could at least have warned
T
Jennifer. Anyway, Jennifer is still here
CHART CHECK 3
but now I’m worried about my own job.
ought to have have
Should Ijtold Doug’s boss? I wonder. Maybe I

(continued on next page)

 !. 380 3 answer sCsy

have
II have handled
should -handle things differently last week. ancient culture had made them? What
have
The company should never has employed purpose could they have had? Author Erich
this man. von Daniken believes that the drawings
marked
might have mark a landing strip for the
.UNIT spacecraft of astronauts from another
a . Deduction
TL4 In the Past planet. Archaeologists, however, now believe
that the ancient Nazcan civilisation might
POINT have developed Have
if it was possible that something happened develop flight. They couldAbuilt hot-air
h designed
CHART CHECK! balloons and design the pictures from the air.
T
CHART CHECK 2 SelfTest
could,

EXPRESS (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

have carved, might have
IsECiTaoasgi ONE

H 2.
3.
a
f
4. C
5. d
6. b 1.
2.
C
B
5. A
6. B
8. B
9. D
11. B
12. A

-
3. B 7. D 10. A 13. C
py 2. They must have been
3. They may have
4. B

-
4. He might not have been
TWO
S. He must have (Correct answers are in brackets.)
14. C (must not have known)

0 2.
3.
could not have built
had to have got
is. D (leave)
16. C (have)
4. can’t have known 17. B (looked)
! 5. could have carved 18. A (have got to)
(could have) transported 19. C (can’t)
4 6.
7. might have been 20. A (must not)
8. may have lived 21. B (have)
9. must have had 22. A (may OR might OR could)
23. A (was OR is)

! !!
: 0 In 1927, Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru
have been
must be very surprised to see lines in the
24. C (have to)
25. A (should have)

shapes of huge animals on the ground below

ST
f his aeroplane. Created by the ancient Nazca 4
| Adjectives and Adverbs
culture, these forms are too big to recognise
from the ground. However, from about POINT
:
warm and cosy
4 200 m in the air, the giant forms take
CHART CHECK
shape. Without aeroplanes, how could an
F,F,T

!'|J
"T

Artsvuer SCsy a 381

nsat
and neatly’. What a mess!! I left that place
EXPRESS fast
A: slow, slowly very lastly, too. I’m not asking for the moon!
B: slow, slow
I only want a small place in a clean building
Students! Are you looking for a special place with friendly neighbours. I’m looking at
to live? Come to 140 Grant Street, Flat 4B. another place tomorrow. The advert says,
This flat is (absolute!ÿ perfect for two ‘Clean and bright. Small but convenient flat
quiet
serious students who are looking for a quiet on lovely, quietly street.’ I wonder what that
neighbourhood, just 15 minutes from really means!
campus. This lovely flat is in a new building.
It is a short walk to the bus stop. The
bus goesÿirectly) into town. At night the bus
(hardly) makes any stops at all. You can walk
% Participles used as
Adjectives

(safblÿthrough the wonderful parks on your F

way home. The rentisfvery) affordable.
CHART CHECK
Call us on 020 551 6116. T
Don’t delay! This flat will go fast. EXPRESS
exciting excited
[53 2. terribly disappointed
3. surprisingly easy
interesting
frightening
interested
frightened
i
4. extremely safe amusing amused
5. incredibly fast tiring tired
6. awfully slowly
7. very clearly
In some countries, people who are interested
8. unusually loud
in meeting others turn for help to personal
9. exceptionally pleasant

m
ads in newspapers and magazines, and
2. large 7. quiet online. A (surprising) number of busy people
3. beautifully 8. hardly view these ads as a practical way of
4. happily 9. nice
increasing their social circle. ‘I’ve tried hard
5. busy 10. shy
6. nice 11. good to meet people on my own,’ said one satisfied

m funny
Some adverts for flats are so funnily! One
’//arm
advert described a place as ‘warmly and cosy’.
customer. ‘I was new to the town and
wanted to make friends fast. The personals
provided me with a quick way of meeting
many (interesting) people in a short period of
It was really hot and cramped but the owner
perfectly time.’ Others are not so impressed. ‘I think
insisted that it suited me perfect. I was it’s kind of depressing when people need to
hard
trying very hardly not to laugh while he was resort to placing ads to make friends,’
observed one man. A friend of mine tried
describing it so I had to leave quickly.
the ads several times and was really
Another place I saw was supposed to be ‘nice disappointed with the results. It’s just not
personal enough.’
II!
i
382 st
"1
!
r
and we can tell you which ones clean best
fid 2. puzzled
3. puzzling
7.
S.
fascinated
disappointed and which ones don’t remove trail stains
4. interesting 9. surprising 'as effectively as; others.
5. interested 10. surprised Overall, Brite and Kleen aren’t
6. fascinating
as expensive as Trend but they didn’t
perform (gs welj, either. However, they were
boring confusing
IN 2.
3. interested
7.
3. depressed almost as good in particular categories.
] fascinating 9. amazed
4. Trend removed both mud and grass
5. amused ic. amusing stains effectively. Brite removed mud just
; 6. horrifying 11. exhausted
iÿs effectively as)Trend but it didn’t remove
disappointed grass stains (as well). Kleen was effective on
- -A: Just got home. I’m disappointing with the
grass stains but not on mud. Brite cleaned
evening. At first I thought Jake was an
interesting clothes as thoroughly as)KI ee n but again,
: interested guy but tonight I felt somewhat Brite and Kleen weren’t as good as Trend
! bored with his company. We saw a very in this category. On the other hand, Brite
entertaining came out on top in brightening. Colours
} entertained film but Jake didn’t like it.
washed in Kleen and Trend just didn’t look
; In fact, it seems like we have completely as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
different tastes in things. After the film,
I tried to make conversation but all I really
§3 1. b. aren’t as wide
c. aren’t as hard
‘
wanted was to go home. So, I told him I was 2. a. cleans as effectively as
exhausted b. isn’t as unfriendly
! exhausting and didn’t want to get home late.
interested
c. sounds as exciting as
d. expresses ... as clearly as
If he asks me out again - I’m not interesting.
frustrating 3. a. was as noisy as
! Trying to meet people can be very frustrated. b. (will) pedal as quietly as

Adjectives and Adverbs:

B 2.
3.
doesn’t stop as slowly as
isn’t as expensive as
4. doesn’t feel as comfortable as
: As ... as .. . 5. isn’t as cheap
6. rides as comfortably as
j POINT 7. handles as well as
1 8. don’t handle as well as
r cycling speed, control of bike
9. are as easy to change as
CHART CHECK io. (are) not as easy to change as
as, an adjective or an adverb
RE: Not as many bruises!
EXPRESS
A: as expensive as, as well as B: as good as Inexperienced cyclists should try the South
Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is
| *i i* j So yoiI were riding the trails this weekend beautiful
just as beautifully but its cycle track isn’t as
and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look as
as bad as your bike. Never mind. They’ll unfriendly than the North Trail’s. The
i

look as good as new next weekend. We slopes aren’t as steep and you won’t fall
checked out three major brands of powder frequently
as frequent- because there aren’t as many
 Answer K&y a 383
as
rocks. It isn’t as short hke the North so Although the food isn’t better, it is just as
you’ll still get a good ride and you won’t good. The menu is more varied and less
expensive
feel as discouraged at the end of the day. expensiver. Try one of their pasta dishes.
RE: The (expensive) new Trax You won’t find a iborg; fresher tomato sauce
i
i Does anyone have any experience of this in town. And leave room for dessert. They
better
bike? I tested it in the shop car park and I’m just keep getting -good and better.
not impressed. My old Trax changes gear The waiters are friendly but not able to
just as more
asÿast easily and it handles as smoothly, handle large numbers of people - thecrowded
; light
i too. Of course, it’s not as lightly but then it the restaurant, the slower the service. At
l
doesn’t cost £999, either. dinnertime, the queues outside this popular
longer
eatery are getting longer and more long. Try
more relaxed
lunchtime for a quieter and rclaxcdcr meal.
Adjectives: Comparatives

fcin-agcC j POINT
Adjectives: Superlatives
different from the old restaurant
CHART CHECK
F, T
El POINT
special
EXPRESS CHART CHECK
more . . . than the, -est, most or least

m 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F EXPRESS
(the) nicest
(the) most beautiful
2. less expensive than OR isn’t more (the) warmest
:
expensive than (the) happiest
3. hotter . . . spicier than
4. more fattening than
5. healthier OR more healthy than m You are the best mother in the whole wide
world. You are the cleverest, the brightest

H 2. better . . . better,
the better . . . the more expensive
and the funniest of all mums I’ve ever
known. You are the nicest mum I’ve ever
had. You are the most wonderful and
3. the more popular . . . the slower
definitely the least impatient. No mum in
4. worse . . . worse, The smokier . . . the the whole wide world is better than you. You
worse are the greatest mother of all. I love you
5. The more crowded . . . the noisier
very very much! Happy Mother’s Day!
6. The bigger . . . the harder
more . . . more delicious, heavier . . . heavier

I
7.

Pete’s Place has just reopened under new

S 2.
3.
the happiest . . . of my life
the best ... in the school
4. the coldest ... of the year
management. The dining room looks bigger, 5. the nicest ... in our family OR of all
brighter than 6. the wisest ... of all OR in our family
more-bright and prettier as the old one.
 384 a -y’lswsr Key
.'ÿif

2. is the most unusual gift.

CHART CHECK
?cyy
3. is the least practical gift. more or less, the
4. is the smallest gift.
EXPRESS .
5. is the biggest gift.
6. is the most expensive gift. than, the best
7. is the funniest gift.
most serious
fj| In the first football game of the season,
Ramadan is the seriousest time in Muslim Norwich beat Stowe, 6 goals to 3. The Stowe
team played a truly fantastic game but its
culture. During Ramadan, we do not eat defence is still weak. Norwich defended the
ball much more aggressively than the Stowe
from dawn to sunset. This is difficult for team did. Of course, Joe Jackson helped win
i the game for Norwich. Norwich’s star player
everyone but teenagers have the hardest
was back on the field today, to the delight of
time. Immediately after Ramadan is the Eid his many fans. He was badly hurt at the end
al-Fitr. This holiday lasts three days and it’s of last season but he has recovered quickly.
Although he didn’t play as well as people
the most happiest time of the year. On the expected, he still handled the ball like the
old Joe. He certainly handled it the most
morning of Eid, my family gets up early and skilfully of anyone on the team. He
goes to the mosque. After we’ve greeted our controlled the ball the best, kicked the ball
the furthest and ran the fastest of any of the
neighbours by saying “Eid Mubarek’ (Happy players on either team. He played hard and
biggest helped the Norwich team look good. In fact,
Eid), we go home. We eat the big breakfast
the harder he played, the better Norwich
you have ever seen. Our parents give us performed. Watch Joe this season.
presents, usually new clothes and money. And watch Stowe, too. They’ve got a new
coach and they’re training more seriously
One year, Eid came round the time I .
this year. I think we’ll see them play better
and better as the season progresses.
graduated from university. That year, I got
fattest
the most beautiful clothes and the fatter 2. better i
envelope of money of all the children in my
3. faster
4. less
; family. Eid Mela is part of Eid al-Fitr. On 5. more rapidly
6. harder
that day, we all go to a big park. Last year 7. the most slowly OR the slowest
best
i at Eid Mela, I had the better time of my life. 8. the most clearly
: 9. the longest
I met my old friends and we all ate junk TO. more quickly than
11. more thoroughly than
food and showed off our new clothes.
3. the most slowly OR the slowest
:1 IT 4. more slowly than OR slower than
Adverbs: Comparatives 5. the furthest
i
and Superlatives 6. faster than
7. higher than
8. the best
POINT
9. the worst
T

i!
T Answer Key a 385
:

Last night, I watched the Lakers and the #l,T

Bulls. Both teams played more aggressively
than
"lii Gerunds: Subject and Object
AI’ve ever seen them. In fact, they played the fgggEcSr j POINT
best
hotter of any game I’ve watched this season. exercise
In the first half, Michael Jordan sprained his CHART CHECK
left ankle and Shaquille O’Neal was out of -ing, not

the game because of fouls. But they still didn’t

than
EXPRESS
A: Drinking
mm
start the second half any slower -that- the first. B: drinking
With Jordan out, Kukoc scored the most A: not drinking
frequently
frequenter of any player. He’s been playing Swimming is great exercise. It’s healthy,
better and
more-and-m&re better as the season goes on. fun and relaxing. Because swimming is a
the ‘low-impact’ sport, most people enjoy
In fact,Amore he plays, the better he gets. The participating in this activity without fear of
j Bulls won by 97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to injury to their bones or muscles. Jogging,
less which is a ‘high-impact’ activity, can at
get tired at the end. They played little and times be harmful. I know this from personal
experience. Last year while I was jogging,
less consistently as the game went on. I injured my right knee. I don’t go jogging
any more. After a painful month of recovery,
. I stopped running and switched to water
SeSfTest Ti sports. I’m now considering joining a
swimming team and competing in races.

= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)

(Total 2. Eating 6. swimming
[S£C~B~3O75] ONE 3. Not drinking 7. walking, running
* 4. increasing 8. not going
1. c 5. C 9. D 12. C S. doing
2. A 6. A 10. B 13. D
3. A 7. B 11. A 14. B 2. has stopped smoking
4. B 8. C 3. go swimming
[sECT3Q8Sg[ TWO 4. denied OR denies smoking
S. admits being
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 6. is avoiding eating
15. C (the less) 21. B (delete more) 7. is considering taking
16. C (of) 22. B (most) 8. can’t stand being
17. B (amazed) 23. C (more)
jHjT~] Smoking
18. C (sweet) 24. C (disgusting) ty Ways I Can Give Up Smoke Cigarettes
19. B (harder) 25. B (hot) smoking
20. A (run as quickly) Pick an exact date to give up smoke.
Cutting
Stop smoking completely. (Gut down is
harder than stopping all at once.)
being
Avoid to-be- around other smokers
(at least at the beginning).

(continued on next page)

 ;
I

386 n s •; 2, -

I
Exercising
Start exercising daily. Teexereise can
m 2. We can make changes by telling the Dean

- I;
Not
reduce stress.
Ns drinking coffee may help, too.
being
Imagine been a non-smoker. Positive mental
3.

4.
about our concerns.
The Dean can help by listening to our
concerns.
In some cases, students just complain
: instead of making suggestions for
images can help. improvements.
; joining s. Students get annoyed with some lecturers
! Consider fcs-jem a support group.
for coming late to class.
asking
; Don’t delay te-ask for help. Call Dr Burns 6. You can improve your work by studying
:! regularly.
;!
i '
right away!

;
Keep trying and don’t give up!
— g Ia have been attending Bedford College for
studying
year. I’m very happy about study here.
i: At first, it was quite hard getting used to
speaking
•i Gerunds after Prepositions speak English all the time but now I feel
communicating
very comfortable about communicate in my
=1 POINT
second language.
F, T, F
I’ve just joined an international student
CHART CHECK about
a preposition, the gerund group and I’m excited with meeting new

EXPRESS people. The summer break is coming and a

; i doing
A: joining few of us are planning on do some travelling
B: joining joining
together. Before to join this group, I used to
We, the members of the Student Council, spend holidays alone.
'If;
i would like to share with you the thoughts hearing
and concerns of the general student body. As Please write. I look forward to hear
you probably know, many students are
from you!
complaining about life on campus. We are
I interested in meeting with you to discuss
our ideas for dealing with these complaints.
! We know that you are tired of hearing infinitives
students complain and that you are not
after Certain Verbs
used to working with the Student Council.
However, if you really believe in giving new
ideas a try, we hope you will think about
trzzzj pom
speaking to our representatives. We look Megan thinks ‘Impatient’ should consider his
forward to hearing from you soon. proposal more.

CHART CHECK
S3 2. in listening
3. about going, about driving
T, T, F
to staying, relaxing EXPRESS
5. for having
I want to write to Annie.
t: 6. at learning
7. on coming
8. on reading, (on) going

if;

lL
 Answer Key B 387

them. We went to a coffee shop and talked

j iij|j Slow down! You appear to be in too much of to
a hurry. You’ve only known this person for a for hours. Well, I hopedÿmake some friends
month and yet you’ve asked her to marry
when I joined this club but I didn’t expect
you! What’s the big rush? Why can’t you to be
i afford to wait? Are you afraid that if she everyone -being so friendly. I’m glad Annie
gets to know you better, she may decide not not
to tie the knot? I agree with your girlfriend. persuaded me no to give up.
You need to consider things more carefully.
You can’t expect her (or yourself) to make
such an important decision so quickly. If you Inflraitives
don’t want to regret a hasty decision, I after Certain Adjectives
advise you both to get to know each other and Nouns
better before you hurry to the altar.
~~"~1 POINT
j 2. attempt to find Finding good chips is difficult.
; 3. warns single people not to leave
4. urges them to use CHART CHECK
5. fail to plan to + base form of verb
6. plan to fail certain nouns and adjectives
7. wish to meet
8. Ask two friends to read
EXPRESS
9. Choose to participate It’s convenient to eat fast food.
10. advises people not to feel That’s a low price to pay.
11. wants to be

m (Answers may vary slightly.)

2.
3.
would like Tom to call her at 10:00.
reminded Emily to buy petrol (today).
Please take a few minutes to complete this
questionnaire about fast-food restaurants.
Tick (/) all the answers that apply to you.
A
. How often are you likely to eat at a
4. invited Mel to join them for coffee. fast-food restaurant?
5. agreed to be home by 10:30.
6. forgot to go to the two o’clock staff 1-3 times a week
meeting. 4-6 times a week
7. encouraged her to try again.
more than 6 times a week
8. needs to use the car (tonight).
never

m to join
Annie advised me joining a club or take a
to
class and I finally did it! I decidedÿbecome a
2. In your opinion, fast food is:
good to eat
a vH.y to save time
member of the Outdoor Adventure Club and
fun to order occasionally
I went to my first meeting last night. I’m unhe&lthy to have every day
really excited about it. The club is planning 5. Which statement best describes your
a hiking trip next weekend. I definitely want feelings about the cost of fast food?
to go rafting in the spring. At first I didn’t D It’s a high price to pay for convenience.
to sign fl You get a lot for not very much money.
want signing up but the leader was so nice.
not to 4. Is it a good idea to include healthy
He urged me t-o-aot miss this trip so I put
choices in fast-food menus?
my name on the list. After the meeting, a n Yes n No
group of people asked me to go out with
 388 E Answer *f sry
I:
!!' :
2. delighted to find 7. outrageous to see 2. It’s too far for us to get home by ten. G
3. way to go S. good to eat 3. I’m mature enough to take care of
4. fun to eat 9. essential to have myself. G
5. pleasure to eat 1 0. difficult to go 4. It’s too dangerous to drive at night. M
6. mistake to bring 5. I worry too much to give you permission. M
6. You aren’t experienced enough to drive
2. ready to cry 7. important to keep that far. M

! 3. willing to work
4. hard to wake up
5. surprised to hear
8. time to decide
9. chance to show
io. easy to find
2. cheap enough for us to afford
3. large enough to hold
;

6. eager to get 4. too good for me to miss

5. big enough to share ;
i to ask
:::: Tonight I made the decision asked Chris 6. too late to stop
7. old enough to stay
to do the night shift. I really thought she 8. early enough to come
to get 9. too slow to beat
was going to be glad fer-get-t-ing the offer.
to 1o. safe enough to drive
i; She has her own rentjpay and I know it’s
her The Phish concert was brilliant! Now I’m too
1 hard for she to meet all her expenses. Looks to sleep
to ask ;. That Mike Gordon
like she was the wrong person I -asked! The good enough
say really can
problem was, she wasn’t willing to said Yes
; or No and I’m afraid I got a little impatient.
to sing in the shower! After the concert, we
too
were really hungry but it was to late to go
It was wrong of me to threaten to ask Steve.
for pizza. I HATE going home so early! It’s
I could tell that she was pretty upset to hear to
too weirdAunderstand. My friend Stan works
that. I’ll think about giving her the promotion
to get and has to pay taxes but the law says he’s
anyway. She deserves getting a break. to stay

1T crazy enough to make me want to scream.

Infinitives That reminds me. I sure hope my mother
A!
with Too and Enough me
changes her mind soon enough for I to buy
] POINT a ticket to the Hampton concert. They sell
F, T
out very quickly. Why doesn’t she think
CHART CHECK enough
I’m matureAto drive fifty miles? I’ll have to
too
do it sometime! Well, I’d better try to get
EXPRESS to
She’s too young to vote. some sleep or I’ll be too tired tee get up in
We’re old enough to work.
the morning.

:
kw 2.
3.
b
a
4.
5.
b
a
6. b

]
Ai
 Answer i<ey a 389

5. He turned on the radio (in order) to listen

«,T to the news.
Infinitives of Purpose He didn’t tell me he was ill in order not to
mi 6.
worry me.
7. She bought a PDA (in order) to store
POINT information.
an address book, a dictionary, a note pad
set
IP-! I went to the dentist fort0getting
CHART CHECK p&y my teeth
T, F cleaned today. While I was waiting, I used my
EXPRESS mms
I use a PDA to store addresses.
PDA to study for the test. Then I used it to
help
helps me pronounce ‘dental floss’ for my
I set my alarm clock in order not to oversleep.
appointment. After the dentist, I checked my
JUDITH: It’s 5:00. Aren’t you going home?
LEE: No. I’m staying late to finish this calendar and saw ‘Rick and Tina, dinner,
not to
'
report. What about you? Are you 7:30’. I should use it in order temet- forget
1 going straight home?
JUDITH: NO. I’m going to stop at the bank appointments! Luckily, my recipes are already
to make
to get some cash. Then I’m going to on
Lacy’s to take advantage of the sale
they’re having. quick shopping list. When I got home, there
'
LEE: Oh, what are you going to get?
JUDITH: One of those new PDAs they’re
advertising. I’ve been looking for
—
was a note on my door ‘Call PLB’. I
checked the PDA dictionary to find ‘PLB’.
something to help me with my work. to
LEE: What’s wrong with a normal The ‘plumber’ wanted to come in orderJix
organiser?
the taps! Rick, Tina and I played with the
JUDITH: Nothing. But sometimes I need to
surf the net. PDA all evening. You can programme it
LEE: What else are you going to use it for?
JUDITH: Oh, to store important names and to play computer games, too. I don’t know
phone numbers and to do my how I lived without it!
accounts.
LEE: What did we do before they
invented all these electronic
gadgets?
JUDITH: We made a lot of mistakes! Gerunds and Infinitives

S 2.
3.
To withdraw £100.
To invite Rick and Tina to dinner. F, T
POINT
4. To buy milk and eggs.
5. To buy batteries. CHART CHECK
6. To check her tyres. T, F, T

m First Part:
3. f 4. a
Second Part:
5- d 6- e 7. c
EXPRESS
to go, Going, talking, to talk OH talking

3. She went to the shop (in order) to buy 2. T 4. T 6. F 8. T

some pasta. 3. F s. F 7. T
4. We disconnected our phone in order not
to get any phone calls.
 390 Answer Key

f
m 2.
3.
4.
to trust
to forget, to remember
going
EXPRESS m-M
A: to correct
B: to correct
5. to remember A: stay
6. to turn off B: stay
7. Playing, improving
2. F 4. F 6. F
j
pj|j|| (Answers may vary slightly.) 3. T 5. T

n
t

2. meeting Natalie last year (at Richard’s

party). 2. made 5. got 8. let ii. made
3. spilling juice (on the sofa). 3. let 6. made 9. let
4. listening to jazz OR listening to Richard 4. help 7. got 10. help
play jazz (at his parties).
ii 5. going dancing (some time),
2. made her work
to go (dancing some time). 3. didn’t let them use
6. to give Joan a lift home,
4. got him to clean
to stay a little longer. 5. got him to pronounce
6. didn’t let her speak
-ÿ| What a great party! I usually avoid to-go to 7. didn’t make her leave
parties because it’s such a problem for me to
When I was a teenager, my parents never
remember people’s names. I’m so glad I read play
improving let me to-play until I had finished all my
that book about improve your memory. The help
doing homework. They even made me helping my
author suggested te-de exercises and they
worrying brothers with their homework before I could
1 really helped. I stopped to-wer-r-y about what
have any fun. On the one hand, they certainly
people would think of me and I tried to pay to
got meAleam a lot. On the other hand, they
attention to what people were saying. As a become
made me became too serious. I wish they
result, I had a great time! I’m even planning
to go OR on going had let me M have a little more fun. When
going dancing with this guy Leo next week.
I become a parent, I want to get my child
I have an English test tomorrow so I to learn
-lear-BS about responsibility but also I would
should stop writing now and start studying. him or her
want to let he or ahe have fun. As Ben
The book even had some good tips about
studying to use Franklin said, All work and no play makes
study for an exam. I hope I remember using
Jack a dull boy’. I want to avoid that
some of them tonight!
mistake.
"
IT
Make, Let, Help
and Get SeifTest •s.

T
POINT (Total ~100 points. Each item

SsEcroorvi] ONE
— 4 points.)

CHART CHECK 1. C 3. A 5. D 7. A
T, F, T 2. A 4. B 6. C 8. C
 Answer Key m 391

9. A 11. B 13. B alone in his enthusiasm. Feng shui

10. D 12. C 14. A
(has caught on) with modem architects and
{sEcVaolrsil TWO
homeowners everywhere.
(Correct answers are in brackets.)
1. has caught on 4. find out
is. B (to change) 21. D (to seeing)
2. came back 5. give up
16. C (trying) 22. A (to buy)
3. paid off 6. picked up
1 7. B (finding) 23. D (not to fall)
is. A (Getting) 24. B (watching)
19. B (not to) 25. D (to do) ij 2. back 6. out
20. C (old enough) 3. up 7. up
;
4. up 8. out
5. up
:
«!T
J5
PbrasaS Verbs: i'ÿ-4 2. turned out 6. give up
Inseparable 3. come up with 7. paid off
4. went up 8. go back
s POINT 5. carried on
I in a restaurant up
r, Sorry the flat is such a mess. I got down late
CHART CHECK up
this morning and didn’t have time to tidy eut.
before the direct object out
I’m going to the gym now to work off for an
EXPRESS back
We ran into Bob. hour. I should get aeress before you and I’ll
He was eating out. out tonight
clean up then. How about eating tonight out?

j Ho Da-ming’s new restaurant was failing. Afterwards, we can get together with some
His customers rarely iÿame back. Why? of the guys and maybe see a film. Or maybe
up
Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to we’ll come -ever with a better idea.
(find out). Feng shui (meaning ‘wind and into Tom
P.S. I ran Tom into at the library. He’ll drop
water’) is the ancient Chinese art of placing by
nff to see you later.
things in your surroundings. According to
this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors 4LNIT
and windows affects our health, wealth and Phrasal Verbs: Separable

happiness. Mr Ho was concerned about his

business but he didn’t(give upi. Following the POINT
George is getting an idea for an invention.
consultant’s advice, he remodelled and
CHART CHECK
redecorated his restaurant. His actions
Direct objects that are nouns can go before or
paid ofl). Soon businessipicked upland Mr after the particle.
Ho became rich. ‘It was the best decision I EXPRESS
ever made,’ he says happily. And he isn’t dreamt up that idea OR dreamt that idea up,
dream it up
392 a Answer Key

in
3 July I filled down an application for a
jlyjgj Did you know that two university dropouts
thought up (the idea) of the first personal patent and posted it yesterday. I’ll be able
up
computer? What’s more, they put (it)together to setÿa strong and convincing
in a garage. Inventions don’t have to come demonstration of the product i>j(soon.
out of fancy laboratories. Average people in
30 August I demonstrated the product
classrooms, kitchens and home workshops
often dream up hew and useful ideaÿ. at an exhibition for decorators. I wanted
The ability to think of something new to point out that it’s very clean to use so I
seems like magic to many people but in on
putÿwhite gloves for the demonstration.
fact anyone can develop the qualities of an
inventor. First, inventors follow their curiosity. It went very well.
The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted
to find out (the reason)it was so hard to remove
burrs from his dog’s coat. His answer led SelfTest
to the idea for Velcro®, now used to fasten
everything from trainers to space suits. (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
Second, inventors use imagination to put jSi£c:~a~30-ÿJj ONE
(fhings)together in new ways. Walter Morrison 1. A 5. D 8. D 11. A
watched two men throwing a pan to each 2. C 6. C 9. D 12. C
other and thought up (the Frisbeef, one of 3. A 7. D 10. A 13. B
4. B
the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps
most important, successful inventors don’t fsEonow] TWO
give up. They continuously look up (Correct answers are in brackets.)
(information) about their ideas and try 14. A (it over)
(new designs)out until they succeed. IS. D (up)
16. D (off the bus)
paid . . . back 17. D (back)
2. set up 6.
18. B (get on the bus)
3. filled ... up 7. carry out
19. D (off)
4. keep . . . away 8. brought about
20. A (up)
5. picked up
21. B (her up)
22. D (wake you up)
2. figure it out 5. point it out 23. D (pick some stamps up for him ... OR
3. fill them in 6. hand them in pick up some stamps for him . . .)
4. handed it out 24. D (Meg into)
25. B (along / on)
pf|j 3 Mav I dreamt ever- a really good idea - a
jar of paint with an applicator like the kind
Ji-fti i T
used for shoe polish. It can be used to touch Mouns
on spots on a wall when people don’t
want to paint a whole room. I know a POINT
him up Ra II
manufacturer. I’ll call ap-him and order
out
several types so I can try them in.
 Answer Key a 393

post
CHART CHECK 1 surprised when I picked up my-p&sfe-
F today. My family sent me some birthday
birthday
CHART CHECK 2 presents. My Birthday is the 31st. I won’t
T, F
open the presents until then.
EXPRESS
were,
nm
was
October
29 October I think the weather is getting
thunder
worse. I heard thunders today but there
l||ji Was (Coiumbusjreally the first explorer to wasn’t any rain. I stayed in bed with my
discover the(Americaa?(Thor Heyerdahl)
cat, Typhoon. Every time it thundered,
didn’t think so. He believed that ancient Typhoon
people were able to build boats that could typhoon and I snuggled up closer under
novel
cross oceans. To test his ideas, he decided the covers. I started reading a Novel,
to build a copy of the reed boats that were
‘Brave New World’.
pictured in ancient paintings and sail across
30 October I left the Canary Islands today
thejAtlanticjfromffiorth Africa) to (Barbados). Columbus
(Heyerdahls team also copied ancient Middle - just like columbus. There’s a strong
Eastern pots and filled them with food for wind and plenty of sunshine now.
their journey - dried fish, honey, oil, eggs, kilometres
I travelled 500 Kilometres.
nuts and fresh fruit.(Ra), the expedition’s
boat, carried an international group including 31 October I’m 21 today! To celebrate,
coffee
a(Norwegiap\ an (Egyptian!, an (Italian), a I drank some coffees for breakfast and
(Mexican) and a iphadiam
I opened my presents. I got some perfume
The first trip failed but everyone jewellery
and pretty silver jewelleries.
survived and wanted to try again. Departing electricity is
on 17 (May) 1970, under the flag of the 1 November The electricities arc very low.
Nations)(Ra Uncrossed the(St!antic) in I’d better not use much until I get near
57 days. The expedition proved that ancient Plymouth
Plymouth. I’ll need the radio then. It rained
civilisations had the skill to reach the water
(Americas) long before (polumbusj today so I collected waters for cooking.

151 3.
4.
Food
is
13.
14.
are
Is
5. are 15. equipment Quantifiers
6. ideas 16. batteries
7. beans 17. news
8. rice 18. stops POINT
9. Potatoes 19. clothing a good supply of chocolate
10. are 20. cold CHART CHECK
1 1. trips 2i. bothers
12. vegetables 22. bags
T, F, T. T

m Canary
27 October I’ve been on the san-ary Islands
for three days now. I’ll start back home
EXPRESS
A: many B: much

weather is
when the weathsrs-are better. I was so
[ Are you ready? Many people don’t realise
that some natural disasters such as
{continued on next pai;i’)
K

394 m ftnsw's:' Key

earthquakes can strike with (little warning). being scared, it was fun - a bit like camping.
It may take several days for assistance to
!| reach you. Prepare your disaster kit in
We’ve got an electric heater so we didn’t
any
have seme heat. We slept in our sleeping
advance! Here are a few tips. a lot of
•Water may be unsafe to drink. Store bags around the fireplace. We used up many
(enough water) for several days. Each wood! Mum baked some bread in a pan in
person needs five litres per day for
the fireplace. She had to try several times
cooking and washing.
•You will also need food for several days. but it was really good when it worked. We
a
It’s a good idea to store (pTlot of tinned ate it withAlittle butter. The first night, we
a lot of
meat, fruity vegetables and (milki. However, had maeh problems working out what to do.
also include several kinds of high-energy few
It got dark early and we only had a little
food, such as peanut butter and raisins.
And don’t forget(some ‘comfort food) like candles - and no TV! Jane is five and she
biscuits and chocolate! was really frightened until we made hot
•If you haven’t gotfany electricity you chocolate over the fire. Finally, everybody
might not have (any hea|, either. Keep
took turns telling stories. I found out that
some blankets, sleeping bags and extra of
clothes for everyone. Dad knows a lotÿgood stories.
• Prepare a first aid kit with some pain

...
killers, several sizes of plaster and an
antiseptic. Articles:
f i! indefinite and Definite
•The cash machines might not be working.
Have you got £my casfil? You shouldn’t
keep (much money)in the house but you
; 1J POINT
There is only one Earth.
should have a lot of small notes and a few
larger notes, too. CHART CHECK
F, T, T
2- “y 8. many
EXPRESS
3. Several 9. few
4. a great deal of 10. Some a, The
5. a lot of 11. a little
6. Many 12. a few 2. a 4. b 6. a
7. a few 3. b s. b

m 1. b.
c.
d.
a few
many
much
2. a.
b.
c.
a little
few
a few
I. .
2.
3.
4.
an
a
an
6.
7.
8.
the
a
the
io.
11.
12.
the
a
the
si. a few d. little 5. an 9. the 13. the !
>. a little e. a few

j %§] We had a big storm last week and we lost

H 2.
3.
the
the
s. a
6. the
3.
9.
an, the
the
4. a 7. The
the electricity forAfew days. Once I got over

i
 T Answer Key B 395

place just after (the sun) sets. So check it out!

fjj.% Once there was a plumber called Mario.
The plumber a You won’t be disappointed.
Plumber hadAbeautiful girlfriend. One day,
' a ape fell in love with the girlfriend and
the
fH 2.
3.
0
0
10.
n. 0
0 18.
19.
the
0
kidnapped her. The plumber chasedAape to 4. 0 12. 0 20. the
5. the 13. the 21. 0
rescue his girlfriend. 6. 0 14. the 22. 0
This simple tale became Donkey Kong, 7. 0 is. the 23. 0
the 8. 0 16. 0 24. the
a first video game with a story. It was 9. 0 17. the 25. the
an
invented by Sigeru Matsimoto, a artist with
2. the 7. 0 11. The
Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved the video 3. the 8. 0 12. the
games but he wanted to make them more 4. 0 9. 0 13. the
5. the 10. 0 14. the
interesting. He liked fairy tales so he 6. 0
>
a
inventedAstory similar to a famous fairy tale. j®—| the
The story p4|y Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This isjbest
Story was an immediate success and
holiday we’ve ever been on! I love the rides
Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
here. I’ve been on thb roller coasters before
The rest is video game history.
but nothing is like the one they’ve got here!
the
|4hN IT AndAfood is great, too. I usually don’t eat 'the
the
sL % 0 (§Mo Article) and The
one
hot dogs but jiot dogs here are great. So is
Do you like th'e theme parks? If so,
POINT you’ve got to get your family to come. The
the
the little girl only problem isAcrowds here. People have to
CHART CHECK queue to get into everything - even the
indefinite
plural toilets! See you soon.

EXPRESS
A: the B: 0 A: the B: 0
Reflexive Pronouns and
ptj|] Do you enjoy theme parks? Tomorrow, Blare Reciprocal Pronouns
Gardens will open to (the public,‘for
POINT
the first time.(The park (features a wide F
variety of rides and games that will appeal
to both adults and children. And, of course, CHART CHECK
F, T
a theme park would not be complete without
candy floss and hot dogs. .The food i at Blare EXPRESS
Gardens promises to be very good. Come A: yourself
early, bring(the whole family) and be sure to B: myself
stay for (the firework display)that takes

I
 !'!i
396 a Are: .

insulting - like the way our maths teacher

| W-.,j Self-talk is the way we explain a problem to
ourselves. It can affect the way we feel and used to talk to us. I thought, Sam and I
me
the way we behave. Tom and Sara, for example, treat each other well. He forgave myself for
both lost their jobs when their company laid my mistake straightaway and I forgave him
off a lot of people. Sarakept herself fit and
for forgetting our dinner date two weeks
spent time with friends. Torngained ten each other
pounds and spent all his time by himself. ago. Sam and 1 could forgive themselves so I
myself
They were both unemployed so the situation suppose I can forgive -me-.
1 itself can’t explain why they acted so
differently from each other The main
difference was the way Tom and Sara
explained the problem to themselves. Sara
believed that she herself could change her
SelfTest

(Total
Si
= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
situation. Tom saw himself as helpless.
jsEcrrioiij ONE
Later, everyone got their jobs back. When
they all talked to one another back at the 1. c 4. C 7. C 10. C
2. B 5. A 8. C 11. c
office, Tom grumbled, ‘They must have been 3. D 6. A 9. C 12. A
desperate.’ Sara replied, ‘They finally
realised they need us!’ isECTSOÿsj TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets.)
i. yourselves 13. A (is) 19. D (delete the)

i 2.
3.
herself, ourselves
myself, yourself
14. C (Christmas)
1 5. B (is starting)
20. B (much time)
21 . C (few)
4. each other, yourself 1 6. B (May) 22. B (a little)
5. itself, ourselves 17. D (the) 23. B (one another’s)
6. yourselves, one another 18. A (delete A and 24. B (a little)

I
m 2.
3.
4.
yourselves
themselves
himself
7. myself
8. myself
9. yourselves
capitalise Money)

IT
25. D (the accountant)

5. yourselves 10. myself The Passive: Overview

6. each other
OR one another
POINT
p4_y I forgot tomyself
call Sam on his birthday. the number of years the magazine has existed
— I reminded me all day and I still forgot! I CHART CHECK
T, T, F
felt terrible. My sister, Anna, said, ‘Don’t, be
yourself
>ÿ

so hard on yourselves,’ but I didn’t believe EXPRESS

: herself were printed

s
her. She prides her on remembering
everything. Then I read an article on 2. A 7. A
3. P 8. P
self-talk. It said that people can change the 4. A 9. A
themselves
5. P 10. P
way they explain problems to theirsefves.
myself 6. P
If I realised that the way I talk to me is

ilS'.'
llifi :
 Answer Key s 397

pfÿ|j 3. Tagalog is spoken

4. is spoken by 417 million people The Passive with Modals
5. Seventy-one million people speak
6. Arabic is spoken by
7. speak English lc:tf5SCa€ j POINT
8. Swahili is spoken OR somebody should do something about
People speak Swahili Ed’s snoring

jj 3. is published ( tTT& pabnsSer) CHART CHECK 1

4. is read (fSadSrs) T, F
5. have been hired by our CHART CHECK 2
international offices
6. were purchased (ffie:eornpaSy)
a modal or an auxiliary verb
7. are used (QuSÿwrFfcgfs) EXPRESS
8. is advertised (advertisers)
A: Will ... be prepared
9. were (or was) interviewed by Live at Ten
B: won’t, will be prepared
TV

m
i 0. was seen by millions of viewers

Two-thirds of Bolivia’s five million people

m Space Station Unity will be completed
within the next decade and international
are located teams of astronauts will then be sharing
locate in the cool western highlands known
close quarters for long periods of time. What
as the Altiplano. For centuries, the grain can be done to improve living conditions in
grown
quinoa has been grew- in the mountains. space? Here’s what former astronauts
are suggest:
LlamasAbred for fur, meat and
•FOOD It doesn’t taste as good in zero
transportation. And tin, Bolivia’s richest
mined gravity. Food should be made spicier to
natural resource, is mining EjOainSrs in overcome those effects. International
the high Andes. tastes must also be considered.

The Oriente, another name for the

•CLOTHING Layered clothing could help
astronauts stay comfortable. The top
eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is layer could be removed or added as
the major food crop and cows are raised for temperatures vary.
found
milk. Oil is also find there. •SLEEPING Because of weightlessness,
sleep is often interrupted in space.
Although Spanish is the official language,
Comfortable restraints must be provided
Native American languages are still spoken to give a sense of stability.
by people. Traditional textiles are woven by • EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest time
is in space just as they do on Earth. Time
hand and musicAplayed on reed pipes whose
ought to be provided for relaxation and
tone resembles the sound of the wind privacy.
blowing over high plains in the Andes.
15 2. Is . . . going to be prepared
3. (is it going to be) squeezed
4. will be prepackaged
5. can be warmed up

(continued on next page)

i
am
398 n answer v:=y

f 6. should ... be chosen

7. has to be offered 4WJ T a
s. could be selected j The Causative
9. Will ... be used
10. had better be attached
11. ought to be made fZSSl POINT
went to a hairdresser’s

51 2.
3.
should be kept
ought to be improved
CHART CHECK
F, T, F
4. could be designed
5. can be removed EXPRESS
6. ought to be given A: done
7. are going to be delivered B: done, do

m
8. will be done
9. will be stored 2. T 4. T 6. T
3. T 5. F
Ky I used the sleeping restraints last night and
be made
slept a lot better. They ought to make more | 3. Amy had the dog groomed.
4. They are going to get the windows cleaned.
comfortable, though. I felt trapped. I’ve just 5. They had the carpets shampooed.
6. Amy is going to have her ears pierced.
looked in the mirror. My face is puffy and
get 7. Jake got his hair cut.
my eyes are red. I’d better be got on 8. They are going to have food and
drinks delivered.
the exercise bike right away. I can be
misunderstood
1. OR have it shortened
2. get (OR have) it dry cleaned
Last night, Max thought I was angry with 3. ’re getting (OR having) them cleaned OR

him for turning on ‘Star Trek’. Actually, I love ’re going to get (OR have) them cleaned
4. ’m getting (OR having) it cut OR ’m going
that programme. I might be given early to get (OR have) it cut
s. get (OR have) it coloured
lunch shift today. I hope they have more
6. Did . . . get (OR have) it painted
chilli. It’s nice and spicy and the sauce can
be The party was last night. It went really
actually boon tasted, even at zero gravity.
flown well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad
Some of it had better be fly in on the shuttle
had the floors polished and all the windows
pretty soon or there might be some unhappy cleaned
elean professionally so everything sparkled.
i astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, painted the whole house
And of course we had -the v,h,ofe-' h;>usc--painted
Katy called and told me she was planning to
talked ourselves last summer. (I’ll never forget
leave school. I think she could be talk out of
that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my new
it but I’m afraid I’ll get angry and shout if had
be black dress that I have shortened by Jill
we discuss it. I mightAoverheard by others. got. my hair out
and I got cut -my- hair by Colin. He did a
We need some privacy here!
great job. There were a lot of guests at the
had invited OK invited almost fifty people
1 party. We hadmlmosfe-Sfty people-invited

i|:
 Ans Key a 399

and they almost all turned up! The food was EXPRESS
great too. Mum made most of the main 1. b 2. C 3. a

dishes herself but she had the rest of the

prepared
food prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad
H If you run into problems on your journey,
remember your rights as a passenger. Often
hired a professional photographer so at the the airline company is required to compensate
had our photos taken you for delays or damages. For example, the
end of the party we
airline provides meals and hotel rooms if a
Dad’s getting them back next week. I can’t flight is unduly delayed. However, the airline
wait to see them! owes you a lot more if it cai

during holidays if airlines sell more tickets

SeMTest than there are seats. If all the passengers
actually turn up, then the flight is
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) overbooked. Airlines usually award
upgrades or additional free travel to
[sgcrioiil ONE
passengers who volunteer to take a later
1. c 4. B 7. C 9. D
flight. However, if no one volunteers, your
2. D 5. C 8. B 10. B
3. A 6. B flight may be delayed. In that case, the
airline must repay you 100 per cent of the
‘SECTS ok-Jl TWO cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four
(Correct answers are in parentheses.) hours on an international flight. If the delay
11. C (by)
is more than four hours, you receive
12. A (delete were)
13. C (be corrected) 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.
14. D (delete by the printer)
15.
16.
A (delete was)
D (return)
ES l . OR The best time to go to Hong Kong
is November or December if you hate
17. C (them done) hot weather.
18. C (be discussed) 2. If you’re travelling with your children,
19. A (was painted) take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement
20. C (couldn’t OR wasn’t able to) Park in Kowloon. OR Take your children
21 . B (grown) to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in
22. D (was working) Kowloon if you’re travelling with them.
23. B (have to be replaced) 3. If you need a moderately priced hotel,
24. C (cleaned) I suggest the Harbour View International
25. A (be made) House. OR I suggest the Harbour View
International House if you need a
moderately priced hotel.
4. If you like seafood, there are wonderful
NT Zero Conditionals seafood restaurants on Lamina Island, OR
There are wonderful seafood restaurants
on Lamina Island if you like seafood.
POINT 5. If you’re fascinated by Chinese opera,
T you might like the street opera in the
Shanghai Street Night Market, OR
CHART CHECK You might like the street opera in the
T, F, F
(continued on next page)

i
 li
I 400 S Amsure - Key
Shanghai Street Night Market if you’re
fascinated by Chinese opera. First Conditionals
6. If you’d like to get a good view of Hong i
Kong, you should take the funicular to
I i the Peak. OR You should take the funicular
to the Peak if you’d like to get a good RAAAXX j POINT
view of Hong Kong. F,F
CHART CHECK
2. I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay the if clause
at a hotel. when the if clause comes first
If I stay with friends, I spend time
3.

4.
with them.
It’s not so nice if I get a ‘Dracula’ flight.
EXPRESS ..
If she wins, she’ll fight crime.
5. It’s very rewarding if you don’t mind

!
hard work.
6. If you have three flatmates, you don’t
have trouble finding dogwalkers.
H 2. e
3. C
4.
5-
a
g
6.
7.
d
b
7. If a flight has an empty seat, I travel free.
3. get
p?|j|| What a great weekend! If Lou and Tony 4.
5.
If
win
aren’t the best hosts in the world, I won’t 6. ’ll take OR ’m going to take
7. If
know who is. I’ve invited them to London 8. am
9. ’ll try OR ’m going to try
but if you live in the Bahamas, you rarely
10. will ... do OR are . . . going to do
want to leave. Tomorrow at midnight, I am 11. if
12. lose
doing a round trip from London to .A If
Singapore. There’s always a price to pay. If I 14. lose
is. ’ll continue OR ’M going to continue
get a free weekend, I always get a ‘Dracula’ 16. Unless
'
don’t 17. cooperate
flight afterwards. Oh, well. If I wonÿ fall
18. won’t be OR isn’t going to be
asleep, I can usually get a lot of reading 19. if
20. don’t elect
done. Pat and Ken both flew to London 21 . ’ll be OR ’m going to be
yesterday. I hope someone can walk Frisky
'm (possible answers)
for me. Usually, if I’ll-he working, one of them 3. If I take out a student loan, I won’t have

is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he to depend on my family, OR I won’t have
barks to depend on my family if I take out a
barked a lot. That disturbs the neighbours. student loan.
4. If I go to law school, I’ll earn more money.
Maybe I should just leave the TV on for him.
OR I’ll earn more money if I go to law school.
He’s always very calm, if the TV is on. Or 5. If I earn more money, I’ll be able to pay
back my (student) loan quickly, OR I’ll be
!
maybe I’d better call Pat and ask her about able to pay back my (student) loan
her timetable. If it was 6:00 p.m. here in quickly if 1 earn more money.
;ÿ 6. If I pay back my loan quickly, I’ll be able
Singapore, it’s 11:00 a.m. in London. to pay for my sister to go to university.
OR I’ll be able to pay for my sister to go
to university if 1 pay back my loan
quickly.
X
Answer riey s 401

7. If I go to law school, I’ll go into politics. 4. couldn’t identify

OR I’ll go into politics if I go to law school. 5. were
8. If I go into politics, I’ll be able to improve 6. loved
life for others. OR I’ll be able to improve 7. ’d hate OR would hate
life for others if go into politics. 8. drove
9. If I go into politics, I’ll get elected as an 9. ’d hate OR would hate
MP. OR I’ll get elected as an MP if I go io. were
into politics. n . ’d hate OR would hate
10. If I get elected as an MP, I’ll sit in the 12. weren’t
House of Commons. OR I’ll sit in the House 13. might be
of Commons if I get elected as an MP.
2. If Schroeder didn’t love Beethoven, he
Should I campaign for student union wouldn’t play his sonatas all the time.
want 3. If Charlie Brown had enough friends, he
president? I’ll have to decide soon if I wanted
I’m wouldn’t feel lonely.
to run. If I’fi-bc busy campaigning, I won’t 4. If Sally knew her teacher’s name, she
could send her a card.
have much time to study. That’s a problem, 5. If Linus weren’t clever, he wouldn’t find
unless* intelligent solutions to life’s problems.
because I’m not going to get a good job if I
6. If Woodstock and Snoopy didn’t have a
get good marks this year. On the other close relationship, Woodstock wouldn’t
confide in Snoopy.
hand, there’s so much to do in this 7. If Rerun’s parents didn’t refuse to let
will get OR is going to get
university and nothing is-getting done if him have a dog, he wouldn’t try to
borrow Charlie’s dog.
John Healy becomes president again. A lot 8. If Pigpen had enough baths, he wouldn’t
of people know that. But will I know what to
be filthy.
I
do if Pft get the job? Never mind. I’ll deal ply I’ve got to stop staying up late reading would
with that problemyif I win. ‘Peanuts’! If I weren’t always so tired, I wifi
don’t
*OR if Iÿget be able to stay awake in class. Whenever the
teacher asks me something, I don’t know
«,T what to say. Then I get really embarrassed
Second Conditionals
*lis because of that nice red-haired girl that I
weren’t
like. I would talk to her if I weuidn%--be so
rr-TTTvl POINT were
F shy. My friend, Jason, says, ‘If I was you, I’d

CHART CHECK ask her to a party.’ but I’m too afraid that if
say
F, T, F I asked her, she would have-said no. After
EXPRESS school, I played football. Nobody wanted me
would, if, were played
in their team. If I play better, I would get
If: 2. T
IM 4. F 6. F chosen sometimes. Life is hard! 1 can really
3. T 5. F
understand that Charlie Brown character in
2. wouldn’t like ‘Peanuts’. In fact, if I didn’t laugh so hard
3. weren’t cry
while reading ‘Peanuts’, I would eried!
 li
!ÿ
402 s -Ti'S' v v"

!
iT 6. If George’s friends had known about his
troubles, they would have helped him
HF Third Conditionals straightaway. OR George’s friends would
have helped him straightaway if they had
i POINT known about his troubles.
7. If George’s friends hadn’t collected money
F for him, he would have gone to prison, OR
CHART CHECK George would have gone to prison if his
friends hadn’t collected money for him.
the if clause
the if clause comes first
[?V;
L—m
j It’s funny how things work out sometimes.
EXPRESS f Hi hadn’t
If George feassft wanted to jump off that
would have studied
bridge on Christmas Eve, I might never
2. F 4. F 6. T got
an important job like saving
3. T 5. F
1 him. And if he hadn’t been so stubborn,
H 2. could (OR would) have gone OR would have
been able to go, hadn’t lost
have
I would never -had thought of the idea of
3. could have gone, hadn’t become showing him life in Bedford Falls without
4. wouldn’t have known, hadn’t shown
5. hadn’t helped, could have gone him. One of the saddest things was seeing
6. might not have led, hadn’t married all those people who didn’t have homes.
7. would have been, hadn’t lived had given up ;

s (Answers may vary slightly)

i . OR Clarence would have had more self-
confidence if he had been a first-class angel.
If George gavs-ap and sold his business to
Mr Potter, then Potter would have rented
run-down flats to all those people. But
2. If George hadn’t been unhappy about his
because of George, they now have good
business, he wouldn’t have shouted at his
daughter on Christmas Eve. OR George homes. By the time we were finished, George
wouldn’t have shouted at his daughter on
Christmas Eve if he hadn’t been unhappy realised he really had a wonderful life. In
would
about his business. fact, he will have gone to prison happilyÿ if
3. Poor people couldn’t have bought (OR
wouldn’t have been able to buy) houses his friends hadn’t given him the money he
if George’s business hadn’t lent them
needed. Well, luckily they helped him out
money, OR If George’s business hadn’t lent
them money, poor people couldn’t have and he didn’t go to prison. And I got my
! bought (OR wouldn’t have been able to
buy) houses. wings and became a first-class angel!
4. If Mr Potter had been able to trick George,
George would have sold Potter the business.
OK George would have sold Mr Potter «iT
the business if Potter had been able to -’5, Wish: Present and Past
trick George.
I 5. If George’s Uncle Billy hadn’t lost £8,000,
George wouldn’t have got into trouble POINT
with the law. OR George wouldn’t have got that day
;
into trouble with the law if his Uncle
Billy hadn’t lost £8,000. CHART CHECK 1
the past simple
:

IT
!

.
A, svev a 403

CHART CHECK 2 If wishes were horses, I’d ride one to Paris.

the past perfect Hey! Mark is always saying, ‘I wish you would
EXPRESS mmA come with me sometimes.’ I suppose I can go
knew, had known
with him to Paris. Dr Grimes must have
2. T 4. F 6. T meant that I can solve my own problems.
B. F 5. T hadn’t
Now I wish I haven% been so rude to him.

IS 2.
3.
would go away
had
rm
4. didn’t have to deal SeJfTest
5. could entertain ILL
6. could have invited OR
had been able to invite (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
7. had known
jSECTSOWj ONE

0 2. I wish my husband would ask for a pay

rise.
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. A
12. D
3. I wish we’d saved some money last
month. jsiHcriraogval TWO
4. I wish my boyfriend weren’t unfit OR were
fit. (Correct answers are in brackets.)
5. I wish I weren’t too old to go back to 13. D (seen) 20. D (were)
school. 14. B (could have) 21. C (delete will)
6. I wish I could stop (OR were able to stop) is. B (won’t) 22. C ( delete comma)
smoking. 16. B (have) 23. A (had)
7. I wish my son would phone me. 17. B (were) 24. C (get)
8. I wish my parents had understood me. 18. A (could have) 25. C (could)
19. A (’ll eat OR
gPT] were
| Today, I said to Dr Grimes, ‘I wish there was are going to eat)

a way to spend more time with my boyfriend

but we’re both too busy.’ He just said, ‘If «',T Relative Clauses with
wishes were horses, beggars would ride.’ -S Subject Relative Pronouns
That’s an easy thing to say but I wish I
understood LZZZJ POINT
understand its meaning. Maybe it means F
that wishing won’t solve problems. Well, CHART CHECK
that’s why I went to see him!!! I wish he nouns
had told in the middle of the main clause, after the
will -tell me what to do right then and there main clause
but he refused. Speaking of wishful thinking, EXPRESS
;nd
I wish Mark and 1 could have spent the That’s the man who works in the cafeteria.

weekend together next week. My exams are

over but he’s got to fly to Paris for his job.

a
 '=!

404 s Answer Kay

V
a Almost everyone has friends but ideas about
friendship vary from person to person. For
5tj| A writer once said that friends are born,
not made. This means that we automatically
; some, a friend is someone (who) chats with
become friends with people who fheStare
you on the internet. For others, a friend is a
person (who; has known you all your life - compatible with us. I don’t agree with this
someone (whose) family knows you, too. writer. Last summer, I made friends with some
Others only use the term for someone (who) were OR are
people whoX completely different from me.
knows your innermost secrets. Although
In July, I went to Barcelona to study
different people emphasise different aspects
of friendship, there is one element (which)is Spanish for a month. In our group, there
who OR that
always present and that is the element of was a teacher which was much older than
choice. We may not be able to select our
I am. We became really good friends. In my
families, our colleagues or even the people
(fhatjtake the bus with us but we can choose first week, I had a problem which was
! our friends. As anthropologist Margaret getting me down. Barcelona is a city
that OR which
Mead once said, ‘A friend is someone(ÿyhq) y/U.e has a lot of distractions. As a result,

chooses and is chosen.’ It is this freedom

l! I went out all the time and I stopped going
; of choice (Chat) makes friendship such a
special relationship. to my classes. Bob helped me get back into
my studies. After the trip, I kept writing
•M I- OR that have are
: 2. who (OR that) have to Bob. He always writes stories that i&
3. that (OR which) are interesting and encouraging. Next summer,
4. who (OR that) faces that OR which
5. that (OR which) is he’s leading another trip what sounds
6. whose . . . are
interesting. I hope I can go.
7. whose . . . include
8. that (OR which) appears OR appeared OR
has appeared Adjective Clauses with
UNIT
9. who (OR that) doesn’t read OR hasn’t read
Object Relative Pronouns
Mexico City is an exciting city that (OR or When and Where
M2- which) attracts a lot of tourists.
3. Steph has a brother whose name E ] POINT
is Eric. T
4. He works for a magazine that (OR which) CHART CHECK
is very popular in Mexico.
the subject of the relative clause
5. Eric writes a column that (OR which)
F
deals with relationships.
6. An article that (OR which) discussed EXPRESS
friendships won a prize. I watch all the films that he directs.
7. A person who (OR that) has a lot of friends
: is lucky.
!;
!
I.
$
19!
B
! S:
0
 Answer Key a 405

iaj| At the age of nine, Eva Hoffman left Poland 4. I had a good friend who (OR whom OR
with her family. She was old enough to know that) I went to school with. OR . . . with
what she was losing: Krakow, a cityl£hat)she whom I went to school.
5. I took piano lessons from a woman who
loved as one loves a person, the sun-baked (OR whom OR that) I met at my mum’s
villages (Where) they had spent summer office.
holidays and the conversations and 6. I remember one summer when the whole
escapades with her friends. Disconnected family went to the seaside.
7. Those were good times that (OR which) I’ll
from a cityijwhere) life was lived intensely, always remember.
her father was overwhelmed by the
transition to Canada. Eva lost the . Tai Dong is the small city in southeastern
parent (whom) she had watched in lively where OR in which OR that ... in
Taiwan which I grew up. My family moved
conversation with friends in Krakow cafes.
there from Taipei the summer I was bom.
And nothing could replace her friendship
with the boy (whose) home she visited daily, The house in which I grew up jstis on a
and (whom)she assumed she would marry main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea
one day. Worst of all, however, she missed
and my mother had a food stand in our front
her language. For years, she felt no
connection to the English name of courtyard, where she sold omelettes early in
anvthing(£hat)she felt was important. Lost the morning. A customer who I always
in Translation:A Life in a New Language chatted with hhfr had a son my age. We were
(Penguin, 1989) tells how Eva came to whose
best friends. A cousin w-hs-h-is family I
—
terms with her new identity and language.
s' .
It’s a story that.- readers will find fascinating visited every summer lived with us. He was
who OR whom OR that
and moving. an apprentice which my father was teaching
the tea business to. On the first floor of our
« 1. OR that in which OR where
3. who OR whom OR that house, we had a we
4. stayed OR were staying
all gathered for dinner. It was a noisy place.
5. which were
6. had The bedrooms where the family slept was
7. that OR which
8. wanted upstairs. My two brothers slept in one
that OR which
9. that OR which bedroom. I slept in one what I shared with
10. have experienced
11. where OR in which my older sister. My younger sister shared a
12. were who OR whom OR that
13. who OR whom OR that bedroom with another cousin which my
14. take care of family had adopted.
"OR the house which (or that) I grew up in
i. OK ... in which 1 grew up . . .
M 2. The house that (OK which) we lived in
was beautiful. OR The house in which
we lived . . .
3. Emily and I shared a room where
(OR in which) we spent a lot of time
playing.
 i:;
406 a Aiiswer KS'

r Relative Clauses: devices, not the people who use them. ‘The
WMs Defining and
m Non-Defining
best way to cure technophobia is to cure the
reasons that cause it - that is, to design
.HD. POINT things that, people can use and design things
F
that won’t break,’ claims Norman. Michael
CHART CHECK
non-defining Dyrenfurth, who is a university lecturer,
T believes we cause our own problems by
EXPRESS buying technology that we just don’t need.
It was the computer jgrhicft we saw at
E-Lectronics. ‘Do we really need electric toothbrushes?’ he
asks. According to Williams, important
SI 2.
3.
T
T
4.
5.
F
F
6. F
technology that we can’t afford to run away

m i tech 1
•no • pho •bia (noun) a fear that
some people have about using technology
from actually exists. To prosper, we need to
overcome our technophobia and learn to use it.

2. My new mobile, which I bought only a

If you have it, you’re one of the 85 per cent
month ago, has become a necessary part
of people that this new ‘disease’ has struck. of life.
3. I remember the day when I was afraid to
Maybe you’ve bought a phone on which you use my new computer.
can programme 99 numbers - but you can’t 4. Now, there are psychologists who (OR that)
help technophobes use technology.
turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read 5. Dr Michelle Weil, who is a psychologist,
wrote a book about ‘technostress’.
that your new CD player, which you have
I 6. I work in an office where (OR in which)
finally learnt how to use, will soon be the software changes frequently.
7. A lot of people who work in my office
replaced by DVD, which you had never even suffer from technostress.
heard of. 8. Some people dream of a job they can do
without technology. !,...
Some experts say that things have just
become too complex. William Staples, who I’ve just read a book called Technostress,

wrote a book on the electronic age, tried to which was written by Dr Michelle Weil. Her
who
help a friend who had just bought a new co-author was Dr Larry Rosen, that is her

stereo. The stereo, which worked before, husband and also a psychologist. According

wasn’t working any more. ‘On the front of to the authors, everybody feels stress about
which
the stereo, there were literally twenty technology. Our mobiles and pagers, that we

buttons,’ says Staples. Donald Norman, who buy for emergencies, soon invade our
Hi has written about the effects of technology privacy. Just because they can, people
.1' on people, blames the designers of these contact us at placesÿ where we are relaxing.

i!
i
 Ariswer Key s 407

Another problem is having to learn too Can’t sleep? You’re not alone. Millions of
i which
much, too fast. Technological changes, people are up tossing and turning instead of
to come one at a time, now overwhelm us. getting their beauty sleep. Dr Ray Thorpe,
Director of the Sleep Disorders Clinic, (says),
Dr Weil suggests dealing with technostress
‘Don’t think that loss of sleep is just a minor
using tips from her latest book, which can inconvenience.’ During an interview he (jjold)
be purchased via her website. me to think aboutwhat can happen if people
i
drive when they’re tired. Every year up to
200,000 car accidents are caused by drowsy
"
SelfTest % IV drivers. Then he(askecj)me to think about a
recent industrial disaster. Chances are that
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) it was caused at least in part by sleep
deprivation.
jsEcrg-BOMl ONE
Being an insomniac myself, I asked
1. B 4. C 7. B 10.c Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He(toId)me
2. A 5. B 8. C 11. B
3. D 6. B 9. B 12. C to stop drinking coffee. He(saiÿi to have a
warm glass of milk instead. ‘A lot of old-
jSEE CTi OEV3 1 TWO
fashioned remedies work. Have a high-
(Correct answers are in parentheses.) carbohydrate snack like a banana before you
13. C (where)
go to bed,’ he (said) But he (advises) patients
14. A (who)
is. C (delete he) not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for
16. B (whose) the night. What about exercise? ‘Regular
17. B (that OR which OR delete what) wexercise helps but don’t exercise too close
18. D (delete it)
to_bedtime,’ lie suggested. Finally, (tie tÿld me
19. C (discuss)
20. B (which) not to despair. ‘Don’t worry about not
21. A (who) sleeping. It’s the worst thing to do,’ he (said). I
22. C (in which OR where) don’t know. After thinking about those
23. B (with whom)
24. C (when OR that OR delete which)
industrial accidents, I doubt I’ll be able to
25. A (whose) sleep at all!

IT
Hi 2. that night
told
7. there
explain

%
3. 8.
Direct and indirect 4. my 9. not to
Speech: Imperatives s. to watch 10. the next
6. said 11. to get

CHART CHECK
POINT
‘Don’t eat a heavy meal before bed.’
m i. OR

2.
He said to pull over and have a
brief nap.
OR He told them not to have a long nap.
direct speech 3. He told them (OR He said) to sing to
T themselves.
4. He told them (OR He said) to tune their
EXPRESS radios to an annoying station.
to go, Don’t work 5. He told them (OR He said) not to
eat while driving.
(continued on next pope)
 408 a Answer Ke¬
if
6. He told them (OR He said) to open their
windows.
yUi’l I T
Indirect Speechÿ
7. He told them (OR He said) to let cold air in.
Statements (1)
8. He told them (OR He said) to be careful
when they stop their cars.
9. He told them (OR He said) not to stop in
POINT
a deserted place. ‘It looks great on you!’
10. He told them (OR He said) not to drink
; CHART CHECH
and drive.
the punctuation
the verb tense in the statement
In class today, John read one of his stories. pronouns in the statement
It was wonderful. After the lesson, the EXPRESS
to
teacher asked meAread a story in class next told, was
not
week. However, I begged her ne to ask
At 9:00, Rick Thompson’s bank phoned and
me next week because I’m having trouble (sai(| that his credit card payment was late.
told
getting ideas. She said me not to worry and The cheque is in the post,’ Rick(replied)
quickly. At 11:45, Rick left for a 12:00
she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked
to meeting. Arriving late, Rick(told)his client
to John and I asked himAtell me the source that traffic had been bad. That evening,
his
of your ideas. He said that they came from Rick’s fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hated
to
his dreams and he told meAkeep a dream it- ‘It looks great on you,’ he Isaiji
Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just
diary for ideas. He invited meÿlo read some
an ordinary guy. Each time, he (told himself
of his diaryalt was very interesting so 1 that sometimes the truth causes too many
asked him to give me some tips on problems. He (tojdjhimself that his fiancee
to get was happy with her purchase. Why should
remembering dreams. He said getting a
he hurt her feelings?
good night’s sleep because the longer
Is telling lies a new trend? The majority
dreams come after a long period of sleep. He of people in a recent survey (gaid) that people
told
also teH me to keep my diary by the bed and were more honest ten years ago.
not to Nevertheless, lying wasn’t really born
to write as soon as I wake up. He said te-ne
yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the
move from the sleeping position. He also French philosopher Vauvenargues was right
not to
told me to-donrt think about the day at first. about lying when he (wroth, ‘All men are
(If you think about your day, you might born truthful and die liars.’

forget your dreams.) Most important - every sen 2. has 7. had earned
night he tells himself that to remember his 3. told 8. had lied
the next 4. that 9. was leaving
dreams tomorrow morning. -S. had (0. had fired
6. she
 Answer Key B 409

m 2.

3.
Lisa said (that) she had just heard about
a job at a scientific research company.
Ben said (that) he had got a B. Sc. in
M3 i T
Indirect Speech:
Statements (2)
Biochemistry from London.
4. Lisa told him (that) they wanted someone pca-a g=esK | POINT
with some experience as a programmer. ‘It will be windy.’
5. Ben told her (that) he worked as a
programmer for Data Systems in CHART CHECK
Basingstoke. ought to, might, should have
6. Lisa said (that) they didn't want a recent
graduate. EXPRESS
7 Ben told her (that) he had got his degree Jim said that he might move soon.
four years ago OR before.
8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right
job for him.
5 2-
3.
The wind may reach 170 miles per hour.’
‘There will be more rain tomorrow.’

m Once, when I was a teenager, I went to my

4. Tou should try to leave the area.’
5. ‘We can expect a lot of damage.’

aunt’s house. She collected pottery and

told
when I got there, she said me that she
IS2- They said (that) it was going to pass
north of there.
wanted me* 3. They said (that) it might become a
wants to show me a new bowl. She toldAshe tropical storm when it landed there.
had 4. They said (that) they had had to close
-has- just bought it. It was beautiful. When
some bridges the day before because of
she went to answer the door, I picked up the high tides.
5. They said (that) they wouldn’t restore the
bowl. It slipped out of my hands and electricity until today.
smashed to pieces on the floor. When my 6. They said (that) the schools there might
that be closed for a while.
aunt came back, I screamed and said what 7. They said (that) they ought to use bottled
her
the cat had just broken your new bowl. My water for a few days.

aunt looked at me in a funny way and told

wasn’t
me that it -isn’t important. I couldn’t sleep
Ilil2- He said (that) it was true, and (that) they
would probably become more frequent.
3. He said (that) the planet might be getting
that night, and the next morning, I rang my warmer, and (that) that could cause more
had severe storms.
aunt and confessed that I have broken her 4. He said (that) the emergency services
she
bowl. She saidJ had known that all along. should have arrived much more quickly.
was 5. He said (that) the new satellites would
I promised that I am going to buy her a help. He said (that) if we (OR they) didn’t
new one. We still laugh about, it. now.
have them, we (OK they) wouldn’t be able
said to warn people.
*OR She told she . . .

E We had some excitement here because of

the hurricane last. week. Jim's mother
•V. ;

called just before the storm. She said she is

listening to the weather report and that she
was worried about, us. She told Jim that if

(n>nlimicil on next I'aiy1

 410 a ArtSVJGr Key

VV( would
ye-a-two weren’t so stubborn, we will pack he asked who had written her application
up and leave immediately. Jim’s father told for her. Melissa was shocked but she
::

handled herself very well. She asked the

us how to get ready for the storm. He said
interviewer whether he was going to ask
we should have put tape on our hotel her any serious questions. Then she left.
that night
windows tonight and that we ought to fill Companies sometimes conduct stress
interviews to see how candidates handle
the bath with water. He also told Jim that
pressure. Suppose, for example, that there
we should buy a lot of batteries before the is an accident in a nuclear power plant. The
struck that day
storm str-ikee-t-eday My friend Sue called. plant’s public relations officer must remain
She said that her place was too close to the calm when reporters ask how the accident
there could have happened. Be aware, however,
coast and that she couldn’t stay here. She !
she that in some countries, like the United States,
told me I wanted to stay with me and Jim. certain questions are not allowed unless
have
She said she shouldAcalled us sooner. I told they are directly related to the job. If your
then interviewer asks how old you are, you can
her she should come now. Then we listened
refuse to answer. The interviewer also should
to the weather forecast and the weather
was not ask whether you are married or how much
forecaster said that the storm is going to go money you owe. If you think a question is
wouldn’t
out to sea. He said it won’t strike this area inappropriate, ask how it relates to the job.
If it doesn’t relate to it, you don’t have to
at all!
answer.
I
Items ticked: 2, 3, 5
pWT
indirect Questions IS]2- He asked when the interview was.
He asked where the company was.
3.
] POINT 4. He asked if (OR whether) she needed
directions.
‘Why are you still single?’ 5. He asked how long it took to get there.
CHART CHECK! 6. He asked if (OR whether) she was going
to drive.
F, T He asked who was going to interview her.
7.
CHART CHECK 2 8. He asked when they would let her know.
F,T
3. Pete asked if (OR whether) she was going
EXPRESS for interviews with other companies.
why he had left his job. 4. Claire asked what her responsibilities
would be.

i;
pf|jj A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a 5. Claire asked how job performance was
rewarded.
stress interview, one which featured tough, 6. Pete asked what her starting salary at
J:' tricky questions and negative evaluations. her last job had been OR had been at her
First, the interviewer asked why she couldn’t last job.
Pete asked if (OR whether) she had got on

-
7.
work under pressure. Before she could answer,
well with her last employer.
8. Claire asked if (OR whether) they (OR he)
employed many women.

V
 Answer Key a 411

ply I did some stress questioning in my interview you’ve ever left a small tip and then
wondered if it should have been bigger.
with Miles Denton this morning. I asked
he couldn’t you’ve ever left a large tip and then
Mr Denton why eou-ld-a-fc-he work under wondered if you needed to tip at all.
pressure. I also asked him why did his you’ve ever been uncertain whether the tip
disliked is included in the bill.
supervisor dislike him. Finally, I enquired
you’ve ever wondered why you should tip.
when he would leave our company? you’ve new to the United Kingdom and
Mr Denton answered my questions calmly you’re not sure who to tip.
and he had some excellent questions of his
own. He askedÿf we expected changes to the
H 2.
3.
how to tell if the tip is included in the bill.
why waiters in Iceland refused
my tips?
jobÿHe also wanted to know how often M* 4. how much to tip airport porters.
we evaluate employees. I was impressed 5. who expects a tip and who doesn’t.
I had decided 6. I should tip my ski instructor.
when he asked why did I decide to join this 7. tipping is still illegal there.
company. I think we should employ him.
8. to tip anyway.

*OR how often we evaluated

H 2. how much to tip (OR how much we should
tip) the taxi driver?
3. where the Smithsonian Museum is?
4. where we can buy (OR where to buy)
Embedded Questions metro tickets.
5. we could rent a car and drive?
6. what they put in the sauce.
jTÿ¥E"o:"j POINT
Should we leave a tip? When you live in a foreign country, even a
Is the service included?
small occasion can be an adventure! Before
CHART CHECK
my date with James tonight, I didn’t even
F, T I should OR to
know what should I wear! Jeans? A dress?
EXPRESS
A: ? B: . John’s Grill isn’t a smart restaurant but it
was James’s birthday and I wanted to make
58 Read this if ...
you’ve ever wanted to know exactly how to
it a big occasion. Alison was very helpful, as
always. I knew how to get to John’s Grill
tip.
but I didn’t know how long it was going to
you’ve ever cancelled a restaurant booking
because you didn’t know whether to tip or take to get there? I left at 6:00, which
not. should have given me plenty of time, but
you’ve ever forgotten to tip or not realised whether
when 1 got off the bus, 1 wasn’t sure if to
that you were supposed to tip.
(continued on next page)
 \ 412 s
'l
&
fl < turn left or right. I asked a police officer
II
II !
where
John’s was
and I was only a few
SelfTest
iI
minutes late. I had planned to take James
out for a drink afterwards but I couldn’t
(Total = 100 point's. Each item = 4 points.)

remember how Kto find the place Alison had

fsgcraoiÿl ONE
1. D 4. C 7. C 9. C
suggested and James has been here even
2. A S. A 8. A 10. D
less time than me. Anyway, when we got the 3. B 6. C
not
bill, I was wondering whether to tip or no. I TWO
if he knew
had to ask James did-hc know. Fortunately, (Correct, answers are in brackets.)
11. A (told OR said to) 19. D (it costs)
he had read a great book called Tips on 12. D (.) 20. C (runs)
Tipping so he told me to leave about 13. D (then) 2!. D (?)
14. D (was coming) 22. D (, ’)
15 per cent. 15. D (there) 23. B (if you could)
16. B (whether or not OR if) 24. C (not to)
17. A (whether) 25. B (I could)
18. D (might have stopped)

I
i
:
i :ÿ

I i 1 i!
k

r
r
it
 AJan, 250-251 Agent Be used to/used to, 33, 203
A few/few, 246-247 with causative, 272-273 Before
A great deal of, 246-247 with passive, 265 future time clauses, 89
A little/little, 246-247 Ago, 25 past perfect, 71
A lot of, 246-247 Already By
Ability, 116-117 future perfect, 97 followed by reflexive pronoun,
passive, 269 past perfect, 71 259
with wish, 295 present perfect, 50—51 with causative, 272-273
Active/passive, 264-265 Always, 7 with future perfect, 97
Additions, 110-111 American English, 350 with passive, 264-265
Adjective clauses (see Relative Any, 246-247 with past perfect, 71
clauses) Articles By the time, 89
Adjectives a/an, 243, 250-251
As ... as, 180-181 no article, 250-251
comparatives, 184-185, no article contrasted with the, Can
254-255 ability, 116-117
339, 344
i the, 243, 250-251 permission, 120-121
contrast with adverbs,
As in comparative structures, requests, 124-125
172-173
180-181 with verbs of perception, 11
followed by infinitives,
As soon as Can’t
210-211, 215, 338
future time clauses, 89 ability, 116-117
irregular comparisons, 339
past perfect, 71 deduction, 158-159
participles used as, 176-177,
Auxiliary verbs deduction in the past,
339 166-167
in additions, 110-111
with preposition with passive, 269
in question tags, 106-107
combinations, 203, 338 prohibition, 146-147
with questions about
superlatives, 188-189, Can’t have, 166-167
predicate, 103
339, 344 Causative, 272-273
Adverbs Commands
As ... as, 180-181 imperative, 18-19
comparatives, 192-193, 339 Be indirect speech, 315
contrast with adjectives, contractions, 345 Commas
172-173 past simple, 24-25, 28-29 with first conditionals, 283
ending in -ly, 172-173, 344 followed by reflexive with relative clauses, 309
of frequency, 7 pronoun, 259 with second conditionals,
followed by infinitives, 215 Be able to, 116-117 286-287
irregular comparisons, 339 Be (doing), 2-3 with third conditionals,
of manner, 173 Be going to 290-291
superlatives, 192-193 contractions, 346 with time clauses, 41, 89
Advice, 128-129 contrast with other future with zero conditionals, 279
If 1 were you, 287 forms, 84-85 Common nouns, 242—243
imperative, 19 first conditionals, 283 Comparatives
passive, 268-269 future, 80-81, 84-85 adjectives, 184-185, 339,
After future continuous, 93 344
with future time clauses, 89 with passive, 268—269 adverbs, 192-193, 339
with past perfect, 71 Be supposed to, 150-151 irregular, 339

413
 m
V
Conditionals contractions, 345 Future perfect, 96-97
first, 282-283 question tags, 106-107 Future perfect continuous,
j
second, 286-287 Do you mind if, 120-121 96-97
third, 290-291 Don’t have to/must not, Future possibility, 154-155, 269
zero, 278-279 146-147
In Contractions
with verb forms, 345-346
Gerunds
* Could Each otker/each other’s,
ability, 116-117
contrast with infinitives,
258-259
222-223
deduction, 158-159 -ed
after prepositions, 202-203,
deduction in the past, adjective ending, 176-177
1 223
166-167 past participle, 46
I future possibility, past tense, 24—25
as subject or object, 198-199
after certain verbs, 199, 223,
154-155 Embedded questions, 330-331
337-338
indirect speech, 323 phrases introducing, 340
Get (s.o. to do s.t.), 226-227
with passive, 269 Enough
Get/have (s.t. done), 272-273
permission, 120-121 with countable and
Get used to/used to, 33, 203
requests, 124-125 uncountable nouns, 246—247
Go + gerund, 199
suggestions, 132-133 with infinitives, 214-215
Got (see Have or have got)
after wish, 295 -er
Couldn’t comparative adjectives, Had been (doing), 74-75
deduction, 158-159 184-185, 339, 344 Had better
past ability, 116-117 comparative adverbs, 192-193 advice, 128-129
Could have -est with passive, 269
1
deduction in the past, superlative adjectives, Had (done), 70-71
I 166-167 188-189, 339, 344 Had to have, 166—167
regret about the past, superlative adverbs, Hardly, 173
162-163 192-193 Have
after wish, 295 Ever contractions, 346
Countable nouns/uncountable with past perfect, 71 present perfect, 46-47, 50-51,
nouns, 242-243 with present perfect, 55 54-55
and articles, 250-251, with superlatives, 189 present perfect continuous,
254-255 Expectations 62-63
and quantifiers, 246-247 be supposed to, 150-151 Have been (doing)
present perfect continuous, 62
Have (done), 46-47, 50-51,
-d (see -edj Fewla few, 246-247 54-55
Deduction, 158-159, 166-167 First conditionals Have/get (s.t. done), 272-273
Defining relative clauses, future, 282-283 Have (got) to
308-309 For/since, 46-47 deduction, 158-159
Definite article, 250-251 Future necessity, 142-143
Direct speech be going to, 80-81 with passive, 269
imperative, 314-315 contrast of future forms, Have or have got, 349
punctuation rules, 347 84-85 Help (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227
questions, 326-327 passive, 269 How about, 132-133
statements, 318-319, present continuous, 85 How often, 58
322-323 present simple, 85
Directions, 19 time clauses, 88-89
Do will, 81, 85 If
with additions, 110 Future continuous, 92-93 contrast with unless, 283

W- 414

m
 in embedded questions, past continuous, 36-37 Might
330-331 past perfect continuous, deduction, 158-159
in indirect questions, 326-327 74-75 deduction in the past,
If clauses present continuous, 2-3 166-167
first conditionals, 282-283 present perfect continuous, future possibility, 154—155,
second conditionals, 286-287 62-63 269
third conditionals, 290-291 Inseparable phrasal verbs, indirect speech, 323
zero conditionals, 278-279 232-233, 341-342 Might have
If I were you, 287 Instructions advisability in the past,
Imperative, 18-19 imperative, 18—19 162-163
direct and indirect speech, indirect speech, 315 deduction in the past,
314-315 Invitations 166-167
reflexive pronouns, 259 imperative, 19 Modals (see also specific modals)
zero conditionals, 279 indirect speech, 315 first conditionals, 283
In order to, 218-219 Irregular plural nouns, 343 indirect speech, 323
Indefinite article, 250-251 Irregular verbs and passive, 268-269
Indefinite past, 54-55 lists, 336-337 and second conditionals, 287
Indirect questions, 326-327, 331 past simple, 24—25, 28 and third conditionals, 291
Indirect speech It’s + adjective + infinitive, 211 and zero conditionals, 279
imperatives, 314-315 Morelless, 184-185, 192-193
indirect questions, 326-327 Mostlleast, 188-189, 192-193
pronoun changes, 315, 323 Just, 50-51 Much, 246-247
reporting verbs, 315, 340 Multi-word verbs (see Phrasal
statements, 318-319, 322-323 verbs)
time word changes, 315, 323, Lately, 55, 173 Must
340 Less/more, 184, 192-193 deduction, 158-159
verb tense changes, 319, Let (s.o. do s.tj, 226-227 deduction in the past,
322-323 Let’s, 132-133 166-167
Infinitives Little/a little, 246-247 necessity, 142-143
after certain adjectives, -ly with passive, 268-269
210-211, 215, 338 as adjective ending, 173 Must have, 166-167
after adverbs, 215 as adverb ending, 172-173, Must not/don’t have to,
contrast with gerunds, 222-223 344 146-147
with indirect imperatives,
314-315
negative, 206-207, 218-219, Make (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227 Necessity
314-315 Many, 246-247 have (got) to and must,
after certain nouns, 210-211 Managed to, 117 142-143
after objects, 206-207, 227 May passive, 269
of purpose, 218-219 deduction, 158—159 Negative infinitives
after question words, 330-331 deduction in the past, imperatives, 315
with too and enough, 214-215 166-167 of purpose, 218-219
after certain verbs, 206-207, future possibility, 154-155, 269 after certain verbs, 206-207
338 permission, 120-121 Neither/nor, 110-111
-ing May have, 166-167 Never
as adjective ending, 176-177 Maybe with past perfect, 71
future continuous, 92-93 contrast with may be, 155 with present perfect, 54
future perfect continuous, in suggestions, 132-133 with present simple, 7
96-97 Me neither, 111 Non-action verbs (see Stative
gerunds, 198-199, 202-203 Me too, 111 verbs)

415
 %
Non-defining relative clauses, Passive Preferences, 136-137
308-309 with agent, 264-265 Prepositions
Nor me, 111 contrast with active, 264—265 combined with adjectives, 338
, Not at all, 120-121, 125 with modals, 268-269 combined with verbs, 338
Not either, 110-111 Past (see Past simple) contrast with particles, 233,
7
Not yet, 50-51 Past participles 237
:: Nouns
common, 242-243
to form causative, 272-273
to form future perfect, 96-97
followed by gerunds, 202-203,
223
compound, 349 to form passive, 264—265, relative pronoun as object of,
S
countable, 242-243, 246-247, 268-269 305
250-251, 254-255 to form past perfect, 70-71 Present continuous, 2-3
definite, 254-255 to form present perfect, contrast with present simple,
indefinite, 254-255 46-47, 50-51, 54-55 14-15
followed by infinitives, 210-211 Past perfect, 70-71 for future, 85
:
irregular plurals, 243, 343 with already, 71 spelling rules, 343
plural, 243, 343 with ever, 71 Present perfect
proper, 242-243 indirect speech, 323 with already, just and yet,
with quantifiers, 246-247 with never, 71 50-51
uncountable, 242-243, with yet, 71 contrast with past simple,
246-247, 250-251, 254-255 Past perfect continuous, 74-75 58-59
Past continuous, 36-37 contrast with present perfect
contrast with past simple, 37, continuous, 66-67
Object 41 with ever, 55
gerunds, 198-199 with past simple, 40-41 indefinite past, 54-55
before infinitives, 206-207, 227 with while, 37, 40-41 with lately, 51
with inseparable and Past simple, 24-25, 28-29 with since and for, 46-47
separable phrasal verbs, contrast with present perfect, Present perfect continuous, 62-63
232-233,236-237 58-59 contrast with present perfect,
Object relative pronouns, irregular verbs, 24-25, 66-67
304-305, 309 336-337 Present simple, 6-7
Often, 7 with past continuous, 40-41 contrast with present
One another/one another’s, pronunciation rules, 348 continuous, 14-15
258-259 spelling rules, 25, 344 for future, 84-85
Ought to Permission, 120-121 with future perfect, 97
advice, 128-129
polite answers, 121 with future perfect
in indirect speech, 323
Phrasal verbs continuous, 97
with passive, 269
inseparable, 232-233 in future time clauses, 89
Ought to have, 162-163
list, 341-342 pronunciation rules, 348
separable, 236-237 spelling rules, 343
Participles used as adjectives, transitive, 233, 237 Prohibition
176-177 Please must not and can’t, 146—147
list, 339 with permission, 121 Pronouns
Particles with requests, 125 reciprocal, 258-259
Plural nouns, 243, 343 reflexive, 258-259
I contrast with prepositions,
Possibility relative, 300-301, 304-305,
233, 237
inseparable phrasal verbs, future, 154-155, 269 308-309
: questions, 166-167 Pronunciation
232-233, 341-342
separable phrasal verbs, Predicate, 102-103 past simple of regular verbs,
236-237, 341-342 Prefer, 136-137 348

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416

1,
 present simple, 348 with object relative pronouns, adjectives, 188-189, 339, 344
table, 347 304-305 adverbs, 192-193
Proper nouns, 242-243 with subject relative
Punctuation (see also specific pronouns, 300-301
punctuation) with when and where, 305 Tell/say, 315, 319
direct speech, 347 Relative pronouns Than, 184-185, 192-193
after suggestions, 133 in defining and non-defining That
Purpose, 218-219 relative clauses, 308-309 with indirect speech, 318-319
Quantifiers object, 304—305 relative pronoun, 301,
and countable nouns, 246-247 subject, 300-301 304-305
:
irregular comparisons, 339 Reported speech (see Indirect That/which, 301
and uncountable nouns, speech) The
246-247 Reporting verbs, 314-315, 340 definite article, 250-251,
Question marks Requests, 124-125 254-255
in embedded questions, imperatives, 19 with superlative adjectives,
330-331 indirect speech, 315 188-189
in indirect questions, polite answers, 125 with superlative adverbs,
326-327 192-193
in suggestions, 132-133 Third conditionals, 290-291, 323
Questions (see also Wh- Time clauses
Second conditionals, 286-287,
questions; Yes/No questions) future, 88-89, 93, 97
323
embedded, 330-331, 340
Seldom, 7 past, 40-41, 71, 75
indirect, 326-327, 331
Separable phrasal verbs, with since, 47
past simple, 28-29
236-237, 341 Too
permission, 120
Several, 246-247 in additions, 110-111
possibility, 167
Shall we, 132 with infinitives, 214-215
about predicate, 102-103
Should Transitive phrasal verbs, 233, 237
question tags, 106-107
advice, 128-129 Two-word/part verbs (see
requests, 124—125
indirect speech, 323 Phrasal verbs)
about subject, 102-103
Quiz, 351 with passive, 269
Quotation marks, 314-315, 347 Should have, 162-163
Shouldn’t, 129 Uncountable nouns/countable
Shouldn’t have, 162-163 nouns, 242-243
Since/for, 46-47 and articles, 250-251, 254-255
Rarely, 7
So, 110-111 and quantifiers, 246—247
Recently, 55
Some, 246-247, 250-251 Unless/if, 283
Reciprocal pronouns, 258-259
Sometimes, 7 ‘Unreal’ past, 162-163
Reflexive expressions, 340
Stative verbs, 10-11 Until, 89
Reflexive pronouns, 258-259
Regret list, 337 Used to, 32-33
about the past, 162 Subject contrast with be/get used to,
gerunds, 198-199, 223 33, 203
third conditionals, 291
with wish, 295 of imperative, 19 or would, 349
Regular verbs ivh- questions, 102-103 Usually, 7
past simple, 24-25, 28 Subject relative pronouns,
pronunciation rules, 348 300-301
Relative clauses Suggestions, 132-133 Verbs
defining and non-defining, imperative, 19 with both active and
308-309 Superlatives stative meanings, 10—11

417
 i
r
i combined with prepositions, past simple, 40-41 Why don’t, 132-133
203, 338 with relative clauses, 305, 309 Why not, 132-133
followed by gerund, 198-199, Where Will, 80-81, 84-85
222-223, 337-338 questions, 103 contractions, 345
i imperative form, 18-19 with relative clauses, 305, 309 first conditionals, 283
followed by infinitives, Whether with passive, 269
206-207, 222-223, 338 in embedded questions, with requests, 124-125
irregular, 24-25, 28, 336-337 330-331 Will be (doing), 92-93
past simple, 24-25, 336-337, in indirect questions, 326-327 Will have been (doing), 96-97
344, 348 Whether or not, 327 Will have (done), 96-97
phrasal, 232-233, 236-237, Which Wish, 294-295
341-342 defining and non-defining Would
question tags and auxiliary, relative clauses, 308-309 conditionals, 286-287
106-107 relative pronoun, 301, 305, 309 with requests, 124-125
regular, 24, 28, 344, 348 While or used to, 349 !
reporting, 314-315, 340 with future time clauses, 89 with wish, 295
stative, 10-11, 15, 337 with past continuous, 40-41 Would have, 290—291
j! transitive, 233, 237 Who Would prefer, 136-137
used reflexively, 340 with questions about subject Would rather, 136—137
and predicate, 102-103 Would you mind, 124-125
relative pronoun, 300-301, '

.
Warnings, 19 305, 309
Washvere (doing), 36-37 Whom Yes/No questions
Were with questions about embedded, 331
in second conditionals, predicate, 103 indirect, 326-327
4?
286-287 relative pronoun, 305 Yet
in wishes, 294-295 Whose, 301, 305, 309 with past perfect, 71
When Wh- questions with present perfect, 50-51
future time clauses, 89 embedded, 330-331
past perfect, 71 indirect, 326-327
past perfect continuous, 75 subject and predicate, 102-103 Zero conditionals, 278-279

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418
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