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Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION

For the power generation with 2x110 MW and 3x210 MW of K.T.P.S. authorities are
required to be operative to active full operation. The auxiliaries are basically operation either
on L.T. System i.e. 415 V 3 Ø power supply is made available to the system after providing
the station transformer of 3x50 MVA capacity with voltage 220 KV/ 7.2/7.2 KV & different
service transformers of capacity 1.0 MVA, 1.5 MVA, 2.0 MVA, which are located near the
load centre as the transformer having the voltage of 6.6 KV /415 V. The 6.6 KV power is
distributed through 6.6 KV interconnected Bus System for all the five units with a control
through DC of 220 V.

The 415 V power supply is done through a L.T. SWGR (Switchgear) which are located
nearby the distribution transformer as well as the load centers. The all in -comers, which are
breaker controlled, are having the control the L.T. SWGR are having the control system on
110/ 220 V AC. The 6.6 KV power supply which are either MOCB (Minimum Oil Circuit
Breaker) of JYOTI MAKE or Air Circuit Breakers. The 6.6 KV power supply to various
draining g equipment’s i.e. more is made through breakers which are either MOCB of make
air circuit breaker which are either of voltage makers as well as SF 6 of NGEF make. The LT
supply is also controlled through air break circuit breakers, which are either L&T make or
English Electric Company of India. The various H.T. motors are switched on / started
through on direct ON line (DOL) in order to inverse the availability of equipment at full
efficiency without time gap.

Further, the 6.6 KV systems which is normally in delta configuration and terms as an
unearthed system so also to keep the running motor complete in operating condition in case
of anyone .phase of motor winding is earthed due to any one reason. Earthling is detected by
a protection system with alarm facility to take remedial measures immediately and at the
same time to maintain the generation level in the same condition, prior to occurring the earth
fault the single phase earth fault is detected in due course till the motor is not earthed to other
or another phase.

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“PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM” is available through in area of each unit which helps in fast
communication for prompt remedial measure.
Soot Blowers are there in the boiler area on the furnace side or Zone which helps in blowing
the soot / ash deposition regularly of the furnace wall / economizer tubes to keep heat transfer
at the required parameter.
In April 1973, Central Electricity Authority prepared a Project Report for power station
comprising of the two units of each of capacity 110 MW for RSEB subsequently in
September, 1975 this was revised by the Consultant Thermal Design Organization , Central
Electricity Authority for invention of 2x110 MW units being manufactured by BHEL,
st
Hyderabad in 1 Stage.
The planning commission cleared the project report in Sept., 1976 for installation of two
units each of 110 MW in first estimated cost of Rs. 143 Crore.
There are total 11 lines coming from KSTPS each having 220V over it. Each line is going
as

Table No. 1.1 Places where lines going from KSTPS

1 line Sanganer
1line Herapura
1line Modak gss
2lines Power grid nawta
2lines Byawar
4 lines Sakatpura gss

1.1 K.S.T.P.S. Designed In Following Stages:-

Table No. 1.2 Design of stages in KSTPS

Stage I 2x110 MW
Stage II 2x210 MW
Stage III 1x210 MW
Stage IV 1x195 MW
Stage V 1x195 MW
Total Power 1240 MW

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Generation

1.2 Site Selection Criteria

1.2.1 Location:-

The Kota Thermal Power Station is ideally on the left bank of Chambal River at Up Stream
of Kota Barrage. The large expanse of water reached by the barrage provides an efficient
direct circulation of cooling system for the power station. The 220 KV GSS is within ½ Kms.
from the power station.

1.2.2 Land:-

Land measuring approx. 250 hectares was required for the project in 1976, For disposal of
ash tank very near to power station is acquired which the ash in slurry form is disposed off
through ash and slurry disposal plants.

1.2.3 COAL:-

Coal India limited owns and operates all the major coal fields in India through its coal
producing subsidiary companies viz. Northern Coal Fields Limited, South Eastern Coal
Fields Limited, Coal India limited is supply coal from its coal mines of coal producing
subsidiaries SECL & NCL to Kota Thermal Power Station through railway wagons. The
average distances of SECL, NCL are 800, 950 Kms. respectively.

1.2.4 Water:-

The source of water for power station is reservoir formed by Kota Barrage on the Chambal
River. In case of large capacity plants huge quantities of coal and water is required. The cost
of transporting coal and water is particularly high. Therefore, as far as possible, the plant
must be located near the pit rather than at load centre for load above 200 MW and 375 MW.
The transportation of electrical energy is more economical as compared to the transportation
of coal.

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1.3 Design Features:-

The satisfactory design consists of the flowing steps.
 Estimation of cost.
 Selection of site.
 Capacity of Power Station.
 Selection of Boiler & Turbine.
 Selection of Condensing Unit.
 Selection of Electrical Generator.
 Selection of Cooling System.
 Design of Control and instrumentation system.

The design of steam power station requires wide experience as the subsequent operation and
maintenance are greatly affected by its design. The most efficient design consist of properly
sized component designed to operate safely and conveniently along with its auxiliaries and
installation.

Figure 1.1 View Of Kota Super Thermal Power Plant

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Chapter -2

GENERAL LAYOUT & BASIC IDEA

A control system of station basically works on Rankin Cycle. Steam is produced in Boiler is
exported in prime mover and is condensed in condenser to be fed into the boiler again. In
practice of good number of modifications are affected so as to have heat economy and to
increase the thermal efficiency of plant.

Figure 2.1 Layout of Power Plant

The Kota Thermal Power Station is divided into four main circuits :
 Fuel and Ash Circuit.
 Air and Gas Circuit.
 Feed water and Steam Circuit.
 Cooling Water Circuit.

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2.1 Fuel & Ash Circuit:-

Fuel from the storage is fed to the boiler through fuel handling device. The fuel used in
KSTPS is coal, which on combustion in the boiler produced the ash. The quantity of ash
produced is approximately 35-40% of coal used. This ash is collected at the back of the boiler
and removed to ash storage tank through ash disposal equipment.

2.2 Air and Gas Circuit:-

Air from the atmosphere is supplied to the combustion chamber of Boiler through the action
of forced draft fan and induced draft fan. The flue gas gases are first pass around the boiler
tubes and super heated tubes in the furnace, next through dust collector (ESP) & then
economizer. Finally, they are exhausted to the atmosphere through fans.

2.3 Feed Water and Steam Circuit:-

The condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in low pressure (LP) heaters through
extracted steam from the lower pressure extraction of the turbine. Then its goes to dearator
where extra air and non-condensable gases are removed from the hot water to avoid pitting /
oxidation. From deaerator it goes to boiler feed pump which increases the pressure of the
water. From the BFP it passes through the high pressure heaters. A small part of water and
steam is lost while passing through different components therefore water is added in hot well.
This water is called the make up water. Thereafter, feed water enters into the boiler drum
through economizer. In boiler tubes water circulates because of density difference in lower
and higher temperature section of the boiler. The wet steam passes through superheated.
From superheated it goes into the HP turbine after expanding in the HP turbine. The low
pressure steam called the cold reheat steam (CRH) goes to the reheater (boiler). From
reheater it goes to IP turbine and then to the LP turbine and then exhausted through the
condenser into hot well.

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2.4 Cooling Water Circuit:-

A large quantity of cooling water is required to condense the steam in condenser and
marinating low pressure in it. The water is drawn from reservoir and after use it is drained
into the river.

Figure 2.2 Cross Sectional View Of Four Major Part Form A Power Plant

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Chapter -3

COAL HANDLING PLANT

Introduction:-
It can be called the heart of thermal power plant because it provided the fuel for combustion
in boiler. The coal is brought to the KSTPS through rails there are fourteen tracks in all for
transportation of coal through rails. The main coal sources for KSTPS are SECL (South
Eastern Coalfields Limited), NCL (Northern Coalfield Limited). Everyday 6 to 7 trains of
coal are unloaded at KSTPS. Each train consists of 58 wagons and each wagons consists of
50 tones of coal. The approximate per day consumption at KSTPS is about 18000 metric
tones. It costs approximate 4.5 crores of rupees per day including transportation expenses.
The coal is firstly unloaded from wagon by wagon triplers then crushed by crushers and
magnetic pulley and pulverized to be transformed to the boiler. The whole transportation of
coal is through conveyor belt operated by 3-Ø Induction motor.

The coal handling plant can broadly be divided into three sections :-

1) Wagon Unloading System.

2) Crushing System.

3) Conveying System.

3.1 Wagon Unloading System:-

3.1.1Wagon Tripler:-
It unloads the coal from wagon to hopper. The hopper, which is made of Iron , is in the form
of net so that coal pieces of only equal to and less than 200 mm. size pass through it. The
bigger ones are broken by the workers with the help of hammers. From the hopper coal
pieces fall on the vibrator. It is a mechanical system having two rollers each at its ends .The
rollers roll with the help of a rope moving on pulley operated by a slip ring induction motor
with specification:

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Figure 3.1 Wagon Tripler

Rated Output. : 71 KW.

Rated Voltage. : 415 V.
Rated Current. : 14.22 Amp.
Rated Speed. : 975 rpm.
No. of phases. : 3
Frequency. : 50 Hz.

The four rollers place themselves respectively behind the first and the last pair of wheels of
the wagon. When the motor operates the rollers roll in forward direction moving the wagon
towards the “Wagon Table”. On the Wagon table a limit is specified in which wagon to be
has kept otherwise the triple would not be achieved.

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3.2 Crushing System:-

3.2.1 Crusher House:-

It consists of crushers which are used to crush the coal to 20 mm. size. There are mainly two
type of crushers working in KSTPS:-

Primary Crushers i.e. i) Rail crushers or ii) Rotary breaker.

Secondary Crushers i.e. Ring granulators.

3.2.1.1 Primary Crushers:-

Primary crushers are provided in only CHP stage 3 system, which breaking of coal in CHO
Stage 1 & Stage 2 system is done at wagon tripler hopper jail up to the size (-) 250 mm.

3.2.1.2 Secondary Crusher:-

Basically there are four ways to reduce material size: impact attrition, Shearing and
Compression. Most of the crushers employ a combination of three crushing methods. Ring
granulators crush by compressing accompanied by impact and shearing. The unique feature
of this granulator is the minimum power required for tone for this type of material to be
crushed compared to that of other type of crushers.

3.3 Construction & Operation:-

Secondary crushers are ring type granulators crushing at the rate of 550 TPH / 750 TPH for
input size of 250 mm. and output size of 20 mm. The crusher is coupled with motor and
gearbox by fluid coupling. Main parts of granulator like break plates, cages, crushing rings
and other internal parts are made of tough manganese (Mn) steel.
The rotor consists of four rows of crushing rings each set having 20 Nos. of toothed rings and
18 Nos. of plain rings. In CHP Stage 1 & 2 having 64 Nos. of ring hammers. These rows are
hung on a pair of suspension shaft mounted on rotor discs. Crushers of this type employ the
centrifugal force of swinging rings stroking the coal to produce the crushing action. The coal
is admitted at the top and the rings stroke the coal downward. The coal discharges through
grating at the bottom.

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3.4 Conveying System:-

3.4.1 Stacker Reclaimer:-

The stacker re-claimer unit can stack the material on to the pipe or reclaim the stack filed
material and fed on to the main line conveyor. While stacking material is being fed from the
main line conveyor via tripler unit and vibrating feeder on the intermediate conveyor which
feds the boom conveyor of the stacker cum reclaimer. During reclaiming the material dis
discharged on to the boom conveyor by the bucket fitted to the bucket wheel body and boom
conveyor feeds the material on the main line conveyor running in the reverse direction.

3.5 Conveyor belt Specification of Stacker / Reclaimer:-

Belt width. : 1400 mm.

Speed. : 2.2 m/second.
Schedule of motor : All 3-Ø induction motors.
Bucket wheel motor : 90 KW.
Boom Conveyor motor : 70 KW.
Intermediate Conveyor Motor : 90 KW.
Boom Housing Motor : 22 KW.
Slewing assembly. : 10 KW.
Travel Motor : 7.5 KW.
Vibrating Feeder. : 2x6 KW.
Total installed power. : 360 KW.

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Chapter -4

ASH HANDLING PLANT

This plant can be divided into 3 sub plants as follows:-

1) Fuel and Ash Plant.

2) Air and Gas Plant.

3) Ash Disposal and & Dust Collection Plant.

4.1 Fuel And Ash Plant:-

Coal is used as combustion material in KTPS, In order to get an efficient utilization of coal
mills. The Pulverization also increases the overall efficiency and flexibility of boilers.
However for light up and with stand static load, oil burners are also used. Ash produced as
the result of combustion of coal is connected and removed by ash handling plant. Ash
Handling Plant at KTPS consists of specially designed bottom ash and fly ash in electro static
precipitator economizer and air pre-heaters hoppers.

4.2 Air & Gas Plant:-

Air from atmosphere is supplied to combustion chamber of boiler through the action of
forced draft fan. In KTPS there are two FD fans and three ID fans available for draft system
per unit. The air before being supplied to the boiler passes through pre-heater where the flue
gases heat it. The pre heating of primary air causes improved and intensified combustion of
coal. The flue gases formed due to combustion of coal first passes round the boiler tubes and
then it passes through the super heater and then through economizer. In re-heater the
temperature of the steam (CRH) coming from the HP turbines heated with increasing the
number of steps of re-heater the efficiency of cycle also increases. In economizer the heat of
flue gases raises the temperature of feed water. Finally the flue gases after passing through
the Electro-Static Precipitator is exhausted through chimney.

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4.3 Ash Disposal & Dust Collection Plant:-

KSTPS has dry bottom furnace. Ash Handling Plant consists of especially designed bottom
and fly ash system for two path boiler. The system for both units is identical and following
description is applied to both the units the water compounded bottom ash hopper receives the
bottom ash from the furnace from where it is stores and discharged through the clinker
grinder. Two slurry pumps are provided which is common to both units & used to make
slurry and further transportation to ash dyke through pipe line.
Dry free fly ash is collected in two number of 31 fly ash hoppers which are handled by two
independent fly ash system. The ash is removed from fly ash hoppers in dry state is carried to
the collecting equipment where it is mixed with water and resulting slurry sump is discharged

4.4 Utilization:-
Utilization of coal-ash is always practice than its disposal. There are various methods of
utilization of coal-ash along with established engineering technologies some of them are
mentioned below:
1. Manufacturing of building materials.
2. Making of concrete.
3. Manufacturing of pozzuolana cement.
4. Road construction etc.

In all the above cases financial constraint discourages the entrepreneurs to take up the work.
In view of the environmental impact of disposal, Government may give attractive subsidy
and create marketing facility so that entrepreneurs may come forward to use as their raw
material.

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Figure 4.1 ASH HANDING PLANT

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Chapter -5

ELECTRO-STATIC PRECIPITATOR

5.1 Scope & Principle Of Operation:-

For general mankind, today an Eco friendly industry is must. As far as air pollution is
concerned nowadays various flue gases filter are there in service. The choice depends on the
size of suspended particle matter. These filters are E.S.P. Fabric filter high efficiency cyclone
separations and sitelling room. Fop fly ash , where the particle size vary from 0.75 microns to
100 micron use gradually use E.S.P. to purify the flue gases due to its higher efficiency &
low running cost etc. In an ESP the dust lidder gas is passed through an intense electric field,
which causes ionization of the gases & they changed into ion while traveling towards
opposite charged electrode get deposited as particles and thus dust is electric deposited an
electrode creating the field. It is continuous process.

5.2 Controller:-
Now a day micro-processor based intelligent controllers are used to regulate the power fed to
the HVR. The controls the firing / ignition angle of the thyristor connected in parallel mode.
Input out waves of the controller and HVR are also shown above, which clearly indicates that
average power fed to ESP field can be controlled by variation of the firing angle of thyristor.
The output of controller with respect to time is also controlled by microprocessor, so
that ESP operation is smooth and efficient . The chars are as shown:
As can be seen in the event of spark between electrode the output of controller is reduced to
zero for few millisecond for quenching the spark. Controller also takes place care of fault in
KVR and gives a trapping and non-trapping alarm as per the nature of fault.

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5.3 High Voltage Rectifier Transformer:-

HVR receives the regulated supply from controller. It steps up to high voltage rectifier. The
D.C. supply is fed to E.S.P. field through its negative bushing. The positive bushing so
connected to earth through small resistance which forms a current feed back circuit. A very
high resistance column is also connected with negative bushing . It forms the voltage feed
back circuit. These two feedback are used in the controller for indication and control purpose.

5.4 E.S.P. Field:-

The field consists of emitting and collecting electrodes structure which are totally isolated
from each other and hanging with the top roof of field. The emitting is also isolated from the
roof through the support insulators which are supporting the emitting electrode frame works
and also the supply to these electrodes is fed through support insulators. The collecting
electrodes are of the shape of flat plates. By several similar plates which the emitting
electrodes are of the shape of spring. Strong on the emitting frame work with the help of
hooks in both the ends.

The ash depositing on these electrode is rapped down by separate wrapping mechanism
happens at the bottom of the field. From these hoppers ash is evacuated by ash handling
system and dispose to the disposal area. The wrapping system is automatically controlled
with the help of the programmable metal controller, located in the ESP auxiliaries control
panels.

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Chapter -6

BOILER
A boiler (or steam generator) is a closed vessel in which water, under pressure is converted
into steam. It is one of the major components of a thermal power plant. A boiler is always
designed to absorb maximum amount of heat released in process of combustion. This is
transferred to the boiler by all the three modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and
radiation.

6.1 Boilers Are Classified As:-

6.1.1 Fire Tube Boiler: -
In this type the products of combustion pass through the tubes which are surrounded by
water. These are economical for low pressure only.
6.1.2 Water Tube Boiler:-
In this type of boiler water flows inside the tubes and hot gases flow outside the tubes. These
tubes are interconnected to common water channels and to steam outlet.

 The water tube boilers have many advantages over the fire tube boilers
 High evaporation capacity due to availability of large heating surface.
 Better heat transfer to the mass of water.
 Better efficiency of plant owing to rapid and uniform circulation of water in tubes.
 Better overall control.
 Easy removal of scale from inside the tubes.

In KSTPS, Natural circulation, tangentially fired, over hanged type, Water tube boilers are
used. Oil burners are provided between coal burners for initial start up and flame
stabilization.

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Firstly, light oil (diesel oil) is sprayed for initialization then heavy oil (high speed diesel oil)
is used for stabilization of flame. Pulverized coal is directly fed from the coal mills to the
burners at the four corners of the furnace through coal pipes with the help of heated air
coming from PA fan. Four nos. of ball mills of 34MT/hr. capacity each have been installed
for each boiler. The pressure inside boiler is -ive so as to minimized the pollution and looses
& to prevent the accidents outside the boiler.
For ensuring safe operation of boilers, furnace safe guard supervisory system (FSSS) of
combustion engineering USA designed has been installed. This equipment systematically
feed fuel to furnace as per load requirement. The UV flame scanners installed in each of the
four corners of the furnace, scan the flame conditions and in case of unsafe working
conditions trip the boiler and consequently the turbine. Turbine - boiler interlocks safe
guarding the boiler against possibility furnace explosion owing to flame failure.

6.2 Furnace:

Figure 6.1 Furnace

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Furnace is primary part of the boiler where the chemical energy available in the fuel is
converted into thermal energy by combustion. Furnace is designed for efficient and complete
combustion. Major factors that assist for efficient combustion are the temperature inside the
furnace and turbulence, which causes rapid mixing of fuel and air. In modern boilers, water-
cooled furnaces are used.

6.3 Pulverized Fuel System:-

The boiler fuel firing system is tangentially firing system in which the fuel is introduced from
wind nozzle located in the four corners inside the boiler. The crushed coal from the coal
crusher is transferred into the unit coalbunkers where the coal is stored for feeding into
pulverizing mill through rotary feeder The rotary feeders feed the coal to pulverize mill at a
definite rate. Then coal burners are employed to fire the pulverized coal along with primary
air into furnace. These burners are placed in the corners of the furnace and they send
horizontal streams of air and fuel tangent to an imaginary circle in the center of the furnace.

Figure 6.2 Pulverised System

6.4 Fuel Oil System:-

The functional requirement of the fuel burning system is to supply a controllable and
uninterrupted flammable furnace input of fuel and air and to continuously ignite and burn the
fuel as rapidly as it is introduced into the furnace. This system provides efficient conversion
of chemical energy of fuel into heat energy. The fuel burning system should function such
that fuel and air input is ignited continuously and immediately upon its entry into furnace.

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The Fuel air (secondary air) provided FD fan, surrounds the fuel nozzles. Since this air
provides covering for the fuel nozzles so it is called as mantle air. Dampers are provided so
that quantity of air can be modulated. Coal burners distribute the fuel and air evenly in the
furnace.

Ignition takes place when the flammable furnace input is heated above the ignition
temperature. No flammable mixture should be allowed to accumulate in the furnace. Ignition
energy is usually supplied in the form of heat. This ignition energy is provided by oil guns
and by igniters.

6.5 Boiler Drum:-

The drum is a pressure vessel. Its function is to separate water and steam from mixture (of
steam & water) generated in the furnace walls. It provides water storage for preventing the
saturation of tubes. It also houses the equipment needed for purification of steam. The steam
purification primarily depends on the extent of moisture removal, since solids in steam are
carried by the moisture associated with it. The drum internals reduce the dissolved solids
content of the steam to below the acceptable limit. Drum is made up of two halves of carbon
steel plates having thickness of 133 mm.
The top half and bottom half are heated in a plate heating furnace at a very high temperature
and are pressured to form a semi cylindrical shape. The top and bottom semi cylinders with
hemispherical dished ends are fusion welded to form the boiler drum. The drum is provided
with stubs for welding all the connecting tubes i.e. down comer stubs, riser tubes stubs and
super-heater outlet tube stubs.
Boiler drum is located at a height of 53m from ground. The drum is provided with manholes
and manhole covers. Manhole is used for facilitating the maintenance person to go inside the
drum for maintenance.

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. Figure 6.3 Steam Drum

The drum form the part of boiler circulating system i.e. movement of fluid from the drum to
the combustion zone and back to boiler drum. Feed water is supplied to the drum from the
economizer through feed nozzles. Water from the drum goes to water walls through six down
comers.

Main parts of boiler drum are:-

 Feed pipe
 Riser tube
 Down comer
 Baffle plate
 Chemical dosing pipe
 Turbo separation
 Screen dryer
 Drum level gauge

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6.6 Draft System:-

The combustion process in a furnace can take place only when it receives a steady flow of air
and has the combustion gases continuously removed. Theoretically balanced draft means
keeping furnace pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, but in practice the furnace is kept
slightly below atmospheric pressure. It ensures that there is no egress of air or hot gas and ash
into boiler house.

6.7 Draught Fans:-

A fan can be defined as volumetric machine which like pumps moves quantities of air or gas
from one place to another. In doing this it overcomes resistance to flow by supplying the fluid
with the energy necessary for contained motion. The following fans are used in boiler house.

6.7.1 Primary Air Fan (P.A. Fan) Or Exhauster Fan-

Pulverized coal is directly fed from coal mills to the burners at the four corners of the furnace
through coal pipes with the help of heated air coming from PA fan. Secondly, this fan also
dries the coal. Usually sized for 1500 RPM due to high pressure.

6.7.2 Forced Draught Fan (F.D. Fan):-

The combustion process in the furnace can take place only when it receives a steady flow of
air. This air is supplied by FD fan. Thus FD fan takes air from atmosphere at ambient
temperature & so provides additional draught. Its speed varies from 600-1500 RPM.

6.7.3 Induced Draught Fan (I.D. Fan):-

The flue gases coming out of the boiler are passed to the ESP & then dust free gases are
discharged up by the chimney to the atmosphere through the ID fan.

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6.8 Economizer:-

. Figure 6.4 Economizer

The flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. An economizer extracts a part of
this heat from the flue gases and uses it for heating the feed water before it enters into the
steam drum. The use of economizer results in saving fuel consumption and higher boiler
efficiency but needs extra investment. In an economizer, a large number of small diameter
thin walled tubes are placed between two headers. Feed water enters the tubes through the
other. The flue gases flow outside the tubes.

6.9 Air Preheaters:-

Air preheaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser
and are used to heat the incoming air for combustion. This raises the temperature of the
furnace gases, improves combustion rates efficiency and lowers the stack (chimney)
temperature, thus improving the overall efficiency of the boiler. Cooling of flue gases by 20%
raises the plant efficiency by 1%.

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Figure 6.5 air pre-heater

Air preheaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser
and are used to heat the incoming air for combustion. This raises the temperature of the
furnace gases, improves combustion rates and efficiency and lowers the stack (chimney)
temperature, thus improving the overall efficiency of the boiler. Cooling of flue gases by 20%
raises the plant efficiency by 1%.

In KSTPS regenerative type of preheater is used. They use a cylindrical rotor made of
corrugated steel plate. The rotor is placed in a drum which is divided into two compartments,
i.e. air compartment (primary air coming from primary air fan and secondary air for air
coming from FD fan with + ive pressure) and flue gases (from economizer with – ive
pressure) compartments. To avoid leakage from one compartment to other seals are provided.
The rotor is fixed on an electrical shaft rotating at a speed of 2 to 4 rpm. As the rotor rotates
the flue gases, are pass through alternatively gas and air zone. The rotor elements are heated
by flue gases in their zone and transfer the heat to air when they are in air zone. The air
temperature required for drying in the case of coal-fired boiler decided the size of the air
heaters

6.10 Super Heater:-

Superheated steam is that steam, which contains more heat than the saturated steam at the
same pressure i.e. it, has been heated above the temperature corresponding

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to its pressure. This additional heat provides more energy to the turbine and thus the electrical
power output is more.
A superheater is a device which removes the last traces of moisture from the saturated steam
leaving the boiler tubes and also increases its temperature above the saturation
temperature.

The steam is superheated to the highest economical temperature not only to increase the
efficiency but also to have following advantages –

 Reduction in requirement of steam quantity for a given output of energy owing to its
high internal energy reduces the turbine size.

 Superheated steam being dry, turbine blades remain dry so the mechanical resistance
to the flow of steam over them is small resulting in high efficiency.
 No corrosion and pitting at the turbine blades occur owing to dryness of steam.

6.11 Re-Heater:-
Re-heaters are provided to raise the temperature of the steam from which part of energy has
already been extracted by HP turbine. This is done so that the steam remains dry as far as
possible through the last stage of the turbine. A re-heater can also be convection, radiation or
combination of both.

6.12 Circulation System:-

In natural circulation system, water delivered to steam generator from header, which are at a
temperature well below the saturation value corresponding to that pressure. After header, it is
delivered to economizer, which heated to above the saturation temperature.
From economizer the water enters the drum and thus joins the circulation system through
down covering water wall tubes. In water wall tubes a part of the water is converted to steam
due to boiler and the mixture flows back to the drum. In the drum, the steam is separated out
through the steam separators and passed to the super heater. After the super heater when the
3
steam temperature becomes high and pressure upto 150 Kg./cm steam is allowed to enter the
turbine to convert potential energy to kinetic energy.

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6.13 Soot Blower:-

The boiler tubes are cleaned with the help of steam by the process called soot blowing. We
are well known that a greater no. of tubes is presented inside the boiler. Slowly and slowly
the fine ash particles are collected on the tube surface and from a layer this is called soot.
Soot is a thermal insulating material.

There are mainly three types of soot blower are used in KSTPS: -

 Water wall soot blower

 Super heater soot blower
 Air pre heater soot blower

6.14 Technical Specification Of Boiler

1.Type : Direct Fired, natural circulation

2. No. of Units. : Two.
3.Make : BHEL.
4.Capacity. : 375 tones per hour.
2
5.Steam Pressure. : 139 Kg./Cm
6.Efficiency : 86.6 %.
7.No. of fans in service.
a) ID fans. : 2 Nos.
b) FD fans. : 2 Nos.
c) PA fans. : 2 Nos.
d) Seal Air fan. : 1 No.
e) Scanner Air fan. : 1 No.
f) Igniter fan. : 1 No.

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Fuel :-

A) COAL:-

Type :

Quantity consumed :

Type of handing. :

Ash disposal :

B) OIL:-

Type. :

Quantity. :

No. of chimney / stack. :

Height of Chimney. :

Volume of flue Gas/ :

Temp. of flue gas.

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Slack Coal.

3074 tones per day.

Conveyor.

Wet system.

HSD and fuel oil.

a) HSD – 5520 KL per year.

b) Furnace Oil : 28800 KL per year. 1 / 2.

180 Meters.
3
198 M / Sec. Air emitted.
o
140 C.
One for each unit.

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6.15 General Description:-

Boilers are tangentially fired, balance draft, natural circulation, radiant type, dry bottom with
direct fired pulverized coal from bowl mills. They are designed for burning low grade coal
with high ash content. Oil burners are located between coal burners for flame stabilization.
Pulverized coal is directly fed from the coal mills to the burners at the four corners of the
furnace through coal pipes. The pulverized fuel pipes from the mills to the bunkers are
provided with basalt lined bends to reduce erosion and to improve the life of these pipes
owing to poor grade of coal there is a high percentage of mill rejects. The mill rejects are
conveyed in a sluice way to an under-ground tank. From this tank the mixture is taken to an
overhead hydro-bin where water is decanted and the mill reject are disposed off by trucking.
ESP with collection efficiency of 99.8% have been provided to reduce environmental
pollution and to minimize induce draft fan wear. A multi-flue reinforced concrete stack with
two internal flues has been provided.

Two boiler feed pumps each of 100 % capacity are driven by AC motor through hyd.
coupling with scoop tube arrangement for regulating feed water pressure for each unit.

The UV flame scanners installed at two elevation in each of the four corners of the furnace,
scan the flame conditions and in case of unsafe working conditions but out fuel and trip the
boiler and consequently the turbine. Turbine – boiler interlocks safe guarding the boiler
against possibility furnace explosion owing to flame failure.

Facilities have been provided to simultaneously unload and transfer 10 light oil and 40 heavy
oil tankers to the designated tanks. Oil preheating arrangement is provided on the tanks floors
for the heavy oil tanks. Superheated steam temperature is controlled by attemperation.

o
Re-heater steam temperature is primarily by tilting fuel burners through + 30 and further
control if necessary is done by attemperation.

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Chapter - 7

STEAM TURBINE

Introduction:-
Turbine is a machine in which a shaft is rotated steadily by impact or reaction of current or
stream of working substance (steam, air, water, gases etc) upon blades of a wheel. It converts
the potential or kinetic energy of the working substance into mechanical power by virtue of
dynamic action of working substance. When the working substance is steam it is called the
steam turbine.

Figure 7.1 Steam Turbine

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7.1 Principal Of Operation Of Steam Turbine:-

Working of the steam turbine depends wholly upon the dynamic action of Steam. The steam
is caused to fall in pressure in a passage of nozzle: doe to this fall in pressure a certain
amount of heat energy is converted into mechanical kinetic energy and the steam is set
moving with a greater velocity. The rapidly moving particles of steam, enter the moving part
of the turbine and here suffer a change in direction of motion which gives rose to change of
momentum and therefore to a force. This constitutes the driving force of the machine. The
processor of expansion and direction changing may occur once or a number of times in
succession and may be carried out with difference of detail. The passage of steam through
moving part of the commonly called the blade, may take place in such a manner that the
pressure at the outlet side of the blade is equal to that at the inlet inside. Such a turbine is
broadly termed as impulse turbine. On the other hand the pressure of the steam at outlet from
the moving blade may be less than that at the inlet side of the
blades; the drop in pressure suffered by the steam during its flow through the moving causes
a further generation of kinetic energy within the blades and adds to the propelling force
which is applied to the turbine rotor. Such a turbine is broadly termed as impulse reaction
turbine.

The majority of the steam turbine have, therefore two important elements, or Sets of such
elements .These are (1) the nozzle in which the system expands from high pressure end a
state of comparative rest to a lower pressure end a status of comparatively rapid motion.

The blade or deflector, in which the steam particles changes its directions and hence its
momentum changes . The blades are attach to the rotating elements are attached to the
stationary part of the turbine which is usually termed the stator, casing or cylinder.

Although the fundamental principles on which all steam turbine operate the same, yet the
methods where by these principles carried into effect very end as a result, certain types of
turbine have come into existence.

1.Simple impulse steam turbine.

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2.The pressure compounded impulse turbine.

3.Simple velocity compounded impulse turbine.

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4. Pressure-velocity compounded turbine.

5. Pure reaction turbine.
6. Impulse reaction turbine.

7.2 Description Of Steam Turbines:-

7.2.1 Steam Flow:-

210 MW steam turbine is a tandem compound machine with HP, IP & LP parts. The HP part
is single flow cylinder and HP & LP parts are double flow cylinders. The individual turbine
rotors and generator rotor are rigidly coupled. The HP cylinder has a throttle control. Main
steam is admitted before blending by two combined main stop and control valves. The HP
turbine exhaust (CRH) leading to reheat have to swing check valves that prevent back flow of
hot steam from reheated, into HP turbine. The steam coming from reheated called HRH is
passed to turbine via two combined stop and control valves. The IP turbine exhausts directly
goes to LP turbine by cross ground pipes.

7.2.2 Hp Turbine:-
The HP casing is a barrel type casing without axial joint. Because of its rotation symmetry
the barrel type casing remain constant in shape and leak proof during quick change in
temperature. The inner casing too is cylinder in shape as horizontal joint flange are relieved
by higher pressure arising outside and this can kept small. Due to this reason barrel type
casing are especially suitable for quick start up and loading. The HP turbine consists of 25
reaction stages. The moving and stationary blades are inserted into appropriately shapes into
inner casing and the shaft to reduce leakage losses at blade tips.

7.2.3 Ip Turbine:-
The IP part of turbine is of double flow construction. The casing of IP turbine is split
horizontally and is of double shell construction. The double flow inner casing is supported
kinematically in the outer casing. The steam from HP turbine after reheating enters the inner
casing from above and below through two inlet nozzles. The centre flows compensates the
axial thrust and prevent steam inlet temperature affecting brackets,

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bearing etc. The arrangements of inner casing confines high steam inlet condition to
admission branch of casing, while the joints of outer casing is subjected only to lower
pressure and temperature at the exhaust of inner casing. The pressure in outer casing relieves
the joint of inner casing so that this joint is to be sealed only against resulting differential
pressure.

The IP turbine consists of 20 reaction stages per flow. The moving and stationary blades are
inserted in appropriately shaped grooves in shaft and inner casing.

7.2.4 LP Turbine:-
The casing of double flow type LP turbine is of three shell design. The shells are axially split
and have rigidly welded construction. The outer casing consist of the front and rear walls , the
lateral longitudinal support bearing and upper part.

The outer casing is supported by the ends of longitudinal beams on the base plates of
foundation. The double flow inner casing consists of outer shell and inner shell. The inner
shell is attached to outer shell with provision of free thermal movement.

Steam admitted to LP turbine from IP turbine flows into the inner casing from both sides
through steam inlet nozzles.

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Chapter – 8

TURBO GENERATOR

8.1.1 Theory
TURBO GENERATOR manufactured by B.H.E.L. and incorporated with most modern
design concepts and constructional features, which ensures reliability, with constructional &
operational economy.
The generator stator is a tight construction, supporting & enclosing the stator windings, core
and hydrogen coolers. Cooling medium hydrogen is contained within frame & circulated by
fans mounted at either ends of rotor. The generator is driven by directly coupled steam
turbine at a speed of 3000 r.p.m. the Generator is designed for continuous operation at the
rated output. Temperature detectors and other devices installed or connected within then
machine, permit the windings, teeth core & hydrogen temperature, pressure & purity in
machine under the conditions. The source of excitation of rotor windings is thyristor
controlled D.C. supply. The auxiliary equipment’s supplied with the machine suppresses and
enables the control of hydrogen pressure and purity, shaft sealing lubricating oils. There is a
provision for cooling water in order to maintain a constant temperature of coolant (hydrogen)
which controls the temperature of windings.

8.1.2 Stator Frame

The stator frame of welded steel frame construction, which gives sufficient & necessary
rigidity to minimize the vibrations and to withstand the thermal gas pressure. Heavy end
shields enclose the ends of frame and form mounting of generator bearings and radial shaft
seals. Ribs subdivide the frame and axial members to form duct from which the cooling gas
to & fro radial ducts in the core and is re-circulated through internally mounted coolers.. The
horizontally mounted water cooled gas coolers being so arranged that it may be cleaned on
the water side without opening the machine to atmosphere. All welded joints exposed to
hydrogen are specially made to prevent leakage. The complete frame is subjected to hydraulic
test at a pressure of 7 ATA.

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8.1.3 Stator Core

It is built up of special sheet laminations and whose assembly is supported by a special guide
bass. The method of construction ensures that the core is firmly supported at a large number
of points on its periphery. The laminations of high quality silicon steel which combines high
permeability with low hysteresis and eddy current losses. After stamping each lamination is
varnished on both sides with two coats. The segment of insulating material is inserted at
frequent intervals to provide additional insulation. The laminations are stamped out with
accurately fine combination of ties. The ventilation ducts are disposed so as to distribute the
gas evenly over the core & in particularly to give adequate supports to the teeth. At frequent
intervals during stacking the assembled laminations are passed together in powerful hydraulic
press to ensure tight core which is finally kept between heavy clamping plates which are non-
magnetic steel. Use of non-magnetic steel reduces considerably by heating of end iron
clamping. The footed region of the core is provided by pressing figures of non-magnetic
steel, which are welded to the inner periphery of the clamping plates. In order to reduce the
losses in the ends packets special dampers are provided at either ends of core. Mostly
dampers are provided to prevent hunting in ac machines.

8.1.4 Stator Bars

Stator bars are manufactured as half bars. Each stator half coil is composed of double glass
cover and bars of copper transposed in straight portion of “Robill Method” so that each strip
occupies every radial portion in the bar. For an equal length along the bar. They are made in
strips to reduce skin effect. The winding overhead is in volute shape. The overhung portion of
the bar is divided into four quadrants & insulated. The arrangement reduces additional losses
due to damping currents which otherwise be present due to self-induced non-uniform flux
distribution in the coil slots. The main distribution for the bar consists of resin rich mica
loosed thermosetting epoxy Its moisture absorbing tendency is very low and behavior of mica
is for superior than any other conventional tape insulation system. Semi-conductor coating is
also applied to a part of overhung with a straight overlap of conductive coil in the sides to
reduce eddy currents to
minimum. Conductor material is electrolytic copper connections brazed with free coating
silver alloy to obtain joints, which are both electrically & mechanically sound

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8.1.5 Stator Windings

Stator windings are double star layers, lap wound, three phase, and short pitch type. The top
& bottom are brazed and insulated at either end to form turns. Several such turns form a
phase. Phases are connected to form a double star winding. The end of winding form
o
involutes shape ends, inclined towards machine axis by 20 , thus form a basket winding with
0
total induced conical angle of 40 . Due to these stray load losses in the stator ends to zero.
The arrangement of complete stator winding electrical circuit is viewed from turbine end of
generator & rotor windings. Slot numbering is clockwise from turbine end. End windings will
be sealed against movement of short circuit by both axial & peripheral bracing. The later
consists of hardened glass laminated blocks inserted between adjacent coil sides in coil
overhangs, so that with the coils, they form a continuous rigid ring. Glass cord or top is used
lashing the packing of blocks. The complete assembly is secured b y high tensile brass blots.
The winding is designed to withstand short circuit stresses. The exposed portion of windings
is finally coated. Insulation of individual bars & stator windings at various stresses is tested
with applied high voltages of AC of Hz.

8.1.6 Terminal Bushings

Six output leads (3 long, 3 short) have been brought out of the coming on the exciter side.
External connections are to be made to the three shorter terminals, which are phase terminals.
The large terminals are of neutral & current transformer is inserted. The conductor of
Generator terminal bushing having hollow copper tubes with copper brazed at the ends to
avoid leakage of hydrogen. Hollow portions enable bushings to be hydrogen cooled. Ends of
bushings are Silver-plated: middle portion of the bushing is adequately insulated & has a
circular flange for bolting the stator casing. Gaskets are provided between the Flange of
terminal bushings and castings to make it absolutely gas tight.

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8.1.7 Bearings
Generator bearings have electrical seats of consists of steel bodies with removable steel pads.
The bearings are formed for forced lubrication of oil at a pressure of 2-3 ATM/ from the
same pump that supplies oils to the turbine, bearings & governing gears. There is a provision
to ensure & measure the rotor bearing temperature by inserting a resistance thermometer in
the oil pockets.

8.1.8 Ventilation System

The machine is designed with ventilation system having 2 ATM rated hydrogen pressure.
Two axial fans mounted on either side of the rotor to ensure circulation of hydrogen. The
stator is designed for radial ventilation by stem. The end stator core packets & core clamping
& plates are intensively cooled by Hydrogen through special ventilation system. Design of
special ventilation is so as to ensure almost uniform temperature of rotor windings and stator
core. Rated load operating temperature is well within the limits corresponding to the Class B
operation. Embedded Resistance Temperature Detectors do continuous monitoring of
Hydrogen temperature at active parts of Generator.

8.1.9 Resistance Temperature Detectors (R.T.D.)

An R.T.D. is a point resistance element. Operation of R.T.D. depends on the principal that
electrical resistance of metallic conductor varies linearly with temperature.

8.1.10 Applications

RTD & its associated equipments are designed for use with Generator to determine
temperature at various parts & places. The equipment’s consists of two parts:-

1. Switch Board Equipment: is usually includes a temperature indicating meter, test resistor
transfer switch & leads.

2. Machine Equipment: is usually includes temperature R.T.D. leads and terminal blocks
with grounding connections.

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Leads from RTD are brought out to the terminal board by cables through conduits to protect
them from physical damage and from contact with high voltage coils. Some RTDs are in
stator teeth with 7 spacers, 7 RTDs between the coil sides in stator slots with 7 spacers and
3 RTDs are there in the stator core with spacers. The location of RTDs is in three phase’s i.e.
in the centre of machine, in each region of machine and midway between them. The detectors
in the stator slots are distributed uniformly in all three phases. Measurement of temperature
of Hydrogen cooling water for Hydrogen coolers & metals is as:

Six RTDs are provided at the inlets of each of six individual Hydrogen cooler elements for
measurement of temperature of Hydrogen, similarly Six RTDs are provided at the outlets
also. One RTD along-with one spacer is provided in the lower part of stator frame for
measurement & signalization of hot Hydrogen. Six RTDs are provided at outlets of each of
six individual Hydrogen Cooler elements for measurement of temperature of cooling water at
the outlet.

8.1.11 Measurement of Bearing Temperature

Two RTDs are provided in the shelves of Turbo-Generator for measurement of signalization
of the bearing metal cap. All the terminals of RTDs are brought out to a common terminal
board located on the stator frame.

8.1.12 Hydrogen Coolers

Three Hydrogen Coolers each comprising of two individual units are mounted inside the
stator frame. The inlet and outlet of cooling water from both of machine i.e. from non-driving
side as well as turbine side. The Clearing of the individual cooler element can be carried out
from both ends of the Generator even during operation. The assembly of individual cooler
elements in stator frame is however carried out only from the non-driving side.

8.2 Rotor
Rotor shaft consists of single piece alloy steel forging of high mechanical and magnetic
properties performance test includes:-
1. Tensile test on specimen piece.
2. Surface examination.
3. Sulfur prist tests.

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4. Magnetic crack detection.

5. Visual examination of bore.

6. Ultrasonic examination.
Slots are milled on the rotor gorging to receive the rotor winding. Transverse slots machined
in the pole faces of the rotor to equalize the moment of inertia in direct and quadrilateral axis
of rotor with a view minimizing the double frequency.

8.2.1 Vibration of Rotor

The fully brazed rotor is dynamically balanced and subject to 120 % over speed test at the
work balancing tunnel so as to ensure reliable operation.

8.2.2 Rotor Windings

Rotor winding is of direct coil type and consists of parallel strips of very high conductivity
Silver Bearing Copper, bent on edge to form coil. The coils are placed in impregnated glass,
laminated short shells; using glass strips inter turn insulation and will be brazed at the end to
form continuous winding. When the windings have cooled, heavy dove tail wedges of non-
magnetic materials will seal the insulation at the top of slot portion. The cooling medium
hydrogen gas will be brought in direct contact with copper by means of radial slots in
embedded portion. Treated glass spacers inserted between the coils and solid ring prevent
lateral movement of coil overhang. The formation and description of glass spacer is such as
to leave ample space for ventilation.

8.2.3 Bearings
The bearings are self-aligned & consist of slip steel shells linked with special bearing metal
having very low coefficient of friction. The bore is machined on an elliptical shape so as to
increase the mechanical stability of the rotor. The bearings are pressure lubricated from the
turbine oil supply. Special precautions are taken to prevent oil & oil vapor from shaft seals
and bearing along the shaft. The circulation of shaft current is liable to damage. The bearing
surface is protected by insulation so placed that the bearings, seals & necessary pipes are
inclined from the frame.

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8.2.4 Slip Rings

The slip rings are made of forged steel. They are located at either side of Generator Shaft.
The slip ring towards the exciter side is given +ve polarity initially. They have helical
grooves and skewed holes in the body for cooling purpose by air. Calibrated mica is first built
up to required thickness on the shaft where slip rings are located. The slip rings are insulated
from the rotor shaft. Excitation current is supplied to the rotor winding. Through the slip
rings, which are connected to the winding. On one end and to the slip ring on the other end
with insulated (terminal) studs passing „though‟ the radial holes in the rotor shaft.
The terminal studs at both the ends of excitation leads are fitted gas cat seals to prevent
leakage.

8.2.5 Bush Gear Assembly

Generator bushes are made from the various compositions of natural graphite and binding
material. They have a low coefficient of friction and are self lubricating. The brushes are
provided with a double flexible copper or pigtails. A helical spring is mounted rapidly over
each bush so that pressure is applied on the centerline of bush. A metal cap is riveted to the
brass bead and is provided with a hole to maintain the position of the spring plug. Several
brush holder, each carrying on brush in radial position are fixed to a silver plated copper
studs mounted on the collecting arm concentric with each slip rings. The collecting arm is
made out of a copper strip.

8.2.6 Drying Of Winding

Generator stator bars are insulated with mica insulation, which is homogeneous in nature and
practically impervious to moisture, and reduce time required to draught. The insulation
resistance of the stator phase winging against earth and with reference to other phases under
hot condition shall not be less than the value obtained automatically.

Rin = µ/(s/100+1000) m 52

U = Rated winding Voltage under test.

Rin = insulation resistance under hot conditions

Rated o/p of turbo generator.

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The insulation resistance of entire excitation system circuit. In hot condition must not fall
below 0.5 m 52. The insulation resistance in calculated as per the formula:

Rin = Rv (U1 +U2) / (U-1)

Rin = Insulation resistance of exciter ()
Rv = Internal resistance of voltmeter ()
U1 = Voltage measured btw. Slip ring & shaft/ earth (volts).

When starting the drying process, the winding insulation resistance will usually decrease
when the drying process becomes effective; the insulation will gradually increase.

Figure 8.1 Cross Sectional View Of Turbo Generator

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Chapter – 9

COOLING SYSTEM

9.1 Introduction:-
In KSTPS hydrogen cooling system is employed for generator cooling. Hydrogen is used for
cooling medium primarily because of its superior cooling properties & low density. Thermal
conductivity of hydrogen 7.3 times of air. It also has higher transfer co-efficient . Its ability to
transfer heat through forced convection is about 75% better than air. Density of hydrogen is
approx. 7/14 of the air at a given temperature and pressure. This reduces the wind age losses
in high speed machine like turbo-generator. Increasing the hydrogen pressure the machine
improve its capacity to absorb & remote heat. Relative cooling properties of air and hydrogen
are given below:-

1) Elimination of fire risk because hydrogen will not support combustion.

2) Corona discharge is not harmful to insulate, since oxidation is not possible.

3) Smooth operation of machine in view of vertical elimination of wind age noise & the
use of heavy gas light enclosure and dirty probe casing.

At pressure 0.035 atm. of hydrogen heat carrying capacity is 1. But at 2.0atm. of hydrogen
heat carrying capacity is 1.95 to overcome the serious possibility of hydrogen explosion with
in the machine and to ensure the safety of operation purity of hydrogen on the generator.
Casing must be maintained as high as possible. The purity of hydrogen should be 98% above
but should not be less than 98% . In case of hydrogen purity drops below 98% an alarm is
provided.

9.2 Hydrogen Dryers:-

Two nos. of dryers are provided to absorb the hydrogen in the Generator. Moisture in this
gas is absorbed by silica gel in the dryer as the absorbed gas passes through it. The natural
of silica gel is indicated by change in its color from blue to pink. The silica gel is
reactivated by heating. By suitable change over from drier to the other on un-interrupted
drying is achieve.

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Fig : 9.1 Hydrogen Cooled Alternator

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Chapter - 10

EXCITATION SYSTEM

The electric power Generators requires direct current excited magnets for its field
system. The excitation system must be reliable, stable in operation and must
response quickly to excitation current requirements. When excitation system
response is controlled by fast acting regulators, it is chiefly dependent on exciter.
Exciter supply is given from transformer and then rectified.

10.1 Function Of Excitation System:-

The main function of excitation system is to supply required excitation current at
rated load condition of turbo Generator. It should be able to adjust the field current
of the Generator, either by normal controller automatic control so that for all
operation & between no load and rated load. The excitation system that are
commonly termed quick response system and have following principal feature :-
Exciter of quick response & high voltage of not less than 1.4 times the rated filed
voltage and nominal exciter response of minimum 0.5.

10.2 Type Of Excitation System:-

There have been many developments in excitation system design. There has been continuing
reactor makes turbo-generator I, Conventional DC excitation system, Brushes excitation
system.

10.3 Static Excitation System:-

In KSTPS static excitation system is provided it mainly consists of the following:-

1) Rectifier transformer.

2) Nos. of thyristor converters.

3) An automatic voltage regulator (AVR).

4) Field suppression equipment.

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5) Field flashing equipment.

10.4 General Arrangement:-

In the excitation system the power required for excitation of Generation are tapped from 11
KV bus ducts through a step down rectifier transformer. After rectification in thermistor,
converter, the DC power is fed to the Generator field winding through a field breaker. The
AVR control the o/p from thyristor converter by adjusting the firing angle depending upon
Generator voltages. The field flashing system facilitates initial built up of the Generator
voltage from the static AC or DC supply.

10.4.1 Rectifier Transformer:-

This transformer steps down the bus voltage 11 KV to 640 V and has a rating of 1360 KVA.
It is dry type, it is however provided with current relays and two temperature sensors.

10.4.2 A Thyristor Convertor:-

The thyristor panel and are intended for controlled rectification of AC Input power. 6.
Thyristor converter are connected in parallel each rates for continuous current o/p of 20 % of
the rated capacity i.e. 20 % reserve. Each thyristor converter consists of 6 thyristor connected
in 3-3 , full wave, 6-pulse bridge from and they are cooled by fans provided with a fuse for
protection against short circuit.

10.4.3 Automatic Voltage Controls:-

The AVR is transistorized thyristor controlled equipment with very fast response. The AVR
is also having provision of stator and rotor currents limits and load angle limits for optimum
utilization of lagging and leading reactive capacities of generator.

10.4.4 Field Suppression Equipment:-

The field equipment consists of a field breaker with discharge resistors. The field breakers
have 4 main breaking contacts and two discharge contacts, which close before main contact
break.

(a) A very fast response.

(b) Extremely reliable in view of static components.
(c) Low maintenance cost.
(d) High efficiency.
(e) Fast field suppression through field and discharge resistance as well as through
Thyristor Bridge, feeding the Generator field.

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10.5 Operation:-
After bringing the speed to operation speed say 3000 r.p.m. , the voltage is slowly built up
with the help of excitation system. This action is taken for synchronizing the Generator.

10.5.1 Synchronizing:-
For synchronizing the Generator to the grid system 5 condition of equality have to be
satisfied. These are (I)_Voltage (II) Frequency (III) Phase displacement (IV) Phase sequence
(V) Wave form. Wave form and phase sequence of the Generator are determined at the
design of each connection SYNCHRONIZING of the generator.

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Chapter – 11

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

The principle problem in high pressure boiler is to control corrosion and steam quality.
Internal corrosion costs power station crores of rupees in repair without strict control
impurities in steam also form deposit over turbine blades and nozzles. The impurities present
in water are as follows:

1) Un-dissolved and suspended solid materials.

2) Dissolved slats and minerals.

3) Dissolved gases

4) Other minerals (oil, acid etc.).

5). a) Turbidity & Sediment.

b) Silica.

c) Micro Biological.

d) Sodium & Potassium Salt.

e) Dissolved Sales Minerals.

6). a) O2gas.

b) CO2 gas.

11.1 D.M. Plant:-

In this plant process water is fed from all these dissolved salts. Equipment for
demineralization cum softening plant is supplied and erected by M/s. Wanson (India) Ld.,
Pune. This plant consists of two streams each stream with activated carbon filter, weak acid,
cation exchanger and mixed bed exchanger. Two filtered water booster pumps are provided
on filtered water line for meeting the pressure requirement in DM Plant.Sodium Sulphate
solution of required strength is dosed into different filtered water by mean of dosing pump to
neutralize chlorine prior to activated carbon filter. When water passed an activated carbon
filter will remove residual chlorine

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from water. Provision is made for back washing the activated carbon filter. The deception

water the weak base anion exchanger unit water then enters de-gasified unit where free CO 2
is scrubbed out of water by upward counter flow of low pr. air flow through degasified lower
and degassed water is pumped to strong base exchanger (anion exchanger).

Arrangement for dosing ammonia solution into de-mineralized water after mixed bed unit has
+1
been provided p correction before water is taken in de-condensate transfer pump the DM
water to unit condenser as make up.

11.2 C.W. Plant:-

Circulating water pump house has pumps for condensing the steam for condenser. Five
pumps are used for condensing Unit No.1 & 2 and after condensing this water is discharged
3
back into the river. Each pump has capacity of 8275 M /Hr, and develop pressure about 1.94
2
Kg./Cm .Three seal water pump are used for sealing circulating water pump shaft at pr. 4.5
2
kg./cm .
Two pump for unit 1 & 2 with one standby is used for supplying raw water to chlrofied
chemical dosing is tone between and chlorified water is taken through main line. From main
line water passes through filter bed to filter the water. Chlorified water is pumped to 42 m
3 2
elevation by two pumps of capacity 270 M /Inch at discharge pressure of 6.9 Kg./Cm . At 42
M elevation the water is stored in tank and used for cooling the oil coolers and returned back
to river. Oil coolers are situated on ground and there are no. of tress for each unit.

11.3 B.C.W. Pump House:-

Filter water after demineralization is used for bearing cooling from BCW pump house after
o o
passing through strainer and heat exchanger it enters at 30-32 C and leave exchanger at 38 C.
The raw water used in ash handling plant and remaining quantity is stored in sumps of BCW
Pump House. From here the water is pumped to CW Pump by TWS (Traveling water
screens) pumps are run by motors of 90 KW and has a capacity of 240 Cum/hr/pump at
2
pressure of 5 kg/cm . BCW here stand for water used for cooling oil used for cooling the
bearing. In CW pump house water is discharged from nozzle and impinged for traveling
water screens for cleaning it.

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Chapter 12

CONTROL ROOM

12.1 Main Control Room

In control room various controls are provided simultaneously various measurement are made
various relays are provided here. Instrumentation Limited Kota is major supplier of
apparatus.
There is one unit control from which two adjacent unit of 110 MW each can be controlled. In
addition are local panels at the boilers, turbo sets and boiler feed pumps. The operation of
unit is basically controlled from unit control room. The operation of various rents and chain
are done locally as per requirement. The unit control room has a set of parameters panel for
indicating or recording parameter of boilers or turbo sets.

The parameters recorded in control room included per pr. and temp. of line steam, reheat
steam , feed water, fuel oil flow, mill outlet temp. ,mill differential , turbine speed, control
valve operation, turbine shaft , axial shaft , back pressure in condenser , metal temperature
etc. There is a data logger to ensure accurate lagging of essential data.

The VCB also control panel for one generator and contains exciter synchronizing
arrangement. The unit control room also houses most of electronic regulator, relay, recorders
and other devices in near side of room.

The scheme of control and instruction is provided to control the parameters and safe
operation of equipment. Automatic control is provided for combustion for feed water
regulation and reheat temp. The combustion control is designed to inlet maintain the desired
steam pressure at turbine only variation thereof utilized to very fuel input to the boiler w.r.t.
steam pressure. Ratio steam flow maintained automatically.

The feed water regulation is based on impulses from drum level, feed water flow to boiler
and steam flow for the boiler.

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Super heater temperature counted with feed water spray. The furnace draft control of draft
fan. The boiler oil system is provided with itself control for ignition control and also provided
with safety interlock to prevent operation under low oil pressure and temperature.

12.2 Control Panel I

12.2.1 Fan Control Desk

a) Induced draft fan (3 Nos.) at full load and 2 Induce Draft Fans Run.

b) Forced draft fan (2 Nos.).

c) Primary Air Fan (3 Nos.) at full load.

d) Furnace Pressure (- 5 to 10 wcl).

e) Primary Air Header Pressure (750-800 mm. level wcl.)

f) FO Wind box pressure or wind box differential pressure.

12.3 Control Panel II

12.3.1 Fuel Control Desk

a) Coal, oil flow.

b) Oil pressure.

c) Temp. of mill (inlet & outlet).

d) Flow of air.

e) Differential Pressure of mill.

12.4 Control Panel III

12.4.1 Steam & Water Desk

a) Drum Level Control

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b) Flow of steam & water.

c) Pressure of Steam & Water.

d) Temp. of steam and water.

12.5 Control Panel IV

12.5.1 Turbine Desk

a) Pressure Control.

b) Load Control.

c) Speed Control.

d) Effectors, Control Values, Stop Values, Deaerators.

12.6 Control Panel V

12.6.1 GENERATOR CONTROL PANEL

a) Voltage Current MVAR.

b) Stator Rotor Temp.

c) For Stator cooling (a) H2 pressure. b) H2O pressure.

Fig : 12.1 Control Room

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Chapter -13

PROTECTION

1. Field Protection.

2. Pole Slipping.

3. Plane Overload Protection.

4. Inter-turn Fault

5. Negative Phase Sequence Protection.

6. Reverse Power Protection.

7. Forward Power Protection.

8. Under Frequency & Over Frequency Protection.

9. Generator Voltage Protection.

10. Rotor Earth Fault Protection.

13.1 General Protection:

It is most important electrical equipment of many generating station. Tripping of even a
generating unit may cause overloading of associated machines and even to system un-
stability. The basis function of protection applied to generator is to reduce voltage to
minimum by rapid discrimination clearance of faults. Unlike other apparatus the opening of
C.B. to isolate faulty generator is not sufficient to prevent future damage.

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Chapter -14

SALIENT FEATURE OF K.S.T.P.S.

1. LOCATION Sakatpura, Kota.

2. CAPACITY
ST
A) 1 Stage. 2x110 MW.
nd
B) 2 Stage. 2x210 MW.
rd
C) 3 Stage. 1x210 MW.
th
D) 4 Stage. 1x195 MW.
th
E) 5 Stage 1x195 MW
3. SOURCE OF WATER. Chambal River.
4. BOILER
a) type. tangentially fired natural
circulation, balance draft ,
direct fired radiant reheat, water tube boiler.
b) No. of units. 7
c) Max. efficiency. BHEL (86.6 + 1) %
d) Capacity. 375 t/Hr , 710 t/hr
(110 MW) / (210 MW)
2 2
e) Steam Pressure 139 Kg/cm / 150 Kg/cm
o
f) Steam Temp. 540 C,
g) No. of draft fans in i) FD fans 2 Unit (Each boiler)
Service. ii) ID fan 2 Unit (Each boiler).
h) No. of Air fans in Service.
i) Primary 2 Unit.
ii)Seal Air fan. 1 Unit.
iii) Scanner. 1 Unit.

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i) No. of coal mills in service. 3 Unit.

j) No. of Soot blower in service. 68

k) No. of oil burners. 8

5. Fuels:-

A) COAL:-

i)Type. Stack Coal.

ii) Calorific Value. 3300 K.Cal./Kg.

iii) Qty. Used. 80 t/hr, 140 t/hr

iv) Ash contents. 40%

v) Sulphur contents. 0.5%.

vi)Type of Handling. Belt Conveyor.

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CONCLUSION

The first phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful. It provided an opportunity
for encounter with such huge machines like wagon tippler .110 MW, 210 MW & 195 MW
turbines and generators.
The architecture of the power plant the way various units are linked and the way working of
whole plant is controlled make the student realize that engineering is not just learning the
structured description and working of various machines, but the greater part is of planning
proper management.
It also provides an opportunities to lean low technology used at proper place and time can
cave a lot of labour e.g. wagon Tripler (CHP).But there are few factors that require special
mention. Training is not carried out into its tree sprit. It is recommended that there should be
some project specially meant for students where presence of authorities should be ensured.
There should be strict monitoring of the performance of students and system of grading be
improved on the basis of work done.
However training has proved to be quite fruitful. It has allowed an opportunity to get an
exposure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals.

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REFERENCES

 http://www.mapsofindia.com/kota/industries/super-thermal-power-plant.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station
 www.geocities.com
 http://www.energymanagertraining.com/power_plants/ThermalPowerPlants.htm
 Electrical Power by J.B.Gupta
 Generation of Electrical Power by B.R.Gupta
 Power System by V.K.Mehta.
 Power System Design & Analysis by B.R.Gupta
 Steam & Gas turbines and Power Plant Engineering by R.Yadav

 www.SeminarsTopics.com

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