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Dic 230 Land Surveying Lecture Notes 7 (Practical) : Lecturer: Dr. Roy Chileshe

This document discusses equipment used in chain surveying practicals including chains, steel bands, tapes, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, optical squares, and Abney levels. It provides details on the uses and characteristics of each tool. Precautions for using the equipment like cleaning chains after wet weather and keeping tapes reeled when not in use are also outlined. Finally, the document lists potential errors in linear surveying like displacement of station marks, misreading tapes, poor ranging, and temperature variation effects.

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83 views5 pages

Dic 230 Land Surveying Lecture Notes 7 (Practical) : Lecturer: Dr. Roy Chileshe

This document discusses equipment used in chain surveying practicals including chains, steel bands, tapes, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, optical squares, and Abney levels. It provides details on the uses and characteristics of each tool. Precautions for using the equipment like cleaning chains after wet weather and keeping tapes reeled when not in use are also outlined. Finally, the document lists potential errors in linear surveying like displacement of station marks, misreading tapes, poor ranging, and temperature variation effects.

Uploaded by

suwilanji kawambale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIC 230 LAND SURVEYING LECTURE NOTES 7 (Practical)

Lecturer: Dr. Roy Chileshe

EQUIPMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEYING PRACTICAL

These equipments can be divided into three, namely

(i) Those used for linear measurement. (Chain, steel band, linear tape)

(ii) Those used for slope angle measurement and for measuring right angle (Eg.
Abney level, clinomater, cross staff, optical squares)

(iii) Other items (Ranging rods or poles, arrows, pegs etc).

1. Steel Bands:
This may be 30m, 50m or 100m long and 13mm wide. It has handles similar to those on the
chain and is wound on a steel cross. It is more accurate and but less robust than the chain.

The operating tension and temperature for which it was graduated should be indicated on the
band.

2. Tapes:
Tapes are used where greater accuracy of measurements are required, such as the setting out
of buildings and roads. They are 15m or 30m long marked in metres, centimeter and
millimeters. Tapes are classified into three types;

1
i. Linen or Linen with steel wire woven into the fabric;
These tapes are liable to stretch in use and should be frequently tested for length. They should
never be used on work for which great accuracy is required.

ii. Fibre Glass Tapes: These are much stronger than linen and will not stretch in use.

iii. Steel tapes: These are much more accurate, and are usually used for setting out buildings
and structural steel works. Steel tapes are available in various lengths up to 100m (20m and
30m being the most common) encased in steel or plastic boxes with a recessed winding lever
or mounted on open frames with a folding winding lever.

3. Arrows:
Arrow consists of a piece of steel wire about 0.5m long, and are used for marking temporary
stations.

A piece of coloured cloth, white or red ribbon is usually attached or tied to the end of the
arrow to be clearly seen on the field

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5. Pegs
Pegs are made of wood 50m x 50mm and some convenient length. They are used for points
which are required to be permanently marked, such as intersection points of survey lines.
Pegs are driven with a mallet and nails are set in the tops.

6. Ranging Rod:

These are poles of circular section 2m, 2.5m or 3m long, painted with characteristic red and
white bands which are usually 0.5m long and tipped with a pointed steel shoe to enable them
to be driven into the ground. They are used in the measurement of lines with the tape, and for
marking any points which need to be seen.

7. Optical Square:
This instrument is used for setting out lines at right angle to main chain line. It is used where
greater accuracy is required. There are two types of optical square, one using two mirrors and
the other a prism.

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• The mirror method is constructed based on the fact that a ray of light is reflected from a
mirror at the same angle as that at which it strikes the mirror.

• The prism square method is a simplified form of optical square consisting of a single prism.
It is used in the same way as the mirror square, but is rather more accurate.

8. Abney Level

This instrument is generally used to obtaine roughly the slope angle of the ground. It consists
of a rectangular, telescopic tube (without lenses) about 125mm long with a graduated arc
attached. A small bubble is fixed to the vernier arm, once the image of the bubble is seen
reflected in the eyepiece the angel of the line of sight can be read off with the aid of the
reading glass.

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NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS IN USING CHAIN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

1. After use in wet weather, chains should be cleaned, and steel tapes should be dried and
wiped with an oily rag.

2. A piece of coloured cloth should be tied to arrow (or ribbon – attached) to enable them to
be seen clearly on the field.

3. Ranging rods should be erected as vertical as possible at the exact station point.

4. The operating tension and temperature for which steel bands/tapes are graduated should be
indicated.

5. Linen tapes should be frequently tested for length (standardized) and always after repairs.

6. Always keep tapes reeled up when not in use.

ERRORS IN LINEAR SURVEYING


Sources of errors

(a) Gross errors

i. Displacement of arrows or station marks.


ii. Miscounting tape length
iii. Misreading the tape
iv. Wrong booking

(b) Systematic error (cumulative error).

i. Wrong length of tape


ii. Poor ranging
iii. Poor straightening
iv. Slope
v. Sag
vi. Temperature variation

(c) Random or accidental or compensating errors.

i. Holding and marking


ii. Variation in tension

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